Reference Type Author Year Title Secondary Author Secondary Title Place Published Publisher Volume Number Pages Keywords Abstract Author Address Journal Article Abbasi, A.;Braunitzer, G. 1991 Primary structure of hemoglobin from monitor lizard (Varanus exanthematicus albigularis--Squamata) Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler 372 7 473-9 The primary structure of the major hemoglobin component from the Monitor Lizard Varanus exanthematicus albigularis is presented. The polypeptide subunits were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on Nucleosil C-4 column. The amino-acid sequence was established by automatic Edman degradation of the native polypeptide and its tryptic and hydrolytic cleavage products in a spinning cup sequencer. The structural data are discussed with reference to other reptiles. Thesis Abbühl, R. 1991 Untersuchungen zur Bestandessituation und habitatpräferenzen der Gelbbauchunke (Bombina variegata) in der Region von Basel Book Section Abercrombie, C.L. 1992 Fitting curves to crocodilian age-size data: Some hesitant recommendations Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0132-5. 5-21 Journal Article Abraham, Chandy 1990 Preliminary observations on the nesting of the olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) on the Madras Coast, South India Hamadryad 15 10-12 Lepidochelys olivacea; Nesting; India Journal Article Abrahams, R. 1992 Ivermectin as a spray for treatment of snake mites Bulletin of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians 2 1 8 Reptilia, serpentes, infection, acari, dermatology, therapy Journal Article Abrahams, R. 1992 Monitoring Weight of Patients Association of Reptilian Amphibian Veterinarians Bulletin 2 1 8 Reptilia, testudines, sauria, serpentes, physiology, weight, health Journal Article Abran, D.;Dickson, D. H. 1992 Biogenesis of myeloid bodies in regenerating newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) retinal pigment epithelium Cell Tissue Res 268 3 531-8 Animal; Cell Differentiation/physiology; Endoplasmic Reticulum/*physiology/ultrastructure; Female; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Phagocytosis/physiology; Pigment Epithelium of Eye/cytology/*physiology/ultrastructure; Regeneration/*physiology; Salamandridae/*physiology; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Myeloid bodies are believed to be differentiated areas of smooth endoplasmic reticulum membranes, and they are found within the retinal pigment epithelium in a number of lower vertebrates. Previous studies demonstrated a correlation between phagocytosis of outer segment disc membranes and myeloid body numbers in the retinal pigment epithelium of the newt. To test the hypothesis that myeloid bodies are directly involved in outer segment lipid metabolism and to further characterize the origin and functional significance of these organelles, we examined the effects on myeloid bodies of eliminating the source of outer segment membrane lipids (neural retina removal) and of the subsequent return of outer segments (retinal regeneration) in the newt Notophthalmus viridescens. Light- and electron-microscopic analysis demonstrated that myeloid bodies disappeared from the pigment epithelium within six days of neural retina removal. By week 6 of regeneration, rudimentary photoreceptor outer segments were present but myeloid bodies were still absent. However, at this time, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in some areas of the retinal pigment epithelial cells had become flattened, giving rise to small (0.5 micron long), two- to-four layer-thick lamellar units, which are myeloid body precursors. Small myeloid bodies were first observed one week later at week 7 of retinal regeneration. This study revealed that newt myeloid bodies are specialized areas of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. It also showed that a contact between functional photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium is essential to the presence of myeloid bodies in the epithelial cells. Journal Article Acharjyo, L N;Singh, Lala A K;Pattanaik, S K 1990 Age at sexual maturity of gharial Gavialis gangeticus (Reptilia: Crocodylia) Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 87 3 458-459 Journal Article Acharjyo, L N;Singh, Lala A K;Pattanaik, S K 1991 Occurrence of congenital blindness in gharial Gavialis gangeticus (Reptilia: Crocodilia) Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 88 1 117-118 Journal Article Ackermann, Janette;Miller, Eric 1992 Chromoycosis in an African bullfrog, Pyxicephalus adspersus Bulletin of the Association of Reptilian Amphibian Veterinarians 2 2 8-9 Journal Article Acosta, J. C.;Martori, R. 1990 Ecología de una población de Teius oculatus (Sauria: Teiidae) de Río Cuarto (Córdoba). II. Utilización espaciotemporal y relaciones térmicas Cuadernos de Herpetología 5 4 19-24 Teius oculatus Journal Article Acosta, J. C.;Martori, R. 1990 Ecologia de una poblacion de Teius oculatus (Sauria: Teiidae) de Rio Cuarto (Cordoba). II - utilizacion espacio-temporal y relaciones termicas Cuadernos de Herpetologia 5 4 19-22 19, Teiid, Teius, South America, lizard, ecology Journal Article Acosta, J. C.;Avila, L. J.;Martori, R. 1991 Ecología trófica de Teius oculatus (Sauria: Teiidae) en el sur de la provincia de Córdoba (Argentina). Composición, variación anual y estacional de la dieta Cuadernos de Herpetología 6 3 12-22 Teius oculatus Journal Article Acosta, J. C.;Avila, R. A.;Martori, R. 1991 Ecología trófica de Teuis oculatus (Sauria: Teiidae) en el sur de la provincia de Córdoba (Argentina). Composicíon, variacíon anual y estacional de la dieta Cuadernos de Herpetologia 6 3 12-22 29, Teiidae, Teius, South America, lizard, ecology, diet Journal Article Adame, Barbara;Soto, Julio G.;Secraw, Deborah J.;Perez, John C.;Glenn, James L.;Straight, Richard C. 1990 Regional variation of biochemical characteristics and antigeneity in Great Basin rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis lutosus ) venom Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 97B 1 95-101 Crotalus viridis lutosus; Venom Journal Article Adams, J. W. 1991 Tube feeding hazards Tortoise Trust Newsl 5 6 Reptilia, testudines, nutrition, feeding, tube feeding, technique Journal Article Adams, D.J.;Nutter, T.J. 1992 Calcium Permeability and Modulation of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor-Channels in Rat Parasympathetic Neurons J Physiology-Paris 86 1-3 67-76 Parasympathetic Ganglia; Intracardiac Neurons; Acetylcholine-Evoked Currents; Neuronal Nicotinic Receptor; FROG NEUROMUSCULAR-JUNCTION; CILIARY GANGLION NEURONS; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; PATCH-CLAMP TECHNIQUES; SYMPATHETIC NEURONS; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA CELLS; FUNCTIONAL EXPRESSION; SYNAPTIC CURRENTS; CULTURED NEURONS; XENOPUS OOCYTES Journal Article Adams, H. P.;Cunningham, M. E.;La Pointe, J. L. 1992 Ultrastructural changes due to upper repiratory tract disease in the desert tortoise Gopherus agassizii Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 7 Journal Article Adamson, Martin L.;Richardson, Jane P. M. 1991 Seasonal changes in populations of Chabaudgolvania waldeni (Quimperiidae; Seuratoidea) in Ambystoma gracile (Ambystomatidae; caudata) Canadian Journal of Zoology 69 163-167 Journal Article Adler, Kraig;Zhao, Ermi 1990 Studies on hynobiid salamanders, with description of a new genus Asiatic Herpetological Research 3 37-45 hynobius staobius china japan chinensis yiwuensis retardatus batrachuperus liua onychodactylus pachyhynobius pachypalaminus ranodon salamandrella Journal Article Adler, Kraig;Zhao, Ermi;Darevsky, Ilya S. 1992 First records of the pipe snake (Cylindrophis) in China Asiatic Herpetological Research 4 37-41 serpentes aniliidae uropeltidae indochina anomochilus anilius loxocemus ruffus natural history distribution Edited Book Adler, Kraig 1992 Herpetology: Current Research on the Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles St. Louis, MO SSAR 225 Edited Book Adler, Kraig 1992 Herpetology: Current Research on the Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles St. Louis, MO SSAR 225 p. Journal Article Adolph, S. C. 1990 Influence of behavioral thermoregulation on microhabitat use by two Sceloporus lizards Ecology 71 1 315-327 Reptiles, lizards, Sceloporus, graciosus, occidentalis, altitude zonation, behavioral flexibility, California, habitat selection, habitat shifts, microclimate, microhabitat, resource partitioning, thermoregulation Journal Article Adolph, Stephen C. 1990 Perch height selection by juvenile Sceloporus lizards: interspecific differences and relationship to habitat use Journal of Herpetology 24 1 69-75 Sceloporus, occidentalis, graciosus, microhabitat Book Section Adolph, S. C.;Andrews, R.;Bels, V.;Brown, P. R.;Echternacht, A. C.;d'Orgeix, C.;Fleishman, L. J.;Gerber, G. P.;Greenberg, N.;Greene, H. W.;Jenssen, T. A.;Kramer, M.;Font, E.;Losos, J. B.;MacDonald, D.;Echternacht, A. C.;Mayer, G. C.;Michaud, E. J.;Minesky, J. J.;Echternacht, A. C.;Schneider, C.;Schwenk, K.;Mayer, G. C.;Stamps, J. 1991 Some natural history observations on Anolis cupreus in Costa Rica: Thermal ecology, structural habitat, and a male-biased sex ratio Population dynamics of Anolis lizards Feeding behavior in Anolis Interspecific behavioral interactionof adult male Anolis sagrei and gray-throated Anolis carolinensis (Sauria: Iguanidae): a preliminary field study Individual and familiar/stranger recognition in Anolis limifrons Design features of the displays of anoline lizards Anolis sagrei and Anolis carolinensis in Florida: evidence for interspecific predation Physiological ethology of social dominance Review of Anolis lizard communication behavior An analysis of the headbobbing displays of Anolis carolinensis Ecomorphological evolution in West Indian Anolis Red-throated and gray-throated Anolis carolinensis: do females know the difference? The evolution of size in a temperate zone Anolis (Sauria: Iguanidae) Heating and cooling rates in Anolis carolinensis and Anolis sagrei (Sauria: Iguanidae) Geographic variation in lesser antillean anoles Tongue displays in anoles and its evolutionary basis Sexual size dimorphism in anoles Losos, J. B. and Mayer, G. C. Anolis newsletter IV Washington, D.C. national Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Reptiles, lizards, symposium, Anolis Journal Article Aggarwal, R. K.;Lang, J. W.;Singh, L. 1992 Isolation of high-molecular-weight DNA from small samples of blood having nucleated erythrocytes, collected, transported, and stored at room temperature Genet. Anal. Tech. Appl. 9 2 54-57 techniques, genetics, CPL, temperature, Blood samples collected in the field for isolating DNA suitable for molecular analysis need special care in their storage and handling. In this article, we describe a simple method for the isolation of good- quality high-molecular-weight DNA that does not require low temperature conditions during collection, storage, and/or transportation of blood samples. This method involves smearing small aliquots of blood onto clean slides and air drying them at room temperature. The slides with blood smears can then be transported or stored at room temperature and still serve as a very good source of high-molecular-weight DNA. Genomic DNA from these samples can be extracted by organic phase separation (phenol-chloroform extraction) after lysis. The DNA thus obtained is of high quality and yields DNA fingerprints qualitatively similar to those prepared from corresponding control DNA isolated from frozen blood samples. Needing minimal facilities at field sites, the method is very convenient for conducting RFLP analysis of wild/field populations for demographic, behavioral, and ecologic studies. Journal Article Aguilar, X.;Casas-Andreu, G. 1991 Crocodylus acutus (American crocodile): Reproduction Herpetol. Rev. 22 3 98 CA, reproduction, Book Section Aguirre, A.A. 1991 Green turtle fibropapilloma: An epidemiologic perspective G.H. Balazs, S.G. Pooley Research plan for marine turtle fibropapilloma U.S. Dep. Commer. NOAA Tech. Memo. 107-113 Journal Article Ahl, I. 1992 Snake mites, Ophionyssus natricis (Gervais 1844) - Mor common than snakes in the terrarium? (Swedish) Ormkvalser Opionyssus natricis (Gervais 1844) vanligare än ormar i vara terrarier? Snoken 22 4 24-37 Reptilia, serpentes, infection, Ophionyssus natricis, therapy Reprint Endnote 94/101 Journal Article Ahl, I. 1992 Snake mites, Ophionyssus natricis (Gervais 1844) - More common than snakes in the terrarium? (Swedish) Ormkvalser Opionyssus natricis (Gervais 1844) vanligare än ormar i vara terrarier? Snoken 22 4 24-37 Reptilia, serpentes, infection, Ophionyssus natricis, therapy Journal Article Ahlgren, M. O.;Bowen., S. H. 1991 Growth and survival of tadpoles (Bufo americanus) fed amorphous detritus derived from natural waters Hydrobiologia 218 49-51 Journal Article AHNE, W. ;NEUBERT, W.J. 1991 Isolation of Paramyxovirus-like agents from Teju (Callopistes maculatus) and Python (Python regius) 4. Int. Coll. Path. & Med. Rept. Amph. Bad Nauheim 27-29.9. 30-41 Reptilia, sauria, serpentes, Chile Teju, Callopistes maculatus, Python regius, infection, virus, paramyxovirus Paramyxovirus(PMV) like agents have been isolated from two animals (Chilenian teju,Callopistes maculatus andPython regius) kept in different private husbandries. The history was unknown. Clinical signs were not mentioned. This paper indicates that different strains of PMV exist among reptiles, while the reptilian PMV strains are distinctly different from those of mammals and birds. Journal Article Ahsan, Farid;Saeed, Abu 1992 Some aspects of the breeding biology of the black softshell turtle, Aspideretes nigricans Hamadryad 17 28-31 Breeding biology; Aspideretes nigricans Journal Article Ahsan, Farid 1992 A record of Draco blandfordii from Bangladesh Hamadryad 17 39-40 Draco blandfordii Journal Article Aichinger, Manfred 1991 Faunal deficit of anurans in tropical farmland of Amazonia Peru Alytes 9 1 23-32 Journal Article Aichinger, M. 1991 A new species of poison-dart frog (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from the Serrania de Sira, Peru Herpetologica 47 1 1-5 Dendrobates sirensis Journal Article Aiken, S.P;Sellin, L.C.;Schmidt, J. P.;Weinstein, S.A;McArdle, J.J. 1992 A novel peptide toxin from Trimererurus wagleri acts pre-and post-synaptically to block transmission at the rat neuromuscular junction Pharmacology and Toxicology 70 459-462 venom Journal Article Akeret, Beat 1992 Anleitung zum Bau eines Schlupfkastens für Vollglasterrarien Herpetofauna 14 78 6-10 Journal Article Akita, K 1992 An anatomical investigation of the muscles of the pelvic outlet in Iguanas (Iguanidae Iguana iguana) and varanus (Varanidae Varanus dumerillii)) with special reference to their nerve supply Ann. Anat. 174 119-129 Reptilia, sauria, Iguanidae Iguana iguana, Varanidae Varanus dumerillii, anatomy, pelvis, muscles, nerves Reprint Endnote 93/685 Journal Article Akita, K. 1992 An anatomical investigation of the muscles of the pelvic outlet in iguanas (Iguanidae Iguana iguana) and varanus (Varanidae Varanus (dumerillii)) with special reference to their nerve supply Anat Anz 174 2 119-29 Five pelvic halves from three male iguanas (Iguanidae Iguana iguana) and two pelvic halves from one male varanus (Varanidae Varanus (dumerillii)), were dissected in order to obtain detailed data on the relationship of the lumbosacral plexus and the muscles of the pelvic outlet. According to the positions of the passage of the metazonal nerves, the nerves can be divided into three groups: 1) the nerves passing dorsal to the caudofemoralis muscle, 2) the nerves passing between the caudofemoralis and the caudoischiadicus major, 3) the nerves passing ventral to the caudoischiadicus major. In consideration of the sites of origin from the lumbosacral plexus, a stratificational analysis can be proposed; group 1 arises craniodorsal to group 2, and group 3 caudoventral to group 2. It is suggested that the pelvic outlet muscles (caudofemoralis, quadratus caudae, obliquus cloacae, transversus cloacae profundus, retractor penis, caudoischiadicus major, and the caudoischiadicus minor) are derived from the ventral muscles of the posterior limb, and have moved caudally concomitant with the caudal migration of the cloaca. Journal Article Al-Asgah, Na;Diab, F. M.;Ms, Al-Khalifa;Asgah, Na Al 1990 Haemaphysalis (Herpetobia) sulcata (Canestrini & Fanzago, 1878) (Acari: Ixodidae): distribution, hosts and seasonal changes in Saudi Arabia. Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research 8 1 Reptilia, sauria, agama, Agama yemenensis; infection, ectoparasite, tick, ixodus, Boophilus kohlsi, Rhipicephalus turanicus, Hyalomma sulcata; H. arabica, H. impeltatum, H. a. anatolicum Immature stages of H. sulcata infest Agama yemenensis. Lizards were caught by hand and small mammals (Meriones rex, Acomys dimidiatus, Gerbillus dasyurus) were trapped to record the incidence of immature stages of H. sulcata. H. sulcata in the Al-Sarawat Mountains coexists with Hyalomma arabica, Boophilus kohlsi and Rhipicephalus turanicus. Journal Article Al-Badry, K.S.;El-Deib, S.;Nuzhy, S. 1992 Changes in serum chemistry parameters of the Egyptian cobra (Naje haje haje) in correlation with the hibernation cycle J. Therm. Biol. 17 2 111-114 Reptilia, serpentes, cobra, Naja haje haje, physiology, blood, values, hibernation Journal Article Al-Badry, K.S.;El-Deib, S.;Nuzhy, S. 1992 Haematological changes correlated with the hibernation cycle in the Egyptian cobra (Naje haje haje). J. Therm. Biol. 17 2 107-109 Reptilia, serpentes, cobra, Naja haje haje, physiology, blood, values Journal Article Alatalo, Rauno V.;Helle, Pekka 1990 Alarm calling by individual willow tits, Parus montanus Animal Behaviour 40 437-442 Journal Article Alberts, Allison C. 1990 Chemical properties of femoral gland secretions in the desert iguana, Dipsosaurus dorsalis Journal of Chemical Ecology 16 1 13-25 Journal Article Alberts, A. C.;Sharp, T. R.;Werner, D. I.;Weldon, P. J. 1992 Seasonal variation of lipids in femoral gland secretions of male green iguanas (Iguana iguana) Journal of Chemical Ecology 18 5 703-712 Reptiles, lizards, lipids, fat, glands, Costa Rica, California, femoral glands, fatty acids, sterols, pheromones, Journal Article Alberts, Allison C.;Pratt, Nancy C.;Phillips, John A. 1992 Seasonal productivity of lizard femoral glands: relationship to social dominance and androgen levels Physiology & Behavior 51 729-733 Journal Article Alberts, Allison C. 1992 Constraints on the design of chemical communication systems in terrestrial vertebrates American Naturalist 139 suppl. S62-S89 Journal Article ALCOBENDAS, M.;CASTANET, J.;MARTELLI, E;MILET, C. 1992 Phosphate and calcium level variations in the plasma of the snake Vipera aspis during the annual cycle and the reproductive period. Herpetol. J. 2 42-47 Reptilia, squamata, serpentes, snake,Vipera aspis physiology, reproduction, phosphate, calcium level, plasma, annual cycle The measurement of P and Ca levels in the plasma of Vipera aspis, during two consecutive year cycles showed significant seasonal variations. For males and non-breeding females P-levels are higher during the active period of the year than during hibernation. Conversaly, calcium levels are higher for the hibernating period than for the active period. Breeding females present an important increase of P and Ca levels, with a peak near ovulation. Clearly this phenomenon is related to vitellogenesis. The relationship between plasma P and Ca levels and bone tissue mineralization is discussed, the latter being the only reservoir of these mineral salts available to the snake. Reprint Endnote 93/93 Journal Article Alcocer, I.;X. Santacruz, H. Steinbeisser, K. H. Thierauch;Pino., E. M. Del 1992 Ureotelism as the prevailing mode of nitrogen excretion in larvae of the marsupial frog Gastrotheca riobambae (Fowler)(Anura, Hylidae) Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 01A 29-231 Book Alderton, David 1991 Crocodiles & Alligators of the World New York Facts on File 190 Journal Article Aldridge, Robert D.;Semlitsch, Raymond D. 1992 Male reproductive biology of the southeastern crowned snake (Tantilla coronata) Amphibia-Reptilia 13 219-225 Journal Article Aldridge, Robert D.;Semlitsch, Raymond D. 1992 Female reproductive biology of the southeastern crowned snake (Tantilla coronata) Amphibia-Reptilia 13 209-218 Journal Article Aldridge, R. D.;Semlitsch, R. D. 1992 Female reproductive biology of the south- eastern crowned snake (Tantilla coronata) Amphibia- Reptilia 13 209-218 Reptilia, serpentes, south- eastern crowned snake,Tantilla coronata, physiology, reproduction Female south- eastern crowned snake (Tantilla coronata ) reach sexual maturity in the spring of their third calendar of life (about 21 months of age) at about 150 mm snout-vent length. Vitellogenesis occurs in spring, ovulation in june and oviposition in june and early july. Both ovaries are fully functional, despite the lack of a functional left oviduct. Coelomic fat mass of adults showed a significant negative correlation during the course of vitellogenesis. Fat mass increased significantly following oviposition, however, some females had low coelomic reserves in late summer. Journal Article ALDRIDGE, R. D. 1992 Oviductal anatomy and seasonal sperm storage in the south- Eastern Crowned snake (Tantilla coronata) Copeia 18 4 1103-1106 Reptilia, serpentes, crowned snake,Tantilla coronata , anatomy, sperm, storage Journal Article Aldridge, R. D.;Semlitsch, R. D. 1992 Male reproductive biology of the South-eastern crowned snake (Tantilla coronata) Amphibia-Reptilia 13 219-225 Reptilia, serpentes, south- eastern crowned snake,Tantilla coronata, anatomy, oviduct, sperm, storage The spermatogonic cycle of Tantilla coronata, is post-nuptial. Spermatogenesis begins in May and reaches a peak in july - august. Hypertrophy of the sexual segment occurs in the early spring and summer. mating occurs during the period of sexual segment hypertrophy. During the second spermatogenic season, enough sperm are produced to permit mating in the summer or following spring. Journal Article Aldridge, Robert D. 1992 Oviductal anatomy and seasonal sperm storage in the southeastern crowned snake (Tantilla coronata) Copeia 1992 1103-1106 Journal Article Alemu, P.;Thompson, E.C. 1990 Baseline clinical chemistry value of the farm Nile crocodile Abst. 6th Int. Conf. Wildl. Dis. Berlin 3 Reptilia, crocodylia, sauria, physiology, blood, hematology, values Journal Article Alford, P. L.;Nash, L. T.;Fritz, J.;Bowen, J. A. 1992 Intracoelomic use of tricaine methanesulfonate for anesthesia of bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) and leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) Zoo Biol 11 4 243-251 Amphibia, anura, bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, leopard frog, Rana pipiens, anesthesia, MS222 Journal Article Alibardi, L.;Meyer Rochow, V. B. 1990 Fine structure of regenerating caudal spinal cord in adult tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) J Hirnforsch 31 5 613-21 A report on the presence of cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurons (CSFCN) inside the regenerating caudal spinal cord of adult specimens of the tuatara Sphenodon punctatus is given. The cells in question are easily distinguished from amongst ependymal tanicytes of the regenerating cord. Large granules of high electron density are particularly common in these neural cells which generally show clear cytoplasm of low electron density. The ultrastructural findings strongly support the idea of a secretory activity of these neurons directed toward the central canal. Journal Article Allen, W.;Jr. 1991 The master excavators: gopher tortoises Reptile & Amphibian Mag. 18-23 Journal Article Allen, E. E.;Crews, D. 1992 Sexual behavior and 2-deoxyglucose uptake in male red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) Brain Behav Evol 40 1 17-24 Animal; Blood Glucose/*metabolism; Brain/physiology; Brain Mapping; Deoxyglucose/metabolism; Hypothalamus, Anterior/*physiology; Male; Preoptic Area/*physiology; Seasons; Sex Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Snakes/*physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. The [14C]2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) technique was used to study patterns of neural activity associated with the species-typical courtship behavior of male red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis). Males in this species court females intensely during the first month following spring emergence from their prolonged winter hibernation. Autoradiographic methods were used to measure the accumulation of radioactive label in various regions through the brains of male garter snakes that courted females, males that failed to court females, and males not exposed to females. Male garter snakes that actively courted females showed a pronounced increase in 2-DG accumulation, and therefore presumably neural activity, in the region of the anterior hypothalamus/preoptic area, relative to males that did not actively court females. Males exposed to females (regardless of whether they courted or not) showed widespread, non-specific increases in 2-DG uptake relative to males not exposed to females. The results indicate the utility of the 2-DG technique for studying complex, species-typical behaviors in vertebrates. Journal Article Allen, W. 1992 Loggerhead dies after ingesting marine debris Mar. Turtle Newsl. 58 10 Journal Article Allison, J. D. 1992 Acoustic modulation of neural activity in the preoptic area and ventral hypothalamus of the green treefrog (Hyla cinerea) Journal of Comparative Physiology 171A 387-395 Journal Article Allmon, W. D. 1991 A plot study of forest floor litter frogs, central Amazon, Brazil Journal of Tropical Ecology 7 503-522 Anura, frogs, litter herpetofauna, rain forest, plot study, abundance, diversity, Amazonia, S. America, Brazil,130 Journal Article Allsteadt, John;Vaughan, Christopher 1992 Dry season habitat selection of Caiman crocodilus (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae) in Caño Negro, Costa Rica Bernesia 38 65-69 Journal Article Allsteadt, J.;Vaughan, C. 1992 Population status of Caiman crocodilus (Crocodylus: Alligatoridae) in Caño Negro, Costa Rica Brenesia 38 CCR, CF, habitat, ecology, demography, Journal Article Allsteadt, J.;Vaughan, C. 1992 Dry season habitat selection of Caiman crocodilus (Crocodylus: Alligatoridae) in Caño Negro, Costa Rica Brenesia 38 65-69 CCr, CF, habitat, ecology, Journal Article Allstetter, Billy 1991 Slither aerobics Discover 1991 April 24 Journal Article Altenberg, G. A.;Reuss, L. 1990 Apical membrane Na+/H+ exchange in Necturus gallbladder epithelium. Its dependence on extracellular and intracellular pH and on external Na+ concentration J Gen Physiol 95 2 369-92 Animal; Epithelium/metabolism; Gallbladder/*metabolism; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; In Vitro; Ion Exchange; Necturus maculosus; Sodium/*metabolism; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Intracellular microelectrode techniques and extracellular pH measurements were used to study the dependence of apical Na+/H+ exchange on mucosal and intracellular pH and on mucosal solution Na+ concentration ([Na+]o). When mucosal solution pH (pHo) was decreased in gallbladders bathed in Na(+)-containing solutions, aNai fell. The effect of pHo is consistent with titration of a single site with an apparent pK of 6.29. In Na(+)-depleted tissues, increasing [Na+]o from 0 to values ranging from 2.5 to 110 mM increased aNai; the relationship was well described by Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The apparent Km was 15 mM at pHo 7.5 and increased to 134 mM at pHo 6.5, without change in Vmax. In Na(+)-depleted gallbladders, elevating [Na+]o from 0 to 25 mM increased aNai and pHi and caused acidification of a poorly buffered mucosal solution upon stopping the superfusion; lowering pHo inhibited both apical Na+ entry and mucosal solution acidification. Both effects can be ascribed to titration of a single site; the apparent pK's were 7.2 and 7.4, respectively. Diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC), a histidine- specific reagent, reduced mucosal acidification by 58 +/- 4 or 39 +/- 6% when exposure to the drug was at pHo 7.5 or 6.5, respectively. Amiloride (1 mM) did not protect against the DEPC inhibition, but reduced both apical Na+ entry and mucosal acidification by 63 +/- 5 and 65 +/- 9%, respectively. In the Na(+)-depleted tissues mean pHi was 6.7. Cells were alkalinized by exposure to mucosal solutions containing high concentrations of nicotine or methylamine. Estimates of apical Na+ entry at varying pHi, upon increasing [Na+]o from 0 to 25 mM, indicate that Na+/H+ exchange is active at pHi 7.4. Intracellular H+ stimulated apical Na+ entry by titration of more than one site (apparent pK 7.1, Hill coefficient 1.7). The results suggest that external Na+ and H+ interact with one site of the Na+/H+ exchanger and that cytoplasmic H+ acts on at least two sites. The external titratable group seems to be an imidazolium, which is apparently different from the amiloride- binding site. The dependence of Na+ entry on pHi supports the notion that the Na+/H+ exchanger is operational under normal transport conditions. Journal Article Alvarado, J.;Figueroa, A. 1990 Promoting community participation in the conservation of Mexico's sea turtles World Wildlife Fund Report June/July 8-11 green/ridley Journal Article Alvarez, Blanca Beatriz;Rey, Laura;Cei, José Maria 1992 A new subspecies of the reticulatus group, genus Atractus, from Southeastern South America (Serpentes, Colubridae) Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali - Torino 10 2 249-256 Journal Article Alvarez, Rafael 1992 Functional stages in the interrenal cells of Rana perezi (Anura: Ranidae) Journal of Morphology 212 65-70 Journal Article Alvarez, I.M.;Guillette, L.J.;Buhi, W.C. 1992 In vitro synthesis and secretion of proteins by alligator reproductive tract during vitellogenesis Biol. Reprod. 46 Suppl. 1 76 AM, reproduction, endocrinology, Journal Article Amaral, C. F.;Magalhaes, R. A.;de Rezende, N. A. 1991 [Respiratory involvement secondary to crotalid ophidian bite (Crotalus durissus)] Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 33 4 251-5 Three patients presented respiratory abnormalities following Crotalus durissus snakebite. These abnormalities appeared in the first 48 h after the snake bite and consisted of dyspnea, tachypnea, use of accessory muscles of respiration (cases 1 and 2) and flaring of the nostrils (case 2). Cases 1 and 2 developed acute respiratory failure. Case 2, 24 h after the snakebite presented difficult breathing and periods of apnea. He was intubated in the emergency room and transferred to the intensive case unit where he arrive with spontaneous breathing. His respiratory pattern worsened and measurement of arterial pH and blood gases showed metabolic and respiratory acidosis with partial carbon dioxide pressure increasing from 40 to 50.3 mmHg compatible with acute ventilatory failure. Both patients needed mechanical ventilation. Weaning from the ventilator was accomplished after 33 days in case 1 and after 15 days in case 2. Both patients also presented acute renal failure treated with peritoneal dialysis with full recovery of the renal function. Measurements of forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV 1.0) was carried out 58 hours after the snakebite in case 3. Both FVC and FEV 1.0 were reduced in relation to the predicted values (60 and 67% respectively) but the ratio FEV 1.0/FVC was in the normal range. These findings were compatible with a restrictive pattern of ventilatory failure. Serial measurements showed progressive increase of both FVC and FEV 1.0 reaching 72 and 79% of the predicted values, respectively, in the 10th day after the snakebite.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Report Amato, G.D.;Gatesy, J.;Norell, M.A. 1990 A phylogenetic analysis of the Alligatoridae based on mitochondrial DNA Journal Article Amato, Ivan 1992 From 'Hunter Magic,' a pharmacopeia? Science 258 1306 Phyllomedusa bicolor Journal Article Amiet, Jean-Louis 1990 Images d'Amphibiens camerounais. II. L'enfouissement et la phonation bouche ouverte chez Conrana crassipes (Buchholz & Peters, 1875). [Images of Cameroon amphibians. II. The burrowing and phonation with the mouth open in Conrana crassipes (Buchholz & Peters, 1875)] Alytes 8 3-4 99-104 calling Journal Article Amiet, Jean-Louis 1991 Images d'Amphibiens camerounais. III. Le comportement de garde des ¦ufs. [Images of Cameroon amphibians. III. Egg guarding behavior] Alytes 9 1 15-22 petropedetes alexteroon phrynodon nectophryne hemisus newtoni obstetricans sandersoni afra guineensis trichobatrachus robustus marmoratus sudanensis Journal Article Amiet, Jean-Louis 1991 Images d'Amphibiens camerounais. IV. Les constructeurs de nids. [Images of Cameroon amphibians. IV. The construction of nests] Alytes 9 3 71-77 afrixalus opisthothylax chiromantis immaculatus rufescens paradorsalis laevis Journal Article Amiet, Jean-Louis 1991 Un Leptopelis méconnu de la faune forestière camerounaise (Amphibia, Anura, Hyperoliidae).[An unrecognized Leptopelis from the forests of Cameroon (Amphibia, Anura, Hyperoliidae)] Alytes 9 4 89-102 new species sp. nov. omissus distribution aubryi calcaratus Journal Article Amt Fuer Umweltschutz 1991 Der Feuersalamander im Kanton Glarus Amt Für Umweltschutz 1-5 Journal Article Ananjeva, Natalia B.;Peters, Günther;Macey, J. Robert;Papenfuss, Theodore J. 1990 Stellio sacra (Smith 1935) - a distinct species of Asiatic rock agamid from Tibet Asiatic Herpetological Research 3 104-115 systematics distribution Journal Article Ananjeva, N. B.;Peters, G.;Macey, J. R.;Papenfuss, T. J. 1990 Stellia sacra (Smith 1935)-a distinct species of Asiatic rock agamid from Tibet Asiatic Herpetological Research 3 104-115 Reptiles, lizards, systematics, distribution, description, specimens, distribution, color Journal Article Ananjeva, Natalia B.;Tuniyev, Boris S. 1992 Historical biogeography of the Phrynocephalus species of the USSR Asiatic Herpetological Research 4 76-98 agamidae armenia azerbaijan kazakhstan kirgizistan russia tadjikistan turkmenistan uzbekistan distribution evolution versicolor maculatus raddei reticulatus guttatus megalochilus rossikowi mystaceus interscapularis moltschanovi Journal Article Andersen, O.;Kimwele, C.;Aulie, A.;Kanui, T. 1990 Effects of recombinant human growth hormone in juvenile Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 97 4 607-609 CNL, growth, techniques, farm, size, 1. Recombinant human growth hormone (hGH) showed somatotropic activity in juvenile Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus). 2. Body weight of crocodiles receiving 3.25 micrograms hGH/g body weight twice a week was increased by 49% after five weeks of treatment, compared to 31% increase in controls. 3. Total length was increased by 15 and 5%, respectively, in the two groups. 4. Food conversion efficiency increased from 28% in the controls to 36% in the hormone injected animals. 5. Cessation of hormone treatment was followed by reduced appetite and decreasing body growth. Journal Article Anderson, Roger A.;Vitt, Laurie J. 1990 Sexual selection versus alternative causes of sexual dimorphism in teid lizards Oecologia 84 145-157 intensive foraging Journal Article Anderson, R. A.;Vitt, L. J. 1990 Sexual selection versus alternative causes of sexual dimorphism in teiid lizards Oecologia (Berl.) 84 145-157 Reptiles, lizards, Cnemidophorus tigris, Ameiva ameiva, Cnemidophorus ocellifer, sexual dimorphism, sexual selection, intensive foraging, Brazil, Amazonia Book Section Anderson, Karen 1991 Chromosome evolution in Holartic Hyla treefrogs Amphibian cytogenetics and evolution Academic Press, Inc. 299-331 Amphibia, Anura, Lissamphibia, Hyla, karyotype, technique, evolution, cytogenetics, taxonomy, systematics, phylogenetics, chromosome, RNA, DNA Journal Article Anderson, D. P.;Jeney, G. 1992 Immunostimulants added to Injected Aeromonas salmonicida bacterin enhance the defense mechanisms and protection in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Vet Immunol Immunopathol 34 3-4 379-389 Pisces, trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, infection bacteria, Aeromonas salmonicida, immunostimulant, defence Immunostimulants were given to rainbow trout for assaying effects on modulating non-specific defense mechanisms, specific immune response, and Protection levels against pathogen challenge with Aeromonas salmonicida. Three drugs, levamisole (an approved veterinary drug in the USA), a quaternary ammonium compound (QAC), and a short-chain polypeptide (ISK) were found to affect the non-specific defense mechanism activities, which were measured by changes in circulatory neutrophil and phagocytic activity levels, and the specific immune response factors, which were measured by numbers of plaque-forming cells, and circulatory antibody levels. When given alone, the immunostimulants elevated the non-specific factors. When injected in combination with an A. salmonicida O-antigen bacterin, the non-specific factors were further elevated, and the specific response was raised over samples taken from fish given the bacterin without the immunostimulants. Challenge tests with the virulent pathogen, A. salmonicida, showed a 5-6 day delay in the onset of mortalities in the fish given the immunostimulants alone, and a 12-14 day delay when immunostimulants given were combined with the bacterin. In the groups given the QAC or ISK with the bacterin, there was a 20% and 40% survival rate, respectively. Reprint Endnote 93/282 Journal Article ANDERSON, N. L. 1992 Diseases of Iguana iguana Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 14 10 1336 Reptilia, sauria, I. iguana, green iguana, diseases, survey, anesthesia, isoflurane This article discusses diagnostic procedures and specific diseases affecting Iguana iguana (the green iguana). Most disorders of iguanas can be traced to improper environment or husbandry practices. When first presented with a sick iguana, the veterinarian should thoroughly discuss the history with the owners and conduct a complete physical examination. The minimum data base for the health check of an iguana also includes cloacal and choanal Gram's stains, fecal testing, and weighing of the animal. External heat sources are necessary during anesthesia and recovery of the iguana. Isoflurane is the anesthetic agent of choice for induction and maintenance. Book Section Andrade-M., Raquel;Flores-L., Rita;Fragoso-R., Sara;López-S., Carlos;Sarti-M., Laura;Torres-M., Leda;Vázquez-B., Laura Gpr. 1992 Efecto de las larvas de Diptero sobre el huevo y las crias de tortuga marina en el Playón de Mexiquillo, Michoacan Benabib, Miriam and Sarti, Laura Memorias del VI Encuentro Interuniversitario Sobre Tortugas Marinas Mexico City Sociedad Herpetologica Mexicana 1 27-37 Sea turtles; Mexico; Lepidochelys olivacea; Parasites Journal Article Andrews, Harry V.;Gaulke, Maren 1990 Observations on the reproductive biology and growth of the water monitor (Varanus salvator) at the Madras Crocodile Bank Hamadryad 15 1-5 Varanus salvator; Reproductive biology; Growth Journal Article Andrews, S. M.;Carroll, R. L. 1991 The order Adelospondyli: Carboniferous lepospondyl amphibians Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 82 239-275 Journal Article Andrews, Harry V.;Tampal, Farida 1992 Current literature in Asian herpetology Hamadryad 17 56-69 Journal Article Annable, T. J. 1992 Observations on the husbandry and captive breeding of Nephrurus asper, the spiny knob-tailed gecko Herpetofauna 22 1 7-11 Nephrurus asper Journal Article Anonymous 1990 Current literature in Asian herpetology Hamadryad 15 44-45 Journal Article Anonymous 1990 Herpful hints from the Louisiana Herpetological Society Vivarium 2 4 27 Journal Article Anonymous 1991 The global turtle recovery program: emergency appeal Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 26 10 227 conservation research Journal Article Anonymous 1991 Declining amphibian populations - a global phenomenon? Findings and recommendations Alytes 9 2 33-42 amphibian decline Report Anonymous 1991 KARCH Jaresbericht 1991 [KARCH annual report 1991] Journal Article Anonymous 1991 Cayman update Iguana Times 1 3 11 cuclura nubila Journal Article Anonymous 1991 Current literature in Asian herpetology Hamadryad 16 49-55 Journal Article Anonymous 1991 In the spotlight: Central Florida Herpetological Society Vivarium 3 2 15 Journal Article Anonymous 1991 AFH photo contest finals Vivarium 3 4 14-18; 22-25 Journal Article Anonymous 1991 What is your diagnosis? J. Am. Vet. Med. Assn. 198 2 315 Reptilia, serpentes, constrictor constrictor, boa, foreign body ingestion, radiography Journal Article Anonymous 1992 Draft of the Division of wildlife Resources classification: native Utah Wildlife Species of Special Concern Intermontanus 1 6 1-2 Journal Article Anonymous 1992 Additions to the list of amphibians and reptiles seen in the state this year Intermontanus 1 5 2-3 Journal Article Anonymous 1992 Results of the 1992 amphibian count Intermontanus 1 3 2 Journal Article Anonymous 1992 Incubation 1992 British Association of Tortoise Keepers Magazine 13 9 Journal Article Anonymous 1992 How good a keeper are you? [a tortoise keeper's quiz] British Association of Tortoise Keepers Magazine 13 3-7;15-16 captive husbandry Journal Article Anonymous 1992 Constitution and bylaws to undergo revision Notes From NOAH 20 2 3-8 Journal Article Anonymous 1992 Timber rattlesnake placed on Ohio endangered species list Notes From NOAH 20 2 8 crotalus horridus Journal Article Anonymous 1992 New dendrobatid frog American Dendrobatid Group Newsletter 1993 5 1-2 Journal Article Anonymous 1992 From the Centers for Disease Control. Iguana-associated salmonellosis-Indiana, 1990 JAMA 267 8 1053-1054 salmonella Journal Article Anonymous 1992 Galápagos animals may be older than their islands Iguana Times 1 4 12-13 Journal Article Anonymous 1992 A good way to spend a hurricane Iguana Times 1 6 12 Journal Article Anonymous 1992 Editorial: A case for significant deregulation of the keeping and taking of reptiles and frogs Herpetofauna 22 1 1-2 Journal Article Anonymous 1992 Seizures and prosecutions Reptilian 1 2 6 Journal Article Anonymous 1992 British Dendrobatid Group Reptilian 1 2 24 Journal Article Anonymous 1992 Tortoise Trust Reptilian 1 3 24 Journal Article Anonymous 1992 New Products: Microclimate heat mat, Rept-a-glaze Reptilian 1 5 7 Journal Article Anonymous 1992 Marine News Reptilian 1 5 19 Journal Article Anonymous 1992 British Association of Tortoise Keepers Reptilian 1 5 24 Journal Article Anonymous 1992 Association for the study of Reptilia and Amphibia Reptilian 1 6 24 Journal Article Anonymous 1992 Actas del I Congreso Argentino y I Congreso Sudamericano de Herpetologia Acta Zoologica Lilloana 41 1-389 South America Book Anonymous 1992 Starting Right: The Complete Guide to Basic Reptile Care Aurora, CO Reptile News Press 42 Book Anonymous 1992 16th International Herpetological Symposium on Captive Propagation & Husbandry St. Louis, MO IHS ca. 130 Journal Article anonymous 1992 Question box (ear infection) Tortoise Trust Newsl 1992 2 Reptilia, testudines, infection, bacteria, pathology, ear, otitis Book Anonymous 1992 16th International Herpetological Symposium on Captive Propagation & Husbandry St. Louis, MO International Herpetological Symposium ca. 130 p. Book Anonymous 1992 The Complete Guide to Keeping Monitors Aurora, CO Reptile News Press 42 p. Journal Article Anthony, C. D.;Formanowitz, D. R.;Brodie, E. D. 1992 The effect of prey availability on the search behavior of two species of chinese salamanders Herpetologica 48 287-292 foraging, salamanders, Hynobius, search, feeding Journal Article Anton, T.G. 1990 Predation on the house sparrow, Passer domesticus, by the Gulf Coast box turtle, Terrapene carolina major, under seminatural conditions Bull. Chicago Herp. Soc. 25 143-144 Terrapene carolina major Journal Article Applegarth, John S. 1991 Field notes from Waggoner Creek, Douglas County, Oregon Oregon Herpetological Society Newsletter 30 3-5 plethodon dunni taricha granulosa eumeces skiltonianus sceloporus occidentalis charina bottae thamnophis ordinoides rana catesbeiana coluber constrictor diadophis punctatus gerrhonotus coeruleus Journal Article Applegarth, John S. 1991 Notes on two-headed snakes Oregon Herpetological Society Newsletter 29 3-4 dicephalic thamnophis sirtalis fitchi ordinoides coluber constrictor Book Applegate, Robert 1992 The General Care and Maintenance of Milk Snakes Lakeside, California Advanced Vivarium Series 71 Journal Article Aquilar, X.;Casas-Andreu, M. 1991 Crocodylus acutus (American crocodile) reproduction Herpetol. Rev. 22 3 98 CA, reproduction, Book Section Araiza-F., José L.;et al. 1992 "Salvemos a la tortuga laud" Benabib, Miriam and Sarti, Laura Memorias del VI Encuentro Interuniversitario Sobre Tortugas Marinas Mexico City Sociedad Herpetologica Mexicana 1 83-88 Sea turtles Book Aramata, Hiroshi 1990 Atlas Anima 3. Amphibians and Reptiles Japan (1) 376 Journal Article Araujo, M. S.;Andreotti, R.;Chudzinski, A. M.;Sampaio, C. A.;Sampaio, M. U. 1992 Caiman kininogen-like cysteine proteinase inhibitor Agents Actions Suppl 38 Pt 1 322-30 Animal; Chromatography, Agarose; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/*blood/chemistry/isolation & purification; Female; In Vitro; Kinetics; Kininogens/*blood/chemistry/isolation & purification; Male; Molecular Weight; Papain/antagonists & inhibitors; Snakes/*blood; Species Specificity Kininogens are the major mammalian plasma cysteine proteinase inhibitors; a kininogen-like protein was also found in the snake Bothrops jararaca plasma. This communication describes a kininogen-like protein in plasma of Caiman crocodilus vacare. Caiman crude plasma, unlike snake plasma, contains a detectable cysteine proteinase inhibitor. The inhibitor was purified by DEAE-Sephadex ion-exchange chromatography and chromatography on carboxy-methylated-papain- Sepharose. The estimated molecular weight of Caiman cysteine proteinase inhibitor is 70,000. Caiman plasma also hydrolyzes plasma kallikrein synthetic substrates and inhibits trypsin. Reptilian kininogen may lack the site for interaction with plasma prokallikrein, and the sequence of the released kinin may be distinct from bradykinin. The poor effectiveness of bradykinin on reptile smooth muscle shows that the reptile kinin receptors may be adapted to a specific kinin. Journal Article Araújo, A. F. B 1991 Structure of a white sand-dune lizard community of coastal Brazil Rev. Brasil. Biol. 51 4 857-865 reptiles, habitat, community structure, morphometry Journal Article Arendt, D. L.;Arendt, D. B. 1992 Rescue operations for snakebite Am J Nurs 92 7 26-30 Book Section Argueta-V., Taxgaxoan;López-S., Carlos;Madera-R., Jesús A.;Martínez-C., Victor Hugo;Sarti-M., Laura;Torres-C., Quetzalcóatl;Villegas-R., Mónica 1992 Descripcion de las playas de anidación de tortugas marinas de las costa sur del estado de Michoacan Benabib, Miriam and Sarti, Laura Memorias del VI Encuentro Interuniversitario Sobre Tortugas Marinas Mexico City Sociedad Herpetologica Mexicana 1 9-17 Sea turtles; Mexico; Lepidochelys olivacea; Dermochelys coriacea Journal Article Arnold, M. L.;Buckner, C. M.;Robinson, J. J. 1991 Pollen-mediated introgression and hybrid speciation in Louisiana irises Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA 88 1398-1402 Journal Article Arsanto, J. P.;Caubit, X.;Fabbrizio, E.;Leger, J.;Mornet, D.;Thouveny, Y. 1992 Patterns of dystrophin expression in developing, adult and regenerating tail skeletal muscle of Amphibian urodeles Int J Dev Biol 36 4 555-65 Age Factors; Animal; Dystrophin/*analysis; Gene Expression Regulation; Immunohistochemistry; Larva/*metabolism; Muscles/*metabolism/ultrastructure; Regeneration; Salamandridae/*metabolism; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Tail The patterns of expression of dystrophin were investigated by indirect immunofluorescence and by immunoblotting in developing, adult and regenerating tail skeletal muscle of newts Pleurodeles waltl and Notophthalmus viridescens. In this study, a monoclonal antibody H-5A3 directed against the C-terminal region (residues 3357-3660) and a polyclonal antibody raised to the central domain (residues 1173-1738) of the chicken skeletal muscle dystrophin were used. Western blot analysis showed that these antibodies recognized a 400 kDa band of dystrophin (and may be of dystrophin-related protein) in the adult muscle tissues and in newt tail regenerates. During skeletal muscle differentiation or epimorphic regeneration (blastema), anti-dystrophin immunoreactivity gradually accumulated over the periphery of the myofibers. Dystrophin and laminin were first and concomitantly observed at the ends of the newly formed myotubes where they were anchored on connective tissue septa or bone processes by dystrophin-rich myotendinous structures. It is noteworthy that neuromuscular junctions, which most probably also contain dystrophin, are established in urodeles near the ends of the myofibers as shown by histochemical localization of AChE activity or fluorescent bungarotoxin detection of AChRs. In the stump transition zone close to the tail amputation level where tissue regeneration of injured muscle fibers took place, dystrophin staining located on the cytoplasmic surface of myofibers progressively disappeared during the dedifferentiation process which seemed to occur during muscle regeneration as suggested by electron microscopy. Furthermore, double labeling experiments using anti- dystrophin and anti-laminin antibodies showed a good correlation between the remodeling processes of the muscle fiber basal lamina and the loss of dystrophin along the sarcolemma of damaged and presumably dedifferentiating muscle cells. Journal Article Arsanto, J. P.;Komorowski, T. E.;Dupin, F.;Caubit, X.;Diano, M.;Geraudie, J.;Carlson, B. M.;Thouveny, Y. 1992 Formation of the peripheral nervous system during tail regeneration in urodele amphibians: ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies of the origin of the cells J Exp Zool 264 3 273-92 Animal; Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism; Ganglia, Spinal/physiology; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Nerve Regeneration/*physiology; Notophthalmus viridescens; Peripheral Nerves/cytology/*physiology/ultrastructure; Schwann Cells/physiology; Spinal Cord/physiology; Spinal Nerve Roots/physiology; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Tail/innervation/physiology In the regenerating newt tail, epimorphic regeneration--which recapitulates morphologically normal embryonic development--proceeds along a rostrocaudal differentiation gradient. Innervation of the new myomeres results from the spinal roots of segments rostral to the amputation plane and from ventral roots emerging from the lateroventral region of the regenerating spinal cord, in which motor neurons are differentiating. Electron microscopy and an indirect immunofluorescence study with anti-glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) confirm that the ventrolateral part of the regenerated ependymal tube gives rise to cells of the ventral root sheath and the spinal ganglia. Anti-GFAP and anti-neurofilament antibodies showed that ependymoglial cells and Schwann cells may play a role in neuronal pathfinding by helping guide and stabilize pioneering axons as they extend toward the myomeres. The carbohydrate epitope NC-1 is expressed in the spinal cord, in sheath cells of the spinal ganglia and in the non-myelin-forming Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system. L1, a Ca++ independent neural cell adhesion molecule, was detected in the axonal compartments of the regenerating spinal cord, on immature and/or non-myelin-forming Schwann cells within the peripheral nervous system (PNS), and on nerve fibers within the regenerate. These immunohistochemical observations collectively support the hypothesis that Schwann cells already present in the blastema could be involved in organizing neural pathways. Book Section Asanza, E. 1992 Population dynamics, ecology and conservation of the black caiman, Melanosuchus niger in Ecuadorian Amazonia Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0132-5. 22-30 Journal Article Ashton, Ray E., Jr 1990 Necturus lewisi Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 456 1-2 Book Ashton, R.E.;Jr.;Asthon, P. S. 1991 Handbook of reptiles and amphibians of Florida. Part two: lizards, turtles and crocodilians, Revised edition edition Miami, FL Windward Publ. Inc. Journal Article Ashton, R.E.;Jr.;Ashton, K. J. 1991 Life history notes: Gopherus polyphemus (gopher tortoise). Drinking behavior Herpetol. Rev. 22 55-56 Journal Article Ashton, R.E.;Jr.;Mosura, E. L. 1991 Florida burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia floridana) usage of gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) burrows Fla. Sci. 54 Suppl. 1 25 Journal Article Astion, M. L.;Chvatal, A.;Orkand, R. K. 1991 Further studies of electrogenic Na+/HCO3- cotransport in glial cells of Necturus optic nerve: regulation of pHi Glia 4 5 461-8 Animal; Bicarbonates/pharmacology; Carrier Proteins/*physiology; Electrophysiology; Hydrogen/*metabolism; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Microelectrodes; Necturus maculosus; Neuroglia/*metabolism; Optic Nerve/*metabolism; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. In the presence of Ba++, an increase in the bath HCO3- at constant CO2 (i.e., variable bath pH) produced a hyperpolarization. The hyperpolarizing effect of adding HCO3-/CO2 at constant bath pH was not significantly affected by the presence of 50 mumol/l strophanthidin. In the absence of Ba++, addition of HCO3-/CO2 at constant bath pH produced a Na(+)-dependent hyperpolarization. Therefore, CO2 movements, electrogenic Na+/K+ pump activity and changes in Ba++ binding do not contribute significantly to the hyperpolarization induced by HCO3-. These results along with the results of previous studies (Astion et al: J Gen Physiol 93:731, 1989) strongly suggest that the hyperpolarization induced by the addition of HCO3- is due to an electrogenic Na+/HCO3- cotransporter, which transports Na+, HCO3- (or its equivalent), and net negative charge across the glial membrane. To study the role of electrogenic Na+/HCO3- cotransport in the regulation of pHi in glial cells, we used intracellular double-barreled, pH-sensitive microelectrodes. At a bath pH of 7.5, the mean initial intracellular pH (pHi) was 7.32 (SD 0.03, n = 6) in HEPES-buffered Ringer's solution and 7.39 (SD 0.1, n = 6) in HCO3-/CO2 buffered solution. These values for pHi are more than 1.2 pH units alkaline to the pHi predicted from a passive distribution of protons; thus, these cells actively regulate pHi. Superfusion and withdrawal of 15 mmol/l NH4+ induced an acidification of 0.2 to 0.3 pH units, which recovered toward the original steady-state pHi.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Journal Article Aswegen, G. van;Kotze, S.H.;van der Merwe, N.J. 1992 Bioactive peptides and serotonin in the gut endocrine cells of the crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus (Laurenti 1768); an immunocytochemical study Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 59 2 123-? endocrinology, biochemistry, CNL, Journal Article Ataev, Ch.;Homustenko, Yu.;Shammakov, S. 1991 The new data about distribution and quantity of some rare species of snakes in south-western Kopet-Dag Herpetological Researches 1 51-53 Coluber caspius; Coluber najadum; Eirenis medus; Olgodon taenilatus Journal Article Athey, B. D.;Smith, M. F.;Rankert, D. A.;Williams, S. P.;Langmore, J. P. 1990 The diameters of frozen-hydrated chromatin fibers increase with DNA linker length: evidence in support of variable diameter models for chromatin J Cell Biol 111 3 795-806 Animal; Chromatin/*ultrastructure; Comparative Study; Computer Simulation; DNA/ultrastructure; Echinodermata/*genetics; Erythrocytes/ultrastructure; Freezing; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Models, Molecular; Necturus/*genetics; Necturus maculosus/*genetics; Nucleosomes/ultrastructure; Sea Cucumbers/*genetics; Spermatozoa/ultrastructure; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. The diameters of chromatin fibers from Thyone briareus (sea cucumber) sperm (DNA linker length, n = 87 bp) and Necturus maculosus (mudpuppy) erythrocytes (n = 48 bp) were investigated. Soluble fibers were frozen into vitrified aqueous solutions of physiological ionic strength (124 mM), imaged by cryo-EM, and measured interactively using quantitative computer image-processing techniques. Frozen-hydrated Thyone and Necturus fibers had significantly different mean diameters of 43.5 nm (SD = 4.2 nm; SEM = 0.61 nm) and 32.0 nm (SD = 3.0 nm; SEM = 0.36 nm), respectively. Evaluation of previously published EM data shows that the diameters of chromatin from a large number of sources are proportional to linker length. In addition, the inherent variability in fiber diameter suggests a relationship between fiber structure and the heterogeneity of linker length. The cryo-EM data were in quantitative agreement with space-filling double-helical crossed-linker models of Thyone and Necturus chromatin. The data, however, do not support solenoid or twisted-ribbon models for chromatin that specify a constant 30 nm diameter. To reconcile the concept of solenoidal packing with the data, we propose a variable-diameter solid-solenoid model with a fiber diameter that increases with linker length. In principle, each of the variable diameter models for chromatin can be reconciled with local variations in linker length. Book Atkinson, Kathie 1991 Treasure Island Sydney Allen & Unwin 32 Australia; Children's book Journal Article Auffenberg, Walter;Auffenberg, Troy 1990 The reptile tick Aponomma gervaisi (Acarina: Ixodidae) as a parasite of monitor lizards in Pakistan and India Bulletin of the Florida Museum Museum of Natural History, Biological Sciences 35 1 1-34 Journal Article Auffenberg, Walter;Khan, Naeem Ahmed 1991 Studies of Pakistan reptiles: Notes on Kachuga smithi Hamadryad 16 25-29 Kachuga smithi; Reproduction; Feeding Journal Article Auffenberg, Walter;Arain, Qayyum Nazar;Khurshid, Najam 1991 Preferred habitat, home range and movement patterns of Varanus bengalensis in Southern Pakistan Mertensiella 2 7-28 Varanidae; Varanus bengalensis; ecology; home range; Movement patterns; telemetry; Pakistan Journal Article Auffenberg, Walter;Rehman, Hafeezur 1991 Studies on Pakistan reptiles. Pt. 1. The genus Echis (Viperidae) Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 35 5 263-314 Echis; Pakistan Journal Article Auffenberg, Walter;Rehman, Hafeezur 1991 Studies on Pakistan reptiles Pt. 1. The genus Echis (Viperidae) Bulletin of the Florida State Museum Biological Sciences 35 5 263-314 Journal Article Austin, H.;Stadick, J. 1990 The effect of norethindrone on the Mullerian ducts of the female American alligator J> Colo.-Wyo. Acad. Sci. 22 1 38. (Abstract only.) AM, endocrinology, embryology, Book Section Austin, H.B. 1990 An investigation of the ontogeny of the Mullerian duct regreessor as well as the sensitive period in the American alligator Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8327-0022-1 xvi + 354 pp. 1-2 AM, embryology, reproduction, anatomy Journal Article Austin, S.M.;DiPietro, J.A.;Foreman, J.H.;Baker, G.J.;Todd, K.S. 1991 Comparison of the efficacy of ivermectin, oxibendazole and pyrantel pamoate against 28-day Parascaris equorum larvae in the intestine of pony foals JAVMA 198 11 1946-1949 mammalia, perissodactyla, equidae, Equus, parasitology, therapy Journal Article Austin, H.B. 1991 The effects of norethindrone on the Mullerian ducts of the American alligator Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 84 2 300-307 AM, biochemistry, embryology, reproduction, Norethindrone, a reported aromatase inhibitor, has been used to examine the role of estrogens in the unilateral regression of the mullerian ducts that occurs in female chick embryos. The mullerian ducts are embryonic oviducts that regress in most male vertebrates under the influence of the testicular hormone, mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS). The ovaries of the chick also produce MIS during early development, but only the right duct regresses. Based on the finding that the left duct contains significantly more estradiol binding sites than the right duct, it has been proposed that the left duct is protected from the effects of MIS by preferentially binding estradiol from the ovaries. In support of this theory, norethindrone (0.1 and 0.5 mg) injected into the airsac of chick eggs results in regression of the left mullerian duct of female embryos, presumably by blocking the synthesis of estradiol. In the present study, it was hypothesized that crocodilians, because of the common ancestry they share with birds, would respond in a similar manner by exhibiting regression of both mullerian ducts in response to norethindrone. However, the application of norethindrone (0.5 mg) to the chorioallantoic membrane of female alligator embryos in ovo resulted in significant hypertrophy of the ducts, indicating that norethindrone had an estrogenic effect in the alligator rather than acting as an aromatase inhibitor. There was no effect of norethindrone on the gonads. Journal Article Auth, D. L. 1992 Farancia abacura abacura (eastern mud snake). Reproduction Herpetological Review 23 2 61 Farancia abacura, reproduction Book Section Avendano, G.;Baez, L.;Michelangeli, L. 1992 Effects of diets complemented with sodium L-thyroxine, white corn flower and a complement of vitamins and essential amino acids in Caiman Crocodilus growth Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0132-5. 31-42 Journal Article Avery, R. A.;Mynott, A. 1990 The effects of temperature on prey handling time in the common lizard, Lacerta vivipara Amphibia-Reptilia 11 111-122 Journal Article Avery, R. A. 1990 Parasites and the biology of chelonians Testudo 3 2 3-8 Reptilia, testudines, infection, helminth Journal Article Avery, Bennett e.a. 1990 Surgery of reptiles AAZV 168-171 Reptilia, squamata, serpentes, p.o.care, celiotomy, shell fracture repair, cloacal organprolapse 100191 WS DW Journal Article Avery, Harold W. 1991 Role of diet protein and temperature in the nutritional energetics of the turtle, Trachemys scripta: Implications for the nutritional ecology of the desert tortoise [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 160 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Avery, Harold W. 1991 Upper respiratory tract disease and high adult death rates in western Mojave tortoise populations, 1989-1990 [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 281 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Avery, Harold W. 1992 Summer Food Habits of desert tortoises in Ivanpah Valley, California Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 60 Journal Article Avery, Harold W. 1992 Does 10-year exclusion of cattle improve condition of desert tortoise habitat? Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 59 Journal Article Avila, L. J.;Martori, R. 1991 La colección herpetológica de la Orientación Zoología de Vertebrados (Departamento de Ciencias Naturales) de la Universidad Nacioal de Río Cuarto Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 7 1 19-20 Journal Article Avila, L. J.;Martori, R. A. 1991 A unisexual species of Teius Merrem 1820 (Sauria Teiidae) from central Argentina Tropical Zoology 4 193-201 22, Teiidae, Teius, new species, Argentina, South America Journal Article Avila, Luciano J.;Cei, José M.;Martori, Ricardo A.;Acosta, Juan C. 1992 A new species of Liolaemus of the bibroni group from granitic ravines of Achiras, Sierra de Comechingones, Córdoba, Argentina (Reptilia: Tropiduridae) Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali - Torino 10 1 101-111 Journal Article Avila, Luciano J.;Acosta, Juan C.;Martori, Ricardo A. 1992 Composición, variación anual y estacional de la dieta de Teius suquiensis (Sauria: Teiidae) en la provincia de Córdoba (Argentina) Cuadernos de Herpetologica. 7 2 5-13 Journal Article Avise, J. C.;Bowen, B. W.;Lamb, T.;Meylan, A. B.;Bermingham, E. 1992 Mitochondrial DNA evolution at a turtle's pace: evidence for low genetic variability and reduced microevolutionary rate in the Testudines Mol Biol Evol 9 3 457-73 Evidence is compiled suggesting a slowdown in mean microevolutionary rate for turtle mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Within each of six species or species complexes of Testudines, representing six genera and three taxonomic families, sequence divergence estimates derived from restriction assays are consistently lower than expectations based on either (a) the dates of particular geographic barriers with which significant mtDNA genetic clades appear associated or (b) the magnitudes of sequence divergence between mtDNA clades in nonturtle species that otherwise exhibit striking phylogeographic concordance with the genetic partitions in turtles. Magnitudes of the inferred rate slowdowns average eightfold relative to the "conventional" mtDNA clock calibration of 2%/Myr sequence divergence between higher animal lineages. Reasons for the postulated deceleration remain unknown, but two intriguing correlates are (a) the exceptionally long generation length most turtles and (b) turtles' low metabolic rate. Both factors have been suspected of influencing evolutionary rates in the DNA sequences of some other vertebrate groups. Uncertainities about the dates of cladogenetic events in these Testudines leave room for alternatives to the slowdown interpretation, but consistency in the direction of the inferred pattern, across several turtle species and evolutionary settings, suggests the need for caution in acceptance of a universal mtDNA-clock calibration for higher animals. Journal Article Avise, J. C.;Lamb, T.;Meylan, A. B.;Bermingham, E. 1992 Mitochondrial DNA evolution at a turtle's pace: evidence for low genetic variability and reduced microevolutionary rate in the testudines Molecular Biology and Evolution 9 3 475-473 green; kemps; ridley; genetics Journal Article Axelsson, M.;Fritsche, R.;Holmgren, S.;Grove, D. J.;Nilsson, S. 1991 Gut blood flow in the estuarine crocodile, Crocodylus porosus Acta Physiol. Scand. 142 4 509-16 CPR, physiology, anatomy, Simultaneous recordings of blood flow in the right and left aorta and carotid and coeliac artery were made in the crocodile, Crocodylus porosus at rest and during various stimuli. In resting animals the right aorta and carotid artery flow profiles resembled the recordings obtained in the caiman (Axelsson et al. 1989a), with an anterograde blood flow throughout the cardiac cycle. As in the caiman, the left aorta flow profile was complex with both anterograde and retrograde blood flow during the cardiac cycle, and a net left aorta blood flow near zero at rest. The coeliac artery blood flow profile did not show the complex pattern seen in the upper aorta, immediately suggesting that most of the coeliac artery blood originates elsewhere. We believe that coeliac artery blood flow in the resting animal derives from the right aorta via the abdominal anastomosis between the two aortas. Feeding induced an increase in the coeliac artery and left aorta blood flow, probably due to a decrease in visceral vascular resistance, and hence coeliac arterial and the left aorta blood pressure, which facilitates blood flow (from right to left aorta) through the foramen of Panizza. During short 'fright dives', heart rate fell and there was a decrease in the recorded blood flows: carotid artery blood flow did not decrease to the same extent as the RAo and coeliac artery flow, indicating some capacity for redistribution of blood to the cephalic circuits during diving. Similarly, a near-unimpaired carotid artery blood flow was maintained after adrenaline injection. Substance P increased the coeliac artery blood flow and produced a right-to-left cardiac shunt, probably by construction of the pulmonary vasculature. Journal Article Ayarzagüena, J.;Señaris, J. C.;Gorzula, S. 1992 El grupo Osteocephalus rodriguezi de las tierras altas de la Guayana Venezolana: Descripcion de cinco nuevas especies Memoria 137 113-142 Hylidae, Anura, systematics taxonomy, Venezuela, Tepuy, new species Journal Article Ayarzagüena, J.;Señaris, J. C.;Gorzula, S. 1992 Un nuevo genero para las especies del "grupo Osteocephalus rodriguezi" (Anura: Hylidae) Memoria 138 213-221 Tepuihyla, generic nomenclature, Guayana, Venezuela Journal Article Ayarzagüena, J. 1992 Los Centrolenidos de la Guayana Venezolana Publicaciones de la Asociacion de Amigos de Donana 1 December 6-48 Amphibia, Anura, Centrolenids, Centolenella, taxonomy, new species, descriptions Journal Article Ayarzagüena, José 1992 Los Centrolenidos de la Guayana Venezolana Publicaciones de la Asociacion de Amigos de Doñana 1 1-48 Journal Article Ayrea, J. M.;Bodmer, R. E.;Mittermeier, R. A. 1991 Financial considerations of reserve design in countries with high primate diversity Conservation Biology 5 1 109-114 Journal Article Azevedo-Ramos, C.;Sluys, M. Van;Hero, J.;Magnusson, W. E. 1992 Influence of tadpole movement on predation by odonate naiads Journal of Herpetology 26 3 335-338 Anura, survival time, activity Journal Article Azevedo-Ramos, C.;M. Van Sluys, J.-M. Hero;Magnusson., W. E. 1992 Influence of tadpole movements on predation by odonate naiads Journal of Herpetology 26 335-338 Journal Article Baard, Ernst H. W. 1992 Estimating the sizes of terrestrial tortoise populations: Two case studies Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 40 57-59 Psammobates geometricus homopus areolatus survey density estimate Journal Article Baard, Ernst H. W. 1992 Dynamics of a geometric tortoise population in the southeastern Cape Province [extended abstract only] Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 40 60 Psammobates geometricus natural history distribution Journal Article Baccari, G. C.;Minucci, S.;Dimatteo., L. 1990 Organogenesis of the Harderian gland in Rana esculenta and Bufo viridis Bollettino di Zoologia 57 221-224 Journal Article Baccari, G.C.;Dimatteo, L.;Minucci, S. 1992 The orbital glands of the chelonians Pseudemys scripta and Testudo graeca - comparative histological, histochemical and ultrastructural Investigations Journal of Anatomy 180 FEB 1-13 Reptilia, testudines, Pseudemys scripta and Testudo graeca , anatomy, orbital gland, histology, histochemy, EM GC Baccari,Via Tito Livio 26,I-80122 Naples, Italy Journal Article Backwell, Patricia R. Y. ;Passmore, Neville 1990 Polyandry in the leaf-folding frog, Afrixalus delicatus Herpetologica 46 1 7-10 Anura, Hyperoliidae, Afrixalus delicatus, polyandry, mating systems, nesting behavior, Africa, Zululand Journal Article Backwell, Patricia R.Y.;Passmore, Neville 1990 Suitable approach perches affect female phonotaxis in an arboreal frog Herpetologica 46 1 11-14 Anura, Hyperoliidae, Hyperolius marmoratus, calling, phonotaxis, perch sites, approach perches, Africa, S. Africa Journal Article Baig, Khalid Javed;Böhme, Wolfgang 1991 Callous scalation in female agamid lizards (Stellio group of Agama) and its functional implications Bonner Zoologische Beitr. 42 3-4 275-281 Journal Article Bailey, Robert C.;Byrnes, Janice 1990 A new, old method for assessing measurement error in both univariate and multivariate morphometric studies Systematic Zoology 39 2 124-130 Journal Article Bailey, Wendy J.;Slightom, Jerry L.;Goodman, Morris 1992 Rejection of the "flying primate" hypothesis by phylogenetic evidence from the e-globin gene Science 256 86-89 Journal Article BAILY, G.B.;DAY, D.B.;MCCOOMER, N.E. 1992 Entamoeba motility - Dynamics of cytoplasmic streaming, locomotion and translocation of surface-bound particles, and organization of the actin cytoskeleton in Entamoeba invadens Journal of Protozoology 39 2 267-272 Reptilia, serpentes, infection, Entamoeba invadens, Entamoeba motility Endnote 93/407, GB Bailey, Morehouse Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Atlanta, GA 30310 Journal Article Bakken, G.S. 1992 Measurement and Application of Operative and Standard Operative Temperatures in Ecology Am Zool 32 2 194-216 EVAPORATIVE WATER-LOSS; HEATED TAXIDERMIC MOUNTS; TURTLE PSEUDEMYS-SCRIPTA; DEER MICE PEROMYSCUS; THERMAL ENVIRONMENT; THERMOREGULATORY BEHAVIOR; BODY-TEMPERATURE; ENERGY-BALANCE; PHYSIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES; SPACE UTILIZATION Journal Article Balasi, Michael J. 1991 Book Review: Crocodiles and Alligators Vivarium 3 4 26;30 Book Review Journal Article Ballinger, R. E.;Jones, S. M.;Nietfeldt, J. W. 1990 Patterns of resource use in a lizard community in the Nebraska sandhills prairie Prairie Naturalist 22 2 75-86 reptiles, lizards, Eumeces, Cnemidophorus, Holbrookia, Sceloporus, niche breadth, overlap, temperature, diet, microhabitat Journal Article Ballinger, R. E.;Coady, N. R.;Prokop, J. M.;Lemos-Espinal, J. A. 1992 Strike-induced chemosensory searching: variation among lizards Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences 19 43-47 reptiles, lizards, chemical, tongue-flick, Cnemidophorus sexlineatus, Barisia imbricata Journal Article Ballinger, R. E.;Holy, L.;Rowe, J. W.;Karst, F.;Ogg, C. L.;Stanley-Samuelson, D. W. 1992 Seasonal changes in lipid composition during the reproductive cycle of the red-chinned lizard, Sceloporus erythrocheilus Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 103B 3 527-531 reptiles, lizards, reproduction, fat, Colorado, lipid extraction, cycle Journal Article Balsai, Michael J. 1991 Book Review: Field Guide to the Snakes and Other Reptiles of Southern Africa and Reptiles of Southern Africa Vivarium 3 1 14;34 Book Review Book Balsai, Michael 1992 The General Care and Maintenance of Savannah Monitors and Other Popular Monitor Species Lakeside, California Advanced Vivarium Series 55 Journal Article Balsai, Michael J. 1992 Book Review: Komodo: The Living Dragon Vivarium 4 2 33-35 Journal Article Balsai, Michael J. 1992 Book Review: Giant Lizards Vivarium 4 3 30-31 Book Review Journal Article Banks, Chris;Leyden, David 1990 Further notes on captive breeding of Litoria infrafrenata (Anura: Hylidae) Herpetofauna 20 2 17-22 Litoria infrafrenata; Breeding Journal Article Bannert, B. 1992 Sarcocystis simonyi sp. nov. (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidea) from the endangered Hierro giant lizard Gallotia simonyi ( Reptilia: Lacertidae) Parasitol. Res. 78 142-145 Reptilia, sauria, Lacertidae, Hierro giant lizard,Gallotia simonyi, infection, protozoa, apicomplexa, sarcocystidea, Sarcocystis simonyi sp. nov. Reprint Endnote 93/700 Conference Proceedings Banta, M.R.;Joanen, T;Weldon, P.J. 1992 Foraging responses by the American alligator to meat extracts 6 413-417 Journal Article Bantle, J. A.;J. N. Dumont, R. A. Finch;Linder., G. 1990 Atlas of abnormalities: a guide for the performance of FETAX United States Army Med. Res. Develop. Command Publ. DAMD17-88-c-8031. Journal Article Barbaro, G.L.;Henry, R.T. 1992 A note on captive maintenance of Cyclura nubila Iguana Times 1 4 16 Journal Article Barbian, A. 1992 Observations on the acclimation and feeding of Python regius (SHAW 1802). (Germ.) Beobachtungen bei der Eingewöhnung und Futterannahme bei Python regius (SHAW 1802) Sauria 14 1 9-10 Reptilia, serpentes, Python regius, nutrition, acclimation Journal Article Barco, S.G.;Pitchford, T.D. 1990 Field notes: Caretta caretta (Loggerhead sea turtle) and Lepidochelys kempi (Atlantic ridley sea turtle) Catesbeiana 10 1 19 Journal Article Barczyk, Brian H. 1992 Jungle carpet pythons Captive Breeding 1 1 24-25 Morelia spilota Journal Article Bard, A.M.;I.J. Stout, T.J. Doonan 1990 Resident and relocated tortoises: a comparative study in central Florida, 1985-1989 Fla. Sci. 53 Suppl. 1 35 Journal Article Barinaga, M. 1990 Where have all the froggies gone? Science 247 1033-1034 Journal Article Barker, David;Barker, Tracy 1991 One of a kind Vivarium 2 6 32-33 Journal Article Barker, Tracy M. 1991 Digging iguanas Zoo Life 2 1 16-22 Iguana iguana Journal Article Barker, Tracy 1991 Digging Iguanas Zoo Life 2 1 16-22 Book Section Barker, David G. 1992 Variation, infraspecific relationships and biogeography of the ridgenose rattlenskae, Crotalus willardi Campbell, J. A. and Brodie, E. D., Jr. Biology of the Pit vipers Tyler Texas Selva 89-105 evolution systematics Journal Article Barkhauser, A. 1991 Die Schlingnatter macht sich dünn; ohne Lebensraum kein Leben Ch-fo 17-20 Book Section Barragán-R., Ana Rebeca;López-S., Carlos;Mata-R., Martín;Quintana-N., Anabella;Santos-A., Elba Luz;Sarti-M., Laura 1992 Estudio de los contenidos estomacales de Lepidochelys olivacea en las costa dur del Estado de Michoacan, Mexico Benabib, Miriam and Sarti, Laura Memorias del VI Encuentro Interuniversitario Sobre Tortugas Marinas Mexico City Sociedad Herpetologica Mexicana 1 39-50 Sea turtles; Lepidochelys olivacea; Diet Journal Article Barral Netto, M.;Schriefer, A.;Barral, A.;Almeida, A. R.;Mangabeira, A. 1991 Serum levels of bothropic venom in patients without antivenom intervention Am J Trop Med Hyg 45 6 751-4 Serum kinetics of bothropic venom were evaluated in eight snakebite patients, who due to a national shortage, received no specific antivenom therapy. The cases were clinically classified as mild, moderate, and severe. Patients were bled sequentially and serum levels of venom were assayed by ELISA. Venom level ranges differed among the groups, with peak levels of less than 13 ng/ml, 32 ng/ml, and 120 ng/ml for the mild, moderate, and severe groups, respectively. There was no clear pattern of kinetics in the groups. Regression analysis involving the variables severity and peak venom levels yielded a statistically significant correlation (rs = 0.80, P less than 0.05). These data indicate that different amounts of circulating venom correlate with clinical severity, even in highly complex venoms, and stress the importance of careful clinical classification in the proper management of bothropic incidents. Journal Article Barrentine, Carl D. 1991 Food habits of western toads (Bufo boreas halophilus) foraging from a residential lawn Herpetological Review 22 3 84-87 Journal Article Barrentine, Carl D. 1991 Survival of billbugs (Shenophorus spp.) egested by western toads (Bufo boreas) Herpetological Review 22 1 5 Journal Article Barrentine, Carl D. 1991 Post-egestive survival of Sphenophorus phoeniciensis Chittenden (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) egested by western toads Pan-Pacific Entomologist 67 2 135-137 bufo boreas Journal Article Barrett, Sheryl L.;Harper, Susan D.;Humphrey, Jeffrey A. 1991 Desert tortoise and gila monster reintroduction along the central arizona project: Preliminary report Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 54-56 gopherus agassizii heloderma suspectum Journal Article Barrett, Sheryl L.;Harper, Susan D. 1991 Desert tortoise and gila monster reintroductions along the central Arizona project [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 161 Gopherus agassizii heloderma suspectum Journal Article Barthalmus, G. T.;Meadows, K. B. 1990 SCH 23390: D-1 modulation of oral dyskinesias induced in snakes by Xenopus skin mucus Pharmacol Biochem Behav 36 4 843-6 Animal; Behavior, Animal/drug effects; Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/*drug therapy/physiopathology; Haloperidol/pharmacology; Mucus/physiology; Receptors, Dopamine/*drug effects; Sch-23390/*pharmacology; Skin/physiology; Skin Physiology; Snakes/*physiology; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Tongue/drug effects; Xenopus/*physiology; Yawning/drug effects The granular gland skin secretion of Xenopus laevis induces seven involuntary oral dyskinesias and climbing behavior in the water snake Nerodia sipedon. In a previous study the D-2 receptor antagonist, haloperidol (HAL), selectively potentiated mucus-induced yawning and chewing but attenuated fixed gaping; other oral behaviors were unaffected; HAL alone induced no dyskinesias and failed to modify mucus- induced decreases in tongue flicking, cage climbing and activity. As skin compounds have neuroleptic properties known to induce human and animal dyskinesias, we hypothesized that D-1 receptor antagonism may modulate the four of seven mucus-induced dyskinesias and the climbing not altered by HAL. We found that, like HAL, SCH 23390 (SCH) potentiated mucus-induced yawning, attenuated fixed gaping and had no effect on climbing. Unlike HAL's potentiation of chewing, SCH attenuated chewing and potentiated writhing tongue movements. SCH alone, like skin mucus, attenuated tongue flicking and activity but, given with mucus, SCH increased tongue flicking and activity to control levels. Compared to the HAL study, results suggest that mucus-induced yawning and fixed gaping are similarly modulated by both HAL and SCH, while these drugs have opposite effects on writhing tongue and chewing. SCH given alone or with frog mucus had unique effects on activity and normal tongue flicking. Journal Article Bartholomew, Breck 1992 Identification of Utah's spiny lizards (Genus Sceloporus) Intermontanus 1 5 2 Journal Article Bartholomew, Breck 1992 Dicephalic wandering garter snakes Intermontanus 1 5 3 Journal Article Bartholomew, Breck 1992 Rosy boa care and where to buy animals Intermontanus 1 4 2-3 Journal Article Bartholomew, Breck 1992 Common and scientific names of the amphibians and reptiles of Utah Intermontanus 1 3 2-3 Journal Article Bartholomew, Breck 1992 Thamnophis cyrtopsis cyrtopsis (Kennicott 1860), western blackneck gartersnake, in Utah Intermontanus 1 3 2 Journal Article Bartholomew, Breck 1992 Utah night lizard, Xantusia vigilis utahensis, Tanner Intermontanus 1 2 3 Journal Article Bartholomew, Breck 1992 Scientific nomenclature of Utah amphibians and reptiles Intermontanus 1 1 2 Journal Article Bartholomew, Breck 1992 Inexpensive ways to incubate reptile eggs Intermontanus 1 1 2-3 Journal Article Bartholomew, Breck 1992 addenda to State Law R608-3 Collection, Importation, Transportation, and subsequent Possession of Zoological Animals Intermontanus 1 1 3 Journal Article Bartholomew, Breck 1992 Callisaurus draconoides rhodostictus (Mojave zebratail lizard) Behavior Intermontanus 1 1 3 Journal Article Bartholomew, Breck 1992 [letter to] In search of neonates Amateur Herpetoculturist 1 5 16-19 Journal Article Bartholomew, Breck D.;Coffeen, Michael P. 1992 The desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) in St. George Valley: Introduced or Native? Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 109 Journal Article Bartholomew, Breck 1992 Photographing herps: Is Kodachrome really the best film to use? Vivarium 4 3 23-25 Journal Article Bartlett, R. D. 1991 Hot days, dry nights, and Pine Barrens treefrogs Vivarium 3 1 24-26;29 Journal Article Bartlett, R. D. 1992 Our search for Petraeus: A newly described Plethodon Notes From NOAH 20 3 5-12 Journal Article Bartlett, R. D. 1992 Pygmies afield: Reflections on herping for the red pygmy rattlesnake (Sistrurus m. miliarius) Vivarium 3 5 16-18 Sistrurus miliarius Edited Book Barus, Vlastimil;Oliva, Ota 1992 Plazi - Reptilia [Fauna of the Czech Republic: Reptilia] Prague Nakladatelstvi Ceskoslovenske akademie ved 222 + 8 plates Edited Book Barus, Vlastimil;Oliva, Ota 1992 Plazi - Amphibia [Fauna of the Czech Republic: Amphibia] Prague Nakladatelstvi Ceskoslovenske akademie ved 338 + 12 plates Journal Article Basso, N. G.;Kehr, A. I. 1991 Postmetamorphic growth and population structure of the frog Leptodactylus latinasus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 26 1 39-44 Amphibia, reproductive maturity Journal Article Basso, N. G.;Kehr, A. I. 1992 Estructura poblacional y crecimiento de Hyla pulchella pulchella (Anura: Hylidae) Acta Zool. Lilloana 41 143-148 population structure, activity patterns, growth, Hylidae, Amphibia Journal Article Batistoni, Renata;Nardi, Irma;Rebecchi, Lorena;Nardone, Maria;Demartis, Anna 1991 A centromeric satellite DNA in the European plethodontid salamanders (Amphibia, Urodela) Genome 34 1007-1012 Amphibia, Urodela, Speleomantes genei, Speleomantes supramontis, Speleomantes italicus italicus, Speleomantes italicus gormani, Speleomantes ambrosii ambrosii, Speleomantes imperialis, Speleomantes flavus, Desmognatusu fuscus, Triturus, DNA, Italy, Sardinia Journal Article Batta, A. K.;Salen, G.;Arora, R.;Shefer, S.;Batta, M. 1991 High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of bile acids and bile alcohols diastereoisomeric at C-25 J Chromatogr 542 1 184-8 Alligators and Crocodiles; Animal; Bile/*chemistry; Bile Acids and Salts/chemistry/*isolation & purification; Cholestanols/chemistry/*isolation & purification; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/*methods; Stereoisomerism; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. The high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of the 25R and 25S diastereoisomers of the bile alcohols 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,26-triol and 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha, 12 alpha, 26- tetrol and the bile acids, 3 alpha,7 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholestane- 26-oic acid and 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestane- 26-oic acid is described. A Radial-Pak microBondapak C18 reversed-phase cartridge was used for the separations and elutions were carried out with acetonitrile-water-methanol-acetic acid mixtures. All eight diastereoisomeric compounds showed baseline separation when up to 200 micrograms of the isomeric mixtures were injected into the column and the method can be used for isolation of pure diastereoisomers of these bile acids and bile alcohols. Journal Article Batta, A. K.;Mirchandani, R.;Salen, G.;Shefer, S. 1992 Synthesis of 3 alpha, 7 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid from 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid: configuration in the bile of Alligator mississippiensis Steroids 57 4 162-6 Acetylation; Alligators and Crocodiles/*metabolism; Animal; Bile/*chemistry; Cholestanols/*chemistry/*chemical synthesis/isolation & purification; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Mass Fragmentography; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance; Stereoisomerism; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Synthesis of 25R- and 25S-diastereoisomers of 3 alpha,7 alpha-dihydroxy- 5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid from 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid is described. The 25S-diastereoisomer of 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan- 26-oic acid was obtained by vigorous hydrolysis of the bile of Alligator mississippiensis followed by repeated crystallization of the hydrolysate, and the 25R-diastereoisomer was isolated by hydrolysis of the bile salts in bile of A mississippiensis with rat feces. Acetylation of the 25R- or 25S-diastereoisomer of methyl 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid under controlled conditions yielded the corresponding 3 alpha,7 alpha-diacetate in approximately 70% yield. The diacetate was quantitatively oxidized to methyl 3 alpha,7 alpha-diacetoxy-12-oxo-5 beta-cholestan-26-oate, which was converted into the 12-tosylhydrazone in approximately 58% yield. Reduction of the tosylhydrazone with sodium borohydride in acetic acid yielded the 25R- or the 25S-diastereoisomer of 3 alpha,7 alpha- dihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid as the major product. Purification via column chromatography yielded the pure diastereoisomers in approximately 25% overall yield. The two diastereoisomers were resolved on thin-layer chromatography and high- performance liquid chromatography. When the bile of A mississippiensis was hydrolyzed with rat fecal bacteria, the 3 alpha,7 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid isolated via chromatographic purification was shown to be the 25R-diastereoisomer. Journal Article Bauer, Aaron M. 1990 Phylogenetic systematics and biogeography of the Carphodactylini (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) Bonner Zoologische Monographien 30 1-218 Carphodactylini; Gekkonidae; Biogeography; Phylogeny; Systematics; Key; Distribution; Australia; New Zealand; New Caledonia; Bavayia; Carphodactylus; Eurydactylodes; Hoplodactylus; Naultinus; Nephrurus; Phyllurus; Rhacodactylus Journal Article Bauer, A. M.;Russell, A. P.;Dollahon, N. R. 1990 Skin folds in the gekkonid lizard genus Rhacodactylus: a natural test of the damage limitation hypothesis of mite pocket function. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68 6 1196-1201 Reptiles, sauria, lizard, gekkonidae, infection, ectoparasites, acari host-parasite-relationship, ecology, trombiculidae, Rhacodactylus auriculatus, R. sarasinorum, R. chahoua, R. leachianus The hypothesis that lizard mite pockets have evolved as a host response to limit damage by ectoparasites is tested. Evidence from the New Caledonian geckos of the genus Rhacodactylus does not support the hypothesis. Putative pockets in the popliteal position were present in all taxa examined, but are infested by trombiculid chiggers only in R. auriculatus, a partially terrestrial species. Tissue damage results from the formation of a stylostome within the host pocket. No mechanisms for host amelioration of parasite effect are evident. At least in Rhacodactylus, chiggers appear to facultatively exploit skin folds or pockets, which may have evolved and been maintained as a result of selective forces unrelated to ectoparasite damage limitation. Book Section Bauer, Aaron M. 1990 Phylogeny and biogeography of the geckos of southern Africa and the islands of the western Indian Ocean: A preliminary analysis Peters, G. and Hutterer, R. Vertebrates in the Tropics Bonn Museum Alexander Koenig 275-284 Gekkonidae, phylogeny, biogeography, southern Africa, Madagascar, Seychelles Journal Article Bauer, Aaron M.;Vindum, Jens V. 1990 A checklist and key to the herpetofauna of New Caledonia, with remarks on biogeography Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 47 2 17-45 Journal Article Bauer, A. M.;Russell, A. P.;Shadwick, R. E. 1990 Skin mechanics and morphology of the gecko Sphaerodactylus roosevelti American Zoologist 30 4 570 Journal Article Bauer, Aaron M.;Russell, Anthony P. 1990 Recent advances in the search for the living giant gecko of New Zealand Cryptozoology 9 66-73 Hoplodactylus delcourti Journal Article Bauer, Aaron M. 1990 Gekkonid lizards as prey of invertebrates and predators of vertebrates Herp Review 21 4 83-87 Journal Article Bauer, Aaron M.;Russell, Anthony P. 1990 Dentitional diversity in Rhacodactylus (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29 2 311-321 Journal Article Bauer, Aaron M.;Russell, Anthony P. 1990 Alternative digital scansor design in the New Caledonian Gekkonid genera Bavayia and Eurydactylodes Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29 2 299-310 Journal Article Bauer, Aaron;Günther, Rainer 1991 An annotated type catalogue of the geckos (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) in the Zoological Musuem, Berlin Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl. 67 2 279-310 Reptilia, Gekkonidae, catalogue of types, Zoological Museum, Berlin Journal Article Bauer, Aaron M.;Russell, Anthony P. 1991 The maximum size of giant geckos: A cautionary tale Bull. chicago Herp. Soc. 26 2 25-26 Eublepharis ensafi, Hoplodactylus delcourti Journal Article Bauer, Aaron M. 1991 New reptile records for the little karoo J. Herpetol. Assoc. Afr. 39 18 Mabuya sulcata sulcata, Pachydactylus serval purcelli Journal Article Bauer, Aaron M.;Branch, William R. 1991 Notes on Pachydactylus fasciatus, a poorly known gecko from northern Namibia J. Herpetol. Assoc. Afr. 39 1-5, 18 Pachydactylus fasciatus has remained a poorly known gecko, and since its description in 1888 only 15 specimens have been collected. Based on a series of 20 additional speciemns collected by the authors from northern Damarland, Namibia, notes on the taxonomic history, the status of the syntypes, the habitat preference, biology, and distribution of the species are given. A complete synomymy for the species is presented, and a lectotype is designated. Journal Article Bauer, Aaron M.;Russell, Anthony P 1991 Pedal specialisations in dune-dwelling geckos Journal of Arid Environments 20 43-62 Journal Article Bauer, Aaron M.;Günther, Rainer 1992 A preliminary report on the reptile fauna of the Kingdom of Bhutan with the description of a new species of scincid lizard (Reptilia: Scincidae) Asiatic Herpetological Research 4 23-36 Mabuya Himalayas biogeography zoogeography taxonomy sp. nov. quadratilobus gavialis gangeticus calotes bhutanensis versicolor japalura variegata hemidactylus brookii frenatus platyurus sikkimensis sphenomorphus indicus maculatus varanus bengalensis ramphotyphlops braminus python molurus amphiesma platyceps stolata boiga ochracea pseudoxenodon macrops trachischium guentheri xenochrophis piscator zaocys nigromarginatus bungarus niger ophiophagus hannah Journal Article Bauer, A. M.;Sadlier, R. A. 1992 The use of mouse glue traps to capture lizards Herpetological Review 23 4 112-113 techniques, sticky traps, surveying, methods, reptiles Journal Article Bauer, Aaron M. 1992 Herpetofaunal patters in the Kamanjab district and adjacent Damaraland, Namibia J. Herpetol. Assoc. Afr. 37 Journal Article Bauer, Aaron M.;Reneveir, Alain;Sadlier, Ross A. 1992 Caledoniscincus austrocaledonicus (Reptilia: Scincidae) from Ile Surprise, D'Entrecasteaux Reefs, New Caledonia Pacific Science 46 1 86-89 The common, endemic New Caledonian skink Caledoniscincus austrocaledonicus is reported for the first time from the far north of the territory, specifically from Ile Surprise in the D'Entrecateaux Reefs. The herpetofauna of Ile Surprise is characteristic of littoral habitats in mainland New Caledonia. The overwater transport of C. austrocaledonicus. like that of C. atropunctatus, which occurs in Vanuatu as well as New Caledonia, has probably been relatively recent. Journal Article Bauer, Aaron M. 1992 Atlas da repartition des batraciens at reptiles de Corse Herpetological Review 23 4 127 Journal Article Bauer, Aaron M. 1992 Bibliographie herpetologischer bibliographien II. Amphibia, Reptilia Herpetological Review 23 3 93-94 Journal Article Bauer, Aaron M.;Dougherty, John;Russell, Anthony P. 1992 Vocalizations of the New Caledonian giant gecko, Rhacodactylus leachianus Amphibia-Reptilia 13 412-417 Journal Article Bauer, Aaron M.;Vindum, Jens V.;Drewes, Robert C. 1992 A summary of African holdings and African research of the Department of Herpetology, California Academy of Sciences J. Herpetol. Assoc. Afr. 41 10-13 African holdings of amphibians and reptiles in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences comprise 21058 specimens in 38 families from 49 countries. A bibliography of publications on African herpetology by CAS staff and associates is appended. Journal Article Bauer, Aaron M.;Russell, Anthony P. 1992 Regional integumentary loss as an escape strategy in island gekkonid lizards Proc. Sixth Ord. Gen. Meet. S. E. H. 69-71 Journal Article Bauer, Aaron M.;Günther, Rainer 1992 A preliminary report on the reptile fauna of the kingdom of Bhutan with the description of a new species of scincid lizard (Reptilia: Scincidae) Asiatic Herpetologic Research 4 23-36 The herpetofauna of the Kingdom of Bhutan has been poorly studied and few collections of Bhutanese reptiles have been made. Reptiles collected by the 1972 expedition of the Naturhistorisches Museum Basel (Switzerland) are presented as a basis for a preliminary species list for this eastern Himalayan country. Specimens representing seven families and 18 species were examined. Included is a new species of scincid lizard of the genus Mabuya. An additional five species have been reported from Bhutan and numerous other taxa are known from adjacent regions of Sikkim and Assam. Most of the fauna is pan-oriental in derivation and is widespread to the east, west, and south. A number of species, however, are primarily Indo-Chinese in their affinities and extended only as far west as Nepal. Collections from eastern Bhutan and from elevations over 1500 m are particularly small and additional field work will be required to provide a complete picture of the reptiles of the country. Journal Article Bauer, Wolfgang J. 1992 A contribution to the morphology of the M. interhyoideus posterior (VII) of Urodele Amphibia Zool. Jb. Anat. 122 129-139 Journal Article Bauer, Aaron M.;Russell, Anthony P.;Shadwick, Robert E. 1992 Skin mechanics and morphology in Spaherodactylus roosevelti (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) Herpetologica 48 1 124-133 Journal Article Bauer, Aaron M.;Doherty, John;Russell, Anthony P. 1992 Vocalizations of the New Caledonian giant gecko, Rhacodactylus leachianus Amphibia-Reptilia 13 412-417 Journal Article Bauer, Aaron M.;Renevier, Alain;Sadlier, Ross A. 1992 Caledoniscincus austrocaledonicus (Reptilia: Scincidae) from Ile Surprise, D.Entrecasteaux Reefs, New Caledonia Pacific Science 46 1 86-89 Journal Article Bauwens, D.;Castilla, A. M.;Damme, R. Van;Verheyen, R. F. 1990 Field body temperature and thermoregulatory behavior of the high altitude lizard Lacerta bedriagae Journal of Herpetology 24 1 88-91 reptiles, lizards, thermal, microhabitat, Journal Article Bauwens, Dirk;Castilla, Aurora M.;Damme, Raoul Van;Rudolf 1990 Field body temperatures and thermoregulatory behavior of the high altitiude lizard, Lacerta bedriagae Journal of Herpetology 24 1 88-91 thermal biology, thermoregulation, mountains Journal Article Baverstock, P. R.;Donnellan, S. C. 1990 Molecular evolution in Australian dragons and skinks: a progress report Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29 2 323-331 Book Section Bayliss, P. 1990 The population dynamics of estuarine crocodiles II Experimental management in Weipa, North Queensland Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0008-6 xvii + 399 pp. 45-76 Book Section Bayliss, P.;Messel, H. 1990 The population dynamics of estuarine crocodiles I An assessment of long-term census data Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0008-6 xvii + 399 pp. 1-44 Journal Article Bea, A.;Guillaume, C. P.;Arrayago, M. J.;Heulin, B.;Pasteur, G. 1990 Phenotypes enzymatiques du lezard vivipare (Lacerta (Zootoca) vivipara Jacq.): premieres donnees comparatives entre populations ovipares et vivipares C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 310 3 237-243 Reptiles, lizards, viviparous, enzymatic phenotypes, oviparous, comparative, genetic data, France, genetic distance Journal Article Bea, A.;Braña, F.;Baron, Jean-Pierre;Saint Girons, Hubert 1992 Régimes et cycles alimentaires des vipères Européennes (reptilia, Viperidae): Étude comparée Année Biologique 31 1 25-44 Journal Article Beachy, Christopher King;Bruce, Richard C. 1992 Lunglessness in plethodontid salamanders is consistent with the hypothesis of a mountain stream origin: a response to Ruben and Boucot American Naturalist 139 4 839-847 Edited Book Beaman, Kent R.;Caporaso, Fred;McKeown, Sean;Graff, Marc D. 1991 Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Turtles & Tortoises: Conservation and Captive Husbandry Van Nuys, CA California Turtle & Tortoise Club 171 Journal Article Beane, Jeff 1992 In the spotlight: The North Carolina Herpetological Society Vivarium 3 5 30 Journal Article Beattie, R. C.;Tylerjones, R.;Baxter, M. J. 1992 The effects of pH, aluminium concentration and temperature on the embryonic development of the european common frog, Rana temporaria J Zool Amphibia, anura, european common frog, Rana temporaria, pH, aluminium, temperature, embryo, development The individual and combined effects of pH, aluminium concentration and temperature, on the development of common frog (Rana temporaria) embryos from an upland area of northern England, were investigated in a controlled laboratory study. There was strong evidence to suggest that embryonic survival was lower at pH 4.5 compared with pH 6.0. At pH 4.5, embryonic survival was reduced at the highest aluminium concentrations. There was no strong evidence for a reduction in embryonic survival at lower aluminium concentrations. Gastrulation and hatching appeared to be the most sensitive stages to both pH and aluminium concentration. There was strong evidence to suggest that temperature- shocked embryos had reduced survival when compared with those kept at a constant temperature, particularly at pH 4.5. There was substantial variation in the survival of embryos from different clutches in the same pond with respect to low pH, aluminium concentration and temperatures. Thus R. temporaria has a wide genetic base from which to tolerate environmental changes. It is suggested, however, that the lethal and sublethal effects of low pH, high aluminium concentration and low temperature, could lead to a decrease in recruitment to the adult populations of R. temporaria in upland, northern England. Journal Article Beattie, R. C.;Tylerjones, R. 1992 The effects of low pH and aluminum on breeding success in the frog Rana temporaria J Herpetol 26 4 353-360 Amphibia, anura, frog, Rana temporaria, environment, pH, aluminum, breeding The effects of low pH on fertilization and embryonic development in Rana temporaria (L.) were studied in the laboratory and field. In the field, fertilization success was reduced principally by high concentrations of inorganic monomeric aluminum, while embryonic mortality was caused mainly by low water temperatures. Most dead eggs were at the mid to late cleavage or early gastrula stage. In the laboratory, embryonic survival decreased with increasing inorganic monomeric aluminum concentration at pH 4.5. High concentrations of inorganic monomeric aluminum also increased the number of embryos which died in the early stages of development, and increased the proportion of embryos which remained constricted within the perivitelline membrane and failed to hatch. The body length of surviving larvae was decreased by both increasing aluminum concentrations and low pH. In acidic water, the body length of larvae from parents caught in an acidic pond in Northumberland was decreased less than that of larvae from parents caught in a circumneutral pond in Nottinghamshire. In both the laboratory and the field, most embryonic abnormalities were associated with the incomplete absorption of the yolk-plug during gastrulation. High inorganic monomeric aluminum concentration was the principal factor associated with this type of abnormality, although in the laboratory this abnormality also occurred at pH 4.5 in the absence of aluminum. Liming of acidic ponds can increase fertilization success and the survival of R. temporaria embryos. Journal Article Bechtel, H. Bernard 1991 Inherited color defects: Comparison between humans and snakes International Journal of Dermatology 30 4 243-246 Journal Article Beck, D. D. 1990 Ecology and behavior of the gila monster in southwestern Utah Journal of Herpetology 24 1 54-68 103, Heloderma, gila, behavior, Utah, lizard Journal Article Beck, Daniel D. 1990 Ecology and Behavior of the Gila Monster in Southwestern Utah Journal of Herpetology 24 1 54-68 Heloderma, suspectum, diet, themoregulation Thesis Beck, Daniel D. 1991 Physiological and behavioral consequences of reptilian life in the slow lane: ecology of beaded lizards and rattlesnakes Journal Article Beck, D. D.;Ramirez-Bautista, A. 1991 Combat behavior of the beaded lizard, Heloderma h. horridum, in Jalisco, Mexico Journal of Herpetology 25 4 481-484 100, Heloderma, lizard, Mexico, Jalisco, tropics, combat, behavior Journal Article Beck, D. D.;Lowe, C. H. 1991 Ecology of the beaded lizard, Heloderma horridum, in a tropical dry forest in Jalisco, Mexico Journal of Herpetology 25 4 395-406 99, Heloderma, lizard, Mexico, Jalisco, tropics Journal Article Becker, Hans Otto 1991 Lung morphology of Varanus yemenensis Böhme, Joger & Schätti, 1989, and its bearing on the systematics of the Afro-Asian monitor radiation Mertensiella 2 29-37 Varanus yemenensis; lung morphology, systematics Book Section Beçak, M. Luiza;Rabello-Gay, M. Nazareth;Beçak, W.;Soma, M.;Batistic, Radenka F.;Trajtengertz, Isa 1990 The W chromosome during the evolution and in sex abnormalities of snakes. DNA content, C-banding Olmo, E. Cytogenetics of Amphibians and Reptiles Basel Birkhäuser 221-240 Journal Article Bedford, Gavin 1991 Additional nocturnal sightings of three species of dragon lizard in Northern Australia Herpetofauna 21 2 30 Diporiphora magna; Diporiphora bilineata; Gemmatophora gilberti Journal Article Bedford, Gavin 1991 Record of road kill predation by the fresh water snake (Tropidonophis mairii) Herpetofauna 21 2 35-36 Tropidonophis mairii Journal Article Bedford, Gavin 1991 Two records of road kill predation by mulga snakes (Pseudechis australis) Herpetofauna 21 2 39-40 Pseudechis australis Journal Article Bedford, Gavin 1992 Notes on the incubation and hatching of the black whip snake (Demansia atra) Herpetofauna 22 1 24-25 Demansia atra Journal Article Beebee, T. J. C. 1991 Purification of an agent causing growth inhibition in anuran larvae and its identification as a unicellular unpigmented alga Canadian Journal of Zoology 69 2146-2153 Journal Article Beebee, T. J. C.;Wong., L.-C. 1992 Leucine uptake by enterobacterial and algal members of larval anuran gut flora Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 101B 527-530 Journal Article Beebee, T. J. C.;Wong., L.-C. 1992 Prototheca-mediated interference competition between anuran larvae operates by resource diversion Physiological Zoology 65 815-831 Thesis Beerli, P. 1990 Untersuchugen zum Rana esculenta-komplex Journal Article Begun, D. J.;Collins, J. P. 1992 Biochemical plasticity in the Arizona tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum) Journal of Heredity 83 3 224-227 Journal Article Behler, J.L. 1992-1994 Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis) AZA Ann. Report on Conservation and Science AS, conservation, Journal Article Behlert, O.;Jes, H. 1991 Experiences with individual marking of reptiles with the aid of the electronic indentification system EURO i.D. 4th Int. Colloq. on pathology and medicine of reptiles and amphibians. Bad Nauheim 27.-29.1991 Publ.German veterinary Association 328-330 Reptilia, transponder, scan, identification 120 individuals from 18 species were marked on the left side (international standard) in the neck about 3-4 cm caudal of the head. This includes tortoises, crocodiles, lizards and snakes. The technique is quick, simple and non-stressing to the animals. Positive experinces were made regarding the toleration and fixation in the tissues. No adverse affects in the form of abscessation or even inflammation were seen. Book Section Behra, O. 1990 Impact of legal protection of crocodiles in Madagascar Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8327-0022-1 xvi + 354 pp. 6-7 Book Section Behra, O. 1990 Sex ratio of African dwarf crocodiles (Osteolaemus tetraspis) Cope, 1861) exploited for food in Congo Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8327-0022-1 xvi + 354 pp. 3-5 OT, utilization, demography, Africa Book Section Behra, O.;Ramandimbison 1992 The involvement of rural communities in the crocodile ranching programme in Madagascar Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0132-5. 43-54 Book Section Belcheva, R. G.;Sofianidou, Th. S. 1990 Kariological investigation of the brown frogs species (Anura - Ranidae) from Bulgaria and Greece Olmo, E. Cytogenetics of Amphibians and Reptiles Basel Birkhäuser 141-146 Book Belkovets, L. P. 1990 Johann Georg Gmelin 1709-1755 Moscow 144 p. Journal Article Bell, Dana 1991 A mixture of volunteers: Cooperative efforts to protect the desert tortoise in California Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 57-58 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Belleville, S.;Beauchemin, M.;Tremblay, M.;Noiseux, N.;Savard, P. 1992 Homeobox-containing genes in the newt are organized in clusters similar to other vertebrates Gene 114 2 179-86 Amino Acid Sequence; Animal; Base Sequence; Blotting, Southern; Dna; DNA Probes; *Genes, Homeobox; Genomic Library; Human; Molecular Sequence Data; *Multigene Family; Salamandridae/*genetics; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Vertebrates/genetics In vertebrates, the majority of homeobox (HBox) genes are found in four clusters and this structural organization is believed to be of functional importance. Many HBox genes sustain their expression in the appendages of the adult newt. To further understand their regulation, the genomic loci of four newt HBox genes (two from the human HBox (HOX)- 2 complex and two from the HOX-3 complex) were analysed and compared with homologous loci in other vertebrates. Notophthalmus viridescens HBox (NvHBox) genes were selected from a lambda EMBL3 library and analysed by restriction mapping and nucleotide (nt) sequencing. The nt sequences of the NvHBox genes have a very high degree of homology (more than 90%) with the human and mouse HBox genes, HOX-3.3, HOX-3.4, HOX- 2.7 and HOX-2.8. The sequences flanking the HBox are also very homologous to their human and mouse counterparts. Moreover, the size of the DNA spacer separating NvHBox-3.3 from NvHBox-3.4, and NvHBox-2.7 from NvHBox-2.8 in the newt is similar in the homologous regions of the mouse and human, despite there being a C value ten times greater in the newt genome. Finally, three of these NvHBox genes are expressed in the limbs of the adult newt. Journal Article Bels, V. L. 1990 Quantitative analysis of prey-capture kinematics in Anolis equestris (Reptilia: Iguanidae) Canadian Journal of Zoology 68 2192-2198 Reptiles, lizards, anoles, prey capture, feeding, kinematics, mechanics, gape Journal Article Bels, V. L.;Goosse, V. 1990 Comparative kinematic analysis of prey capture in Anolis carolinensis (Iguania) and Lacerta viridis (Scleroglossa) Journal of Experimental Zoology 255 120-124 Reotiles, lizards, feeding, jaw movements, gape, time, consumption Edited Book Beltrán, Enrique;Cervantes, Aurora Jáuregui de;Arvea, Rafael Cruz 1990 Alfredo Dugés Guanajuato Ediciones la Rana 260 p. Journal Article Beltz, Ellin 1990 Herp news from around the world Vivarium 2 5 5 Journal Article Beltz, Ellin 1991 In the spotlight: Chicago Herpetological Society Vivarium 2 6 15 Journal Article Beltz, Ellin 1991 Herp news from around the world Vivarium 2 6 5-6;18 Journal Article Beltz, Ellin 1992 Herp news from around the world Vivarium 3 5 5-6 Journal Article Ben-Yakir, Sagiv 1990 Diseases in reptiles caused by algae, fungi and viruses Hardun 5 57-64;79 disease Journal Article Benabib, Miriam 1991 Book review: FAO Species catalogue. Vol. 11: Sea Turtles of the World. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Sea Turtle Species Known to date Boletín de la Sociedad Herpetológica Mexicana 3 2 41-43 Book Review Journal Article Benabib, Miriam;Congdon, Justin D. 1992 Metabolic and water-flux rates of free-ranging tropical lizards Sceloporus variabilis Physiological Zoology 65 4 788-802 Edited Book Benabib, Miriam;Sarti, Laura 1992 Memorias del VI Encuentro Interuniversitario Sobre Tortugas Marinas Mexico City Sociedad Herpetologica Mexicana 1 96 Sea turtles Book Section Benabib, Miriam 1992 Posibles lineas de investigacion sobre tortugas marinas en Mexico Benabib, Miriam and Sarti, Laura Memorias del VI Encuentro Interuniversitario Sobre Tortugas Marinas Mexico City Sociedad Herpetologica Mexicana 1 51-58 Sea turtles Journal Article Bennett, William A. 1990 Scale of investigation and the detection of competition: An example from the house sparrow and house finch introductions in North America American Naturalist 135 6 725-747 Journal Article Bennett, R.A. 1990 Anaerobic bacterial infections in reptiles J. Zoo & Wildl. Med. 21 2 180-184 Reptilia, sauria, testudines, serpentes, infection, bacteria, anaerobes Reprint Vet. Path 91/119 Anaerobes were isolated from 54% of 39 specimens yielding bacterial growth. Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Clostridium and Peptostreptococcus were most frequently isolated fom subcutaneous and internal abscesses. Isolates were most sensitive to metronidazole (100 %). Aminoglycosides have no efficacy against anaerobic bacteria Journal Article Bennett, R. Avery 1991 A review of anesthesia and chemical restraint in reptiles Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 22 3 282-303 treatment surgery anatomy physiology Journal Article BENNETT, R.A. 1991 A review of anesthesia and chemical restraint in reptiles. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 22 282-203 Reptilia, serpentes, anesthesia Journal Article Bennett, R.A. 1991 A review of anesthesia and chemical restraint in reptiles. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 22 3 282-303 Reptilia, serpentes, sauria, chelonia, narcosis, The anatomy, physiology, and response of reptiles to various chemical immobilization agents often differs from the mammalian response. A review of anatomy and physiology of reptiles as it pertains to anesthesia is presented. Pre- and post anesthetic management are discussed The response of various reptiles to chemicaö restraint agents, including preanesthetic medications, tranquilizers, injectable anesthetics, muscle relaxants and inhalant anesthetics, is reviewed. Journal Article Bennett, P. M.;Gascoyne, M.S.C.;Hart, G;Kirkwood, J.K.;Hawkey, C.M. 1991 Development of LYNX: a computer application for disease diagnosis and health monitoring in wild mammals, birds and reptiles Vet. Rec. 1991 496 496-499 Mammalia, Aves, Reptilia, LYNX, diagnosis, computer Journal Article Bennett, Albert F. 1991 The evolution of avtivity capacity Journal of Experimental Biology 160 1-23 Journal Article Bennett, Daniel 1992 Bosc's monitor lizard Reptilian 1 2 25-27 Varanus exanthematicus Journal Article Bennett, C.;Lindsey, S. L. 1992 Some notes on the physiological and behavioral ontogeny of okapi (Okapia johnstoni) calves Zoo Biol 11 6 433-442 Mammalia, artiodactyla, giraffidae, okapi, behaviour Four okapi calves were monitored from birth for specific behavioral and physiological developmental phenomena. Substantial changes are appropriate in defining normal ranges and averages of some behavioral landmarks previously reported in the literature (i.e., birth weight, first time standing, first attempt to nurse, first successful nurse, and first defecation). Simple, minimally invasive habituation techniques were used to collect daily body temperatures and weights for the four calves from birth to at least 90 days of age. Body temperatures for this time period averaged 38.07-degrees- C. Okapi calves appear to take from 51 to 60 days of age to thermoregulate efficiently. The calves grow rapidly, doubling their birth weight within approximately four weeks (28 days), and tripling it by seven weeks of age (49 days). Journal Article Benyajati, S.;Johnson, J. L. 1991 Characteristics of renal transport of taurine in reptilian brush-border membranes Am J Physiol 260 5 Pt 2 R879-88 Amino Acids/pharmacology; Animal; Anions/pharmacology; Biological Transport/drug effects; Female; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kidney/*metabolism; Male; Membrane Potentials; Microvilli/metabolism; Snakes/*metabolism; Sodium/physiology/pharmacokinetics; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Taurine/*pharmacokinetics; Time Factors We examined characteristics of taurine transport across renal brush- border membranes (BBM) of the garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis), a species that demonstrates both net reabsorption and secretion of taurine in vivo. Transport was examined by a rapid filtration technique at 25 degrees C. Inwardly directed Na+ gradient specifically stimulated taurine uptake. Under initial taurine equilibrium condition, a small overshoot of taurine uptake driven by an inwardly directed NaCl gradient could be observed. No stimulation of taurine uptake was observed under Na+ equilibrium or K+, Li+, or choline gradients conditions. Reptilian renal BBM taurine transport also displayed specific Cl- requirement: replacement of NaCl by NaSCN or Na(+)- gluconate gradients inhibited taurine uptake. The uptake was stimulated under Cl- gradient compared with Cl- equilibrium conditions. Taurine transport was not stimulated by H+ gradient in either direction, although it was inhibited by acidic pH (less than 7.0). Amiloride and furosemide had no effects. The transport was electrogenic, stimulated by an inside negative membrane potential, and inhibited by other beta- amino acids. Overall, the reptilian BBM transport system for taurine resembles those observed in both mammalian and fish renal BBM. Journal Article Beresford, W.A. 1992 Trabeculae with the crocodilian liver Amer. Zool. 32 5 138A [Abstract only] anatomy, Journal Article Berger, Joel;Wehausen, John D. 1991 Consequences of a mammalian predator-prey disequilibrium in the Great Basin Desert Conservation Biology 5 2 244-248 mule deer Journal Article Berger, Leszek;Rybacki, Mariusz 1992 Sperm competition in European water frogs Alytes 10 4 113-116 Rana lessonae ridibunda esculenta Journal Article Berna, Howard J.;Gibbons, J. Whitfield 1991 Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus (Eastern cottonmouth) diet Herpetological Review 22 130-131 Journal Article Bernardini, G.;P. Podini, R. Maci;Camatini., M. 1990 Spermiogenesis in Xenopus laevis: from late spermatids to spermatozoa Mol. Reprod. Develop. 26 347-355 Journal Article Bernhard, J.B.;Oftedal, O.T.;Barboza, P.S.;Mathias, C.E.;Allen, M.E.;Citino, S.B.;Ullrey, D.E.;Montali, R.J. 1991 The response of vitamin D-deficient green iguanas (Iguana iguana) to artificial ultraviolet light Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians 147-150 reptilia, squamata, sauria, iguanidae, Iguana, UVL, calcium, phosphorus Book Section Berrill, Michael;Bertram, Susan;Tosswill, Pat;Campbell, Victoria 1992 Is there a bullfrog decline in Ontario? Bishop, Christine A. and Pettit, Karen E. Declines in Canadian Amphibian Populations: Designing a National Monitoring Strategy Ottawa, Ontario Canadian Wildlife Service 32-36 Book Section Berrill, Michael;Bertram, Susan;Brigham, Deneen;Campbell, Victoria 1992 A comparison of three methods of monitoring frog populations Bishop, Christine A. and Pettit, Karen E. Declines in Canadian Amphibian Populations: Designing a National Monitoring Strategy Ottawa, Ontario Canadian Wildlife Service 87-93 Conference Proceedings Berry, K.H. 1990 The status of the desert tortoise in 1990: Current population issues in California "testu,oeko,namerika,vet",""PF","x" Journal Article Berry, Kristin H.;Woodman, A. Peter;Knowles, Craig 1991 Ten years of monitoring data from the Desert Tortoise Natural Area interior, Chuckwalla Bench area of critical environmental concern, and Chemehuevi Valley [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 162 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Berry, Kristin H.;Shields, Timothy;Goodlett, Gilbert;Boland, Steve;Gumtow, Robert;Knowles, Pamela R.;Knowles, Craig J. 1991 Continued declines of tortoise populations in the western Mojave Desert: Results of 1989 surveys at the Desert Tortoise Natural Area interpretive center and Fremont Peak [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 219 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Berry, Kristin H. 1991 Status of desert tortoise populations in California: The 1990 data set [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 282 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Berry, Kristin H.;Avery, Harold W. 1991 Distribution of shell disease/necrosis in tortoise populations on the Chuckwalla Bench and elsewhere in California [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 283 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Berry, Kristin H. 1992 Relationships between tortoise population declines, levels of human use and impacts to habitats Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 110 Journal Article Berthoud, G. 1990 Les reptiles et les batraciens du Canton de Fribourg Etat de Fribourg - Musée d'histoire naturelle 1-67 Journal Article Berven, K. A. 1990 Factors affecting population fluctuations in larval and adult stages of the wood frog (Rana sylvatica) Ecology 71 1599-1608 Journal Article BEUTELSCHIESS, J.;BEUTELSCHIESS, C. 1991 Bemerkungen zu Krankheiten bei Anuren während der Terrarienhaltung (Vortragsmanuskript) Amphibienforschung 60-62 Amphibia, anura, diseases, general, therapy In short, directions are produced to practical ways of application and the effects of medicaments in anurans. Further methods such as baths and quarantine are discussed. Reprint Endnote 93/522 Journal Article Bezy, R. L. 1991 Western fence lizard Terra 29 2-3 64-65 reptiles, lizards, sceloporus occidentalis Journal Article Bezy, R. L.;R., J. L. Camarillo 1992 Systematics of Xantusiid lizardsallied with Lepidophyma gaigeae Mosauer Herpetologica 48 1 97-110 reptiles, lizards, relationships, karyotypes, Mexico, distribution, morphology Journal Article Bienzle, D.;Boyd, C. J. 1992 Sedative effects of ketamine and midazolam in snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) J Zoo Wildlife Med 23 2 201-204 Reptilia, chelonia, turtle, Chelydra serpentina, sedation, narcosis, ketamine, midzolam Chemical restraint in Ch. serpentina can best be obtained by a combination of midazolam (Versed(r), Hoffman-La Roche) (2 mg/kg) and Ketamine (20 or 40 mg/kg). This combination produced significantly better sedation than either agent by itself or exposure to isoflurane. This is the result of testing a series of 1) Midazolam > 2 mg/kg; 2) Ketamine > 40 mg/kg; 3) Midazolam > 2 mg/kg + Ketamine > 20 mg/kg; 4) Midazolam > 2 mg/kg + Ketamine > 40 mg/kg and 5) 5% Isoflurane in Oxygen for 30 min. Journal Article Bigiani, A. R.;Roper, S. D. 1991 Mediation of responses to calcium in taste cells by modulation of a potassium conductance Science 252 5002 126-8 Animal; Cadmium/pharmacology; Calcium/*physiology; Electric Conductivity; In Vitro; Membrane Potentials; Necturus; Potassium/*physiology; Potassium Channels/*physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Taste/*physiology; Tetraethylammonium Compounds/pharmacology; Tongue/physiology Calcium salts are strong taste stimuli in vertebrate animals. However, the chemosensory transduction mechanisms for calcium are not known. In taste buds of Necturus maculosus (mud puppy), calcium evokes depolarizing receptor potentials by acting extracellularly on the apical ends of taste cells to block a resting potassium conductance. Therefore, divalent cations elicit receptor potentials in taste cells by modulating a potassium conductance rather than by permeating the cell membrane, the mechanism utilized by monovalent cations such as sodium and potassium ions. Journal Article Billett, F. S.;Collins, P.;Goulding, D. A.;Sutherland, J. 1992 The development of Caretta-Caretta, at 25-34-degrees-C, in artificial nests J Morphol 213 2 251-263 Reptilia, testudines, Caretta caretta, growth, development, temperature Based upon Miller's system for the description of development of marine turtles, a scanning E.M. series was made of stages 14 through 25 ofCaretta caretta. Incubation over a temperature range of 25°-34°C confirms previous observations that, under artificial conditions and at a constant incubation temperature, normal development is confined to a limited temperature range. Premature pipping is a feature of incubatuíon at the lower end of this range; abnormal development, generated during the first third of the incubation period, occurs just above the normal range. Developmental abnormalities (failure of precise closure) of the hindbrain are depicted. Reprint Endnote 92/154 Journal Article Billett, F S;Collins, P;Goulding, D A;and Sutherland, J 1992 The development of Caretta caretta, at 25-34 0C, in artificial nests 213 251-263 loggerhead/growth Journal Article Birkett, Jon;McCracken, Helen 1990 Osteodystrophy in an Asian agamid (Hydrosaurus pustulatus) Herpetofauna 20 2 32-36 Hydrosaurus pustulatus Journal Article Birkett, J.;and, H.;McCracken 1990 Osteodystrophy in an Asian agamid (Hydrosaurus pustulatus) Herpetofauna Sydney 1990 2 echsen,vit PF x Journal Article Birkhahn, Holger 1991 Neue Erkenntnisse über die Aminosäureversorgung bei Dendrobatiden Herpetofauna 13 74 23-28 Dendrobatidae; nutrition; Dendrobates Journal Article BIRKHAHN, H. 1991 New knowledge about amino-acid requirements of Dendrobatids. (Germ.) Neue Erkenntnisse über die Aminosäureversorgung bei Dendrobatiden Herpetofauna 13 74 23-28 Amphibia, anura, dendrobatidae, food, feeding, amino acids Together with optimal vitamin and mineral supply, the essential amino acid budget is of crucial importance. Supply with amino acids was checked by feeding experiments and amino acid analyses of dendrobatid frogs and their food. Poorly grown D. tinctorius had a lower protein content and lower content of all 9 aminoacids analysed, than their well developed couterparts. Reprint Endnote 93/528, lurch,vit,vet PF x Edited Book Bishop, Christine A.;Pettit, Karen E. 1992 Declines in Canadian Amphibian Populations: Designing a National Monitoring Strategy Ottawa, Ontario Canadian Wildlife Service 120 Book Section Bishop, Christine A. 1992 The effects of pesticides on amphibians and the implications for determining causes of declines in amphibians Bishop, Christine A. and Pettit, Karen E. Declines in Canadian Amphibian Populations: Designing a National Monitoring Strategy Ottawa, Ontario Canadian Wildlife Service 67-70 Book Section Bishop, Christine A.;Kay, Douglas F. 1992 Extensive monitoring: Amphibian populations in Canada Bishop, Christine A. and Pettit, Karen E. Declines in Canadian Amphibian Populations: Designing a National Monitoring Strategy Ottawa, Ontario Canadian Wildlife Service 109-110 Book Section Bishop, Christine A. 1992 Intensive and extensive monitoring of anthropogenic stresses associated with amphibian survivorship Bishop, Christine A. and Pettit, Karen E. Declines in Canadian Amphibian Populations: Designing a National Monitoring Strategy Ottawa, Ontario Canadian Wildlife Service 111 Report Bissonette, J. A. 1991 Annotated bibliography for the spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) Journal Article Bjorndal, K. A;Bolten, A.B. 1990 Digestive processing in an herbivorous freshwater turtle: consequences of small intestine fermentation Physiol. Zool. 63 1232-1247 Reptilia, testudines, physiology, digestion, food, feeding testu,vit,physiol UB x Journal Article Bjorndal, K. A. 1990 Digestibility of the sponge Chondrilla nucula in the green turtle, Chelonia mydas Bulletin of Marine Science 47 2 567-570 green; feeding Journal Article Bjorndal, K. A.;Bolten, A. B.;Moore, J.E. 1990 Digestive fermentation in herbivores: effect of food particle size Physiological Zoology 63 4 710-721 green; feeding Journal Article Bjorndal, K. A. 1991 Diet mixing: nonadditive interactions of diet items in an omnivorous freshwater turtle Ecology 72 4 1234-1241 Reptilia, testudines, physiology, digestion, food, feeding testu,vit PF x Journal Article Bjorndal, Karen A.;Bolten, Alan B. 1992 Turtles under siege: Parallels between sea turtles and desert tortoises Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 111-112 Journal Article Bjorndal, Karen A.;Bolten, Alan B. 1992 Comparative Nutritional ecology of tortoises and turtles Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 61-63 Journal Article Bjorndal, K. A.;Bolten, A. B. 1992 Body size and digestive efficiency in a Herbivorous freshwater turtle - Advantages of small bite size Physiol Zool 65 5 1028-1039 Reptilia, testudines, Pseudemys nelsoni, physiology, herbiviry, body size, digestion, ecologye In reptiles, large body size bas been considered a great- if not essential-asset for herbivory. However, in a herbivorous freshwater turtle, Pseudemys nelsoni, 12-g hatchlings had significantly better digestive performance than did 3,000-g adults. On a diet of duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza), hatchlings processed nearly four times as much food on a mass-specific basis than did adults while maintaining equivalent digestibilities as adults. Hatchlings gained more than four times the amount of energy and nitrogen daily on a mass-specific basis that adults gained. On a diet of hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata), hatchlings fed selectively, ingesting a diet significantly higher in energy and nitrogen and significantly lower in lignin than the diet of adults. Small bite size of small herbivorous reptiles is a mechanism that enables them to meet higher mass-specific nutrient requirements by improving both the physical structure and-through selective feeding-the nutrient quality of the diet. testu,vit,behav,physiol PF x Journal Article Blackburn, D. G. 1991 Standardized criteria for the recognition of embryonic nutritional patterns in squamate reptiles Physiological Zoology submitted ms. reproduction, eggs, resources, nutrition, development, chemicals, snakes, lizards Journal Article Blackburn, D.G. 1992 Convergent Evolution of Viviparity, Matrotrophy, and Specializations for Fetal Nutrition in Reptiles and Other Vertebrates Am Zool 32 2 313-321 EXTRAEMBRYONIC MEMBRANES; VIRGINIA-STRIATULA; SCELOPORUS-AENEUS; LIZARD; PLACENTATION; PLACENTOTROPHY; SERPENTES; PROVISION; SQUAMATA; ORIGINS Journal Article Blackburn, Daniel G. 1992 Convergent evolution of viviparity, matrotrophy, and specializations for fetal nutrition in reptiles and other vertebrates American Zoologist 32 313-321 Book Section Blackburn, D. G.;Vitt, L. J. 1992 Reproduction in viviparous South American lizards of the genus Mabuya Hamlett, William C. Reproductive biology of South American vertebrates New York Springer-Verlag 150-164 Reptiles, lizards, Mabuya, reproduction, viviparous, Brazil, Amazonia, South America, Journal Article Blackman, J. R.;Dillon, S. 1992 Venomous snakebite: past, present, and future treatment options J Am Board Fam Pract 5 4 399-405 BACKGROUND: Venomous snakebites continue to cause great morbidity, and treatment options are confusing the attending physician. In the United States approximately 45,000 snakebites occur each year, of which some 8000 are by 20 species of venomous snakes. METHODS: Information on venomous snakes and snakebite treatment was gathered from the libraries of the Wilderness Medical Society and the Rocky Mountain Center for Wilderness Medicine in Boise, Idaho (co-supported by the Boise State University and the Family Practice Residency of Idaho), as well as from current literature files of physicians practicing wilderness medicine. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Three genera of venomous snakes account for the majority of poisonous snake envenomations in this country. Most hospitalized victims are bitten either by rattlesnakes or copperheads or by unidentified snakes. Most of these bites occur during the summer months and are found on the extremities. Field treatment focuses on the application of a vacuum extractor and transportation to the nearest medical facility. Although constriction band use can be helpful, tourniquets, incision and suction, and ice therapy are contraindicated. Electric shock therapy is of no use and could cause serious injury. Hospital management focuses on rapid clinical evaluation and laboratory tests to establish the degree of envenomation, looking for clotting abnormalities. If envenomation has occurred and is reactive, polyvalent antivenin should be administered according to the degree of envenomation. Errors in diagnosis and treatment result in increased morbidity and put attending physicians at risk for litigation. Prevention remains the most successful approach to snakebite management. Journal Article Blahak, S.;Göbel, Th.;Alexander, D.J.;Manvell, R. 1991 Some investigations of the occurrence of paramyxoviruses in snakes of german zoos. 4. Int. Coll. Pathol. u Ther. Rept. and Amphib. 17-24 Reptilia, serpentes, infection, virus, Paramyxo A paramyxo-like virus occurred in outbreaks of disease in the families Viperidae, Crotalidae, Colubridae and Elaphidae. Treatment of the snakes was attempted with Pulmozole, Enrofloxazin and a paraimmunity-inducer originally developed for birds. Only one rattle snake died one year after the outbreak of the infection. Bacteriologic examination was non specific Journal Article Blahak, S. ;Göbel, Th. 1991 A case report of a reovirus-infection in an emerald tree boa (Corallus caninus). 4. Int. Coll. Pathol. u Ther. Rept. and Amphib. Bad Nauheim, 27.-29.9. 13-16 Reptilia, Serpentes, Boinae, Virus, Reovirus The snake was found dead without any symptoms of disease. Necropsy was negative. Histol revealed diffuse vacuolation of hepatocytes. A virus-like agent was isolated on turtle embryo fibroblasts and also on viper heart cells culture. A possible conclusion was that the snake was infected by an avian reovirus Journal Article Blair, David W. 1991 Sex and the single saurian Iguana Times 1 3 10 Journal Article Blair, David W. 1991 In search of the mystery iguana Iguana Times 1 3 18-19 Cyclura Journal Article Blair, David W. 1992 The cayman Island rock iguana, Cyclura nubila caymanensis Iguana Times 1 4 2-5 Cyclura Journal Article Blair, David W. 1992 A cay by any other name... Iguana Times 1 5 2-7 cyclura rileyi nuchalis Journal Article Blair, David W. 1992 Booby or bust! Iguana Times 1 6 4-9 cyclura carinata bartschi Journal Article Blake, Hugh 1990 The eyelash viper in captivity (Bothriechis schlegelii) Vivarium 2 5 8-10 Book Section Blake, D. 1990 Status of the Nile crocodile in Natal, South Africa - August, 1988 Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0008-6 xvii + 399 pp. 84-88 Book Section Blake, D. 1990 Crocodiles held as part of the International Breeding Bank Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0008-6 xvii + 399 pp. 82-83 Book Section Blake, D. 1990 Natal Parks Board policy on crocodiles Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0008-6 xvii + 399 pp. 77-81 Journal Article Blake, Hugh 1992 The green tree python (Chondropython viridis) Vivarium 3 5 19-22 Chondropyhon viridis; Morelia viridis Journal Article Blake, Hugh 1992 The husbandry and breeding of ringed pythons (Bothrochilus [Liasis] boa) at the Houston Zoological Gardens Vivarium 4 3 36-38 Journal Article Blankemeyer, James T.;Hefler, Carol R. 1990 Effect of Naphthalene on sodium active transport in the frog skin Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 45 627-632 Journal Article Blaustein, A. R.;Wake, D. B. 1990 Declining amphibian populations-a global phenomenon? Ecological Society of America 127 conservation, Journal Article Blaustein, A. R.;Wake, D. B. 1990 Declining amphibian populations: a global phenomenon? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 5 7 203-204 conservation, Journal Article Blaustein, A. R.;Wake, D. B. 1990 Declining amphibian populations: a global phenmenon? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 5 5 203-204 population, amphibians Journal Article Blaustein, A. R.;Wake, D. B. 1990 Declining amphibian populations: a global phenemenon? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 5 203-204 destinction, population, reproduction, amphibians Journal Article Blaustein, A. R.;Wake., D. B. 1990 Declining amphibian populations: a global phenomenon Trends in Ecology & Evolution 5 203-204 Journal Article Blaustein, A. R.;K. S. Chang, H. G. Lefcort;O'Hara., R. K. 1990 Toad tadpole kin recognition: recognition of half siblings and the role of maternal cues Ethology Ecology & Evolution 2 215-226 Journal Article Blaustein, A. R.;Olson., D. H. 1991 Declining amphibians Science 253 1467 Journal Article Blaustein, A. R.;M. Bekoff, J. A. Byers;Daniels., T. J. 1991 Kin recognition in vertebrates: what do we really know about adaptive value? Animal Behaviour 41 1079-1083 Journal Article Blaustein, A. R.;Waldman., B. 1992 Kin recognition in anuran amphibian larvae Animal Behaviour 44 207-221 Journal Article Blaylock, R. S. 1991 Time of onset of clinical envenomation following snakebite in southern Africa [letter; comment] S Afr Med J 80 5 253 Journal Article Blem, C. R.;Blem, K. L. 1990 Metabolic acclimation in three species of sympatric, semi-aquatic snakes Composition Biochemistry Physiology 97A 2 259-264 metabolism, brown water snake, Nerodia taxispilota, cotton mouth, Agkistrodon piscivorus , behavior, distribution Journal Article Blem, C. R.;Blem, L. B. 1990 Lipid reserves of the brown water snake Nerodia taxispilota Compostion Biochemistry Physiology 97A 3 367-372 brown water snake, Nerodia taxispilota, growth rate, reproduction Journal Article Blem, C. R.;Blem., L. B. 1991 Cation concentrations and acidity in breeding ponds of the spotted salamander, Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw)(Amphibia, Ambystomatidae), in Virginia Brimleyana 17 67-76 Thesis Blomberg, Goran Ernst Daniel 1990 Population dynamics and management of the Okavango River crocodiles in Botswana Journal Article Blommers-Schlösser, R. M. A.;Blanc., C. P. 1991 Amphibiens Faune de Madagascar 75 1-379, 12 plates Journal Article Blouin, Michael S. 1990 Evolution of palatability differences between closely-related treefrogs Journal of Herpetology 24 309-311 predation, tadpoles Journal Article Blouin, Michael S. 1991 Proximate developmental causes of limb length variation between Hyla cinerea and Hyla gratiosa (Anura: Hylidae) Journal of Morphology 209 305-310 larvae, hind limb relative to snout, body growth rates Journal Article Blouin, Michael S.;Loeb, Michael L. G. 1991 Effects of environmentally induced development-rate variation on head and limb morphology in the green tree frog, Hyla cinerea The American Naturalist 138 3 717-728 Journal Article Blouin, Michael S. 1992 Comparing bivariate reaction norms among species: time and size at metamorphosis in three species of Hyla (Anura: Hylidae) Oecologia 90 288-293 Anura, Amphibia, Hyla cinerea, Hyla gratiosa, Hyla squirella, life-history, statistics, development, Journal Article Blouin, Michael S. 1992 Genetic correlations among morphometric traits and rates of growth and differentiation in the green tree frog, Hyla cinerea Evolution 46 3 735-744 Journal Article Blouin, M. S. 1992 Comparing bivariate reaction norms among three species: time and size at metamorphosis in three species of Hyla (Anura: Hylidae) Oecologia 90 288-293 Journal Article Blouin, M. S. 1992 Genetic correlations among morphometric traits and rates of growth and differentiation in the green tree frog, Hyla cinerea. Evolution 46 735-744 Journal Article Blumthaler, Mario;Ambach, Walter 1990 Indication of increasing solar ultraviolet-B radiation flux in alpine regions Science 248 206-208 Journal Article Boarman, William I.;Sazaki, Marc 1991 Methods for measuring the effectiveness of tortoise-proof fences and culverts along highway 58, California Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 284-291 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Boarman, William I.;Sazaki, Marc;Berry, Kristin H.;Goodlett, Gilbert O.;Jennings, W. Bryan;Woodman, A. Peter 1992 Measuring the effectiveness of a tortoise-proof fence and culverts: Status report from first field season Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 126-142 Journal Article Boarman, William I. 1992 The raven management program of the Bureau of Land Management: Status as of 1992 Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 113-116 Journal Article Bobrov, Vladimir V. 1992 Notes on lizards (Reptilia, Sauria) from southern Vietnam Journal of Bengal Natural History Society new ser., 11 1 17-24 Journal Article Bobrov, Vladimir V. 1992 A new scincid lizard (Reptilia, Sauria, Scincidae) from Vietnam Zoologichesky Zhurnal 71 9 156-159 mabuya darevskii Journal Article Bodri, M. S.;Hendrick, M. J.;O'Brien, R. T.;Sadanaga, K. K. 1990 Retained caseous yolk sac in a Burmese python (Python molurus bivittatus) J Wildl Dis 26 4 564-6 Reptilia, serpentes, python, yolk sac, surgery, anesthesia, Retained yolk sacs are common in the domestic chicken and account for considerable morbidity and mortality during late embryonic development and within the first 10 days of life. What is believed to be the first recorded instance of a retained caseous yolk sac and its successful surgical removal from a Burmese python (Python molurus bivittatus) is reported. The snake experienced no post-operative complications and continues to be well 16 mo following surgery. Journal Article Bodri, M.S.;Sadanaga, K.K. 1991 Circumcostal cloacapexy in a python J. Am. Vet. Med. Assn. 198 2 297 Reptilia, serpentes, Python m. molurus, pathology, prolapse, therapy, cloacapexy The lateroventral portion of the cloaca was sutured to the lateral skeletal musculature. The sutures penetrated the lumen of the cloaca and were passed around a rib. Movement of urates down the ureters was observed before the wound was closed. Journal Article Bodri, Michael S. 1992 El Manejo de la Iguana Verde: A look at Dr. dagmar Werner's breeding project Vivarium 3 5 7-9 Iguana iguana Journal Article Bodson, Liliane 1990 Rapport d'activité de la commission d'Ethnoherpétologie et d'Histoire de l'Herpétologie (1989-1990) Bulletin de la Société Herpétologique de France 56 77-78 Book Section Boede, E.O.;Párraga, M.E.;Sánchez de Boede, N.;Medina de López, N.;Castaño, H. 1990 Un caso de caquexia en una baba (Caiman Crocodilus) del Zoológico Las Delicacias de Maracay, Estado Aragua, Venezuela Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 80-95 CCR, disease, biochemistry, South America Journal Article Boer , L.E.M. de 1992 Research in european zoos First International Symposium on Faecal Steroid Monitoring in Zoo animals 20 Proceedings* Journal Article Boeseman, M.;Holthuis, L.B.;Hoogmoed, H. S.;Smeenk, C. 1990 Seventeenth century drawings of Brazilian animals in Leningrad Zoologische Verhandelingen 267 1-190 Journal Article Bogaert, L. 1991 Transporting tortoises in cold weather Tortoise Trust Newsl 5 6 22-23 Reptilia, testudines, physiology, management, transport, cold, weather testu,vet,meth PF x Book Section Bogart, James P. 1991 The influence of life history on karyotypic evolution in frogs Amphibian cytogenetics and evolution Academic Press, Inc. 233-258 Amphibia, Anura, Lissamphibia, Triturus, Eleutherodactylus, karyotype, technique, evolution, cytogenetics, taxonomy, systematics, phylogenetics, chromosome, RNA, DNA Book Section Bogart, James P. 1992 Monitoring genetic diversity Bishop, Christine A. and Pettit, Karen E. Declines in Canadian Amphibian Populations: Designing a National Monitoring Strategy Ottawa, Ontario Canadian Wildlife Service 50-52 Journal Article Boivin, G. P.;Stauber, E. 1990 Nutritional osteodystrophy in iguanas Canine Pract - exotic medicine 1990 1 37-40 Reptilia, sauria, Iguana, food, feeding, deficiency, osteodystrophy Reprint Vet. Path. Spec. Anim. 91/178 vit,echsen,vet Fernl b Journal Article Bolger, Douglas T.;Case, Ted J. 1992 Intra- and interspecific interference behaviour among sexual and asexual geckos Animal Behaviour 44 21-30 Book Section Bolt, John R. 1991 Lissamphibian Origins Schultze, Hans-Peter and Trueb, Linda Origins of the higher groups of tetrapods: controversy and consensus Ithaca, New York Cornell University Press 194-222 lissamphibia, amphibia, apoda, gymnophiona, salientia, anura, caudata, Phylogeny, cladistics, systematics, tetrapod, evolution, Coelacanth, lungfishes, tetrapoda, Diabolepis, Ichthyostega, Crassigyrinus, Eusthenopteron, Panderichthys, Chirodipterus, Osteolepis, Lozomma, Trimerorhachis, Edops, Paleoherpeton, Acanthostega, Lyrocephalus, Trematosaurus, Aphaneramma, Benthosaurus, Neldasaurus, Rhinesuchus, Batrachosaurus, Trimerorhachis, Eugyrinus, Mastodonsaurus, Peltostega, Lonchorhynchus, osteology, soft anatomy, fossil, cranium, skull, Neurocranium, Histology, Cheek, characters, dentition, Book Section Bolten, A.;Bjorndal, K. 1991 Sea turtles inhabiting the Kings Bay-St. Marys entrance channel: distribution and population structure (RWO 72) Fla. Coop. Fish and Wildl. Res. Unit Annu. Rep.-January to December 1990 Univ. Florida, Gainesville 11-12 Book Section Bolten, A.;Bjorndal, K. 1991 Effect of marine pollution on juvenile, pelagic sea turtles (RWO 66) Fla. Coop. Fish and Wildl. Res. Unit Annu. Rep.-January to December 1990 Univ. Florida, Gainesville 9-10 Book Section Bolten, A.;Bjorndal, K. 1991 Distribution and population structure of sea turtles inhabiting the Cape Canaveral entrance channel (RWO 62) Fla. Coop. Fish and Wildl. Res. Unit Annu. Rep.-January to December 1990 Univ. Florida, Gainesville. 9 Journal Article Bolten, Alan B.;Jacobson, Elliott R.;Bjorndal, Karen A. 1992 Effects of anticoagulant and autoanalyzer on blood biochemical values of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) American journal of Veterinary Research 53 12 2224-2227 Journal Article Bolten, A. B.;Bjorndal, K. A. 1992 Blood profiles for a wild population of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in the southern Bahamas - size-specific and sex-specific relationships J Wildlife Dis 28 3 407-413 Reptilia, chelonia, sea turtle, Chelonia mydas, hematology, blood, sex For 100 juv C.mydas from a wild population, bloodvalues and PCV were determined. PCV (%)3.2(26.4-42.0), Glucose (mg/dl)114( 87-167) Urea nitrogen (BUN)7(2 -37) Creatinine (mg/dl)0.5(0.3-0.9),Uric acid(mg/dl)1.5 (0.5-3.5), Total protein(g/dl) 5.1(2.6-6.9), Albumin(g/dl)1.5 (0.6-2.1), Globulin (g/dl)3.6 (1.9-5.2), Alk. phosphatase(U/l)43(13-95), Reprint Endnote 92/160, AB Bolten, Univ Florida, Ctr Sea Turtle Res, Gainesville, FL 32611 Journal Article Bolten, A. B.;Bjorndal, K. A. 1992 Blood profiles for a wild population of green tutles (Chelonia mydas) in the southern Bahamas: size specific and sex-specific relationships Journal of Wildlife Diseases 28 3 407-413 green Journal Article Bolten, A. B.;Bjorndal, K. A.;Grumbles, J. S.;Owens, D. W. 1992 Sex ratio and sex-specific growth rates of immature green turtles, Chelonia mydas, in the southern Bahamas Copeia 1992 4 1098-1103 green; Bahamas Journal Article Bolten, A.B.;Martins, H. R.;Bjorndal, K. A.;Cocco, M.;Gerosa, G. 1992 Carreta carreta (loggerhead). Pelagic movement and growth Herpetological Review 23 4 116 loggerhead Book Section Bolton, M. 1990 The role of crocodile ranching in rural development Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0008-6 xvii + 399 pp. 89-99 Journal Article Bolton, P.M.;Beuchat, C.A. 1991 Cilia in the urinary bladder of reptiles and amphibians - A correlate of urate production Copeia 3 711-717 Reptilia, Amphibia, Chelonia, Sauria, anura, toad, frog, anatomy, urinary bladder, cilia, phsyiology, urate The cilia in the bladder stalk, together with a mucopolysaccaride layer, may comprise a mucociliary transport system that moves particulate matter such as urate from the bladder into the cloaca. Reprint Endnote 94/142 PM Bolton, 14 Parkhurst St, Apt 4, Lebanon, NH 03766 Book Section Bonath, K.H.;Haller, R.D.;Bonath, J.;Amelang, D. 1990 The influence of Gallamine on immobilization, cardiovascular and respiratory parameters of Crocodylus niloticus Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8327-0022-1 xvi + 354 pp. 13-15 Book Section Bonath, K.H.;Haller, R.D.;Bonath, J.;Amelang, D. 1990 Tiletamine-Zolacepam-Acepromazine Anesthesia in Crocodylus nilotics with regard to the respriatory and cardiovascular system Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8327-0022-1 xvi + 354 pp. 8-12 Journal Article Bonath, K.-H.;Bonath, Ingeborg;Haller, R.D.;Bonath, J.;Amelang, D. 1991 Medicamentous immobilisation of nile crocodile by means of anaesthesia and muscle relaxation, with reference to some cardiovascular and respiratory parameters. (Eng) Medikamentöse Immobilisierung von Nilkrokodilen durch Narkose und Muskelrelaxation unter Berücksichtigung verschiedener Herz-Kreislauf- und Atemfunktion Verh. Ber. Erkrg Zootiere 33 191-194 Reptilia, Crocodylia, crocodile, Immobilisation, metabolism Moderate to deep sedation was induced to 25 nile crocodiles by injection of 2.5 - 5.= mg/kg BW of Tiletamine and 2.5 - 5,0 mg/kg BW of Zolacepam (Zoletil(r)) + 1 mg/kg BW Acepromazin (Vetranquil(r)). Another 14 crocodiles were succesfully immobilised for 90 - 295 minutes with gallamine trithiodide, dosed 0.5-0.6 mg/kg BW. Reprint Endnote 92/50 Journal Article Bonfitto, Antonio 1991 Zoological Museum of the University of Bologna Type specimens's list of "Collezione Mozambicana" I Anura Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali - Torino 9 2 361-368 Book Section Bonin, Joël 1992 Status of amphibian populations in Quebec Bishop, Christine A. and Pettit, Karen E. Declines in Canadian Amphibian Populations: Designing a National Monitoring Strategy Ottawa, Ontario Canadian Wildlife Service 23-25 Journal Article Booth, D. T. 1990 The significance of the boundary layer in cutaneous breathing, aquatic lungless salamanders. Physiologist 33 35 (Abstr) Edited Book Borkin, L. J. 1990 Reptiles of Mountain and Arid territories: Systematics and Distribution Leningrad USSR Academy of Sciences 235 + 6 plates Edited Book Borkin, L. J. 1990 [Reptiles of Mountain and Arid territories: Systematics and Distribution] Leningrad USSR Academy of Sciences 235 + 6 plates Journal Article Bosch, Hubert 1991 The pentastome Elenia Heymons, 1932, a parasite genus specific to monitors from the Australian region - Biology and aspects of host specificity Mertensiella 2 50-56 Pentastomes; Elenia; Sambonia; life cycle; experimental infections; autoinfections; "plastic" developmental strategy; host specificity; Varanus gouldii; Varanus exanthematicus; comparative paristology; parasitophyletic rules; systematics Journal Article Bosch, H. 1991 Pentastomids in reptiles Pentastomiden bei Reptilien 4. Int. symp. Pathol. & Ther. Rept. Amphib. 88-94 Reptilia, Serpentes, Sauria, Infection, Pentastomidea, Arachnoidea, Arthropoda Linguatula Journal Article Bosch, J. 1991 Albinismo en Pelobates cultripes (Cuvier 1829) (Amphibia, Anura, Pelobatidae) Revista Española de Herpetología 5 101-103 Amphibia, Anura, Pelobatidae, Pelobates cultripes color, Journal Article Boulon, Ralf H.;Frazer, Nat B. 1990 Growth of wild juvenile Caribbean green turtles, Chelonia mydas Journal of Herpetology 24 441-445 Journal Article Boulon, R.H.;Frazer, N. B. 1990 Growth of wild green Caribbean green turtles, Chelonia mydas Journal of Herpetology 24 4 441-445 green; growth Journal Article Bounds, H C;Normand, R A 1991 Brown spot disease of commercially-raised alligators: A preliminary report Proceedings of the Louisiana Academy of Science 54 62 (Abstr. only) Journal Article Boundy, Jeffrey 1990 Biogeography and variation in southern populations of the garter snake Thamnophis atratus, with a synopsis of the T. couchii complex M.A. Thesis San Jose State University ix, 105 Journal Article Bourdeau, P. 1990 Pathologie des tortues III Point Vet 45-62 Reptilia, testudines, pathology testu,vet Fernl x Journal Article Bourne, G. R. 1992 Lekking behavior in the neotropical frog Ololygon rubra Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 31 173-180 acoustic communication, Amphibia, Anura, group selection, Hylidae, lek, Ololygon rubra Journal Article Bourquin, O. 1991 A new genus and species of snake from the Natal Drakensberg, South Africa Annals of the Transvaal Museum 35 12 199-203 Journal Article Bowen, Brian W.;Meylan, Anne B.;Avise, John C. 1991 Evolutionary distinctiveness of the endangered Kemp's ridley sea turtle Nature 352 709-711 lepidochelys kempi olivacea mitochondrial DNA mtDNA RFLP taxonomy systematics Journal Article Bowen, B.W.;Meylan, A.B.;Ross, J. P.;Limpus, C. J.;Balazs, G. H.;Avise, J.C. 1992 Global population structure and natural history of the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) in terms of matriarchal phylogeny Evolution 46 4 865-880 genetics; green; population biology Journal Article Boyer, T.H. 1991 Common problems and treatment of Green Iguanas (Iguana iguana) Bulletin of the Association of Amphibian and Reptilian Veterinarians 1 1 8-11 reptilia, squamata, sauria, iguanidae, Iguana, parasitology, metabolic bone disease, vitamin D, egg retention, gout, nephritis * Journal Article Boyer, T. 1991 Association of Amphibian and Reptilian Veterinarians Canadian Veterinary Journal - Revue Veterinaire Canadienne 32 8 453 Veterinary Medicine , Animal Health , Reptilia , Amphibia T Boyer,10148 W Chatfield Ave,Littleton, CO 80127 Journal Article Boyer, T.H 1991 Nematodes in Chelonians Association of Reptilian Amphibian Veterinarians Bulletin 1 1 3 Reptilia, testudines, infection, helminth, therapy Journal Article Boyer, T.H 1991 Chelonian Shell Infection Association of Reptilian Amphibian Veterinarians Bulletin 1 1 3 Reptilia, testudines, infection, bacteria, shell, necrosis Journal Article Boyer, D.;Boyer, T.H 1991 Vitamin A Toxicity Association of Reptilian Amphibian Veterinarians Bulletin 1 1 2 Reptilia, testudines, intoxication, vitamin A Journal Article Boyer, T.H 1991 Trichlorfon Spray for Snake Mites, Ophionyssus natricis Association of Reptilian Amphibian Veterinarians Bulletin 1 1 2 Reptilia, serpentes, infection, acari, mite, Ophionyssus natricis, therapy Journal Article Boyer, T.H 1991 Respiratory Changes Before Ecydysis Association of Reptilian Amphibian Veterinarians Bulletin 1 1 2 Reptilia, serpentes, physiology, ecdysis, respiration Journal Article Boyer, T.H. 1991 Common problems of Green iguanas, Iguana iguana Association of Reptilian Amphibian Veterinarians Bulletin 1 1 8-11 Reptilia, sauria, green iguana, iguana iguana, infection, helminth, nematode, management, food, feeding Journal Article Boyer, T.H 1991 Green Iguana Care, Iguana iguana Association of Reptilian Amphibian Veterinarians Bulletin 1 1 12-14 Reptilia, sauria, green iguana, iguana iguana, management, food, feeding, housing Journal Article Boyer, Thomas H. 1991 Green iguana care Bulletin of the Association of Amphibian and Reptilian Veterinarians 1 1 12-14 Journal Article Boyer, T.H. 1992 Box turtles (Terrapene spp.) care Bulletin of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians 2 1 14-16 reptilia chelonia, cryptodira emydidae emydinae,Terrapene , vitamin A, nutrition, reproduction * Journal Article Boyer, T.H. 1992 Use of Atropine for eliminating excessive mucus in boids Bulletin of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians 2 1 6-7 reptilia, serpentes, boidae, stomatitis, mucus, atropin * Journal Article Boyer, T.H. 1992 Common Problems of Box Turtles, Terrapene spp, in Captivity Association of Reptilian Amphibian Veterinarians Bulletin 2 1 9-14 Reptilia, testudines, Box Turtles, Terrapene spp, pathology, disease, survey Journal Article Boyer, T.H. 1992 Box turtle care Association of Reptilian Amphibian Veterinarians Bulletin 2 1 14-17 Reptilia, testudines, box turtle, management, food, feeding Journal Article Boyer, T.H. 1992 Use of Atropine for Eliminating Excessive Mucus in Boids Association of Reptilian Amphibian Veterinarians Bulletin 2 1 6 Reptilia, serpentes, boa, pathology, mucus. atropine Journal Article Boyer, T.H. 1992 Bacterial Culture and Sensitivity Association of Reptilian Amphibian Veterinarians Bulletin 2 1 6 Reptilia, testudines, sauria, serpentes, infection, bacteria, culture Journal Article Boyer, T.H. 1992 Common Problems of Box Turtles, Terrapene spp., in Captivity Association of Reptilian Amphibian Veterinarians Bulletin 2 1 9-14 Reptilia, testudines, Box Turtles, Terrapene spp, pathology, disease, survey Journal Article Boyer, Thomas H. 1992 Clinical anesthesia of reptiles Bulletin of the Association of Reptilian Amphibian Veterinarians 2 2 10-13 Journal Article Boyer, Thomas H.;Boyer, Donal M. 1992 Aquatic turtle care Bulletin of the Association of Reptilian Amphibian Veterinarians 2 2 13-17 Journal Article Boyer , T.H. 1991 Green Iguana care (Iguana iguana) Bulletin of the Association of Amphibian and Reptilian Veterinarians 1 1 12-14 reptilia squamata sauria iguanidae ,Iguana , * Edited Book Böhme, Wolfgang;Horn, Hans-Georg 1991 Advances in Monitor Research Bonn, Germany Deutsche Gesellschaft für Herpetologie und Terrarienkunde e.V. 2 266 Varanus Journal Article Böhme, Wolfgang 1991 The identity of Varanus gouldii (Gray, 1838), and the nomenclature of the V. gouldii-species complex Mertensiella 2 38-41 Varanidae; Varanus gouldii; Varanus panopyes; Varanus flavirufus; sibling species; nomenclature Journal Article Böhme, Wolfgang 1991 New findings on the hemipenial morphology of monitor lizards and their systematic implications Mertensiella 2 42-49 Varanidae; Polydaedalus; Euprepiosaurus; Philippinosaurus; Empagusia; Hemipenes; phylogeny Journal Article Böhme, Wolfgang 1991 Ein neuer Wüstenrenner aus dem Hochland Afghanistans Eremias (Eremias) afghanistanica sp. n. (Reptilia: Sauria: Lacertidae) Bonn. Zool. Beitr. 42 2 137-141 Reptilia; Sauria; Lacertidae; Eremias afghanistanica n. sp.; new species; Afghanistan; taxonomy Journal Article Böhme, Wolfgang;Scerbak, Nikolaj N. 1991 Ein neuer Wüstenrenner aus dem Hochland Afghanistans, Eremias (Eremias) afghanistanica sp. n. (Reptilia: Sauria: Lacertidae) Bonner Zoologische Beitr. 42 2 137-141 Journal Article Brackee, G.;Gunther, R.;Gillett, C. S. 1992 Diagnostic exercise - High mortality in red-eared slider turtles (Pseudemys scripta elegans) Lab Anim Sci 42 6 607-609 Reptilia, testudines, slider turtles, Pseudemys scripta elegans, Trachemys s. elagans, mortality Several specimen dies, and others were killed because of anorexia, lethargy and nasal discharge. X-ray exam. disclosed unilateral consolidation of lungs. Histology confirmed a pneumonia affecting mainly primary and secundary bronchi, air sac membranes(?) were focally denuded and covered by a layer of fibrin. Aeromonas hydrophila was isolated in pure culture. Reprint Endnote 93/252 Journal Article Bradford, D. F. 1991 Mass mortality and extinction in a high elevation population of Rana muscosa Journal of Herpetology 25 174-177 Journal Article Bradford, D. F.;Swanson, C.;Gordon., M. S. 1992 Effects of low pH and aluminum on two declining species of amphibians in the Sierra Nevada, California. Journal of Herpetology 26 369-377 Journal Article Bradley, Teresa, A.;Carpenter, J.W.;Munana, Karen, R.;Douglass, J. 1991 Clinical case: Foreign bodies in a green Iguana (Iguana iguana) resulting in ileus. J. Zoo & Wildl. Med. 22 4 505-506 reptilia, squamata, sauria, iguanidae, Iguana iguana, pathology, foreign body, ileus The animal suffered from anorexia during one week previous to presentation. At that moment radiographic examination revealed two mineral-dense foreign bodies and a gas filled intestinal lumen extending cranially to the liver image. An exploratory laparoscopy was performed to confirm the diagnosis of obstruction and dilatation of the ileum. * Journal Article Brana, F.;Arrayago, M. J.;Bea, A.;Barahona, A. 1990 Ciclo reproductor y de cuerpos grasos en los manchos de Lacerta monticola cantabrica. Comparacion entre dos poblaciones situadas a diferente altitud Amphibia-Reptilia 11 41-52 reptiles, lizards, reproduction, cycle, comparative, altitude, elevation, populations, Spain, lipids Journal Article Brana, F.;Bea, A.;Arrayago, M.J. 1991 Egg retention in lacertid lizards - Relationships with reproductive ecology and the evolution of viviparity Herpetologica 47 2 218-226 Reptilia, sauria, lacerta, propagation, physiology, Egg retention, viviparity F Brana,Univ Oviedo,Fac Biol,Dept Biol Organismos & Sistemas Zool,E-33005 Oviedo, Spain Journal Article Brana, F.;Gonzalez, F.;Barahona, A. 1992 Relationship between ovarian and fat body weights during vitellogenesis for 3 species of lacertid lizards J Herpetol 26 4 515-518 Reptilia, sauria, lizard, Lacerta, vitellogenesis, ovary, fat body Journal Article Branch, W. 1990 Tortoises - primitive but specialised Custos 14 4 4-8 Testudinidae Journal Article Branch, William R. 1991 The Regenia registers of 'Gogga' Brown (1869-1909). "Memoranda on a species of monitor or Varan" Mertensiella 2 57-110 Varanidae; Varanus albigularis; Varanus niloticus; Biology; South Africa; Alfred 'Gogga' Brown (1834-1920) Book Branch, Bill 1991 Everyone's Guide to Snakes of Southern Africa (Includes other Reptiles and Amphibians) Johannesburg Central News Agency 112 Journal Article Branch, B. R.;Bauer, A. M. 1992 The status of Phyllodactylus peringueyi (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) J. Herpetol. Assoc. Afr. 40 21-25 reptiles, lizards, taxonomy, distribution Journal Article Brandon, R. A. 1992 Ambystoma dumerilii Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 532 1-3 Journal Article Brandstaetter, Frank 1992 Observations on the territoria-marking behaviour of the gecko Eublepharis macularius Hamadryad 17 17-20 Territory-marking; Eublepharis macularius Journal Article Brandt, L.A.;Mazzotti, F.J. 1990 The behavior of juvenile Alligator mississippiensis and Caiman crocodilus exposed to low temperature Copeia 1990 3 867-871 AM, temperature, behavior, physiology, Journal Article Brandt, L. A. 1990 The behavior of juvenile Alligator mississippiensis and Caiman crocodilus exposed to low temperature Copeia 1990 3 867-871 Reptiles, crocodilians, alligators, behavior, thermal stress, temperature, cold, basking, Florida, South Carolina Journal Article Brandt, L.A. 1991 Long-term changes in a population of Alligator mississippiensis in South Carolina J. Herpetol. 25 4 419-424 AM, ecology, distribution, habitat, demography, Journal Article Brandt, L.A. 1991 Growth of juvenile alligators in Par Pond, Savannah River site, South Carolina Copeia 1991 4 1123-1129 AM, growth, SC Journal Article Brandt, Laura A. 1991 Growth of juvenile alligators in par pond, Savannah River Site, South Carolina, reptiles Copeia 1991 4 1123-1129 Alligator missippiensis, growth, juveniles, Par Pond, SREL Journal Article Brandt, Laura A. 1991 Long-term changes in a population of Alligator missippiensis in South Carolina Journal of Herpetology 25 4 419-424 Alligator missippiensis, SREL, population changes, long-term, reptiles Journal Article Brandt, Laura A. 1991 Growth of juvenile alligators in Par Pond, Savannah River Site, South Carolina Copeia 1991 1123-1129 Journal Article Brandt, L. 1991 Long term changes in a population of Alligator mississippiensis in South Carolina Journal of Herpetology 25 sex ratio Journal Article Brantley, C.;Platt, S.G. 1991 Salinity correlations of the leech Placobdella multilineata on alligators Herpetol. Rev. 22 1 4-5 AM, disease, osmoregulation, Journal Article Brattstrom, B. H. 1990 Maze learning in the fire-bellied toad, Bombina orientalis Journal of Herpetology 24 1 44-47 Anura, Amphibia Journal Article Brattstrom, B. H. 1990 Biogeography of the Islas Revillagigedo, Mexico J. Biogeography 17 177-183 Mexico, islands, birds, lizards, dispersal, endemism Journal Article Brattstrom, Bayard H. 1992 Book review: Kimberley Rainforests of Australia Copeia 1992 4 1131-1132 Journal Article Braun, Willy;Braun, Claudia 1990 Zur Haltung und Zucht von Cosymbotus platyurus (Schneider, 1792) Herpetofauna 12 67 27-30 Cosymbotus platyurus Journal Article Braun, V. 1992 Course of disease and treatment of a fungal and bacterial infection of the tail in Iguana iguana. Krankheitsverlauf und Behandlung einer Pilz- und Bakterieninfektion des Schwanzes bei Iguana iguana Iguana Rundschreiben 1 1992 11-17 Reptilia, sauria, Iguana iguana, infection, fungus, therapy echsen,vet,fung,bakt PF x Journal Article Brauth, S.E. 1990 Histochemical strategies in the study of neural evolution Brain Beh. Evol. 36 2-3 100-115 CCR, anatomy, The use of histochemical methods, including enzyme histochemical, immunohistochemical and pathway tracing methods, as tools for testing hypotheses about the mechanism of neural evolution is reviewed. Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain aspects of neural evolution, including the occurrence of encephalization, quantitative changes in homologous cell populations, changes in the alignment, orientation and parcellation of neuronal populations into cytoarchitectonic units, and the appearance of new neuronal phenotypes. It is argued here that neural evolution must be viewed as a set of coordinated changes in neural circuits, rather than as a set of discrete events. For illustrative purposes the present discussion focuses on the use of histochemical methods in testings hypotheses about neural evolution in the basal ganglia system of amniotes. Three problem areas are considered: the bases for (1) differences in the alignment and organization of catecholaminergic and noncatecholaminergic neurons into cytoarchitectonic fields within the substantia nigra; (2) differences in the relative size and neurotransmitter organization of the caudal nigral cell groups and (3) differences in the organization of pallidal efferent systems, including the organization of pallidal-pretectal and pallidal-thalamic projection systems. Furthermore, the role of comparative data in framing hypotheses concerning the adaptive significance of such changes is also considered. Journal Article Brauth, S. E.;Reiner, A. 1991 Calcitonin-gene related peptide is an evolutionarily conserved marker within the amniote thalamo-telencephalic auditory pathway J Comp Neurol 313 2 227-39 Alligators and Crocodiles/anatomy & histology; Animal; Auditory Pathways/anatomy & histology/*chemistry; Biological Markers; Brain Mapping; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/*analysis; Comparative Study; Efferent Pathways/anatomy & histology/chemistry; *Evolution; Geniculate Bodies/anatomy & histology/chemistry; Models, Biological; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*analysis; Pigeons/anatomy & histology; Rats/anatomy & histology; Species Specificity; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Telencephalon/anatomy & histology/*chemistry; Thalamic Nuclei/anatomy & histology/*chemistry; Turtles/anatomy & histology The distribution of neurons and fibers containing calcitonin-gene- related peptide (CGRP) was mapped in the thalamo-telencephalic auditory pathways of four amniote species, rats, pigeons (Columba livia), caiman (Caiman crocodilus), and turtles (Pseudemys scripta). In colchicine- treated turtles and pigeons, numerous CGRP+ perikarya were observed in the auditory relay nucleus of the thalamus (n. reuniens of reptiles, and n. ovoidalis of birds). In pigeons, these neurons were most abundant in the outer circumference of the nucleus and were not observed without colchicine pretreatment. In the telencephalon of turtles, caiman, and pigeons, CGRP+ fibers were observed within portions of the dorsal ventricular ridge previously shown to receive projections from the auditory thalamus, thus implying that the thalamic CGRP+ neurons observed here in fact project to these telencephalic areas. In colchicine treated rats, numerous CGRP+ perikarya were observed along the ventral margin of the medial geniculate nucleus extending into the posterior intralaminar and peripeduncular nuclei, as well as occasionally within the ventral subdivision of the medial geniculate nucleus. Injections of fluorogold into the auditory cortex combined with immunofluorescence labeling for CGRP revealed that CGRP+ cells in these areas do, in fact, project to the auditory cortices. The present results are interpreted as providing strong support for the theory, advanced previously, that the medial geniculate nucleus of mammals, nucleus ovoidalis of birds, and nucleus reuniens of reptiles contain at least some homologous cell populations. Although the data are consistent with the theory that the telencephalic projection fields are homologous, other interpretations are also consistent with the data presented here. These include the possibility that auditory thalamic projections to the telencephalon arose independently in the lines of evolution leading to mammals and sauropsids. Journal Article Brayton, C. 1992 Wasting disease associated with cutaneous and renal nematodes, in commercially obtained Xenopus laevis Tropical Veterinary Medicine : Current Issues Perspectives? ?? Amphibia, anura, Xenopus laevis, infection, helminth, nematode, wasting disease Book Section Brazaitis, P.;Yamashita, C.;Rebelo, G. 1990 A summary report of the CITES central South American caiman study: Phase I: Brazil Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0008-6 xvii + 399 pp. 100-115 Book Brazaitis, Peter;Watanabe, Myrna E. 1992 Snakes of the World New York Crecent Books 176 Journal Article Breen, Dave 1992 Reptile respect... the time has come Captive Breeding 1 1 18-19 Journal Article Breidenbach, Carla Harvey 1990 Thermal cues influence strikes in pitless vipers Journal of Herpetology 24 4 448-50 Crotalus, viridis, Bitis, arietans, Vipera, russelli, feeding Journal Article Breininger, D. R.;P. A. Schmalzer;Hinkle, C. R. 1991 Estimating occupancy of gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) burrows in coastal scrub and slash pine flatwoods J. Herpetol. 25 317-321 Journal Article Breitling, Rainer 1992 Die Fortbewegung der Schlangen Herpetofauna 14 78 22-34 Snake locomotion Journal Article Breßeler, Helga 1991 Bibliographie Herpetologischer Bibliographien II. Amphibia, Reptilia. Bibliography on Herpetological Bibliographies II. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 140 1-129 Journal Article Breuer, P.;Viertel, B. 1990 The ecology of common toad larvae (Bufo bufo) and common frog larvae (Rana temporaria) I. The survival rate influenced by rainbow trouts (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Acta Biol. Benrodis 2 225-244 Amphibia, Anura, larvae, tadpoles, predation, mortality, fish, predators, Bufonidae, Ranidae Journal Article Brisbin, I. Lehr, Jr;McCreedy, Clark D.;Zippler, Howard S.;Staton, Mark A. 1990 Extended maintenance of American alligators on a dry formulated ration Proceedings of the 10th working meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of IUCN - The World Conservation Union 1 16-31 alligator mississippiensis captivity Book Section Brisbin, I. Lehr 1990 Growth curve analysis and their application to the conservation and captive management of crocodilians King, F. W. Proceedings of the Ninth Working Group Meeting of the IUCN/SSC Crocodile Specialist Group Gland, Switzerland International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources 116-145 Book Section Brisbin, I.L., Jr.;Ross, C.A.;Downes, M.C.;Gammon, B. 1990 The compilation of a cross-indexed topical bibliography for the American alligator A study of trends in the literature concerning an endangered species Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 124-131 Book Section Brisbin, I.L., Jr. 1990 Growth curve analyses and their applications to the conservation and captive management of crocodilians Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0008-6 xvii + 399 pp. 116-145 Book Section Brisbin, I.L., Jr.;McCreedy, C.D.;Zippler, H.S.;Staton, M.A. 1990 Extended maintenance of American alligators on a dry formulated ration Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8327-0022-1 xvi + 354 pp. 16-31 AM, farming, food, Book Section Brisbin, I. Lehr;Benner, J. Merlin;Brandt, Laura A.;Kennamer, Robert A.;Murphy, Thomas M. 1992 Long-term population studies of American alligators inhabiting a reservoir: Initial responses to water level drawdown Crocodiles - Proceedings of the 11th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the SSC of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe IUCN 1 53-76 Alligator mississippiensis Journal Article Briscoe, D. A.;Malpica, J. M.;Robertson, A.;smith, Gabrielle J.;Frankham, R.;Banks, R. G.;Barker, J. S. F. 1992 Rapid loss of genetic variation in large captive populations of Drosophila flies: Implications for the genetic management of captive populations Conservation Biology 6 3 416-425 crotalus atrox texas Book Section Briseño-Dueñas, Raquel;Abreu-Grobois, F. Alberto;González-Farías, Fernando;Río-Olmeda, Daniel;Heiden, Albert van der;Robles, Sebastián;Angeles Herrera, María de los 1992 Propuesta del instituto de ciencias del mar y limnolgia, UNAM, para el establecimiento de un Banco de Información sobre Tortugas Marinas en Mexico Benabib, Miriam and Sarti, Laura Memorias del VI Encuentro Interuniversitario Sobre Tortugas Marinas Mexico City Sociedad Herpetologica Mexicana 1 59-63 Sea turtles; Mexico Journal Article Brittain, T.;Wells, R.M. 1991 An investigation of the cooperative functioning of the haemoglobin of the crocodile, Crocodylus porosus Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 98 4 641-646 CPR, biochemistry, Journal Article Broadley, D. G. 1991 A review of the Namibian snakes of the genus Lycophidion (Serpentes: Colubridae), with the description of a new endemic species Annals of the Transvaal Museum 35 14 209-215 Namibia; systematics; serpentes; Colubridae; Lycophidion namibianum n. sp.; Lycophidion hellmichi; Lycophidion capense; taxonomic key Journal Article Broadley, Donald G. 1992 The taxonomy and zoogeography of the genus Lycophidian (Serpentes: Colubridae) Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 40 30-36 irroratum capense nigromaculatum variegatum albomaculatum semicinctum skull parietal crests laterale ornatum semiannule minor uzungwense namibianum meleagre taylori multimaculatum depressirostre hellmichi phenetics distribution Thesis Broadwell, A.L. 1991 Effects of beach renourishment on the survival of loggerhead sea turtles Book Section Broadwell, Ann L. 1991 Effects of beach renourishment on the survival of loggerhead sea turtle nests Michael, Salmon and Jeannette, Wyneken Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Conservation and Biology NOAA Tech. Mem. NMFS-SEFC-**** 21-23 loggerhead Journal Article Brochu, C.A. 1992 Late-stage ontogenetic changes in the postcranium of crocodylians J. Vert. Paleontol. 6 209-214 anatomy, embryology, growth, Thesis Brochu, C.A. 1992 Ontogeny of the postcranium in crocodylomorph archosaurs Journal Article Brock, Joachim;Trutnau, Ludwig 1992 Die farben bei Krokodilen und ihre biologische Bedeutung Herpetofauna 14 81 27-32 Crocodiles; Color change Journal Article Brockes, J. P. 1992 Introduction of a retinoid reporter gene into the urodele limb blastema Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89 23 11386-90 Animal; DNA, Recombinant; Extremities/*physiology; Gene Expression Regulation; Microinjections; Plasmids; *Regeneration; Salamandridae; Tretinoin/*metabolism After amputation of the limb of an adult urodele amphibian at any point along the proximodistal axis, blastemal cells (the progenitor cells of the regenerate) give rise only to the missing structures. Retinoic acid (RA) is able to respecify the positional identity of the blastema to a more proximal value, thus raising the possibility that the RA response system is activated during limb regeneration. Cultured newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) limb cells were transfected by nuclear microinjection of plasmids which provided RA-sensitive reporter activity that could be normalized for differences in cell recovery and transfection efficiency. Such cells showed a dose-dependent response to RA in culture, and this required a functional RA response element. The cells were implanted under the wound epidermis of newt hindlimb blastemas. After injection of a proximalizing dose of RA there was a significant difference in the level of reporter activity dependent on a functional response element. When cells were implanted into contralateral proximal and distal hindlimb blastemas the proximal-to- distal ratio for activation of the reporter through the response element was approximately 3.5-fold, suggesting that a gene whose expression is regulated by RA could be differentially activated along the proximodistal axis during limb regeneration. Journal Article Brodbeck, M. 1990 Parasitology survey of the gastro-intestinal tract of reptiles in the Basel Zoo and some private collections Zoo. Garten 60 297-313 reptilia Testudines, infection, helminth, parasites 140391 WS DGB Reptielen 121 Journal Article Brodie, Edmund D., III;Brodie, Edmund, D., Jr 1990 Tetrodotoxin resistance in garter snakes: An evolutionary responce of predators to dangerous prey Evolution 44 3 651-659 thamnophis sirtalis taricha granulosa Journal Article Brodie, Edmund D., III 1990 Genetics of the garter's getaway Natural History 1990 7 45-50 thamnophis escape defense Journal Article Brodie, Edmund D., Jr.;Nussbaum, Ronald A.;Datong, Yang 1990 Antipredator behavior of Chinese salamanders (Salamandridae) Zoological Research 11 1 7-17 cynops cyanura paramesotriton chinensis orientalis caudopunctatus tylototriton verrucosus echinotriton andersoni pachytriton brevipes Journal Article Brodie, Edmund D., Jr.;Formanowicz, Daniel R., Jr.;Brodie, Edmund D., III 1991 Predator avoidance and antipredator mechanisms: distinct pathways to survival Ethology Ecology & Evolution 3 73-77 Journal Article Brodie, Edmund D., III;Brodie, Edmund D., Jr. 1991 Evolutionary response of predators to dangerous prey: reduction of toxicity of newts and resistance of garter snakes in island populations Evolution 45 1 221-224 taricha granulosa thamnophis sirtalis Journal Article Brodie, Edmund D., Jr.;Ducey, Peter K.;Baness, Elizabeth A. 1991 Antipredator skin secretions of some tropical salamanders (Bolitoglossa) are toxic to snake predators Biotropica 23 1 58-62 rostrata subpalmata thamnophis sirtalis fulvus Journal Article Brodie, Edmund D., Jr.;Rehák, Ivan;Schöttler, Thomas 1991 Antipredator mechanisms of salamandrids: Observations on Paramesotriton deloustali, Neurergus strauchii and Mertensiella luschani Proceedings of the 6th Ordinary General Meeting of the Societas Europaea Herpetologica. 19-23 August 1991, Budapest, Hungary 83-87 Journal Article Brodie, Edmund D.;Ducey, Peter K.;Lemos-Espinal, Julio 1991 Antipredator behavior of the salamander Bolitoglossa rufescens: effects of temperature and location of stimulus Journal of Herptetology 25 1 99-101 antipredator, plethodontid, thermal biology Journal Article Brodie, Edmund D.;Ducey, Peter K. 1991 Antipredator skin secretions of some tropical salamanders (Bolitoglossa) are toxic to snake predators Biotropica 23 1 58-62 Caudata, Bolitoglossa, antipredator behavior, Thamnophis Journal Article Brodie, Edmund D., Jr.;Rehák, Ivan;Schöttler, Thomas 1992 Antipredator mechanisms of salamandrids: Observations on Paramesotriton deloustali, Neurergus strauchii and Mertensiella luschani Proceedings of the 6th Ordinary General Meeting of the Societas Europaea Herpetologica. 19-23 August 1991, Budapest, Hungary 83-87 Journal Article Brodkin, M. A.;Simon, M. P.;Desantis, A. M.;Boyer, K. J. 1992 Response of Rana pipiens to graded doses of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa J Herpetol 26 4 490-495 Amphibia, anura, frog,Rana pipiens , infection, bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa The responses of lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues of Rana pipiens to a reportedly virulent strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC#27853) were assessed by intraperitoneal injections of graded doses of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10(7)-10(8)/ml). Frogs kept for 10-14 days at 22 and 29 C were examined with respect to spleen weight, spleen cell density, and presence of viable P. aeruginosa within the spleen. Inoculation of very high doses of P. aeruginosa had no significant effect on mortality at the lower treatment temperatures, but was a significant cause of mortality at higher temperatures under high stress conditions. Spleen mass and spleen cell density were dose-dependent. Journal Article Brooks, R.J.;Brown, G.P.;Galbraith, D.A. 1990 Effects of a sudden increase in natural mortality of adults on a population of the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) Canadian Journal of Zoology 69 1314-1319 Survivorship, mortality, population dynamics Journal Article Brooks, R.J., Brown, G.P.,Galbraith, D.A., 1991 Effects of a Sudden Increase in Natural Mortality of Adults on a Population of the Common Snapping Turtle (Chelydra-Serpentina) Canadian Journal of Zoology - Journal Canadien de Zoologie 69 5 1314-1320 Animal Sciences , Reptilia , Chelonia RJ Brooks,Univ Guelph,Dept Zool,Guelph N1G 2W1,Ontario, Canada Journal Article Brooks, R. J.;Bobyn, M.L.;Galbraith, J.A.;Layfield, J.A.;Nancekivell, E.G. 1991 Maternal and environmental influences on growth and survival of embryonic and hatchling snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina). Can. J. Zool. 69 2667-2676 Reptilia, testudines, snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina, growth, survival, hatchling Journal Article Brooks, R.J.;Brown, G.P.;Galbraith, D.A. 1991 Effects of a Sudden Increase in Natural Mortality of Adults on a Population of the Common Snapping Turtle (Chelydra-Serpentina) Canadian Journal of Zoology - Journal Canadien de Zoologie 69 5 1314-1320 Animal Sciences , Reptilia , Chelonia RJ Brooks,Univ Guelph,Dept Zool,Guelph N1G 2W1,Ontario, Canada Journal Article Brooks, R.J.;Bobyn, M.L.;Galbraith, D.A.;Layfield, J.A.;Nancekivell, E.G. 1991 Maternal and environmental influences on growth and survival of embryonic and hatchling snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) Canadian Journal of Zoology 69 2667-2676 sex ratio Book Section Brooks, Ronald J. 1992 Monitoring wildlife populations in long-term studies Bishop, Christine A. and Pettit, Karen E. Declines in Canadian Amphibian Populations: Designing a National Monitoring Strategy Ottawa, Ontario Canadian Wildlife Service 94-97 Book Section Brooks, Ronald J. 1992 Intensive monitoring: Biology of amphibians in Canada Bishop, Christine A. and Pettit, Karen E. Declines in Canadian Amphibian Populations: Designing a National Monitoring Strategy Ottawa, Ontario Canadian Wildlife Service 106-108 Journal Article Brooks, R.J.;Shilton, C.M.;Brown, G.P.;Quinn, N.W.S. 1992 Body size, age distribution, and reproduction in a northern population of wood turtles (Clemmys insculpta) Canadian Journal of Zoology 70 462-469 SSD Journal Article Brooks, Ronald J.;Shilton, Cathy M.;Brown, Gregory P.;Quinn, Norman W. S. 1992 Body size, age distribution, and reproduction in a northern population of wood turtles (Clemmys insculpta) Canadian Journal of Zoology 70 3 462-469 Journal Article Brown, G. P.;Brooks, R. J.;Layfield, J. A. 1990 Radiotelemetry of body temperatures of free-ranging snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) during summer Canadian Journal of Zoology 68 1659-1663 Reptiles, turtles, Chelydra serpentina, radiotelemetry, temperature, basking, thermal gradient, Ontario, Journal Article Brown, Gregory P.;Brooks, Ronald J.;Layfield, James A. 1990 Radiotelemetry of body temperatures in free-ranging snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) during summer Canandian Journal of Zoology 68 1659-1663 radiotelemetry, thermoregulation, feeding, turtles, snapping Journal Article Brown, H. A. 1990 Morphological variation and age-class determination in overwintering tadpoles of the tailed frog, Ascaphus truei. Journal of Zoology 220 171-184 Journal Article Brown, H. A. 1990 Temperature, thyroxine, and induced metamorphosis in tadpoles of a primitive frog, Ascaphus truei. General and Comparative Endocrinology 79 136-146 Journal Article Brown, H. A. 1990 Temperature, thyroxine, and induced metamorphosis in tadpoles of the primitive frog, Ascaphus. General and Comparative Endocrinology 79 136-146 Journal Article Brown, Lauren E.;Morris, Michael A. 1990 Distribution, habitat, and zoogeography of the Plains Leopard Frog (Rana blairi) in Illinois Illinois Natural History Survey Biological Notes 136 1-6 Journal Article Brown, C.W. 1990 The significance of the south Atlantic equatorial countercurrent to the ecology of the green turtle breeding population of Ascension Island Journal of Herpetology 24 1 81-84 green; migration Book Brown, David E.;Carmony, Neil B. 1991 Gila Monster: Facts and Folklore of America's Aztec Lizard Silver City, New Mexico High-Lonesome Books 127 Journal Article Brown, W. C. 1991 Lizards of the genus Emoia (Scincidae) with observations on their evolution and biogeography Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences 15 1-94 reptiles, lizards, distribution, key, accounts, description, relationships Journal Article Brown, S. C.;Brown, P. S.;Yamamoto, K.;Matsuda, K.;Kikuyama, S. 1991 Amphibian prolactins: activity in the eft skin transepithelial potential bioassay Gen Comp Endocrinol 82 1 1-7 Animal; *Biological Assay; Comparative Study; Electrophysiology; Epithelium/drug effects/physiology; Notophthalmus viridescens; Pituitary Gland, Anterior/chemistry; Prolactin/isolation & purification/*pharmacology; Protirelin/pharmacology; *Rana catesbeiana; *Salamandridae; Sheep; Skin/drug effects/*physiology; *Skin Physiology; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. The effects of purified prolactins isolated from frogs (fPRL; Rana catesbeiana) and newts (nPRL; Cynops pyrrhogaster) were compared with those of ovine prolactin (oPRL) and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) in the eft (Notophthalmus viridescens) skin transepithelial potential (TEP) bioassay. At total doses as low as 0.4 micrograms/animal, both fPRL and nPRL were as effective as oPRL in reducing eft skin TEP. By contrast, TRH at total doses as high as 400 micrograms/animal was ineffective in altering eft skin TEP. These data provide the first direct evidence that amphibian PRLs can exert significant physiological control over salamandrid integumental sodium transport. Journal Article Brown, Gregory P.;Brooks, Ronald J. 1991 Thermal and behavioral responses to feeding in free-ranging turtles, Chelydra serpentina Journal of Herpetology 25 3 273-78 thermoregulation, feeding, turtles, snapping turtles Journal Article Brown, William S. 1991 Female reproductive ecology in a northern population of the timber rattlesnake, Crotalus horridus Herpetologica 47 1 101-115 reproduction, female, rattlesnake, triennial, maturity Journal Article Brown, Walter C. 1991 Lizards of the genus Emoia (Scincidae) with observations on their evolution and biogeography Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences 15 vi, 1-94 Book Brown, David E.;Carmony, Neil B. 1991 Gila Monster: Facts and Folklore of America's Aztec Lizard Silver City, NM High-Lonesome Books 131 Book Section Brown, William S. 1992 Emergence, ingress, and seasonal captures at dens of northern timber rattlesnakes, Crotalus horridus Campbell, J. A. and Brodie, E. D., Jr. Biology of the Pit vipers Tyler Texas Selva 251-258 dens hibernation ecology demography conservation Book Section Brown, Timothy W.;Lillywhite, Harvey B. 1992 Autecology of the Mojave desert sidewinder, Crotalus cerastes cerastes, at kelso dunes, Mojave desert, California, USA Campbell, J. A. and Brodie, E. D., Jr. Biology of the Pit vipers Tyler Texas Selva 279-308 fecundity reproduction thermoregulation movement density Journal Article Brown, C.A.;Wassersug, R.J.;Naitoh, T. 1992 Metamorphic Changes in the Vagal Innervation to the Alimentary Tract in the Green Frog, Rana clamitans (Ranidae) Acta Anat 145 4 340-344 Tadpole; Frog; Anura; Vagus; Gastric Innervation; Metamorphosis; Viscera; Rana-Clamitans; IX-X COMPLEX; XENOPUS-LAEVIS; CATESBEIANA; MORPHOLOGY; TADPOLES; NEURONS; ORIGIN; GUT Journal Article Brown, Mary B.;Jacobson, Elliott R.;Fuerst, Isabella M.;Klein, Paul A. 1992 Mycoplasmal respiratory disease: Overview, similarities, and potential lessons for upper respiratory tract disease in the desert tortoise Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 8-9 Journal Article Brown, Stephen B. 1992 Microhabitat relations of some snakes and lizards in Tamil Nadu, South India Hamadryad 17 35-38 Microhabitat relations; Community ecology; India Journal Article Brown, Stephen B. 1992 India's herpetofauna: A plea for standardised distributional records Hamadryad 17 52-53 Journal Article Brown, Lauren E. 1992 Rana blairi Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 536 1-6 Journal Article Brown, Lauren E.;Smith, Hobart M.;Funk, Richard S. 1992 Rana sphenocephala Cope, 1886 (Amphibia, Anura): given precedence over Rana utricularius Harlan, 1826 Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 49 2 171-173 Journal Article Brown, C. A.;Wassersug, R. J.;Naitoh., T. 1992 Metamorphic changes in the vagal stimulation of the alimentary tract in the green frog, Rana clamitans (Ranidae). Acta Anat. 145 340-344 Journal Article Brown, E. E. 1992 Notes on amphibians and reptiles of the western Piedmont of North Carolina Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 108 1 38-54 Journal Article Brown, Walter C.;McCoy, Michael;Rodda, Gordon H. 1992 A new Lepidodactylus (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) from Guadalcanal Island, Solomons Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 105 3 440-442 Lepidodactylus flaviocularis sp. nov. Journal Article Browne-Cooper, R.;Maryan, B. 1990 Observations of Ctenotus angusticeps Herpetofauna 20 1 1-2 Ctenotus angusticeps Journal Article Browne-Cooper, R. 1990 Aquatic behaviour in Hemiergis peronii (Scincidae) Herpetofauna 20 1 33-34 Hemiergis peronii Journal Article Brönmark, C.;Rundle, S. D.;Erlandsson., A. 1991 Interactions between freshwater snails and tadpoles: competition and facilitation Oecologia 87 8-18 Journal Article Bruce, R. C.;N. G. Hairston, Jr. 1990 Life-history correlates of body-size differences between two populations of the salamander, Desmognathus monticola. Journal of Herpetology 24 126-134 Journal Article Bruce, Richard C.;Hairston, Nelson G. 1990 Life-history correlates of body-size differences between two populations of salamander, Desmognathus monticola Journal of Herpetology 24 2 124-134 Journal Article Bruner, John Clay 1991 A catalogue of type specimens of fossil vertebrates in the Field Museum of Natural History. Classes Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Ichnites Fieldiana: Geology n.s. 22 iv, 1-51 Book Bruno, Silvio;Maugeri, Stefano 1990 Serpenti D'Italia e D'Europa Milano Editoriale Giorgio Mondadori 223 Europe; Snakes Journal Article Brussard, Peter F. 1991 The Desert Tortoise Recovery Team: progress report [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 292 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article BUBE, A.;BURCKHARDT, E.;WEIß, R. 1991 Systemic chromomycosis (Chromoblastomycosis) in the Aga toad (Bufo marinus) 4. Int. symp. pathol. ther. rept. and amphib. Bad Nauheim 27.-29.9. 75-82 Amphibia, anura, Bufo marinus, infection, mycosis, Cladiosporium In two of three B. marinus chromomycosis was diagnosed. Case one showed neurologic signs caused by a severe granulomatous encephalomeningitis. Numerous pseudohyphae, hyphae and sclerotic bodies were present in the lesions. Case 2 showed a multifocal, in part ulcerative dermatitis. At necropsy there were multiple granulomas in the nasal cavity, lungs, heart, spleen, bone marrow, ovaries and skin. Cladosporium cladosporioides (Frescenius) was isolated. Journal Article BUBE, A.;BURCKHARDT, E.;WEIß, R. 1992 Spontaneous chromomycosis in the marine toad (Bufo marinus ). J. Comp. Pathol. 106 73-77 Amphibia, toad, aga toad, Bufo marinus, mycosis, chromomycosis, chromoblastomycosis One animal showed neurological disorders and the other multifocal dermatitis. In one case lesions consisted of a severe granulomatous encephalomyelitis and in the other of multiple granulomas in the nasal cavity, lungs, heart, bone marrow, ovaries and skin. Histlologically, the lesions revealed varying amounts of dark brown fungal elements, predominantly sclerotic bodies indicative of a mycotic infection due to a pigmented fungus. Journal Article Buckley, Lawrence J.;Axtell, Ralph W. 1990 Ctenosaura palearis Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 491 1-3 Journal Article Buckley, Robert 1991 Experiments with habitat trees: notes on the captive management of chameleons Vivarium 3 3 10-18;28-30 Journal Article Buenviaje, G.N.;Ladds, P.W.;Melville, L. 1992 Poxvirus infection in two crocodiles Austr. Vet. J. 69 1 15-16 farm, disease, virus, Australia, Journal Article Bugra, K.;Jacquemin, E.;Ortiz, J. R.;Jeanny, J. C.;Hicks, D. 1992 Analysis of opsin mRNA and protein expression in adult and regenerating newt retina by immunology and hybridization J Neurocytol 21 3 171-83 Animal; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Blotting, Northern; Blotting, Western; Eye Proteins/*genetics; *Gene Expression; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Electron; Notophthalmus viridescens; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Photoreceptors/chemistry/metabolism; Regeneration/*physiology; Retina/*physiology; RNA, Messenger/*analysis/metabolism Rod photoreceptor cells were analysed in adult and regenerating Notophthalmus viridescens retinae using a combination of immunochemical and molecular biological approaches. Monoclonal anti-rhodopsin antibody (Rho-4D2) labelled rod but not cone photoreceptors in adult newt retinae. The antibody bound to the entire cell body, from the synaptic ending through to the outer segment, as examined by light and electron immunocytochemistry. The antibody labelled two bands of 35 and 56 kDa in Western blots of urodele retinal preparations separated by gel electrophoresis. In situ hybridization with radiolabelled anti-sense riboprobes specific for bovine opsin revealed intense patches of silver grains overlying approximately 50% of photoreceptor inner segment myoid regions; no signal above background was detected elsewhere in the retina, or with radiolabelled sense riboprobe controls. Northern blot analysis using the probe on poly A(+) mRNA of adult newt retinae indicated a single band of 1.5 kb, corresponding to the opsin transcript. Following surgical removal of the original retina in test animals, retinal regeneration was studied by sampling tissue from 0-50 days post-surgery. The reappearance of opsin immunoreactivity was examined by light microscopical techniques. No opsin expression was detected in regenerating tissue prior to 16 days. Subsequent to this time, rho-4D2 bound to cells in central areas in which substantial lamination of the new retina had already occurred, and was limited to the scleral border. At no time was any immunoreactivity observed in more peripheral undifferentiated tissue. Thus the reformation of a functional retina seems to follow the same control mechanisms as during development, photoreceptor redifferentiation being at least partly governed by positional or environmental cues. Journal Article Buhlmann, K.A.;Vaughan, M.R. 1991 Ecology of the turtle Pseudemys concinna in the New River, West Virgina Journal of Herpetology 25 1 72-78 ecology Book Section Buhlmann, Kurt A.;Mitchell, Joseph C.;Pague, Christopher A. 1992 Amphibians and small mammal abundance and diversity in saturated forested wetlands and adjacent uplands of southeastern Virginia Proceedings of a Workshop on Saturated Forested Wetlnds in the Mid-Atlantic Region: The State of the Science Annapolis 1-7 Journal Article Buiter , R.M. , Schaftenaar ,W. ,Dieleman ,S.J. , 1992 Application of faecal steroid analysis tom several zoo animals in the Netherlands and Belgium First International Symposium on Faecal Steroid Monitoring in Zoo animals 21-24 progesterone ,RIA ,mammalia proboscidea elephantidae ,Elephas ,artiodactyla ,Okapia Proceedings* Journal Article Bullock, D. J.;Evans, P. G. H. 1990 The distribution, density and biomass of terrestrial reptiles in Dominica, West Indies Journal of Zoology London 222 421-443 35, Dominica, reptiles, tropics, density, biomass Journal Article Bulova, Susan J. 1992 Observation on burrow use by captive desert tortoises Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 143-150 Journal Article Burd, G. D. 1992 Development of the olfactory nerve in the clawed frog, Xenopus laevis: II. Effects of hypothyroidism. Journal of Comparative Neurology 315 255-263 Journal Article Burger, Joanna 1990 Reponse of hatchling pine snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus) to chemical cues of sympatric snakes Copeia 1990 4 1160-1163 Lampropeltis triangulum getulus getula Journal Article Burger, Joanna 1990 Effects of incubation temperature on behavior of young black racers (Coluber constrictor) and kingsnakes (Lampropeltis getulus) Journal of Herpetology 24 2 158-163 getula fecundity clutch size distribution Journal Article Burger, J. 1990 Response of hatchling pine snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus) to chemical cues of sympatric snakes Copeia 1990 4 1160-1163 Journal Article Burger, J. 1990 Following of conspecific and avoidance of predator chemical cues by pine snakes J. Chem. Ecol. 15 3 799-806 Journal Article Burger, J.;Gochfeld, M. 1991 Burrow site selection by black iguana (Ctenosaura similis) at Palo Verde, Costa Rica Journal of Herpetology 25 4 430-435 Reptiles, lizards, Central America, reproduction, burrows, behavior, thermal constraints, predation Journal Article Burger, J.;Boarman, W.;Kurzava, L.;Gochfeld, M. 1991 Effect of experience with pine (Pituophis melanoleucus) and King (Lampropletis getulus) snake odors on Y-maze behavior of pine snake hatchlings J. Chem. Ecol. 17 1 79-87 Journal Article Burger, J.;Zappalorti, R. T. 1991 Nesting behavior of pine snakes (Pituophis m. melanoleucus) in the New Jersey Pine Barrens Journal of Herpetology 25 2 152-159 nesting, burrows, digging, Pituophis Journal Article Burger, J. 1991 Effects of incubation temperature on behavior of hatchling pine snakes: implications for reptilian distribution Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 28 297-303 tsd Journal Article Burger, J. 1991 Effects of incubation temperature on behavior of hatchling pine snakes: implications for survival Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 43 11-18 tsd; temperature; survival Journal Article Burger, Joanna;Zappalorti, R. T. 1992 Philopatry and nesting phenology of pine snakes Pituophis melanoleucus in the New Jersey Pine Barrens Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 30 331-336 nest site egg laying Journal Article Burger, J.;Zappalorti, R. T.;Dowdell, J.;Gerogiadis, T.;Hill, J.;Gochfeld, M. 1992 Subterranean predation on pine snake (Pituophis melanoleucus) Journal of Herpetology 26 3 259-263 predation, pine snake ,Pituophis melanoleucus, subterranean, New Jersey Pine Barrens Journal Article Burger, J.;Zappalorti, R. T.;Dowdell, J.;Georgiadis, T. 1992 Subterranean predation on pine snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus) Journal of Herpetology 26 259-263 predation, foxes, shrews, skunk, pine snakes Journal Article Burgess, T. 1991 Fox snake - Elaphe vulpina THAMES AND CHILTERN HERPETOLOGICAL GROUP NEWSLETTER No 113 7 Journal Article Burggren, W. W.;R. L. Infantino, Jr.;Townsend., D. S. 1990 Developmental changes in cardiac and metabolic physiology of the direct-developing tropical frog Eleutherodactylus coqui Journal of Experimental Biology 152 129-147 Journal Article Burggren, Warren W.;Infantino, Robert L., Jr.;Townsend, Daniel S. 1990 Developmental changes in cardiac and metabolic physiology of the direct-developing tropical frog Eleutherodactylus coqui Journal of Experimental Biology 152 129-147 Journal Article Burghardt, G. M. 1991 Cognitive etholohy and critical anthromorphism: a snake with two heads and hognose snakes that play dead In Cognitive Ethology: The Minds of Other Animals 53-90 evolution, reproduction, environment, behavior Journal Article Burke, C. W. 1990 The anterior pituitary, snakebite and Sheehan's syndrome [editorial] Q J Med 75 276 331-3 Thesis Burke, V.J. 1990 Seasonal ecology of Kemp's ridley (Lepidochelys kempi) and loggerhead (Caretta caretta) sea turtles in the waters of Long Island, New York Journal Article Burke, Russell L. 1990 Conservation of the World's rarest tortoise Conservation Biology 4 2 122-124 Journal Article Burke, Russell L. 1991 Relocations, repatriations, and translocations of amphibians and reptiles: Taking a broader view Herpetologica 47 3 350-357 Journal Article Burke, Ann Campbell 1991 The development and evolution of the turtle body plan: inferring intrinsic aspects of the evolutionary process from experimental embryology American Zoologist 31 616-627 Journal Article Burnell, K. L.;Hedges, S. B. 1990 Relationships of West Indian Anolis (Sauria: Iguanidae): An approach using slow-evolving protein loci Caribbean Journal of Science 26 1-2 7-30 Anolis, anole, lizard, slow-evolving protein loci, Iguanidae, electrophoresis, West Indian, Caribbean, genetic, phylogeny, reptiles Book Section Burney, C.M.;Mattison, C. 1992 The effects of egg relocation and beach renourishment on the nesting and hatching success of Caretta caretta in Broward County, Florida, 1991 (compiler), L.S. Tait New Directions in Beach Management - Proc. 5th Ann. Nat. Conf. on Beach Preserv. Technol. Tallahassee, FL Florida Shore and Beach Preservation Assoc. 395-407 Journal Article Burrell, M. A.;Villaro, A. C.;Sesma, P. 1992 Evidence for the colocalization of gastrin/CCK- immunoreactive and PYY/PP-immunoreactive substances in the small intestine of the lizard Podarcis hispanica : Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural Study Gen Comp Endocrinol 88 1 40-49 Reptilia, lizard, Podarcis hispanica, gastrin, CCK, small intestine, histology, E.M., immunocytochemistry Although virtually nothing is known concerning the physiological effects of C-terminal gastrin/cholecystokinin (CCK) and Peptide tyrosine tyrosine/pancreatic polypeptide (PYY/PP) in reptiles, their cocolonization in the same cells in the intestine of P. hispanica, suggests a close relationship between them in the digestive process Journal Article Bursey, C.R., Goldberg, S.R., 1991 Monthly Prevalences of Physaloptera retusa in Naturally Infected Yarrow's Spiny Lizard Journal of Wildlife Diseases 27 4 710-715 Veterinary Medicine , Animal Health CR Bursey,Penn State Univ,Dept Biol,Shenango Campus,Sharon, PA 16146 Journal Article Bursey, C.R.Goldberg, S.R. 1991 Monthly Prevalences of Physaloptera retusa in Naturally Infected Yarrow's Spiny Lizard Journal of Wildlife Diseases 27 4 710-715 Veterinary Medicine , Animal Health CR Bursey,Penn State Univ,Dept Biol,Shenango Campus,Sharon, PA 16146 Journal Article Bursey, C.R.;Goldberg, R. 1992 Oochoristica bezyi n.sp. (Cestoda: Linstowiidae) from the desert night lizard Xanthusia vigilis vigilis (Xanthusiisae) Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 111 1 36-43 Reptilia, sauria, desert night lizard Xanthusia vigilis vigilis , infection, helminth, cestoda, Oochoristica bezyi n.sp. Prevalence of the infection was 16%, mean intensity 3 (range 1-11). This new species represents the eighth species of Oochoristica known to infect North American lizards. O. bezyi is the smallest species thus far described and has a very low number of proglottids (20-30). Details of known species are tabulated. Book Burton, John A. 1991 The Book of Snakes New York Crecent 144 Journal Article Burton, M.S. 1991 Colorado frog watch Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians 81-84 amphibia anura bufonidae/Bufo boreas/ ranidae/Rana pipiens/ hylidae/Pseudacris * Journal Article Burton, P. R.;Wentz, M. A. 1992 Neurofilaments are prominent in bullfrog olfactory axons but are rarely seen in those of the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum J Comp Neurol 317 4 396-406 Ambystoma/*physiology; Animal; Axons/*physiology/ultrastructure; Blotting, Western; Comparative Study; Cytoskeleton/ultrastructure; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Intermediate Filaments/*ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Olfactory Pathways/*cytology/ultrastructure; Rana catesbeiana/*physiology; Species Specificity; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Tissue Fixation Bullfrog olfactory axons show variable numbers (0-29) of structurally typical neurofilaments (NFs) about 10 nm in diameter. In studies tracking these NFs through serial sections of axons in cross section, they were found to be discontinuous, with a calculated average length of about 118 microns. In contrast to olfactory axons in bullfrogs, those of the tiger salamander Ambystoma trigrinum rarely show NFs. To be certain that the absence of NFs is a specific characteristic of olfactory axons, pieces of salamander spinal cord, optic nerve, and sciatic nerve were examined and found to contain typical NFs. To minimize the possibility that NFs in salamander olfactory axons were degraded or poorly fixed during preparation for electron microscopy, samples were fixed by using a variety of fixative and buffer combinations. To exclude the possibility that proteases degraded NFs during processing, prior to fixation some pieces of olfactory nerve were incubated in physiological saline containing protease inhibitors. Regardless of the preparation method, NFs were generally not seen in salamander olfactory axons. Extracts of salamander olfactory nerve were subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and immunoblotting studies with monoclonal antibodies to the three NF subunit proteins. The immunoblots showed negligible or trace amounts of NF-L (light) and NF-H (heavy), while an NF-M (medium) protein having a molecular mass (Mr) of 160 kD was present in abundance. Extracts of salamander spinal cord, on the other hand, showed all three subunit proteins (with Mrs of 230, 160, and 77 kD). If one assumes that cells assemble structural elements to provide for a given function, the findings suggest that NFs in olfactory neurons of bullfrogs provide a function that may be missing in olfactory neurons of the salamander; the evidence also suggests that the absence of NFs in the salamander may be due to a deficiency in two of the three NF subunit proteins. Journal Article Bury, R. Bruce;Corn, Paul Stephen 1991 Sampling methods for amphibians in streams in the Pacific Northwest U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station General technical Report PNW-GTR-275 1-29 sampling techniques survey methods Journal Article Bury, R. Bruce 1991 Desert tortoise research - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 4-8 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Bury, R. Bruce;Esque, Todd C.;Corn, Paul Stephen 1991 Conservation of desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii): Genetics and protection of isolated populations Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 59-66 Gopherus agassizii release Book Section Bury, R. Bruce;Corn, Paul Stephen;Aubry, K. B. 1991 Regional patterens of terrestrial amphibian communities in Oregon and Washington Ruggiero, L.F.;Aubry, K. B.;Carey, A. B. and Huff, M. H. Wildlife and Vegetation of Unmanaged Douglas-Fir Forests Portland Pacific Northwest Research Station 341-350 Book Section Bury, R. Bruce;Corn, Paul Stephen;Aubry, K. B.;Gilbert, F. F.;Jones, L. L. C. 1991 Aquatic amphibian communities in Oregon and Washington Ruggiero, L.F.;Aubry, K. B.;Carey, A. B. and Huff, M. H. Wildlife and Vegetation of Unmanaged Douglas-Fir Forests Portland Pacific Northwest Research Station 353-362 Book Section Bury, R. Bruce;Corn, Paul Stephen;Aubry, K. B. 1991 Regional patterns of terrestrial amphibian communities in Oregon and Washington Ruggiero, L.F.;Aubry, K. B.;Carey, A. B. and Huff, M. H. Wildlife and Vegetation of Unmanaged Douglas-Fir Forests Portland Pacific Northwest Research Station 341-350 Journal Article Busack, Stephen D.;McCoy, C. J. 1990 Distribution, variation and biology of Macroprotodon cucullatus (Reptilia, Colubridae, Boiginae) Annals of Carnegie Museum 59 4 261-285 Distribution; Variation; Macroportodon cucullatus; Karyotype Journal Article Bush, B.;Browne-Copper, R.;Maryan, B. 1991 Some suggestions to decrease reptile roadkills in reserves with emphasis on the Western Australian wheatbelt Herpetofauna 21 2 23-24 Conservation; Road-kills Journal Article Bush, B. 1992 Glue traps: An appraisal of their use in residential areas of Perth, Western Australia Herpetofauna 22 1 12-13 Glue traps; Trapping; Surveys Journal Article Bush, Brian 1992 Some records of reproduction in captive lizards and snakes Herpetofauna 22 1 26-30 Ctenophorus reticulatus; Pogona minor; Moloch horridus; Crenadactylus ocellatus; Diplodactylus assimilis; Diplodactylus pulcher; Delma butleri; Pygopus lepidopodus; Pygopus nigriceps; Menetia greyii; Morethia obscura; Pseudonaja affinis; Hemiergis initialis; Hemiergis peronii; Tiliqua occipitalis; Notechis coronatus; Notechis curtus; Notechis mastersii; Notechis scutatus; Rhinocephalus nigriceps Journal Article Buskirk, Jim 1990 Book Review: Turtles of the World Vivarium 2 5 20-21 Book Review Journal Article Buskirk, J. 1990 The plight of the Egyptian tortoise Tortuga Gazette 26 6 7-8 Journal Article Buskirk, James 1991 The spiny-neck turtle (Platemys spixii) in and out of captivity Vivarium 3 2 16-17;30-31 Platemys spixii Journal Article Buskirk, J. R. 1991 More on the plight of the Western pond turtle Nytts NewsNotes Fall 1991 3 3-4 testu,vet PF x Journal Article Buskirk, James 1992 Book Review: Keeping and Breeding Tortoises in Captivity Vivarium 3 6 14 Book Review Journal Article Busse, Klaus 1991 Bemerkungen zum Fortpflanzungsverhalten und zur Zucht von Rhinoderma darwinii. Teil 1: Balz bis Eiablage Herpetofauna 13 71 11-21 Rhinoderma darwinii Journal Article Buttemer, William A. 1990 Effect of temperature on evaporative water loss of the Australian tree frogs Litoria caerulea and Litoria chloris Physiological Zoology 63 5 1043-1057 temperature, frogs, evaporation, water, moisture Journal Article Butterfield, B. P.;Trauth, S. E.;Steward, T. W.;McDaniel, V. R.;McLarty, P. 1991 New county records of amphibians and reptiles from Texas Herpetological Review 22 1 28 Journal Article Bünten, G.;Heuwinkel, H.;Greven, H. 1992 Zur hydroakustik von Pipa carvalhoi Salamandra 28 1 72-85 acoustic communication, advertisement call, Amphibia, Anura, distress call, Pipa carvalhoi Journal Article Byrd, C. A.;Burd., G. D. 1991 Development of the olfactory bulb in the clawed frog, Xenopus laevis: a morphological and quantitative analysis. Journal of Comparative Neurology 314 79-90 Journal Article Cabrera, M. R. 1991 Novedades y comentarios sobre la corología de Liophis vanzolinii (Serpentes, Colubridae) Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 7 2 20-21 Liophis vanzolinii Journal Article Cadle, John E.;Dessauer, Herbert C.;Gans, Carl;Gartside, Donald F. 1990 Phylogenetic relationships and molecular evolution in uropeltid snakes (Serpentes: Uropeltidae): allozymes and albumin immunology Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 40 293-320 teretrurus rhinophis uropeltis cylindrophis anilius loxocemus xenopeltis phylogeny biogeography Sri Lanka India systematics Journal Article Cadle, John E.;McDiarmid, Roy W. 1990 Two new species of Centrolenella (Anura: Centrolenidae) from northwestern Peru Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 103 3 746-768 Amphibia, anura, centrolenidae, new species, Peru, C. euhystriz, C. hesperia, reproduction, behavior, vocalizations, laral morphology, Journal Article Cadle, John E.;McDiarmid, Roy W. 1990 Two new species of Centrolenella (Anura: Centrolenidae) from Northwestern Peru Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 103 3 746-768 Journal Article Cadle, John E.;McDiarmid, Roy W. 1990 Two new species of Centronella (Anura: Centrolenidae) from northwestern Peru Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 103 3 746-768 Journal Article Cadle, J. E.;Dessauer, H. C.;Gans, C.;Gartside, D. F. 1990 Phylogenetic relationships and molecular evolution in uropeltid snakes (Serpentes: Uropeltidae) allozymes and albumin immunology Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 40 293-320 Uropeltidae, Anilidae, Serpentes, phylogeny, allozymes, microcomplement fixation, molecular evolution, biogeography, Sri Lanka, India, systematics Journal Article Cadle, John E.;Altig, Ronald 1991 Two lotic tadpoles from the andes of southern Peru: Hyla armata and Bufo veraguensis, with notes on the call of Hyla armata (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae and Bufonidae) Studies on the Neotropical Fauna and Environment 26 1 45-53 Journal Article Cadle, J. E. 1991 Systematics of lizards of the Genus Stenocercus (Iguania: Tropiduridae) From Northern Peru: New species and comments on relationships and distribution patterns Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 143 1-96 systematics, lizards, genus, Stenocercus, Iguania, Tropiduridae, Peru, new species, relationships, distribution patterns Journal Article Cadle, J. E.;Altig., R. 1991 Two lotic tadpoles from the Andes of southern Peru: Hyla armata and Bufo veraguensis, with notes on the call of Hyla armata (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae and Bufonidae). Neotrop. Fauna Environ. 26 45-53 Journal Article Cadle, John E. 1991 Systematics of lizards of the genus Stenocercus (Iguania: Tropiduridae) from northern Perú: New species and comments on relationships and distribution patterns Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 143 1-96 Stenocercus percultus sp. nov.; Stenocercus huancabambae sp. nov.; Sternocercus imitator sp. nov.; Stenocercus eunetopsis sp. nov.; Stenocercus chlorostictus sp. nov. Book Section Cadle, John E. 1992 Phylogenetic relationships among vipers: immunological evidence Campbell, J. A. and Brodie, E. D., Jr. Biology of the Pit vipers Tyler Texas Selva 41-48 bothrops evolution systematics crotalus bitis causus azemiops lachesis trimeresurus agkistrodon Book Section Cadle, John E. 1992 Phylogenetic relationships among vipers: Immunological evidence Campbell, J. A. and E. D. Brodie, Jr. Biology of the Pitvipers Tyler, Texas Selva 41-48 phylogenetic, relationships, vipers, immunological evidence Journal Article Cadle, J. E. 1992 On Colombian snakes Herpetologica 48 134-143 Serpentes, South America, Neotropics, Columbia, Snakes, Squamata Journal Article Caillouet, C.W.Jr.;Duronslet, M.J.;Landry, A. M.;Revera, D. B.;Shaver, D. J.;Stanley, K. M.;Heinly, R. W.;Stabenau, E. K. 1991 Sea turtle strandings and shrimp fishing effort in the northwestern gulf of Mexico, 1986-89 Fishery Bulletin (US) 89 712-718 conservation Journal Article Caldwell, J. P.;Myers, C. W. 1990 A new poison frog from Amazonian Brazil, with further revision of the quinquevittatus group of Dendrobates American Museum Novitates 2988 1-21 amphibians, species description, morphology, distribution, mouth parts Journal Article Caldwell, J. P. 1991 A new species of toad in the genus Bufo from Para, Brazil, with an unusual breeding site Papéis Avulsos Zoology (São Paulo) 37 26 389-400 amphibians, species description, morphology, castaneoticus Journal Article Caldwell, Janalee P. 1991 A new species of toad in the genus Bufo from Pará, Brazil, with an unusual breeding site Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 37 26 389-400 Bufo castaneoticus sp. nov. Book Section Caldwell, J. P. 1992 Diversity of reproductive modes in Anurans: Faculatative nest construction in Gladiator frogs Hamlett, W. C. Reproductive biology of South American vertebrates New York Springer-Verlag 85-97 amphibians, frogs, reproduction, nesting, foam nests, Journal Article Calgula, A.;Köhler, G. 1991 Ectoparasites, mites and their therapy in the green iguana.. Außenparasiten / Milben und deren Bekämpfung bei Iguana iguana; Anmerkungen zur Milbenbehandlung beim Grünen Leguan Iguana Rundschr 1 24-26 Reptilia, sauria, iguana iguana, infection, mites, acarina, therapy echsen,vet,paras PF x Book Section Callan, Harold G. 1991 Centromere fusions and telomere fusions during meiosis in Amphibia Amphibian cytogenetics and evolution Academic Press, Inc. 217-231 Amphibia, Urodela, Lissamphibia, Triturus karelinii, karyotype, technique, evolution, cytogenetics, taxonomy, systematics, phylogenetics, chromosome, RNA, DNA, monoclonal antibody Journal Article Callard, I.P.;Fileti, L.A.;Perez, L.E.;Sorbera, L.A.;Giannoukos, G.;Klosterman, L.L.;Tsang, P.;Mccracken, J.A. 1992 Role of the Corpus Luteum and Progesterone in the Evolution of Vertebrate Viviparity Am Zool 32 2 264-275 OVINE GONADOTROPINS FSH; TURTLE CHRYSEMYS-PICTA; SQUALUS-ACANTHIAS; PLASMA PROGESTERONE; HORMONAL-REGULATION; ESTROGEN-RECEPTORS; SCELOPORUS-JARROVI; THAMNOPHIS-ELEGANS; SEASONAL-CHANGES; OVULATORY CYCLE Journal Article Callard, G. V. 1992 Autocrine and paracrine role of steroids during spermatogenesis: studies in Squalus acanthias and Necturus maculosus J Exp Zool 261 2 132-42 Animal; Dogfish; Forecasting; Male; Mammals; Necturus; Spermatogenesis/*physiology; Steroids/*physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Testis/cytology/physiology Due to a cystic mode of spermatogenesis and zonal testes, the spiny dogfish shark (Squalus acanthias) and salamander (Necturus maculosus) are advantageous for studying the relationship between steroidogenesis and germ cell development. Direct analysis of steroidogenic enzymes and steroid receptors in staged tissue samples, together with light and electron microscopic observation, suggests that androgens and estrogens produced by Sertoli cells or Leydig cells immediately before or after spermiation serve as intratesticular regulators of events specific to premeiotic stages of spermatogenesis. These correlative data are consistent with limited observations in mammalian testis and provide a conceptual framework for direct testing of functional interactions between spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in future studies. Journal Article Camarillo R., José L. 1990 Xenosaurus grandis en el Estado de Hidalgo, México Boletín de la Sociedad Herpetológica Mexicana 2 2 17-18 Xenosaurus grandis; Mexico Journal Article Cameau, Stephen;Lance, Valentine A;Hicks, James W 1992 Purification and biological activity of alligator bradykinin American Journal of Physiology 263 2 R400-404 Journal Article Camilleri, Caroline;Shine, Richard 1990 Sexual dimorphism and dietary divergence: differences in trophic morphology between male and female snakes Copeia 1990 3 649-658 Journal Article Camp, C. D.;Condee, C. E.;Lovell., G. 1990 Oviposition, larval development, and metamorphosis in the wood frog, Rana sylvatica (Anura: Ranidae) in Georgia. Brimleyana 16 17-21 Journal Article Camp, R. J.;Knight, R. L.;Knight, H.A.L.;Sherman, M.W. 1992 Food habits of nesting common ravens in the eastern Mojave Desert Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 117 Journal Article Campbell, T. S. 1990 The Atlantic loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta caretta) League Fla. Herpetol. Soc. Newsl. July 13-15 Caretta caretta Journal Article Campbell, J. A. and T. M. Kubin. 1990 A key to the larvae of Plectrohyla (Hylidae), with a description of the tadpole presumed to be Plectrohyla avia. Southwest Naturalist 35 91-94 Thesis Campbell, Barry Norval 1991 Molecular phylogenetics of boid snakes (Boidae) Book Section Campbell, Jonathan A.;Soloranzo, Alejandro 1992 The distribution, variation, and natural history of the Middle American montane pitviper, Porthidium godmani Campbell, J. A. and Brodie, E. D., Jr. Biology of the Pit vipers Tyler Texas Selva 223-250 reproduction diet feeding sex ratio morphology ecology courtship Edited Book Campbell, Jonathan A.;Brodie, Edmund D., Jr 1992 Biology of the Pitvipers Tyler, TX Selva xi + 467 Journal Article Campbell, J. A.;Smith., E. N. 1992 A new frog of the genus Ptychohyla (Hylidae) from the Sierra de Santa Cruz, Guatemala, and description of a new genus of Middle American stream-breeding treefrogs. Herpetologica 48 153-167 Journal Article Campbell, Jonathan A.;Lamar, William W. 1992 Taxonomic status of miscellaneous Neotropical viperids, with the description of a new genus Occasional Papers the Museum Texas Tech University 153 1-31 Cerrophidion n. gen. Journal Article Campbell, D. J. 1992 Nearest-neighbour graphical analysis of spatial pattern and a test for competition in populations of singing crickets (Teleogryllus commodus) Oecologia 92 548-551 acoustic communication, competition, Insecta, methods, sexual selection, territoriality, Journal Article Camper, Jeffrey D. 1990 Mode of reproduction in the smallmouth salamander, Ambystoma texanum (Ambystomatidae), in Iowa Southwestern Naturalist 35 1 99-100 Journal Article Camper, Jeffrey D.;Dixon, James R. 1990 High incidence of melanism in Masticophis taeniatus girardi (Reptilia: Colubridae), from the Cuatro Cienegas Basin of Coahuila, Mexico Texas Journal of Science 42 2 202-204 Journal Article Camper, J. D.;Dixon, J. R. 1990 High incidence of melanism in Masticophis teaniatus Girardi (Reptilia: Colubridae), from the Cuatro Cienegas Basin of Coahuila, Mexico The Texas Journal of Science 42 2 202-204 reptiles, lizards, color, Journal Article Caney, Debra 1992 All things bright and beautiful (Testudo great and small) British Association of Tortoise Keepers Magazine 13 13 Book Capula, Massimo 1990 The Macdonald Encyclopedia of Amphibians and Reptiles London Macdonald Orbis 256 Journal Article Caputo, Vincenzo;Odierna, Gaetano 1991 Karyological investigation on three Canrian scincid lizards genus Chalcides Laurenti, 1768 (Reptilia, Squamata) Journal of African Zoology 105 249-255 Chalcides; Canary Islands; Karyology; Chromosome banding; Karyotype Journal Article Caputo, Vincenzo;Odierna, Gaetano 1991 Karyological investigation on three Canarian scincid lizards genus Chalcides Laurenti, 1768 (Reptilia, Squamata) Journal of African Zoology 105 3 249-255 Book Section Carbonneau, D.A.;Chabreck, R.H. 1990 Population size, composition and recruitment of American alligators in freshwater marsh Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8327-0022-1 xvi + 354 pp. 32-40 AM, habitat, demography, Book Section Cardone, A.;Capriglione, Teresa;Odierna, G.;Redi, C. A.;Garagna, S. 1990 Genomic intraspecific variations in some populations of Podarcis s. sicula Raf. Olmo, E. Cytogenetics of Amphibians and Reptiles Basel Birkhäuser 247-254 Journal Article Cardoso, A. J.;Haddad, C. F. B. 1990 Redescricao e biologia de Paratelmatobius gaigeae (Anura, Leptodactylidae) Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia 37 7 125-132 morphology, biology, Sao Paulo, vocalization Journal Article Cardoso, A. J.;Haddad., C. F. B. 1990 Redescripação e biologia de Paratelmatobius gaigeae (Anura, Leptodactylidae). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 37 125-132 Journal Article Cardoso, A. J.;Vieillard, J. 1990 Vocalizações de anfíbios anuros de um ambiente aberto, em Cruzeiro do Sul, estado do Acre Rev. Brasil. Biol. 50 1 229-242 Anuran communication, amphibians, Osteocephalus subtilis, Hyla punctata, Hyla lanciformis, Hyla granosa, Leptodactylus wagneri, Brasil Journal Article Carillo de Espinoza, N.;Rothenstein, D.;Salas, A. W.;Werner, Y. L. 1990 Radiation and convergence among desert geckos: Phyllodactylus species resembling both Ptyodactylus and Stenodactylus Amphibia-Reptilia 11 1-13 reptiles, evolution, morphology, habitat, activity, reproduction, clutch, Journal Article Carlone, R. L.;Boulianne, R. P.;Link, A. J. 1992 Identification of proteins potentially involved in proximal-distal pattern formation in the regenerating forelimb of the newt Biochem Cell Biol 70 5 285-90 Animal; Cell Differentiation/drug effects; Forelimb/*physiology; Gene Expression/drug effects; Morphogenesis; Proteins/analysis/genetics/*physiology; *Regeneration/drug effects; Salamandridae; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Tretinoin/pharmacology We have used high resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to identify and characterize proteins that may represent products of genes involved in establishing positional information along the proximal- distal axis of the regenerating forelimb of the newt Notophthalmus viridescens. At least 24 proteins have been found whose synthesis and (or) abundance is increased in proximal (midstylopodial) regenerates relative to midzeugopodial (distal) regenerates at either of two regeneration stages, the early dedifferentiation and moderate bud stages. Four of these same proteins show an axial asymmetry at both stages. Ten distal-specific proteins were also identified, although only one was common to both stages. More significantly, 6 of these 34 proteins (molecular masses of 73, 73, 51.5, 44.0, 19.5, and 16.5 kilodaltons and isoelectric points of 6.70, 6.74, 6.0, 6.05, 5.9, and 6.98, respectively) are regulated to proximal levels by treatment of distal regenerates with retinoic acid (RA) at both stages. An additional five are proximalized by RA at only one regeneration stage. Since the effect of RA is to proximalize positional information in blastema cells, these 11 proteins represent gene products that could be involved in a biochemical cascade leading to the establishment of positional information in the regenerating limb along this axis. Journal Article Carmel, B.P. 1991 Use of oxytocin to induce oviposition in a dystocic saltwater crocodile - Crocodylus porosus Austr. vet. J. 68 6 216 Reptilia, crocodylia, saltwater crocodile, Crocodylus porosus, propagation, dystocia, oviposition, oxytocin Reprint Vet. Path Spec. Anim. 92/6 Journal Article Carnevali, O., Belvedere, P. 1991 Comparative Studies of Fish, Amphibian, and Reptilian Vitellogenins Journal of Experimental Zoology 259 1 18-25 Animal Sciences , Reptilia , Amphibia , Pisces , Reproduction , O Carnevali,Univ Camerino,Dept Biol Mea,I-62032 Camerino, Italy Journal Article Carnevali, O.;Belvedere, P. 1991 Comparative Studies of Fish, Amphibian, and Reptilian Vitellogenins Journal of Experimental Zoology 259 1 18-25 Animal Sciences , Reptilia , Amphibia , Pisces , Reproduction , O Carnevali,Univ Camerino,Dept Biol Mea,I-62032 Camerino, Italy Journal Article Carr, Karen ;Altig, Ronald 1991 Oral disc muscles of anuran tadpoles Journal of Morphology 208 271-277 Anura, tadpoles, oral morphology, muscles, mandibulolabialis inferior, M. superior, 131 Journal Article Carr, K. M.;Altig., R. 1991 Oral disc muscles of anuran tadpoles Journal of Morphology 208 271-277 Journal Article Carr, Karen M.;Altig, Ronald 1992 Configurations of the Rectus Abdominis muscle of anuran tadpoles Journal of Morphology 214 351-356 rectus abdominis, anuran tadpoles, Journal Article Carr, K. M.;Altig., R. 1992 Configurations of the rectus abdominis of anuran tadpoles Journal of Morphology 214 351-356 Journal Article Carr, K. M.;Altig., R. 1992 Configurations of the rectus abdominus of anuran tadpoles Journal of Morphology 214 351-356 Journal Article Carras, P. L.;Coleman, P. A.;Miller, R. F. 1992 Site of action potential initiation in amphibian retinal ganglion cells J Neurophysiol 67 2 292-304 Action Potentials/physiology; Ambystoma; Animal; Axons/physiology/ultrastructure; Electrophysiology; Horseradish Peroxidase; Models, Biological; Necturus; Neurons/physiology; Photic Stimulation; Retinal Ganglion Cells/drug effects/*physiology/ultrastructure; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Tetrodotoxin/pharmacology 1. We applied morphological, pharmacological, electrophysiological, and computer simulation techniques to analyze the origin of impulse initiation in amphibian retinal ganglion cells. 2. Morphological studies of retinal ganglion cells in the mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus) and larval tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) were carried out with the use of either retrograde or intracellular labeling with horseradish peroxidase. These studies identified a characteristic thinning of the axon that begins after the initial segment of axon emerges from the ganglion cell soma or primary dendrite. Morphometric analysis of the thin segment revealed an average length of 74 microns with a standard deviation of 22 microns. For 20 conventionally placed ganglion cells, the length of the thin segment could not be correlated with soma size, initial segment diameter, or distance from the optic disk. There was also little or no correlation for seven displaced ganglion cells. The diameter of the thin segment was below reliable estimation by light microscopy. 3. We studied the possible significance of the thin axonal segment for ganglion cell impulse generation through a combination of electrophysiological recordings (intracellular and whole-cell recordings) together with computer modeling experiments. 4. Electrophysiological experiments are consistent with the idea that the thin segment and cell soma are less excitable than the initial segment region, which appears to be the principal site of initiation of the nerve impulse. The initial segment is that portion of the axon that is bounded by the soma (or proximal dendrite) at its origin and the thin segment at its distal end. 5. Computer simulations of impulse activation were carried out with the use of two different anatomic constraints: one class of simulations did not take into account the thin segment and assumed uniform cylinder conditions, whereas the other class of simulations included a model of the thin axonal segment. These comparative simulations indicate that the thin segment must contain a relatively high density of voltage-gated Na+ channels and support impulse traffic to account for physiological observations on orthodromic and antidromic impulse propagation. In addition, to match the physiological recordings, it is necessary for both the initial segment and the soma compartments to contain moderately high levels of Na+ channels. 6. Our physiological and simulation studies are consistent with the idea that the nerve impulse is normally initiated in the initial segment of axon and then spreads to activate a somatic impulse in the retrograde direction and the axonal impulse in the anterograde direction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) Journal Article Carrascal, L. M.;Lopez, P.;Martin, J.;Salvador, A. 1992 Basking and antipredator behavior in high altitude lizard: implications of heat-exchange rate Ethology 92 143-154 Reptiles, lizards, Lacerta monticola, basking, behavior, heating rate, cooling rate, elevation, temperature, Spain, thermoregulation, thermal Book Section Carretero, Miguel A. 1992 Reintroduction of Psammodromus hispanicus in a coastal sand area of NE Spain Korsós, Z. and Kiss, I. Proceedings of the 6th Ordinary General Meeting of the Societas Europaea Herpetologica 19-23 August 1991, Budapest, Hungary Budapest Hungarian Natural History Museum 107-113 Journal Article Carrier, David R. 1991 Conflict in the hypaxial musculo-skeletal system: documenting an evolutionary constraint American Zoologist 31 644-654 Journal Article Carrizo, G. 1990 Sobre los hílidos de Misiones, Argentina, con la descripción de una nueva especie Hyla caingua n. sp. Cuadernos de Herpetología 5 6 32-39 Hyla caingua n. sp.; new species Journal Article Carrizo, G. R. 1991 Sobre la distribución de Hyla minuta Peters 1972, en la Argentina Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 6 1 6 Hyla minuta; distribution; Argentina Journal Article Carrizo, G. R. 1991 Bufo crucifer Wied-Wuewied, 1821 para la provincia de Corrientes Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 6 1 7 Bufo crucifer Journal Article Carrizo, G. R. 1991 Un caso de predación de Xiphocolaptes major (Passiformes, Dendrocolaptidae) sobre un anfibio Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 6 1 7 Book Carroll, David M. 1991 The Year of the Turtle: A Natural History Charlotte, VT Camden House Publishing 172 Journal Article Carroll, E. J., Jr.;Seneviratne, A. M.;Ruibal., R. 1991 Gastric pepsin in an anuran larvae Develop. Growth Differ. 33 499-507 Book Carroll, David M. 1991 The Year of the Turtle: A Natural History Charlotte, VT Camden House 173, 8 plates Book Section Cartaya P., E.J. 1990 Handling program for the cayman, Caiman Crocodilus, in Venezuela Development and Perspectives Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0008-6 xvii + 399 pp. 146-160 Journal Article Carter, D. B. 1990 Courtship and mating in wild Varanus varius (Varanidae): Australia) Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29 2 333-338 Journal Article Carvalho e Silva, S. P. ;Peixoto, O. L. 1991 Two new species of Ololygon para os Estados do Rio de Janeiro e Espirito Santo (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae) Rev. Brasil. Biol. 51 1 263-270 frogs, taxonomy, morphology, descriptions, cardosoi, kautskyi Journal Article Casas Andreu, Gustavo;Méndez, Fausto R. 1990 El Primer Congreso Mundial de Herpetologia en Canterbury Reyno Unido Boletín de la Sociedad Herpetológica Mexicana 2 1 1-2 Journal Article Casas Andreu, Gustavo 1990 Book review: Contributions to the History of Herpetology Boletín de la Sociedad Herpetológica Mexicana 2 1 13-14 Book review Journal Article Casas-Andreu, Gustavo;Smith, Hobart Muir 1990 Historia nomenclatorial y status taxonomico dr Abronia ochoterenai y Abronia lythrochila (Lacertilia: Anguidae), con una clave de identificacion para el grupo Aurita Anales Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Auton., México, Ser. Zool. 61 2 317-326 Book Casas-Andreu, Gustavo;Valenzuela-López, Guadalupe;Ramírez-Bautista, Aurelio 1991 Cómo Hacer una Colección de Anfibios y Reptiles Mexico Instituo de Biología, U.N.A.M. 68 Journal Article Cascon, P.;Lima Verde, J. S.;Marques, R. B. 1991 A new species of Typhlonectes from Brazilian Amazonia (Amphibia, Gymnophiona, Typhlonectidae) Boletim Do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi Serie Zoologia 7 1 95-100 TYPHLONECTES CUNHAI new species; DESCRIPTION; MORPHOLOGY Typhlonectes cunhai n. sp. is described based on two specimens collected in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. The new species is characterized by its strongly compressed body, a dorsal crest along the total body extension, head wider than body, six splenial teeth, and uniform body color. Journal Article Case, T. J.;Bolger, D. T. 1991 The role of interspecific competition in the biogeography of island lizards TREE 6 4 135-139 reptiles, lizards, islands, competition, evolution, species assortment Book Section Case, T. J.;Bolger, D. T.;Richman, A. D. 1992 Reptilian extinctions: the last ten thousand years Fiedler, P. L. and Jain, S. K. Conservation Biology NY Chapman and Hall 93-125 reptiles, conservation, holocene, islands, predation Journal Article Castilla, A. M.;Bauwens, D. 1990 Reproductive and fat body cycles of the lizard, Lacerta lepida, in central Spain Journal of Herpetology 24 3 261-266 reptiles, altitude, diet, body size, lipids, spain Journal Article Castilla, A.M.;Barbadillo, L.J.;Bauwens, D 1991 Annual variation in reproductive traits in the lizard Acanthodactylus erythrurus Can.J. Zool. 70 395-402 Reptilia, sauria, lizard, Acanthodactylus erythrurus, physiology, reproduction, annual variation, Journal Article Castilla, A. M.;Bauwens, D. 1991 Observations on the natural history, present status, and conservation of the insular lizard Podarcis hispanica atrata on the Columbretes Archipelago, Spain Biological Conservation 58 69-84 reptiles, lizards, conservation, distribution, density, body size, sexual dimorphism, tail loss, behavior, diet Journal Article Castilla, A. M.;Bauwens, D.;Llorente, G. A. 1991 Diet composition of the lizard Lacerta lepida in Central Spain Journal of Herpetology 25 1 30-36 reptiles, lizards, food, Journal Article Castilla, A. M.;Bauwens, D. 1991 Thermal biology, microhabitat selection, and conservation of the insular lizard Podarcis hispanica atrata Oecologia (Berl.) 85 366-374 reptiles, lizards, temperature, behavior, Journal Article Castilla, Aurora M.;Bauwens, Dirk 1991 Thermal biology, microhabitat selection, and conservation of the isular lizard Podarcis hispanica atrata Oecologia 85 366-74 thermoregulation, lizard, Spain, habitat Journal Article Castilla, A.M., Bauwens, D., 1992 Habitat Selection by the Lizard Lacerta lepida in a Mediterranean Oak Forest Herpetological Journal 2 1 27-30 AM Castilla,Univ Instelling Antwerp,Dept Biol,B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium Journal Article Castilla, A.M.Bauwens, D. 1992 Habitat Selection by the Lizard Lacerta lepida in a Mediterranean Oak Forest Herpetological Journal 2 1 27-30 AM Castilla,Univ Instelling Antwerp,Dept Biol,B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium Journal Article Castilla, A. M.;Barbadillo, L. J.;Bauwens, D. 1992 Annual variation in reproductive traits in the lizard Acanthodactylus erythrurus Canadian Journal of Zoology 70 395-402 reptiles, lizards, cycles, fats, lipids, body size, Journal Article Castilla, A. M.;Bauwens, D. 1992 Habitat selection by the lizard Lacerta lepida in a Mediterranean Oak forest Herpetological Journal 2 27-30 reptiles, lizards, behavior, Journal Article Cei, J. M. 1990 Further comments on the holotype of Liolaemus ruizeali Donoso Baros and Cei, 1971, from the northern Patagonia, Argentina (Reptilia, Iguanidae) Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali - Torino 8 1 45-52 Journal Article Cei, J. M. 1990 On a Paraguayan sample of a long time confused species: Physalaemus fuscomaculatus (Steindachner, 1864) (Anura, Leptodactylidae) Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali - Torino 8 1 215-231 Journal Article Cei, José M.;Scrocchi, G. 1991 A poorly known and discussed species, Cnemidophorus leachei Peracca 1897, and general remarks on the genus Cnemidophorus in Argentina (Lacertilia, Teiidae) Bollettino del Museo regionale di Scienze naturali - Torino 9 1 233-244 South America; Argentina; Cnemidophorus; Cnemidophorus leachei; Cnemidophorus lacertoides Journal Article Cei, J. M.;Martori, R. A. 1991 A new species of Cnemidophorus of the lacertoides species group from eastern sierras de Córdoba, Central Argentina (Lacertilia, Teiidae) Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali - Torino 9 1 33-38 Journal Article Cei, J. M.;Martori, R. A. 1991 A new species of Cnemidophorus of the lacertoides species group from the eastern sierras de Córdoba, central Argentina (Lacertilia, Teiiidae) Bollettino del Museu Regionale di Scienze Naturali - Torino 9 1 33-38 23, Teiidae, Cnemidophorus, new species, taxonomy, Argentina, South America Journal Article Censky, Ellen J.;Paulson, Dennis R. 1992 Revision of the Ameiva (Reptilia: Teiidae) of the Anguilla Bank, West Indies Annals of Carnegie Museum 61 3 177-195 West Indies; Taxonomy; Lesser Antilles; Ameiva plei plei; Ameiva plei analifera n. comb.; Ameiva corax n. sp.; New species; Ameiva corvina; Melanism Journal Article Cerda, A.;Waugh, D. 1992 Status and management of the Mexican box terrapin Terrapene coahuila at the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust Dodo, J. Jersey Wildlife Preserv. Trust 28 126-142 Journal Article Cerulean, S. 1992 Delicate balance: Barbour's map turtle (Graptemys barbouri) Fla. Wildl. 46 1 32 Journal Article Chambers, Brad 1991 Snakes of Andros Island: in the field and in captivity Vivarium 2 6 24-27 Journal Article Champalbert, Annette;Lachaud, Jean-Paul 1990 Existence of a sensitive period during the ontogenesis of social behaviour in a primitive ant Animal Behaviour 39 850-859 Journal Article Chan, E.-H. 1991 Sea Turtles the State of Nature Conservation in Malaysia Kiew R. Journal Article Chanda, S. K. 1990 A new frog of the genus Rana (Ranidae: Anura) from manipur, Northeastern India Hamadryad 15 16-17 Rana ghoshi; New species; Sp. nov.; India Journal Article Channing, Alan 1991 An illustrated key to the frogs of Namibia Madoqua 17 2 227-232 Anura; Namibia; Taxonomic key Journal Article Channing, Alan;Broadley, D. G. 1992 The tadpole of Kassina kuvangensis Alytes 10 3 105-112 Zambia Journal Article Charnov, E.L.;Berrigan, D. 1992 The m/k ratio is the same for fish and reptiles American Naturalist 142 4 707-711 von Bertalanffy, growth Book Chaves Mora, Fernando;Alvarado Alvarado, Jorge;Aymerich Blen, Rodrigo;Solórzano López, Alejandro 1990 Aspectos basicos sobre las serpientes de Costa Rica San José, Costa Rica Universidad de Costa Rica 58 Journal Article Chavez-Scales, Jayne 1991 1988 accomplishments at the Desert Tortoise Natural Area [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 163 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Chavez-Scales, Jayne 1991 1989 status report of the Desert Tortoise Preserve Committee [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 220 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Chavez-Scales, Jayne;Dodson, Tom 1991 1990-1991 initiatives for the Desert Tortoise Preserve Committee [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 293 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Chebez, J. C. 1991 Biblioteca de Marcos Freiberg (1911-1990) Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 7 2 29-30 Book Chegodaev, A. E. 1990 Snakes as they are Moscow 64 p. Book Chegodaev, A. E. 1992 [The Fascinating World of Reptiles] St. Petersburg 175 + 32 color plates Journal Article Chen, Bihui 1990 The past and present situation of the Chinese alligator Asiatic Herpetological Research 3 129-136 Alligator sinensis china endangered species history conservation Book Chen, Bihui 1991 The Amphibian and reptilian fauna of Anhui Hefei, China Anhui Publishing House of Science and Technology Amphibia, caudata, Hynobiidae, Pachyhynobius shangchengensis, Cryptobranchidae, Andrias davidianus, Salamandridae, Tylotriton asperimus, paramesotriton chinensis, Pachytriton labiatum, Cynops orientalis, Anura, Pelobatidae, Megophryidae, Megophrys boettgeri, Bufonidae, Bufo raddei, Bufo gargnrizans, Hylidae, Hyla arboreaimmaculata, hyla sanchiangensis, Hyla chinensis, Hyla tsinlingensis, Ranidae, Rana adenopleura, rana guentheri, Rana japonica, Rana kuhlii, rana latouchii, Rana livida, Rana nigromaculata, Rana plancyi plancyi, Rana hubeiensis, Rana quadranus, Rana schmackeri, Rana spinosa, Rana tientaiensis, Rana rugulosa, Rana tormotus, Rana versabili, Amolops wuyiensis, Rhacophoridae, Polypedates dennysi, Polypedates, leucomystax, Polypedates nigropunctatus, Microhylidae, Microhyla hemonsi, M. mixutura, M. ornata, Katloula borealis, Reptilia Edited Book Chen, Bi-hui 1991 The Amphibian and Reptilian Fauna of Anhui Hefei Anhui Publ. House Sci. Technol. (6), 4, 408 pages, 4 plates Journal Article Chen, Yuancong;Zhang, Dawei;Jiang, Kexian;Wang, Zhonghui 1992 Evaluation of snake venoms among Agkistrodonspecies in China Asiatic Herpetological Research 4 58-61 deinagkistrodon toxicity Journal Article Chen, Bihui;Liang, Baodong 1992 Preliminary research on the function of the eggshell in the Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis) Asiatic Herpetological Research 4 132-136 china Book Section Chen_Bihui 1990 Preliminary studies on the home range of Chinese alligator Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8327-0022-1 xvi + 354 pp. 43-46 AS, movement, habitat, demography, ecology, China Book Section Chen_Bihui;Wang_Chaolin;Lian_Baodong 1990 Observation on the burrow of Chinese alligator Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8327-0022-1 xvi + 354 pp. 47-53 AS, ecology, China Journal Article Chen_Bihui 1990 The past and present situation of the Chinese alligator Asian Herpetol. Res. 3 129-136 AS, distribution, conservation, China Journal Article Chen_Bihui;Jiang_Xiao-Lin;Wang_Chao-Lin 1991 Structure and development of the integumental glands of the Chinese alligator Acta Zool. Sin. 37 1 16-21 AS, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, olfactory, China Journal Article Cheong, L.C. 1990 Observations on the nesting population of leatherback turtles Dermochelys coriacea in Trindad Caribbean Marine Studies 1 48-53 leatherback Edited Book Cherlin, Vladimir A.;Tsellarius, Alesksey V. 1991 Herpetological Researches. Vol. 1 Lenningrad LISS 1 182 Vipera lebetina; Agama ocellata; Eryx jaculus; Bufo viridis; Rana temporaria; Varanus griseus; Agrionemys horsfieldi Journal Article Cherlin, V. A.;Chikin, Yu. A. 1991 To thermal biology of lizards of the mountain regions of Uzbekistan Herpetological Researches 1 119-129 Stellio lehmanni; Stellio chernovi; Eremias velox; Cyrtopodion fedtschenkoi; Pseudopus apodus; Thermal biology; thermoregulation Journal Article Cherlin, V. A. 1991 Method of ecology-physiological matrix of species in researches on reptile biology Herpetological Researches 1 138-146 Ecology-physiology matrix Journal Article Cherry, M. I.;Francillon-Vieillot, H. 1992 Body size, age and reproduction in the leopard toad, Bufo pardalis J Zool 228 41-50 Amphibia, anura, bufo, Bufo pardalis, reproduction, age, body size Data on the relationships between body size and age were obtained for a sample of leopard toads Bufo pardalis from a breeding population of this species from the Cape Peninsula, South Africa. Age was determined by counting the number of lines of arrested growth in histological sections of a digit clipped from each individual. In males there was a positive, but weak, correlation (explaining only 18% of the variance) between body size and age, and in females no correlation at all existed between these two variables. Males which were successful in obtaining matings were not older than unsuccessful males. Age of males at the breeding site ranged from one to three years, whereas females ranged from two to six years old. This represents both the earliest age of reproduction, as well as the greatest difference in longevity between the sexes, documented for an anuran species. Reprint Endnote 93/31 Journal Article Cherry, M. I.;Francillon-Viellot, H. 1992 Body size, age and reproduction in the leopard toad, Bufo pardalis The Journal of Zoology, London 228 41-50 Africa, Anura, mating success Journal Article Chiang, M. C.;Cragoe, E. J., Jr.;Vanable, J. W., Jr. 1991 Intrinsic electric fields promote epithelization of wounds in the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens Dev Biol 146 2 377-85 Amiloride/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology; Animal; Cell Movement/drug effects; *Electric Conductivity/drug effects; Epithelium/drug effects/physiology; Gentian Violet; Hindlimb; Notophthalmus viridescens/anatomy & histology/*growth & development; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; *Wound Healing/drug effects The lateral electric fields (LFs) in the vicinity of small wounds made in hindlimb digit tip skin of Notophthalmus viridescens have been measured and manipulated. Healing of these wounds was assessed by crystal violet staining and by histology. Paired experiments were conducted on the animals: the healing of one digit's wound was compared with healing of the contralateral digit's wound whose LF was changed from that of its contralateral wound. When currents were passed through the animal (into one wound and out of the contralateral wound) so that the LF of one wound was zero while the contralateral wound had an enhanced LF, the wounds with the enhanced LF healed more rapidly than the wounds with the zero LF. When digits on one side were treated with 30 microM benzamil in an artificial pond water so that their wound LFs were reduced to approximately zero, and the contralateral wounds were kept in artificial pond water without benzamil so that they had normal wound LFs, there was significantly less epithelization of the benzamil- treated wounds than of the control wounds. This effect on wound healing was reversed by adding currents that restored the normal wound LFs, but not by adding currents that reversed the wound LFs to the opposite polarity. When currents were added to reverse the wound LFs on one side of the animal, leaving the contralateral wounds free of added currents, the wounds with the reversed LFs healed more poorly than the contralateral wounds with normal LFs. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the intrinsic LFs in the vicinity of wounds promote epithelization of these wounds. Journal Article Chieffi, G.;Baccari, G. C.;Dimatteo, L.;Distria, M.;Marmorino, C.;Minucci, S.;Varriale, B. 1992 The Harderian Gland of Amphibians and Reptiles Harderian Glands 1992 91 91-108 Reptilia, amphibia, Harderian gland, histology, physiology Journal Article Chikin, Yu. A. 1991 The geographic variations of non-metric characteristics of colour pattern in Vipers lebetina turanica (Reptilia, Viperidae) Herpetological Researches 1 5-11 Vipera lebetina turanica Journal Article Chilton, N. B.;Bull, C. M. 1992 The on-host temperature environment for 2 Australian reptile ticks Aust J Zool 40 6 583-592 Reptilia, sauria, sleepy lizards, Tiliqua rugosa, infection, acari, Amblyomma limbatum, Aponomma hydrosauri The temperatures experienced by the ixodid ticks Amblyomma limbatum and Aponomma hydrosauri whilst attached to sleepy lizards, Tiliqua rugosa, were examined to determine whether differences in the body temperature of the host could explain (1) interspecific differences in the feeding and mating sites of ticks on hosts, and/or (2) the position of the tick parapatric boundary near the transition from mallee to non-mallee vegetation. Attached ticks were exposed to temperatures that were related to, but often higher than, ambient temperatures. Ground surface temperature was a better predictor of lizard body temperature than was air temperature. Mean body temperatures of lizards during winter were lower than those in spring, due to lower ambient temperatures, and were consistently below the threshold temperature required to induce mating in both tick species. Low temperature can also explain the cessation of feeding by larval and nymphal ticks on hosts during winter. The selection of feeding and mating sites by ticks could not be attributed to specific temperature requirements because no attachment site was consistently warmer than another. Furthermore, no change in body temperature of the lizards was detected across the tick parapatric boundary. Journal Article Chilton, N. B.;Bull, C. M.;Andrews, R. H. 1992 Differences in attachment site of the Australian reptile tick Amblyomma limbatum (Acari, Ixodidae) on 2 host species Int J Parasitol 22 6 783-787 Reptilia, sauria, infection. tick, Amblyomma; The present study compared the site of attachment of larvae, nymphs and adults of the tick Amblyomma limbatum on two species of reptile host Tiliqua rugosa and Pogona vitticeps. The results showed that for each life cycle stage, the proportion of ticks attached to different sites differed on the two host species. In addition, on each host species, there were marked differences between life cycle stages in their choice of attachment site. These data do not support hypotheses raised to account for attachment site specificity, namely; intraspecific competition, adaptations to increase feeding efficiency or the retention of an ancestral trait. However, Amb. limbatum is flexible in its selection of an attachment site on hosts which may represent an adaptation to maximizing the number of host species it can infest. This would represent an important strategy for colonizing ticks either at the edge of the species range or in marginal population areas. Journal Article Chiou, S. H.;Lee, H. J.;Huang, S. M.;Chang, G. G. 1991 Kinetic comparison of caiman epsilon-crystallin and authentic lactate dehydrogenases of vertebrates J Protein Chem 10 2 161-6 Alligators and Crocodiles/*metabolism; Animal; Chickens; Comparative Study; Crystallins/*metabolism; Ducks/*metabolism; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Kinetics; Lactate Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes/*metabolism; Lactates/metabolism; Lens, Crystalline/*enzymology; Muscles/enzymology; Myocardium/enzymology; Nitroblue Tetrazolium; NAD/metabolism; Pyruvates/metabolism; Staining; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Swine Kinetic comparison of epsilon-crystallins isolated from the avian and reptilian species and the authentic lactate dehydrogenases (LDHs) was undertaken in order to clarify the identities of these structural lens proteins in relation to their enzymatic activity. Caiman epsilon- crystallin similar to the previously characterized duck epsilon- crystallin appeared to possess a genuine and stable LDH activity as detected by nitro blue tetrazolium staining on polyacrylamide gels and conventional kinetic assays. Kinetic parameters for pyruvate, L- lactate, NAD+, and three structural analogues of the coenzyme in this epsilon-crystallin catalyzed reaction were also determined and compared. Despite the structural similarities between epsilon- crystallins and chicken heart LDH, differences in charge and kinetic properties have been revealed by native isozyme electrophoresis and kinetic analysis as examined by initial velocity and substrate inhibition studies. It is found that the kinetic data analyzed for caiman epsilon-crystallin were more fitted with a compulsory ordered Bi- Bi sequential mechanism similar to those for the authentic LDHs and duck epsilon-crystallin. Caiman epsilon-crystallin has for the first time been established as a heart-type LDH based on the kinetic analysis and comparison with the authentic heart- and muscle-type LDHs from pig and chicken. Journal Article Chippaux, J. P.;Williams, V.;White, J. 1991 Snake venom variability: methods of study, results and interpretation Toxicon 29 11 1279-303 The causes and implications of venom variability are discussed with a review of the literature. Venom variability may have an impact on both primary venom research and management of snakebite, including selection of antivenoms and selection of specimens for antivenom production. Choice of venom is reviewed, including venom collection, maintenance, and pooled venom versus venom milked from individual specimens, the latter being more reliable in many applications. Intraspecific variability resulting in clinical variability of envenomation occurs and is reviewed. Venom variability is considered at several levels; interfamily, intergenus, interspecies, intersubspecies and intraspecies, geographical variation, between individual specimens, and in individual specimens, due to seasonal variation, diet, habitat, age-dependent change, and sexual dimorphism. It is concluded that venom researchers must be aware of venom variability both in selecting their sources of venom and in interpretation of results. Producers of antivenom must utilize an understanding of such variability in selecting sources of venom for antivenom production to ensure representation of all venom types required within each antivenom. Furthermore, clinicians treating snakebite should understand the influence of venom variability on both the presentation of envenomation and the treatment implications. Journal Article Chirio, Laurent;Ineich, Ivan 1991 Les genres Rhamphiophis Peters, 1854 et Dipsina, Jan, 1863 (Serpentes, Colubridae): revue des taxons reconnus et descripyion d'une espèce nouvelle Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Paris, 4 Sèr 13 Section A, nos 1-2 217-235 acutus oxyrhynchus rubropunctatus maradiensis multimaculata Journal Article Chiszar, David;Smith, Hobart M.;Glenn, James L.;Straight, Richard C. 1990 Strike-induced chemosensory searching in venomoid pit vipers at hogle zoo Zoo Biology Journal Article Chiszar, David;Melcer, Ted;Lee, Robert;Duvall, David 1990 Chemical cues used by prairie rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis) to follow trails of rodent prey Journal of Chemical Ecology 16 1 79-86 Rattlesnake, Crotalus viridis, mouse, Mus musculus, trails Journal Article Chiszar, David;Boyer, Donal M.;Lee, Robert;Murphy, James B.;Radcliff, Charles W. 1990 Caudal luring in the Southern Death Adder, Acanthophis antarcticus Journal of Herpetology 24 3 253-260 Journal Article Chiszar, D.;Smith, H. M.;Glenn, J. L.;Straight, R. C. 1991 Strike-induced chemosensory searching in venomoid pit vipers at Hogle Zoo Zoo Biology 10 111-117 behavior, feeding, Agkistrodon piscivorus Journal Article Chiszar, David;Smith, Hobart M.;Bogert, Charles M. 1991 A chemical sense of self in timber and prairie rattlesnakes Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 29 2 153-154 Crotalus horridus, viridis, captivity, tongue Journal Article Chiszar, David;Drew, J. David;Smith, Hobart M. 1992 A range extension of the Great Plains rat snake in eastern Colorado Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 27 8 165 elaphe guttata emoryi Book Section Chiszar, David;Lee, Robert K. K.;Radcliffe, Charles W.;Smith, Hobart M. 1992 Searching behaviors by rattlesnakes following predatory strikes Campbell, J. A. and Brodie, E. D., Jr. Biology of the Pit vipers Tyler Texas Selva 369-382 conservation Journal Article Chiszar, David;Murphy, James B.;Smith, Hobart M. 1993 In search of zoo-academic collaborations: A research agenda for the 1990's Herpetologica 49 4 488-500 Journal Article Choo, B. L.;Chou, L. M. 1992 Does incubation temperature influence the sex of embryos in Trionyx sinensis Journal of Herpetology 26 341-342 environmental sex determination, turtles, softshell Journal Article Chovanec, A. 1992 The influence of tadpole swimming behaviour on predation by dragonfly nymphs Amphibia-Reptilia 13 341-349 Journal Article Christens, E. 1990 Nest emergence lag in loggerhead sea turtles Journal of Herpetology 24 4 400-402 loggerhead; digging-up time Journal Article Christensen, John 1991 Macrophotography Vivarium 2 6 19-22 Journal Article Christensen, Jon 1992 Sin City's lucky tortoise Nature Conservancey 42 4 8-13 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Christian, Keith A.;Lawrence, William T. 1991 Microclimatic conditions in nests of the Cuban iguana (Cyclura nubila) Biotropica 23 3 287-293 Journal Article Christian, K. A.;Lawrence, W. T.;Snell, H. L. 1991 Effect of soil moisture on yolk and fat distribution in hatchling lizards from natural nests Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 99A 1/2 13-19 Book Christiansen, James L.;Bailey, Reeve M. 1991 The Salamanders and Frogs of Iowa Des Moines Iowa Conservation Commission 24 Journal Article Churchill, T.A.;Storey, K.B. 1992 Freezing survival of the garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis Canadian Journal of Zoology - Journal Canadien de Zoologie 70 1 99-105 Reptilia, serpentes, garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis, physiology, freezing survival KB Storey,Carleton Univ,Inst Biochem,Ottawa K1S 5B6,Ontario, Canada Journal Article Cimberg, Robert L. 1991 DTNA environmental projects associated with Luz solar units in the western Mojave: Present and future developments [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 164 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Cink, Calvin L. 1990 Snake predation on Chimney Swift nestlings Journal of Field Ornithology 61 3 288-289 Journal Article Ciofi, C.;Chelazzi, G. 1991 Radiotracking of Coluber viridiflavus using external transmitters Journal of Herpetology 25 1 37-40. radiotelemetry, racer, external, transmitter Journal Article CLAESSEN, H. 1990 Enkele ideeën over een larven-aquarium Terra 26 148-155 Amphibia, anura, breeding, management, propagation, food, feeding Reprint Endnote 93/460 Journal Article Clark, David L.;Gillingham, James C. 1990 Sleep-site fidelity in two Puerto Rican lizards Animal Behaviour 39 1138-1148 Journal Article Clark, Ralph E. 1991 Land use planning in Coyote Spring Valley [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 8 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Clark, James M.;Norell, Mark A. 1992 The early Cretaceous crocodylomorph Hylaeochampsa vectiana from the Wealden of the Isle of Wight American Museum Novitates 3032 1-19 osteolaemus tetraspis fossil Book Section Clark, Karen L. 1992 Monitoring the effects of acidic deposition on amphibian populations in Canada Bishop, Christine A. and Pettit, Karen E. Declines in Canadian Amphibian Populations: Designing a National Monitoring Strategy Ottawa, Ontario Canadian Wildlife Service 63-66 Journal Article Clarke, B. T.;Lanza, B. 1990 Notes on the morphology and distribution of the Corsican Painted Frogs: Discoglossus sardus Tschudi and D. montalentii Lanza, Nascetti, Capula & Bullini Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali - Torino 8 2 531-544 Book Clarke, Barry 1990 Eyewitness Juniors: Amazing Frogs & Toads New York Knopf 32 Journal Article Claussen, D.L.;Daniel, P.M.;Jiang, S.;Adams, N.A. 1991 Hibernation in the eastern box turtle, Terrapene c. carolina Journal of Herpetology 25 3 334-341 Reptilia, testudines, eastern box turtle, Terrapene c. carolina, physiology, hibernation DL Claussen,Miami Univ,Dept Zool,Oxford, OH 45056 Journal Article Claussen, D. L.;Zani, P. A. 1991 Allometry of cooling, supercooling, and freezing in the freeze-tolerant turtle Chrysemys picta American Journal of Physiology 261 R626-R632 Reptiles, turtles, water content, ice content, free-tolerant vertebrates, allometry Journal Article Claussen, D.L.;P.M. Daniel, S. Jiang, N.A. Adams 1991 Hibernation in the Eastern box turtle, Terrapene carolina carolina J. Herp. 25 334-341 Journal Article Clemen, G.;Opolka, A. 1990 Dental laminae and teeth of embryonic Ichthyophis glutinosus (L.) (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) Anat Anz 170 2 111-7 Light microscopic studies of dental lamina anlagen and the form and order of primary teeth were undertaken on embryos of Ichthyophis glutinosus. The palate dental lamina responsible for the dentition of the vomers and the palatine portions of the maxillopalatines develops unpaired on the lingual sides of these bones. Similarly, the upper jaw dental lamina is undivided in the rostro-median; it originates lingual to the premaxillaries. Orally paired and aborally unpaired, the dental laminae of the lower jaw are laid down along the inner sides of their respective bony anlagen. Of these, the orally undivided dental lamina corresponds to the dental portion of the caudally fused lower jaw bones while the aboral pair of dental laminae correspond to the splenial portions. When fully developed, the primary teeth are unbladed-conical and divided. They are labio-marginal, monostichous and pleurally anchored. Journal Article Clemens, D. T.;Feder., M. E. 1990 Effects of perfusion and medium-blood PO2 difference on oxygen uptake across isolated perfused frog skin Physiologist 33 70 Journal Article Cleuren, J.;De Vree, F. 1992 Kinematics of the jaw and hyolingual apparatus during feeding in Caiman crocodilus J. Morph. 212 2 141-154 CCR, food, anatomy, Journal Article Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L. 1992 Neotropical anurans and foam nests: Why breed on land? British Herpetological Society Bulletin 19-21 evolution, reproduction, breeding, protection, insects, tadpoles, larvae, Amphibia, Anura, oviposition, reproductive modes Journal Article Clyde, Victora L. 1990 Chemical restraint of american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) with atracuriummand tiletamine-zolazepam AAZV 288 *reptilia/crocodylia alligatorinae/alligator/ mississippiensis/american alligator 220191 WS DW Journal Article Clyde, Victora L. 1990 Chemical restraint of American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) with atracuriumm and tiletamine-zolazepam AAZV 288 reptilia/crocodylia alligatorinae/alligator/ mississippiensis/american alligator 220191 WS DW Journal Article Coakley, John 1992 Book Review: The Year of the Turtle Vivarium 3 5 14-15 Book Review Journal Article Cobb, Vincent A. 1990 Reproductive notes on the eggs and offspring of Tantilla gracilis (Serpentes: Colubridae), with evidence of communal nesting The Southwestern Naturalist 35 2 222-224 reproduction, breeding, young, flat head snake Journal Article Cobbs, W. H. 1991 Light and dark active phosphodiesterase regulation in salamander rods J Gen Physiol 98 3 575-614 Animal; Calcium/metabolism; Comparative Study; Cyclic GMP/metabolism; Ion Channels; Kinetics; Magnesium/metabolism; Membrane Potentials/physiology; Models, Biological; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/drug effects/*metabolism; Photic Stimulation; Photoreceptors/drug effects/enzymology/*metabolism; *Signal Transduction/drug effects; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Urodela/embryology/*physiology; 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine/pharmacology We studied the activation of 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) phosphodiesterase (PDE) by using a cell-permeant enzyme inhibitor. Rods of Ambystoma tigrinum held in a suction electrode were jumped into a stream of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), 0.01-1 mM. Initial transient light-sensitive currents fit the notion that dark and light-activated forms of PDE contributed independently to metabolic activity and were equivalently inhibited by IBMX (apparent Ki 30 microns). Inhibition developed within 50 ms, producing a step decrease of enzyme velocity, which could be offset by activation with flashes or steps of light. The dark PDE activity was equivalent to light activation of enzyme by 1,000 isomerization rod-1s-1, sufficient to hydrolyze the free cGMP pool (1/e) in 0.6 s. Steady light activated PDE in linear proportion to isomerization rate, the range from darkness to current saturation amounting to a 10-fold increase. The conditions for simultaneous onset of inhibitor and illumination to produce no net change of membrane current defined the apparent lifetime of light- activated PDE, TPDE* = 0.9 s, which was independent of both background illumination and current over the range 0-3 x 10(5) isomerization s-1, from 50 to 0 pA. Adaptation was a function of current rather than isomerization: jumps with different proportions of IBMX concentration to steady light intensity produced equal currents, and followed the same course of adaptation in maintained light, despite a 10-fold difference of illumination. Judged from the delay between IBMX- and light-induced currents, the dominant feedback regulatory site comes after PDE on the signal path. The dark active PDE affects the hydrolytic flux and cytoplasmic diffusion of cGMP, as well as the proportional range of the cGMP activity signal in response to light. Book Coborn, John 1991 The Atlas of Snakes of the World Neptune City, NJ TFH 591 Book Coborn, John 1991 Snakes & Lizards: Their care and Breeding in Captivity Devon, Great Britain David & Charles 208 Journal Article Coborn, John 1991 The atlas of snakes of the world Recent Publications in Natural History 10 4 3-4 Journal Article Cochran, P. A. 1990 Elaphe vulpina (fox snake) Herpetological Review 21 2 41 Journal Article Cochran, Philip A. 1991 An unusual microhabitat for a fossorial snake in the rainforest of Peru Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Sciences 94 1-2 77-78 Journal Article Cochran, P. A. 1992 New locality observations for some amphibians and reptiles in Wisconsin Bulletin Of The Chicago Herpetological Society 27 3 Journal Article Cocroft, Reginald B.;McDiarmid, Roy W.;Jaslow, Alan P.;Ruiz-Carranza, Pedro M. 1990 Vocalizaion of eight species of Atelopus (Anura: Bufonidae) with comments on communication in the genus Copeia 1990 3 631-643 Journal Article Coffeen, Michael P. 1991 Incidence of URTD/URDS in desert tortoises in Utah, 1977-1990 [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 294 Gopherus agassizii Book Cogger, Harold G.;Zeifel, Richard G. 1992 Reptiles & Amphibians New York Smithmark 240 Book Cogger, Harold G.;Zweifel, Richard G. 1992 Reptiles & Amphibians New York Smithmark 240 Book Cogger, Harold G. 1992 Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia Ithaca, NY Comstock 775 Australia Journal Article Cohen, W. R.;Wetzel, W.;Kadish, A. 1992 Local heat and cold application after eastern cottonmouth moccasin (Agkistrodon piscivorus) envenomation in the rat: effect on tissue injury Toxicon 30 11 1383-6 We studied the effect of local application of heat or cold on the development of tissue necrosis in envenomated rats. Anesthetized animals had 6 mg/kg venom from Agkistrodon piscivorus injected subcutaneously into the lateral aspect of a hind limb. Heat or cold was applied to the site of envenomation in the experimental groups for 4-6 hr, and the injected area was examined histologically after 24 hr. Neither local treatment, with or without the presence of systemic antivenin, significantly affected the severity of tissue necrosis induced by the venom in comparison to a control group left at ambient temperature. Journal Article Colamartino, G.;Menini, A.;Torre, V. 1991 Blockage and permeation of divalent cations through the cyclic GMP- activated channel from tiger salamander retinal rods J Physiol 440 189-206 Animal; Calcium/physiology; Cations, Divalent/*metabolism; Cyclic GMP/*physiology; Electrophysiology; Ion Channel Gating/*physiology; Ion Channels/metabolism; Magnesium/physiology; Photoreceptors/*metabolism; Sodium/metabolism; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Urodela 1. Blockage and permeation of divalent cations through channels activated by guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP) were studied in membrane patches excised from retinal rods of the tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum by rapidly changing the ionic medium bathing the intracellular side of the excised membrane. 2. The Na+ current, observed when 110 mM-NaCl was present on both sides of the membrane patch, was reduced by the addition of 1 mM of the chloride salts of Ca2+, Mg2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ or Mn2+ to the bathing medium. The sequence of blocking potency at +60 mV was Mg2+ greater than Mn2+ approximately Ba2+ greater than Ca2+ greater than Sr2+, while at -60 mV it was Ba2+ greater than Ca2+ greater than Sr2+ greater than Mn2+ approximately Mg2+. For all divalent cations the blocking effect depended, in a complex way, on the membrane potential. 3. The blocking effect of Ca2+ and Mg2+ increased when the concentration of cyclic GMP was reduced from 100 to 5 microM. At -60 mV 1 mM-Ca2+ blocked about 34% of the Na+ current in the presence of 100 microM-cyclic GMP, while in the presence of 5 microM-cyclic GMP, 1 mM-Ca2+ blocked about 56% of the Na+ current. 4. When, in the presence of 100 microM-cyclic GMP, 110 mM- NaCl at the intracellular side was replaced by equiosmolar amounts of chloride salts of divalent cations (73.3 mM) a small outward current carried by divalent cations could be observed at large positive membrane potentials. At +60 mV the ratio between the current carried by Na+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+ was 83.3:1.4:1:0.58:0.33:0.25. 5. In agreement with previous observations the dependence of the Na+ current on the concentration of cyclic GMP shows a clear co-operativity among cyclic GMP molecules.4+ cyclic GMP-gated channel in excised patches is similar to but not identical to the selectivity sequence of divalent cations through the channel in intact rods. Personal Communication Colborn, Leon 1991 Status and distribution of the western toad (Bufo boreas) in the state of Utah Journal Article Cole, Charles J.;Dessauer, Herbert C.;Townsend, Carol R.;Arnold, Margaret G. 1990 Unisexual lizards of the genus Gymnophthalmus (Reptilia: Teiidae) in the Neotropics: Genetics, origin, and systematics American Museum Novitates 2994 1-29 Gymnophthalmus Book Section Cole, Charles J. 1990 Chromosomes of Agkistrodon and other viperid snakes Gloyd, H.K. and Conant, R. Snakes of the Agkistrodon complex: A Monographic Review St. Louis, MO SSAR 533-538 Journal Article Cole, C. J.;Townsend, C. R. 1990 Parthenogenetic lizards as vertebrate systems J Exp Zool Suppl 4 174-6 Unisexual (all-female) lizards of the genus Cnemidophorus are well suited for research in oogenesis, embryogenesis, nutrition, immunology, sex determination, genetics and the effects of aging and exposure to pathogens and chemicals, in addition to evolutionary biology. Individuals produce clones by means of parthenogenesis, and both diploid and triploid parthenogens exist. In addition, there are closely related bisexual (gonochoristic) species of Cnemidophorus. Advantages and disadvantages of maintaining laboratory colonies of Cnemidophorus are discussed. Journal Article Cole, Charles J. 1990 When is an individual not a species? Herpetologica 46 1 104-108 Species concept, individuals, evolution, speciation Journal Article Cole, C. J.;Desauer, H. C.;Townsend, C. R.;Arnold, M. G. 1990 Unisexual lizards of the genus Gymnophthalmus (Reptilia: Teiidae) in the neotropics: genetics, origin, and systematics American Museum Novitates 2994 1-29 reptiles, parthenogenesis, morphology, karyotypes, reproduction, underwoodi, hybrid, evolution, Journal Article Cole, Charles J.;Townsend, Carol R. 1990 Parthenogenetic lizards as vertebrate systems Journal of Experimental Zoology 4 supplement 174-176 Journal Article Coley, S. J.;Smart, A. C. 1992 The nesting success of green trutles on beaches at Kazanli, Turkey Oryx 26 3 165-171 green/Turkey Journal Article Collard, S. B. 1990 Guest editorial: speculation on the distribution of oceanic-stage sea turtles, with emphasis on Kemp's ridley in the Gulf of Mexico Mar. Turtle Newsl. 48 6-8 Journal Article Collard, S.B.;Hansknecht, T.J. 1990 Life history notes: Caretta caretta (Loggerhead sea turtle) Habitat. Herp. Rev. 21 3 60 Journal Article Collazo, J.A.;Boulon, R.H.;Tallevast, T.L. 1992 Abubdance and growth patterns of Chelonia mydas in Culebra, Puerto Rico Journal of Herpetology 26 3 293-300 green; growth Journal Article Collett, M. G.;Verseput, M.P.;Maree, C.C. 1990 Newly identified virus diseases of captive snakes in south africa J. Herp. Asoc. Afr. vet,virus,serp PF x Journal Article Colli, G. R. 1991 Reproductive ecology of Ameiva ameiva (Sauria, Teiidae) in the Cerrado of Central Brazil Copeia 1991 4 1002-1012 reptiles, lizards, reproduction, eggs, clutch, cycles, morphology, distribution Journal Article Colli, G. R. 1992 Biogeography of Amazonian savanna reptiles Nat. Geo. Proposal 1-7 reptiles, Brazil, Book Collins, Joseph T. 1990 Standard Common and Current Scientific Names for North American Amphibians and Reptiles Lawrence, KS SSAR (19) 41 Book Collins, Joseph T. 1990 Standard Common and Scientific Names for North American Amphibians and Reptiles. Third Edition St. Louis, MO SSAR iv, 41 p. Journal Article Collins, Joseph T. 1991 Viewpoint: a new taxonomic arrangement for some North American amphibians and reptiles Herpetological Review 22 42-43 systematics species concept lampropeltis triangulum taylori pyromelana infralabialis Journal Article Collins, Ben 1991 Conservation center for the desert tortoises in Nevada [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 221 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Collins, J. T. 1991 Amphibians and reptiles in the upper Mississippi river valley: systematic and distributional problems Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science 66 4 149-152 Distribution, systematics, relationships, classification, ranges, locality, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, hybridization, intergradation, Book Collins, Joseph T.;Collins, Suzanne L. 1991 reptiles and Amphibians of the Cimarron National Grasslands Morton County, Kansas Lawrence, KS United States Forest Service viii, 60 p. Journal Article Collins, Joseph T. 1992 The evolutionary species concept: a reply to Van Devender et al. and Montanucci Herpetological Review 23 2 43-46 systematics lampropeltis pyromelana infralabialis alterna Journal Article Collins, Bobby R.;Jacobson, Elliott R.;Fuerst, Isabella M.;Brown, Mary B.;Klein, Paul A. 1992 Seasonal variation in the histology of the lymphoid structures of desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) with upper respiratory tract disease Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 10 Journal Article Collins, J. T.;Frost, D. R.;Kluge, A. G.;Hillis, D. M. 1992 The evolutionary species concept: a reply to Van Devender et al. and Montanucci Species in contemporary herpetology: comments on phylogenetic inference and taxonomy Herp Review 23 2 43-54 Reptiles, amphibians, species, evolution, systematics, classification, taxonomy Journal Article Collins, J. T. 1992 New records of amphibians and reptiles in Kansas for 1991 Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter 87 12-17 Herps, Kansas, distribution, locality, records, ranges Journal Article Collins, J. T. 1992 Results of the fourth Kansas herp count held during April-May 1992 Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter 89 10-13 Reptiles, amphibians, census, collection, Kansas, Journal Article Collins, J. T. 1992 Reply to Grobman on variation in Opheodrys aestivus Herp Review 23 1 15-16 Reptiles, snakes, reply, essay Journal Article Colvin, J.G. 1992 A code of ethics for research in the third world Conservation Biology 6 3 309-311 conservation Journal Article Comeau, S.;Lance, V. A.;Hicks, J. W.;Conlon, J. M. 1992 Purification and biological activity of alligator bradykinin Am J Physiol 263 2 Pt 2 R400-4 Alligators and Crocodiles/*metabolism; Amino Acids/analysis; Animal; Bradykinin/analogs & derivatives/chemistry/chemical synthesis/isolation & purification/*physiology; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Male; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Incubation of plasma form the alligator (Alligator mississipiensis) with glass beads in the presence of a kininase inhibitor resulted in the activation of the kallikrein-kinin system and generation of bradykinin-like immunoreactivity. The kinin peptides were purified to homogeneity and were shown to comprise [Thr6]-bradykinin and des- Arg9[Thr6]bradykinin in the molar ratio of approximately 10:1. Bolus injections of synthetic [Thr6]bradykinin into the jugular vein of the anesthetized alligator resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in mean arterial blood pressure. The minimum dose of kinin producing a significant fall in pressure was 0.07 micrograms/kg body wt and the maximum response (25 +/- 6% fall; mean +/- SD, n = 8) was produced by a dose of 0.56 micrograms/kg body wt. The dose producing a half-maximum response was 0.19 +/- 0.08 micrograms/kg. The data indicate that alligator plasma contains all the components of the kallikrein-kinin system found in mammals and suggest that the system may be of physiological importance in the regulation of cardiovascular function in these reptiles. Book Conant, Roger;Collins, Joseph T. 1991 A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America Boston Houghton Mifflin Co. xviii + 450 Book Conant, Roger;Collins, Joseph T. 1991 A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians: Eastern/Central North America Boston Houghton Mifflin 450 Field Guide Thesis Conant, T.A. 1991 Ghost crab predation on emergent sea turtles from relocated nests on a barrier island, North Carolina Journal Article Conant, Roger 1992 The type locality of Agkistrodon halys caraganus Asiatic Herpetological Research 4 57 kazakhstan viperidae Book Conant, Roger;Stebbins, Robert C.;Collins, Joseph T. 1992 Peterson First Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians Boston Houghton Mifflin 128 Journal Article Conceicao, M.;Levy, J.;Marins, L.;Marcovaldi, M. 1990 Electrophoretic characterization of a hybrid between Eretmochelys imbricata and Carreta carreta (cheloniidae) Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 97B 275-278 green; hawksbill Journal Article Conceicao, M.B.;Levy, J.A.;Marins, L.F;Marcovaldi, M.A. 1990 Electroporetic characterization of a hybrid between Eretmochelys imbricata and Caretta caretta (Cheloniidae) Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 97B 2 275-278 loggerhead/hawksbill Journal Article Condon, C. J.;Chang, S. H.;Feng, A. S. 1991 Processing of behaviorally relevant temporal parameters of acoustic stimuli by single neurons in the superior olivary nucleus of the leopard frog Journal of Comparative Physiology A 168 709-725 neuroethology, acoustic communication, Amphibia, Anura, Rana pipiens, Ranidae, Journal Article Congdon, Justin D.;Sels, Richard C. van Loben 1991 Growth and body size in blanding's turtles (Emydoidea blandingi): relationships to reproduction Canadian Journal of Zoology 69 239-245 Growth, reproduction, Emydoidea blandingi, turtle, body size, clutch size, SREL, reptiles, Michigan Journal Article Congdon, Justin D.;Sels, Richard C. van Loben 1991 Growth and body size in blanding's turtles (Emydoidea blandingi): relationships to production Canadian Journal of Zoology 69 239-245 Journal Article Congdon, Justin D.;van Loben Sels, Richard C. 1991 Growth and body size in Blanding's turtles (Emydoidea blandingi): relationships to reproduction Canadian Journal of Zoology 69 239-245 Journal Article Congdon, J.D.;Gotte, S.W.;Mcdiarmid, R.W. 1992 Ontogenetic Changes in Habitat Use by Juvenile Turtles, Chelydra serpentina and Chrysemys picta Can Field-Natur 106 2 241-248 Snapping Turtle; Chelydra-Serpentina; Painted Turtle; Chrysemys-Picta; Habitat Selection; Juveniles; Marsh Depth Journal Article Congdon, Justin D.;Dunham, Arthur E.;van Loben Sels, Richard C. 1992 Demographics and delayed sexual maturity in Blanding's turtles: Implications for the conservation and management of long-lived chelonians Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 151-152 emydoidea blandingi Journal Article Congdon, J. D.;Gotte, S. W.;McDiarmid, R. W. 1992 Ontogenetic changes in habitat use by juvenile turtles, Chelydra serpentina and Chrysemys picta Canadian Field-Naturalist 106 241-248 reptiles, turtles, growth, maturity, selection, marsh depth Journal Article Conover, D.O.;Van Voorhees, D. A.;Ehtisham, A. 1992 Sex ratio selection and the evolution of environmental sex determination in laboratory populations of Menidia menidia Evolution 46 6 1722-1730 esd; fish; sex ratio; tsd Book Conservation, Committee on Sea Turtle 1990 Decline of the sea turtles: causes and prevention Washington, D.C. National Academy Press 259 pp. Journal Article Cook, Robert A. 1990 Range extension of the Darwin house gecko, Hemidactylus frenatus Herpetofauna 20 1 23-27 Hemidactylus frenatus; Distribution Journal Article Cook, J.;Jarchow, J. 1991 Locomotion, neurological and limb problems in tortoises Tortoise Trust Newsl 5 6 Reptilia, testudines, pathology, extremities, nerves, neurology testu,vet,vit PF x Journal Article Cook, J. 1991 Nutritional osteodystrophy: A rational for a balanced calcium phosphorous diet Tortoise Trust Newsl 3 10-14 Reptilia, testudines, food, feeding, deficiency, calcium, phosphorus vit,testu,zucht PF x Book Section Cook, Francis R. 1992 Pitfalls in quantifying amphibian populations in Canada Bishop, Christine A. and Pettit, Karen E. Declines in Canadian Amphibian Populations: Designing a National Monitoring Strategy Ottawa, Ontario Canadian Wildlife Service 83-86 Journal Article Cook, J. 1992 An overview of Vitamin A Tortoise Trust Newsl 2 1-4 Reptilia, testudines, food, feeding, vitamin A testu,vit PF x Journal Article Cooper, William E., Jr;Burghardt, Gordon M. 1990 A comparative analysis of scoring methods for chemical discrimination of prey by squamate reptiles Journal of Chemical Ecology 16 1 45-65 reptilia tongue flicks broad headed skink eumeces laticeps garter snake thamnophis sirtalis Journal Article Cooper, William E., Jr;Vitt, Laurie J.;Hedges, Richard;Huey, Raymond B. 1990 Locomotor imparment and defence in gravid lizards (Eumeces laticeps): behavioral shift in activity may offset costs of reproduction in an active forager Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 27 153-157 Journal Article Cooper, William E., Jr 1990 Chemical detection of predators by a lizard, the broad-headed skink (Eumeces laticeps) Journal of Experimental Zoology 256 162-167 Journal Article COOPER, W.E.;ALBERTS, A.C. 1990 Responses to chemical food stimuli by an herbivorous actively foraging lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis Herpetologica 46 3 259.266 Reptilia, sauria, Dipsosaurus dorsalis, food, feeding, stimuli, chemical Reprint Vet Path 90/177 Journal Article Cooper, William E.;Burghardt, Gordon M. 1990 A comparative analysis of scoring methods for chemical discrimination of prey by squamate reptiles Journal of Chemical Ecology 16 1 45-65 Journal Article Cooper, W. E., Jr. 1990 Prey odor discrimination by anguid lizards Herpetologica 46 2 183-190 Reptiles, lizards, anguidae, predation, smell, tongue-flick, foraging mode, vomerolfaction, Elgaria Journal Article Cooper, W. E., Jr. 1990 Chemical detection of predators by a lizard, the broad-headed skink (Eumeces laticeps) Journal of Experimental Zoology 256 162-167 Reptiles, lizards, chemical, smell, odor, predation, tongue-flick, South Carolina Journal Article Cooper, W. E., Jr.;Burghardt, G. M. 1990 A comparative analysis of scoring methods for chemical discrimination of prey by squamate reptiles Journal of Chemical Ecology 16 1 45-65 Reptiles, lizards, smell, predation, odor, tongue-flicks, broad-headed skink, Eumeces laticeps, Thamnophis sirtalis Journal Article Cooper, W. E., Jr. 1990 Prey odor detection by teiid and lacertid lizards and the relationship of prey odor detection to foraging mode in lizard families Copeia 1990 1 237-242 Reptiles, lizards, tongue-flick, odor, smell, predation, foraging, Journal Article Cooper, William E. 1990 Prey odor detection by Teiid and Lacertid lizards and the relationship of prey odor detection to foraging mode in lizard families Copeia 1990 237-242 Journal Article Cooper, W. E. 1990 Prey odor discrimination by anguid lizards Herpetologica 46 2 183-190 tounge-flicking, foraging mode, vomerolfaction, prey odor, squamata, lacertilia, anguidae, Elgaria Journal Article Cooper, W. E. 1990 Chemical detection of predators by a lizard, the broad-headed skink (Eumeces laticeps) The Journal of Experimental Zoology 256 162-167 skink, predation Journal Article Cooper, W. E. Jr. 1990 Prey odor detection by teiid and lacertid lizards and the relationship of prey odor detection to foraging mode in lizard families Copeia 1990 1 237-242 scent, prey, predation, lizards Journal Article Cooper, William E.;Vitt, Laurie J.;Hedges, Richard;Huey, Raymond B. 1990 Locomotor impairment and defense in gravid lizards (Eumeces laticeps): behavioral shift in activity may offset costs of reproduction in an active forager Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 27 153-157 Journal Article Cooper, W.E., Jr.;Burghardt, G.M. 1990 A comparative analysis of scoring methods fro chemical discrimination of prey by squamate reptiles Journal of Chemical Ecology 16 45-65 Journal Article Cooper, William E., Jr;Vitt, Laurie J. 1991 Influence of detectability and ability to escape on natural selection of conspicuous autotomous defenses Canadian Journal of Zoology 69 757-764 eumeces fasciatus laticeps Journal Article Cooper, J.E. 1991 Deaths in tortoises Vet.Rec. 128 364 Testudo/virology/short letter Journal Article Cooper, W. E.;Vitt, L. J. 1991 Influence of detectability to escape on natural selection of conspicuous autotomous defences Canadian Journal of Zoology 69 757-764 skinks, tail autonomy Journal Article Cooper, Edwin L.;Wright, Richard K.;Klempau, Alfredo E.;Smith, Carlos T. 1992 Hibernation alters the frog's immune system Cryobiology 29 616-631 rana pipiens Conference Proceedings Cooper, J.E. 1992 Exotic pets: an introduction for the small animal practitioner 1 717- Journal Article Cooper, J.E. 1992 Anaesthesia in exotic pets XVII WSAVA World congress 1 703 Mammalia, aves, reptilia, amphibia, pisces, narcosis Reprint Endnote 93/76 (no text received) Journal Article Cooper, William E. 1992 Elevation in tongue-flick rate after biting prey in the broad-headed skink, Eumeces laticeps Journal of Chemical Ecology 18 455-467 Journal Article Cooper, William E., Jr 1992 Elevbation in tongue-flick rate after biting prey in the broad-headed skink, Eumeces laticeps Journal of Chemical Ecology 18 3 455-467 Journal Article Cooper, William E. 1992 Elevation in tongue-flick rate after biting prey in the broad-headed skink, Eumeces laticeps Journal of Chemical Ecology 18 3 455-467 Journal Article Cooper J.E. 1991 Deaths in tortoises Vet.Rec. 128 364 Testudo/virology/short letter * Thesis Cooper-Preston, H. 1991 Geographic variation in the population dynamics of Crocodylus johnstoni (Krefft) in three rivers in the Northern Territory, Australia Book Coote, Jon 1990 Reptiles: Proceedings of the 1988 U.K. Herpetological Societies Symposium on Captive Breeding London British Herpetological Society 107 Journal Article Copello, J.;Segal, Y.;Reuss, L. 1991 Cytosolic pH regulates maxi K+ channels in Necturus gall-bladder epithelial cells J Physiol (Lond) 434 577-90 Action Potentials/physiology; Animal; Calcium/metabolism; Cytosol/*metabolism; Epithelium/metabolism; Gallbladder/*metabolism; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Necturus maculosus; Potassium Channels/*metabolism; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 1. The patch clamp technique was used to study the effects of internal and external pH on the Ca(2+)- and voltage-activated maxi K+ channel present in the apical membrane of Necturus gall-bladder epithelial cells. 2. When the pH of the solution bathing the cytosolic side of inside-out patches (pHi) was lowered from 7.9 to 6.9, with internal free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) buffered below saturation levels for the channel gating sites, channel open probability (Po) decreased. At saturating Ca2+ concentrations, Po was near 1.0, and unaffected by pHi. The results are consistent with a competitive interaction between Ca2+ and H+ at regulatory binding sites. Kinetic analysis assuming competitive binding yields a Hill coefficient for H+ of 1.3. 3. At sub- maximal [Ca2+]i, changing the pH of the solution bathing the extracellular surface of the patch (pHo) between 8 and 7, had no effect on maxi K+ channel Po, but lowering pHo to 6 or 5 significantly reduced Po. At saturating [Ca2+]i, Po was independent of pHo. 4. There were no effects of either pHi or pHo on single-channel conductance. 5. Inasmuch as reductions in either pHo or pHi decrease maxi K+ channel Po, changes in maxi K+ channel activity account in part for the reduction of apical membrane K+ conductance elicited by acidification of the bathing medium. The dominant effect of pH on maxi K+ channels is on the cytosolic surface of the membrane. 6. The change in Po elicited by small changes in [H+]i (delta Po/delta [H+]i) is -7.6 microM-1, compared to delta Po/delta [Ca2+]i = 2.6 microM-1, both at Vm = -30 mV and at physiological intracellular [H+] and [Ca2+]. This implies that [H+]i and [Ca2+]i have opposite effects on channel Po at physiological levels and underlines the importance of pHi in channel gating. Journal Article Cordery, Ted 1991 State report on desert tortoise activities: Bureau of Land Management, Arizona Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 9-10 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Cordery, Theodore E., Jr.;Wirt, Elizabeth;Shields, Timothy;Woodman, A. Peter 1991 Results of investigation at three desert tortoise study plots in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 67-69 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Corn, Paul Stephen;Bury, R. Bruce 1990 Sampling methods for Terrestrial amphibians and reptiles Pacific Northwest Research Station, General Technical Report PNW-GTR-256 iv + 34 Journal Article Corn, Paul Stephen 1991 Displacement of desert tortoises: Overview of a study at the apex heavy industrial use zone, Clark County, Nevada Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 295-303 Gopherus agassizii Book Section Corn, P. S.;Bury, R. B. 1991 Terrestrial amphibian communities in the Oregon coast range Ruggiero, L. F.;Aubry, K. B.;Carey, A. B. and Huff, M. H. Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged douglas-fir forests: Amphibians of Oregon and Washington 305-317 community, population Book Section Corn, Paul Stephen;Bury, R. Bruce 1991 terrestrial amphibian communities in the Oregon Coast Range Ruggiero, L.F.;Aubry, K. B.;Carey, A. B. and Huff, M. H. Wildlife and Vegetation of Undamaged Douglas-fir Forests Portland USDA, FS, Pacific Northwest Research Station, GTR-285 305-321 Journal Article Corn, P. S.;Vertucci, F. A. 1992 Descriptive risk assessment of the effects of acidic deposition on rocky mountain amphibians J Herpetol 26 4 361-369 Amphibia, acidification We evaluated the risk of habitat acidification to the six species of amphibians that occur in the mountains of Colorado and Wyoming. Our evaluation included extrinsic environmental factors (habitat sensitivity and amount of acidic atmospheric deposition) and species-specific intrinsic factors (sensitivity to acid conditions, habitat preferences, and timing of breeding). Only one of 57 surveyed localities had both acid neutralizing capacity < 200 mueq/L and sulfate deposition > 10 kg/ha/yr, extrinsic conditions with a possible risk of acidification. Amphibian breeding habitats in the Rocky Mountains do not appear to be sufficiently acidic to kill amphibian embryos. Some species breed in high- elevation vernal pools during snowmelt, and an acidic purse during snowmelt may pose a risk to embryos of these species. However, the acidic pulse, if present, probably occurs before open water appears and before breeding begins. Although inherent variability of amphibian population size may make detection of declines from anthropogenic effects difficult, acidic deposition is unlikely to have caused the observed declines of Bufo boreas and Rana pipiens in Colorado and Wyoming. Amphibians in the Rocky Mountains are not likely to be at risk with acidification inputs at present levels. Journal Article Corn, Paul Stephen;Vertucci, Frank A. 1992 Descriptive risk assessment of the effects of acidic deposition on Rocky Mountain amphibians Journal of Herpetology 26 361-369 risk assessment, acidic deposition, Rocky Mountain amphibians Journal Article Corn, P. S.;Vertucci., F. A. 1992 Descriptive risk assessment of the effects of acidic deposition on Rocky Mountain amphibians Journal of Herpetology 26 361-369 Journal Article Cornish, Michael J. 1991 New techniques with radio telemetry and desert tortoises [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 304 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Cornish, Michael J.;Weinstein, Michael 1992 relocation of the desert tortoise: The Honda Project, the second year Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 153 Journal Article Corson, D. W.;Cornwall, M. C.;MacNichol, E. F.;Mani, V.;Crouch, R. K. 1990 Transduction noise induced by 4-hydroxy retinals in rod photoreceptors Biophys J 57 1 109-15 Ambystoma; Animal; Comparative Study; Light; Photoreceptors/drug effects/*physiology; Pigments/pharmacology; Retinaldehyde/*analogs & derivatives/*pharmacology; Retinoids/*pharmacology; Structure-Activity Relationship; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. New visual pigments were formed with 4-hydroxy retinals in isolated vertebrate rod photoreceptors by exposing bleached rods from the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum, to lipid vesicles containing the analogues. Formation of physiologically active pigment was demonstrated by the restoration of sensitivity and by a shift of approximately 50 nm in the peak of both the visual pigment absorptance spectrum and rod spectral sensitivity spectrum from approximately 520 to approximately 470 nm for 11-cis 4-hydroxy retinal. Membrane current recordings from the inner segments of isolated rods revealed excess fluctuations in membrane current after formation of the new pigment in bleached cells or after exposure of unbleached cells to flashes in the presence of the analogue. The excess current fluctuations are similar to the fluctuations elicited by steady light producing a few discrete responses per second, a rate approximately 100 times greater than the normal rate of spontaneous events in darkness. These results suggest that analogues of retinal can produce alterations in the frequency of production of discrete responses in darkness in rod photoreceptors. Journal Article Cortes, R. A.;R., J. L. Camarillo;Bezy, R. L. 1990 Distribution, species status, and reproductive mode of the xantusiid lizard Lepidophymya pajapanensis Southwestern Naturalist 35 3 373-374 reptiles, lizards, Mexico, reproduction, museum specimens Journal Article Cortez, S.;Brandenburger, H.;Greuel, E.;Sundrum, A. 1992 Investigations of the Relationships Between Feed and Health Status on the Intestinal Flora of Rabbits (in German) Tierärztl. Umsch. 47 7 544-549 Mammalia, lagomorpha, rabbit, Oryctolagus, feeding, nutrition, intestinal flora, dysbacteriosis The flora was examined at different locations in the intestine. Predominant bacteria were bacteroides and bacilli, Lactobacilli, streptococci, E. coli and clostridia were isolated only sporadically. There were nor differences between organically and conventionally fed rabbits. After feeding a ration with excess protein for two weeks, clostridia were isolated from 13 of 16 animals. The prevalence of E. coli increased slightly. Rabbits with enteritis had high concentrations of E. coli, clostridia and lactobacilli. No differences between the rectal flora and the caecal flora were observed and, therefore rectal swabs are suitable for diagnosis. Journal Article Cortwright, S. A.;Nelson, C. E. 1990 An examination of multiple factors affecting community structure in an aquatic amphibian community Oecologia 83 123-131 predation, competition, Amphibia, larvae, tadpole, survivorship, frog, salamander Journal Article Cortwright, S. A.;Nelson., C. E. 1990 An examination of multiple factors affecting community structure in an aquatic amphibian community Oecologia 83 123-131 Journal Article Costanzo, Jon P.;Claussen, Dennis L. 1990 Natural freeze tolerance in the terrestrial turtle, Terrapene carolina The Journal of Experimental Zoology 254 228-232 freeze, cold, tolerance, turtles, box Journal Article Costanzo, J. P.;Claussen, D. L. 1990 Natural freeze in the terrestrial turtle, Terrapene carolina The Journal of Experimental Zoology 254 228-232 box turtle, cold Journal Article Costanzo, J. P.;Lee, R. E.;Wright, M. F. 1991 Effect of cooling rate on the survival of frozen wood frogs, Rana sylvatica Journal of Comparative Physiology B 225-227 freeze tolerance, cooling rate, glucose, cryoprotection, dehydration, frog Book Section Coto, Alegria;Roberto, Jose;Leon, Pedro E. 1991 Repetitive DNA sequences and the evolution of Neotropical plethodontid salamanders Amphibian cytogenetics and evolution Academic Press, Inc. 157-173 Amphibia, Urodela, Plethodontidae, Lissamphibia, karyotype, technique, evolution, cytogenetics, taxonomy, systematics, phylogenetics, chromosome, RNA, DNA Journal Article Cotton, M. F.;Shahak, E.;Muller, G. J.;Heyns, L.;Kalis, N. N.;Aalbers, C. 1991 Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, an unusual complication of an elapid snakebite [letter] S Afr Med J 79 12 735-6 Journal Article Coulson, R.A.;Coulson, T.D.;Herbert, J.D. 1990 How do digestion and assimilation rates in alligators vary with temperature? Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Comp. Physiol. 96 4 441-449 AM, physiology, food, temperature, Edited Book Council, National Research 1990 Decline of the Sea Turtles: causes and prevention Washington, DC national Academy Press xvi, 259 Journal Article Couper, Patrick J.;Ingram, Glen J. 1992 A new species of skink of Lerista from Queensland and a re-appraisal of L. allanae (Longman) Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 32 1 55-59 Book Section Coutino, M.E.;Mourao, G.M.;Campos, Z.M. da S.;Pinheiro, M.S.;Abercrombie, C.L. 1992 Growth of caiman (Caiman Crocodilus yacare) in the Pantanal wetland, Brazil Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0132-5. 77 Journal Article Covacevich, J. A.;Couper, P.;Molnar, R. E.;Witten, G.;Young, W. 1990 Miocene dragons from Riversleigh: new data on the history of the Family Agamidae (Reptilia: Squamata) in Australia Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29 2 339-360 Journal Article Covacevich, J. A.;McDonald, K.;Trigger, D. 1990 Walunarra, Bungarra Mali and the Gangalidda at old Doomadgee Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29 2 322 Book Coventry, A. John;Robertson, Peter 1991 The Snakes of Victoria: A Guide to Their Identification Melbourne, VIC Museum of Melbourne 70 Journal Article Cowan, B. J.;Foty, Ramsey A.;Liversage, Richard Albert 1991 Insulin, glucagon and somatostatin localization in the pancreas of metamorphosed Xenopus laevis Tissue and Cell 23 6 777-787 Book Section Cox, J.H. 1990 Crocodile management in Indonesia: problems, policies and progress Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0008-6 xvii + 399 pp. 161-195 Book Cox, Merel J. 1991 The Snakes of Thailand and their Husbandry Malabar, FL Krieger xxxviii + 526 Journal Article Cox, W. A.;J. B. Hazelrig, M. E. Turner, R. A. Angus,;Marion, K. R. 1991 A model for growth in the musk turtle, Sternotherus minor, in a north Florida spring Copeia 1991 4 954-968 Sternotherus minor Journal Article Coyne, Jerry A. 1992 Genetics and speciation Nature 355 511-515 Book Section Craig, G.C. 1992 A population model for the Nile crocodile with an analysis of sustainable harvesting strategies Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0132-5. 78-81 Journal Article Cranston, Thurgess 1991 Notes on the natural history, husbandry, and breeding of the gray-banded kingsnake Vivarium 3 2 7-10 Lampropeltis alterna Journal Article Crawford, K.M., , 1991 The Winter Environment of Painted Turtles, Chrysemys-Picta - Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, and Potential Cues for Emergence Canadian Journal of Zoology - Journal Canadien de Zoologie 69 9 2493-2498 ACID-BASE, GAS-EXCHANGE, WATER, SUBMERGENCE, BELLII, HIBERNATION, DEMOGRAPHY, PHYSIOLOGY KM Crawford, Univ Michigan, Dept Anat & Cell Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 Journal Article Crawford, K.M.; 1991 The Winter Environment of Painted Turtles, Chrysemys-Picta - Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, and Potential Cues for Emergence Canadian Journal of Zoology - Journal Canadien de Zoologie 69 9 2493-2498 ACID-BASE, GAS-EXCHANGE, WATER, SUBMERGENCE, BELLII, HIBERNATION, DEMOGRAPHY, PHYSIOLOGY KM Crawford, Univ Michigan, Dept Anat & Cell Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 Journal Article Crawford, Michael J. W. K.;Liversage, Richard Albert 1992 Pattern perturbation in Xenopus laevis forelimb regenerates following treatment with retinoic acid and carrier media Monographs in Developmental Biology 23 146-156 Book Section Crawshaw, P.G., Jr. 1991 Effects of hunting on the reproduction of the Paraguayan caiman (Caiman yacare) in the Pantanal of Matogrosso, Brazil Robinson, J.G. and Redford, K.H. Neotropical wildlife use and conservation. 145-153 CY, utilization, South America Book Section Crawshaw, Graham J. 1992 The role of disease in amphibian decline Bishop, Christine A. and Pettit, Karen E. Declines in Canadian Amphibian Populations: Designing a National Monitoring Strategy Ottawa, Ontario Canadian Wildlife Service 60-62 Journal Article Crawshaw, L. I.;Rausch, R. N.;Wollmuth, L. P.;Bauer, E. J. 1992 Seasonal rhythms of development and temperature selection in larval bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana Shaw Physiological Zoology 65 346-359 Amphibia, Anura, Rana catesbeiana, development, growth, temperature, ecology Journal Article Crawshaw, L. I.;R. N. Rausch, L. P. Wollmuth;Bauer., E. J. 1992 Seasonal rhythms of development and temperature selection in larval bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana Shaw. Physiological Zoology 65 346-359 Journal Article Cree, A.;Guillette, L. J., Jr.;Cockrem, J. F.;Brown, M. A.;Chambers, G. K. 1990 Absence of daily cycles in plasma sex steroids in male and female tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus), and the effects of acute capture stress on females Gen Comp Endocrinol 79 1 103-13 The possible existence of daily cycles in plasma concentrations of sex steroids was examined in wild male and female tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus). Samples were collected from freshly captured animals at dusk, middle of the night, dawn, and middle of the day in January (summer) and July (winter). Males showed daily cycles in mean body temperature (Tb) in both seasons but no daily cycle in mean plasma testosterone concentration in either season. Vitellogenic female tuatara in January and females in mixed reproductive condition in July also showed significant daily variation in Tb. However, there were no daily cycles in mean plasma concentrations of estradiol, testosterone, or progesterone in either group of females. Vitellogenic female tuatara subjected to an acute capture stress (3-hr confinement) in January had mean plasma concentrations of estradiol and testosterone that did not differ from those of free-roaming females. However, progesterone and Tb were significantly higher in captives than in free-roaming females. The elevation in progesterone may result from physical confinement, the difference in Tb, or both. These data suggest that seasonal fluctuations in circulating concentrations of plasma sex steroids in tuatara can be determined using samples collected at different times of the 24-hr cycle. However, the effects of acute capture stress and/or changes in Tb on plasma progesterone concentrations need to be considered in future studies on this and possibly other female reptiles. Journal Article Cree, A.;Guillette, L.J.;Brown, M.A.;Chambers, G.K.;Cockrem, J.F.;Newton, J.D. 1991 Slow estradiol vitellogenesis in the Tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus Physiol. Zool. 64 5 1234-1251 Reptilia, squamata, tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus, physiology, vitellogenesis, induction, estradiol. Reprint Endnote 93/536 Journal Article CREE, A.;GUILLETTE, L.J.;COCKREM, J.F. 1991 Identification of female tuatara in ovulatory condition using plasma sex steroid concentrations Nw. Zealand J. Zool. 18 4 421-426 Reptilia, sauria, Sphenodon, physiology, ovulation, steriod, analysis. A Cree,Univ Otago,Dept Zool,Box 56,Dunedin, New Zealand. Reprint Endnote 93/450 Journal Article CREE, A.;COCKREM, J.F. ;Brown, M.A.;Watson, P.R. ;Guilette, L.J.;Newman, D.G. ;Chambers, G.K. 1991 Laparoscopy, radiography, and blood analyses as techniques for identifying the reproductive condition of female Tuatara. Herpetologica 47 2 238-249 Reptilia, sauria, Tuatara,Sphenodon punctatus, reproduction, laparoscopy, radiography, blood analyses "x" Journal Article Crews, D.;Bull, J.J.;Wibbels, T. 1991 Esrogen and sex reversal in turtles: A dose-dependent phenomenon General and Comparative Endocrinology 81 357-364 Ecotoxicology Journal Article Crews, D.;Bull, J.J.;Wibbels, T. 1991 Estrogen and sex reversal in turtles: a dose dependent phenomenon General and Comparative Endocrinology 81 357-364 sex ratio Book Section Crews, D.;Tousignant, A.;Wibbels, T.;Ross, J.P. 1992 Hormonal determination of gender and behaviour in reptiles Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0132-5. 82-94 Journal Article Crnobrnja, J.;Kalezic, M.L. 1990 The organization of the genetic variation in the crested newt (Triturus cristatus Complex) from Yugoslavia Genetika 22 133-146 Journal Article Crnobrnja, J.;Bejakovic, D.;Dzukic, G.;Kalezic, M.L.;Tucic, N. 1991 Asymmetry in common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis) and sharp snout rock lizard (Lacerta oxycephala) island populations from Skadar Lake Arh. biol. nauka 43 3-4 115-126 Journal Article Crnobrnja, J.;Kalezic, M.L.;Tucic, N. 1992 Multilocus structure of the smooth newt (Triturus vulgaris, Caudata) natural populations Genet. Sel. Evol. 24 385-392 Book Crocodile Specilist Group 1990 Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist, IUCN. Vols. 1 & 2 Gland, Switzerlad The World Conservation Union Vol. 1: xvi, 354; Vol. 2: vi, 345 Book Crocodile_Specialist_Group 1990 Crocodiles Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp Book Crocodile_Specialist_Group 1990 Crocodiles Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland Volume 2 ISBN 2-8317-0009-4 iv + 380 pp Book Crocodile_Specialist_Group 1990 Crocodiles Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland Volume 1 ISBN 2-8317-0008-6 xvii + 399 pp Book Crocodile_Specialist_Group 1990 Crocodiles Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland Volume 1 ISBN 2-8327-0022-1 xvi + 354 pp Book Crocodile_Specialist_Group 1990 Crocodiles Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland Volume 2 ISBN 2-8327-0023-X vi + 345 pp Book Crocodile_Specialist_Group 1992 Crocodiles Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland Volume 2 ISBN 2-8317-0133-3 Book Crocodile_Specialist_Group 1992 Crocodiles Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland Volume 1 ISBN 2-8317-0132-5 Book Crocodile_Specialist_Group 1992 Crocodile Conservation Action A Special Publication of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union Gland, Switzerland Journal Article Crombie, R. I. 1992 Book review: Lizards of the orient; a checklist Copeia 1992 2 590-594 Book Section Crother, Brain I.;Campbell, Jonathan A.;Hillis, David M. 1992 Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the palm-pitvipers, genus Bothriechis: biochemical and morphological evidence Campbell, J. A. and Brodie, E. D., Jr. Biology of the Pit vipers Tyler Texas Selva 1-19 bothrops evolution systematics Journal Article Crowe, M. J.;Pixley, S. K. 1992 Species differences in amphibian olfactory neuron reactivity to a monoclonal antibody Brain Res Bull 28 5 785-8 Ambystoma; Amphibia/*physiology; Animal; *Antibodies, Monoclonal; Comparative Study; Immunohistochemistry; Neurons/*physiology; Olfactory Mucosa/anatomy & histology/innervation; Peptide Synthases/immunology; Rana catesbeiana; Species Specificity; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Xenopus laevis A monoclonal antibody immunostained a subpopulation of olfactory sensory neurons in cryostat sections of the olfactory mucosa of the grass frog, Rana pipiens, and the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. However, in the olfactory tissues of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, only mucus and mucus-secreting components were stained, and no cell- specific immunoreactivity was seen in the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum. This antibody is a useful marker of olfactory neuronal subpopulations in some amphibians and illustrates the difficulties in cross-species immunocytochemistry. Journal Article Crucitti, P.;Campese, A.;Malori, M. 1990 Popolazioni sintopiche di Emy orbicularis e Mauremys caspica nella Tracia, Grecia Orientale (Reptilia: Testudines: Emydidae) Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali - Torino 8 1 187-196 Book Crumly, Charles R. 1990 Type Catalogues of Herpetological Collections: An Annotated List of Lists Lawrence, KS SSAR No. 18 50 Journal Article Crump, M. L. 1990 Possible enhancement of growth in tadpoles through cannibalism Copeia 1990 560-564 Journal Article Crump, M. L. 1991 Choice of oviposition site and egg load assessment by a treefrog Herpetologica 47 308-315 Journal Article Crump, M. L.;Vaira., M. 1991 Vulnerability of Pleurodema borelli tadpoles to an avian predator: effect of body size and density Herpetologica 47 316-321 Book Section Crump, M. L. 1992 Cannibalism in amphibians Elgar, M. A. and Crespi, B. J. Cannibalism: Ecology and Evolution Among Diverse Taxa Oxford, U. K. Oxford University Press 256-276 Amphibia, oophagy, costs, populations, tadpoles, larvae Journal Article Cruz, Feliux B.;Perotti, M. Gabriela;Fitzgerald, Lee A. 1992 List of amphibians and reptiles from a locality of the Argentine Chaco (Salta) Acata Zoologica Lilloana 42 1 101-107 Journal Article Cruz, F. B.;Perotti, M. G.;Fitzgerald, L. A. 1992 Lista de anfibios y reptiles colectados en una localidad del Chaco Salteno Acta Zoologica Lilloana 42 1 101-107 species list, amphibians, reptiles, Argentina, Journal Article Cuellar, Orlando;Wright, John W. 1992 Isogenicity in the unisexual lizard Cnemidophorus velox C.R. Soc. Biogéogr. 68 4 157-160 zion parthenogenesis skin grafting histocompatibility Journal Article Cupp, P. V., Jr. 1991 Aspects of the life history and ecology of the green salamander, Aneides aeneus, in Kentucky. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science 66 171-174 Journal Article Cusumano, M. A.;Powell, R. 1991 A note on the diet of Amphisbaena gonavensis in the Dominican Republic Amphibia-Reptilia 350-352 diet, Amphisbaena gonavensis, Dominican Republic Journal Article Cutts, W. 1992 Gopher tortoise reproduction - Caladesi Island Fla. Dep. Nat. Resour., Resour. Manage. Notes 4 1 3 Journal Article Czechura, G. V.;Ingram, Glen J. 1990 Notes on the distribution and occurrence of some striped skinks (genus Ctenotus) in Queensland Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29 2 366 Journal Article Czechura, Gregory V.;Ingram, Glen J. 1990 Taudactylus diurnus and the case of the disappearing frogs Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29 2 361-365 Journal Article Czechura, G. V. 1990 Further evidence of ophiophagy in an Australian falcon Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29 2 332 Journal Article D'Amato, A. F. 1992 Notas sobre o desenvolvimento de Platemys spixii (Dumeril & Bibron, 1835) (Testudines: Chelidae) em cativeiro Acta Biologica Leopoldensia 14 1 87-94 turtle; hatchling; egg; development Journal Article Daddario, B. 1991 Hatchling feeding tips Nytts NewsNotes 2 2 testu,zucht,vit PF x Journal Article Dahlem, Eugene A. 1991 Recent Bureau of Land Management efforts in tortoise habitat management in Arizona Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 70-71 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Dahlem, Eugene A. 1991 The desert tortoise and Arizona BLM: 1989 Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 165-166 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Dahlem, Eugene A. 1991 Arizona Bureau of Land Management accomplishments for 1989 Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 222-223 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Dahlem, Eugene A. 1991 Report of the desert tortoise management oversight group: 1989 accomplishments and 1990 goals Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 224 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Dailey, M.D.;Fast, M.L.;Balasz, G.H. 1991 Carettacola hawaiiensis n. sp. (Trematoda: spirorchidae) from the green turtle, Chelonia mydas, in Hawaii J. Parasitol. 77 6 906-909 Reptilia, testudines, green turtle, Chelonia mydas, infection, helminth, Trematoda, spirorchidae,Carettacola hawaiiensis n. sp. Reprint Endnote 94/190 and 94/194 Journal Article Dainton, B. H. 1991 Heat tolerance and thyroid activity in developing tadpoles and juvenile adults of Xenopus laevis (Daudin) Journal of Thermal Biology 16 273-276 Journal Article Dale, Roger A.;Lee, Jun 1992 New initiatives for desert tortoise habitat acquisition and conservation Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 154-157 Journal Article Dalrymple, G. H. 1991 Patterns of species diversity of snake community assemblages, with data on two everglades snake assemblages Copeia 1991 2 517-521 diversity, community, species, behavior Journal Article Dalrymple, George H.;Steiner, T. M.;Nodell, R. J. 1991 Seasonal activity of the snakes of Long Pine Key, Everglades National Park Copeia 1991 2 294-302 snakes, keys, florida, activity Report Dalton, Larry B.;Price, Jennifer S.;Romin, Laura A. 1990 Fauna of Southeastern Utah and Life requisites Regarding Their Ecosystems Journal Article Daltry, Jennifer 1991 The social hierarchy of the water monitor, Varanus salvator Hamadryad 16 10-20 Varanus salvator; Behavior Journal Article Daly, Joanne C.;Patton, J. L. 1990 Dispersal, gene flow, and allelic diversity between local populations of Thomomys bottae pocket gophers in the coastal ranges of California Evolution 44 5 1283-1294 genetics Journal Article Daly, Garry 1992 Aggressive territorial behaviour of free range water dragons (Physignathus lesueurii) Herpetofauna 22 1 37 Physignathus lesueurii Journal Article Daly, John W.;Caceres, Janet;Moni, Roger W.;Gusovsky, Fabian;Moos, Malcolm, Jr.;Seamon, Kenneth B.;Milton, Katherin;Myers, Charles W. 1992 Frog secretions and hunting magic in the upper Amazon: Identification of a peptide that interacts with an adenosine receptor Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 89 10960-10963 Journal Article Daly, J. W.;Secunda, S. I.;Garraffo, H. M.;Spande, T. F.;Wisnieski, A.;Nishihira, C.;J. F. Cover, Jr. 1992 Variability in alkaloid profiles in neotropical poison frogs (Dendrobatidae): Genetic versus environmental determinants Toxicon. 30 8 887-898 amphibians, frogs, chemicals Journal Article Daly, J. W.;Caceres, J.;Moni, R. W.;Gusovsky, F.;M. Moos, Jr.;Seaman, K. B.;Milton, K.;Myers, C. W. 1992 Frog secretions and hunting magic in the upper Amazon: Identification of a peptide that interacts with an adenosine receptor Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 89 10960-10963 Phyllomedusa bicolor, skin secretions, peptides, adenoregulin, Brazil, Peru, Amphibia, Anura Journal Article Damm, Norm 1992 Book Review: Proper Care of Snakes Notes From NOAH 20 3 22-23 Journal Article Damme, Van Raoul;Bauwens, Dirk;Castilla, Aurora M. 1990 Comaparative thermal ecology of the sympatric lizards Pocarcis tiliguerta and Podarcis sicula Oecologica 11 4 503-12 thermal biology, lizard Journal Article Damme, Raoul Van;Bawens, Dirk;Brana, Florentino;Rudolf, F. 1992 Incubation temperature differentially affects hatching time, survival, andhatchlingperformance in the lizard Podarcis muralis Herpetologica 48 2 220-228 temperature, functional effects, incubation, performance Journal Article Daneri, G. A. 1991 Tertología en Dermatonotus muelleri (Boettger, 1885) (Microhylidae) Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 6 1 6 teratology; Dermatonotus muelleri Journal Article Daniels, Christopher B.;Heatwole, Harold 1990 Factors affecting the escape behavior of a riparian lizard Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29 2 375-387 Journal Article Daniels, Christopher B. 1990 The relative importance of host behaviour, method of transmission and longevity on the establishment of an Acanthocephalan population in two reptilian hosts Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29 2 367-374 Journal Article Daniels, R. J. Ranjit 1991 The problem of conserving amphibians in the Western Ghats, India Current Science 60 11 630-632 Journal Article Daniels, R. J. Ranjit 1992 Range extensions in some south Indian amphibians Hamadryad 17 40-42 India Journal Article Daniels, R. J. Ranjit 1992 Captive breeding of anurans Hamadryad 17 47-48 Conservation; Captive breeding Book Daniels, J.C. 1992 The book of Indian Reptiles Bombay Bombay Natural History Society 141 + 52 plates India Journal Article Daniels, R. J. Ranjit 1992 Geographical Range and Ecology of the Verrucose Frog Rana Deralensis (Dubois) Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 89 2 199-203 Journal Article Darevsky, Ilya S. 1992 Two new species of the worm-like lizard Dibamus (Sauria, Dibamidae), with remarks on the distribution and ecology of Dibamus in Vietnam Asiatic Herpetological Research 4 1-12 sauria china taxonomy sp. nov. bourreti greeri smithi bogadeki montanus key Journal Article Darevsky, Ilya S.;Orlov, Nikolai L. 1992 A new subspecies of the dwarf snake Calamaria lowi ingermarxi ssp. nov. (Serpentes, Colubridae) from Southern Vietnam Asiatic Herpetological Research 4 13-17 colubridae biogeography distribution taxonomy Book Section Dart, Richard C.;McNally, Jude T.;Spaite, Daniel W.;Gustafson, Richard 1992 The sequelae of pitviper poisoning in the United States Campbell, J. A. and Brodie, E. D., Jr. Biology of the Pit vipers Tyler Texas Selva 395-404 snakebite Edited Book Darwin, Steven P.;Welden, Arthur L. 1992 Biogeography of Mesoamerica: Proceedings of a Symposium, Mérida, Yucatán, México October 26-30, 1984 New Orleans Tulane University viii, 342 p. Journal Article Das, Indraneil;Pritchard, Peter C. H. 1990 Intergradation between Melanochelys trijuga trijuga and M. t. coronata (Testudines: Emydidae: Batagurinae) Asiatic Herpetological Research 3 52-53 ussr systematics ecology dinniki darevskii armenia turkey ursini eriwanensis renardi Journal Article Das, Indraneil;Whitaker, Romulus 1990 Herpetological investigations in the western Ghats, South India. part I. The vanjikadavu and Nadukani forests, Kerala State Hamadryad 15 6-9 Journal Article Das, Indraneil 1990 Distributional Records for Chelonians from North-Eastern India Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 87 1 91-97 Journal Article Das, Indraneil 1991 Morphometrics of Eryx conicus (Schneider) at a locality in South India (Squamata: Boidae) Hamadryad 16 21-24 Eryx conicus; Morphometrics Journal Article Das, Indraneil 1991 Book Review: Zoogeography of Indian Amphibans: Distribution, Diversity and Spatial relationship Hamadryad 16 33 Book Review Journal Article Das, Indraneil 1991 Book Review: Lizards of the Orient: A Checklist Hamadryad 16 35 Book Review Book Das, Indraneil 1991 Color Guide to the Turtles and Tortoises of the Indian Subcontinent Avon, England R & A Publishing vi + 133 + 16 plates India; Chelonia Book Das, Indraneil 1991 Colour guide to the turtles and tortoises of the Indian subcontinent Avon, England R & A Publishing vi + 133 + 16 plates India; Chelonia Journal Article Das, Indraneil 1992 Cyrtodactylus madarensis Sharma (1980), a junior synonym of Eublepharis macularius Blyth (1854) Asiatic Herpetological Research 4 55-56 gekkonidae systematics Journal Article Das, Indraneil 1992 Eggs and hatchlings of some lizards from Borneo Hamadryad 17 42-45 Ptychozoon horsfieldii; Hemiphyllodactylus typus; Cosymbotus platyurus; Draco quinquefasciatus; Bronchocela cristatella Journal Article Das, Indraneil 1992 Notes on egg sizes and ticks of the yellow-lipped sea krait (Laticauda colubrinus) on Palau Punyit, Brunei Darussalam Hamadryad 17 45-46 Laticauda colubrina; Ticks; Egg size Journal Article Das, Indraneil 1992 Book Review: Frogs of Sabah Hamadryad 17 54-55 Book Review Journal Article Dasgupta, Ritwik 1990 Distribution and conservation problems of the Himalayan newt (Tylototriton verrucosus) in the Darjeeling Himalayas Hamadryad 15 13-15 Tylototriton verrucosus; Conservation; Distribution Journal Article Dash, M. C.;Mahapatro., B. K. 1990 Effect of food quality and quantity on growth and metamorphosis of Bufo stomaticus larvae J. Ecobiol. 2 67-76 Journal Article Dasmahapatra, A.K.;Thomas, C.R.;Frieden, E. 1992 Isolation, Stabilization, and Molecular Weight Estimation of Thyroid Hormone Receptors of Tadpole and Chick Embryo Erythrocytes Receptor 2 4 213-223 Thyroid Hormone Receptors of Tadpole and Chick Embryo Erythrocytes; Isolation of Thyroid Hormone Receptors Using EDTA; KCl and Thiol Reagents Stabilize Thyroid Hormone Receptors; Molecular Weight of Thyroid Hormone Receptors; Gel Permeation Chromatography of Thyroid Hormone Receptors; Binding Affinity of Isolated Thyroid Hormone Receptors; Effects of DNAse, RNase, and Protease on Thyroid Hormone Receptors; NUCLEAR TRIIODOTHYRONINE RECEPTORS; BINDING-SITES; LIVER Journal Article DATHE, F. 1992 Kokzidienbefall bei Schlangen und Echsen im Reptilienbestand des Tierparks Berlin-Friedrichsfelde Vortragszusammenfassungen der Dght Jahrestagung 20 serp,echsen,vet,proto PF x Journal Article Dathe, F. 1992 Coccidiosis in snakes and lizards in the reptile collection of the Zoo Berlin- Friedrichsfelde. Kokzidienbefall bei Schlangen und Echsen im Reptilienbestand des Tierparks Berlin-Friedrichsfelde Vortragszusammenfassungen der Dght Jahrestagung 1992 20 serp,echsen,vet,proto PF x Journal Article Dattatri, Shekar 1990 The herpetologist as photographer Hamadryad 15 36-41 Photography Journal Article Daubendiek, Bertha 1992 Report on the Michigan Nature Association's copperbelly water snake sanctuary Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 27 11 234 conservation reserve Journal Article Davenport, J.D.;Grove, J.;Cannon, J.;Ellis, T.R.;Stables, R. 1990 Food capture, appetite, digestion rate and efficiency in hatchling and juvenile Crocodylus porosus J. Zool., Lond. 220 4 569-592 CPR, food, behavior, physiology, Journal Article Davenport, J.;Holland, D.L.;East, J. 1990 Thermal and biochemical characteristics of the lipids of the leatherback turtle Dermochelys coriacea: evidence of endothermy J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 70 33-41 leatherback Journal Article Davenport, J.;Wong, T. M. 1992 Aerial and aquatic respiration in the black-rayed softshell turtle Amyda cartilaginea Herpetol J 2 4 115-120 Reptilia, testudines, black-rayed softshell turtle, Amyda cartilaginea, respiration Black-rayed softshell turtles (Amyda cartilaginea ) from Malaysia were shown to be capable of extracting oxygen from water by a combination of cutaneous and buccopharyngeal respiration. Given access to air as well as water they consumed a mean 81 ml O2 g-1h-1; when submerged and respiring aquatically the uptake fell to a mean value of 21 ml O2 g-1h-1(ratio 3.86:1). Behavioural data show that the turtles cannot survive indefinitely by aquatic respiration alone as they incur an oxygen debt, even when inactive. Scope for activity is substantially reduced, even when air becomes available, until the oxygen debt is repaid. Buccopharyngeal respiration is a normal feature of behaviour, and is not used solely during prolonged submergence. The turtles pump some 40-80 ml water min-1 through the pharynx at 30 °C. Turtles display dilated cutaneous blood vessels when they are submerged for long periods. Reprint Endnote 93/100 Journal Article Davenport, J.;Wong, T. M.;East, J. 1992 Feeding and digestion in the omnivorous estuarine turtle Batagur baska (Gray) Herpetol J 2 4 133-139 Reptilia, testudines, terrapin, Batagur baska, nutrition, digestion, herbivory The emydid river terrapin Batagur baska (colloquially known as the tuntong) lives in rivers and estuaries of S.E. Asia. The species is omnivorous, but predominantly herbivorous from the hatchling stage onwards. Young fiver terrapins (3-4 months; 140-200 g body wt) from a headstarting programme in western Malaysia were studied. Appetite on a plant diet (kangkong; Ipomoea aquatica: Convolvulacea) was extremely high (16% body wt d-1 on fresh wt basis); river terrapins spend long periods of browsing, using the double serrations of the upper beak to cut up plant material. The serrations also function in ratchet like fashion to allow large leaves to be progressively moved into the oesophagus without the turtle losing contact with the food. Batagur baska readily eats water hyacinth (Echornia crassipes), a plant which often chokes tropical waterways. River terrapins fed on trash fish move a meal through the gut more quickly (total gut clearance time, TGCT = 5 days) than do those fed upon kangkong (TGCT = 6 days). The gut features a large stomach. a small intestine of moderate length but large diameter and a capacious large intestine. The gut does not sort material. Assimilation efficiency on a diet of fish (mean assimilation of dry mass = 91.6%, of energy (joules) = 90.5%. of protein = 97.4%) is much greater than on a diet of kangkong (43.2%, 38.6% and 66.0% respectively). It is recommended that headstarted animals are regularly fed on fish to improve growth rates. River terrapins readily eat plant material in salinities between 0 and 19.8 parts per thousand, but refuse to eat in water of 23.1 parts per thousand, or more, presumably to avoid the incidental drinking of water with a higher ionic content than their blood. Journal Article Davenport, J.;Andrews, T.J.;Hudson, G. 1992 Assimilation of energy, protein and fatty acids by the Spectacled caiman Caiman crocodilus crocodilus L Herp. J, 2 3 72-76 CCR, biochemistry, food, physiology, Book Section David, D. 1990 Florida's alligator management program Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0008-6 xvii + 399 pp. 196-205 Book Section David, D.N. 1990 Summary of alligator farming records in Florida Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8327-0022-1 xvi + 354 pp. 54-103 AM, farming, reproduction, demography, FL Journal Article David, Patrick 1990 Rapport d'activité de la Commission de Terrariophilie Bulletin de la Société Herpétologique de France 56 80-81 Journal Article Davies, M.;Richards., S. J. 1990 Developmental biology of the Australian hylid frog Nyctimystes dayi (Günther) Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 114 207-211 Journal Article Davies, M. 1991 Descriptions of the tadpoles of some Australian limnodynastine leptodactylid frogs Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 115 67-76 Journal Article Davies, P. J.;Donald, J. A. 1992 The distribution and colocalization of neuropeptides in perivascular nerves innervating the large arteries and veins of the snake, Elaphe obsoleta Cell Tissue Res 269 3 495-504 Adrenergic Fibers/chemistry/ultrastructure; Animal; Arteries/chemistry/*innervation; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/analysis; Colubridae/*anatomy & histology/metabolism; Enkephalin, Leucine/analysis; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Immunohistochemistry; Inosine Monophosphate/analysis; Neurons/*chemistry/ultrastructure; Neuropeptide Y/analysis; Neuropeptides/*analysis/metabolism; Somatostatin/analysis; Substance P/analysis; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/analysis; Veins/chemistry/*innervation; 5'-Guanylic Acid/analysis Single- and dual-labelling immunohistochemistry were used to determine the distribution and coexistence of neuropeptides in perivascular nerves of the large arteries and veins of the snake, Elaphe obsoleta, using antibodies for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, neuropeptide Y, galanin, somatostatin, and leu-enkephalin. Blood vessels were sampled from four regions along the body of the snake: region 1, arteries and veins anterior to the heart; region 2, central vasculature 5 cm anterior and 10 cm posterior to the heart; region 3, arteries and veins in a 30-cm region posterior to the liver; and region 4, dorsal aorta and renal arteries, renal and intestinal veins, 5-30 cm cephalad of the vent. A moderate to dense distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactive fibres was found in most arteries and veins of regions 1-3, but fibres were absent from the vessels of region 4. The majority of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactive fibres contained colocalized substance P-like immunoreactivity, and these fibres were unaffected by either capsaicin or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) pretreatment. In the anterior section of the snake, the vagal trunks contained many cell bodies with colocalized vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and substance P-like immunoreactivity. It is suggested that the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/substance P-like immunoreactive cell bodies and fibres are parasympathetic postganglionic nerves. Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive fibres were observed in all arteries and veins, being most dense in regions 3 and 4. The majority of these fibres also contained colocalized galanin-like immunoreactivity, and were absent in tissues from 6-OHDA pretreated snakes, suggesting that neuropeptide Y and galanin are colocalized in adrenergic nerves. A small number of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive fibres contained vasoactive intestinal polypeptide but not galanin, and were unaffected by 6-OHDA treatment. All calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactive fibres contained colocalized substance P-like immunoreactivity, and these fibres were observed in all vessels, being particularly dense in the carotid artery and jugular veins. All calcitonin gene-related peptide/substance P-like immunoreactive fibres appeared damaged after capsaicin treatment suggesting they represent fibres from afferent sensory neurons. A sparse plexus of somatostatin-like immunoreactive fibres was observed in the vessels only from region 4. No enkephalin- like immunoreactive fibres were found in any blood vessels from any region. This study provides morphological evidence to suggest that there is considerable functional specialization within the components of the rat snake peripheral autonomic system controlling the circulation, in particular the regulation of venous capacitance. Journal Article Davis, B. M.;Ayers, J. L.;Koran, L.;Carlson, J.;Anderson, M. C.;Simpson, S. B., Jr. 1990 Time course of salamander spinal cord regeneration and recovery of swimming: HRP retrograde pathway tracing and kinematic analysis Exp Neurol 108 3 198-213 Animal; Axons/physiology; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Brain/anatomy & histology/physiology; Exertion/physiology; Horseradish Peroxidase/diagnostic use; Neural Pathways/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Notophthalmus viridescens; Regeneration/*physiology; Spinal Cord/anatomy & histology/growth & development/*physiology; Time Factors The time course of regeneration of supraspinal and descending brachial intraspinal axons was studied using HRP retrograde tracing and kinematic analysis. Five groups of salamanders (10 salamanders/group) received complete thoracic transection 1.0 cm rostral to the hind limbs abolishing swimming. Groups 1-4 recovered for 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks, respectively, before being filmed to record the animal's ability to swim. After filming, a second transection was made 1.0 cm caudal to the first (at the level of the lumbar enlargement) and HRP was used to label descending axons which had grown past the first lesion. The fifth group was filmed every 2 weeks for 12 weeks before the second transection was made for HRP application. The films were used to perform frame by frame computer analysis of the amplitude and timing of cyclic lateral flexion waves which make up swimming behavior. The earliest return of coordinated swimming behavior was seen 4 weeks after transection (1 of 20 animals). At 6 weeks post-transection, 5 of 10 animals exhibited coordinated swimming. However, the behavior in these animals was subnormal. In the group surviving 8 weeks post-transection, 5 of 10 animals recovered coordinated swimming behavior. In the group that was filmed every 2 weeks, 5 of the 10 salamanders which did recover, exhibited coordinated swimming behavior by the eighth week post-transection. Kinematic analysis of salamanders that exhibited a return of coordinated swimming revealed quantitative differences compared to normal salamanders. While continuous head to tail undulatory waves were present, the propagation time and period were faster than those in normal salamanders. Retransection of the spinal cord abolished coordinated swimming. The numbers and distribution of HRP-labeled supraspinal neurons varied greatly among the animals that displayed recovery of locomotor abilities. In the salamanders examined 6 weeks post-transection the majority of labeled cells were found in medullary nuclei. In recovered salamanders examined 8 and 12 weeks post- transection, HRP-labeled neurons were found in the red nucleus, in the interstitial nucleus of the fasciculus longitudinalis medialis, and in the mesencephalic as well as the medullary reticular neurons. Recovery of coordinated swimming was only observed in salamanders in which descending supraspinal and intraspinal axons were present at the level of the lumbar enlargement (as demonstrated by HRP retrograde labeling). These results indicate that recovery of locomotion is dependent on the reestablishment of descending input and is not a result of changes in spinal reflexes or propagation of electrical activity through the body wall. Journal Article Davis, R.B.;Philips, L.G. 1991 A method of sexing the Dumeril's monitor. Herp review 22 1 18-19 reptilia, squamata, sauria, varanidae, Varanus dumerili, anatomy, sex differentiation * Journal Article Davis, B.J. 1991 Developmental changes in the blood oxygen transport system of Kemp's ridley sea turtle, Lepidochelys olivacea Canadian Journal of Zoology 69 2660-2666 ridley; diving; physiology Journal Article Davis, Wade;Weil, Andrew T. 1992 Identity of a new world psychoactive toad Ancient Mesoamerica 3 51-59 Bufo marinus, B. alvarius, 5-MeO-DMT, Precolumbian peoples Journal Article Dayrymple, G. H.;Bernardino, F. S.;Steiner, T. M. 1991 Patterns of species diversity of snake community assemblages, with data on two evergladessnake assembledges Copeia 1991 2 517-521 populations, snakes, Florida, everglades, diversity Journal Article De Carlo, J. M.;Pellerano, G. N. 1992 Anatomo-histological considerations on the oesophagus and stomach of Chthonerpeton indistinctum (Gymnophiona, Typhlonectidae) Physis Seccion B las Aguas Continentales y sus Organismos 50 118-119 5-12 Chthonerpeton Indistinctum; Esophagus; Mucus Cell; Oxynticopeptic Cell; Cytology; Histology In a study of this apod amphibian of our fauna, the anatomical characteristics of oesophagus are considered firstly, complemented with microscopic structure. Various histological and histochemical techniques were employed in order to underline cytological features. An identical criterion was used in the study of the stomach, where three characteristic zones were found: anterior, fundic and pyloric. The former two have tubular glands with a neck of mucous cells and a glandular bottom with oxynticopeptic cells indicated by their ultrastructure. In the pyloric zone the glands are also tubular, but formed only by mucous cells similar to the lining of the stomach epithelium. Finally the microscopic structural characteristics of this apod amphibian are compared with those of some anuran amphibians. Journal Article De la Peña, M. R. 1991 Hallazgo de un nido del yacaré overo (Caiman latirostris) Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 6 1 6 Caiman latirostris Journal Article De La Riva, I 1990 Lista preliminar comentada de los anfibios de Bolivia con datos sobre su distribución Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali - Torino 8 1 261-319 Journal Article De La Riva, I. 1990 Lista preliminar comentada de los anfibios de Bolivia con datos sobre su distribucion Estratto- dal Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali - Torino 8 1 261-319 checklist, Amphibia, distributions Journal Article De la Riva, Ignacio 1990 Lista preliminar de los anfibios de Bolivia con datos sobre su distribución Boll. Mus. reg. Sci. Nat. Torino 8 1 261-319 H. acreana, H. armata, H. bifurca, H. fasciata, H. geographica, H. leali, H. leucophyllata, H. melanargirea, H. minuta, H. molitor, H. nana, H. parviceps, H. pulchella, H. punctata, H. raniceps, H. riveroi, H. roeschmanni, H. rosalleni, H. rubicunda, H. steinbachi, Anura, Caudata Journal Article De la Riva, I. 1991 Comentarios sobre el género Gastrotheca (Anura Hylidae) en Bolivia y descripción de una nueva especie Rev. Esp. Herp. 6 15-22 Gastrotheca marsupiata , Gastrotheca laurizicae (Anura Hylidae), Bolivia, Journal Article de Lema, T.;Ferreira, M.T.S. 1990 Contribuic cao ao conhecimento dos testudines do Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil) - lista sistematica comentada (Reptilia) Acta Biol. Leopoldensia 12 125-164 Journal Article de Lisle, H. F. 1991 Behavioral ecology of the banded rock lizard (Petrosaurus mearnsi) Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Science 90 3 102-117 Reptiles, lizards, behavior, ecology, California, home range, activity, growth, survivorship, reproduction Journal Article De Pérez, G. R.;Ruiz-Carranza, P. M.;Ramirez-Pinilla., M. P. 1992 Modificaciones tegumentarias de larvas y adultos durante el cuidado parental en Minyobates virolinensis (Amphibia: Anura Dendrobatidae) Caldasia 17 75-86 Journal Article De Pérez, G. R.;Ruiz-Carranza, P. M.;Ramirez-Pinilla., M. P. 1992 Especializaciones del tegumento de incubacion de la hembra de Cryptobatrachus boulengeri (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae) Caldasia 17 87-94 Journal Article de Queiroz, Kevin 1990 Ctenosaura bakeri Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 465 1-2 Journal Article de Queiroz, Kevin 1990 Ctenosaura oedirhina Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 466 1-2 Journal Article de Queiroz, Kevin;Donoghue, Michael J. 1990 Phylogenetic systematics or Nelson's version of cladistics Cladistics 6 61-75 Journal Article de Queiroz, Kevin;Donoghue, Michael J. 1990 Phylogenetic systematics and species revisited Cladistics 6 83-90 Journal Article de Queiroz, Kevin;Gauthier, Jacques 1990 Phylogeny as a central principle in taxonomy: phylogenetic definitions of taxon names Systematic Zoology 39 4 307-322 Journal Article de Queiroz, Kevin;Donoghue, Michael J. 1990 Phylogenetic systematics or Nelson's version of cladistics? Cladistics 6 61-75 Journal Article de Queiroz, Kevin 1992 Phylogenetic relationships and rates of allozyme evolution among the lineages of sceloporine sand lizards Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 45 333-362 Journal Article de Queiroz, Kevin;Gauthier, Jacques 1992 Phylogenetic taxonomy Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 23 449-480 Journal Article de Queiroz, Kevin 1992 Phylogenetic definitions and taxonomic philosophy Biology and Philosophy 7 295-313 Journal Article de Sá, Raphael O.;Hillis, David M. 1990 Phylogenetic relationships of the pipid frogs Xenopus and Silurana: An integration of ribosomal DNA amd morphology Molecular Biology and Evolution 7 4 365-376 Journal Article de Sá, Rafeal O.;Hillis, David M. 1990 Phylogenetic relationships of the pipid frogs Xenopus and Silurana: an integration of ribosomal DNA and morphology Molecular Biology and Evolution 7 365-376 Amphibian, anura, relationships, phylogeny, molecular techniques Journal Article de Sá, Rafael O.;Trueb, Linda 1991 Osteology, skeletal development, and chondrocranial structure of Hamptophryne boliviana (Anura: Microhylidae) Journal of Morphology 209 311-330 Amphibia, Anura, Hamptophryne boliviana, osteology, skeletal development, chondrocranial structure, morphology, Peru Journal Article De Sá, R. O.;Trueb., L. 1991 Osteology, skeletal development, and chondrocranial structure of Hamptophryne boliviana Journal of Morphology 209 311-330 Journal Article De Silva, Anslem 1990 Observations on some vanishing relict lizards of Sri Lanka Hamadryad 15 34-35 Ceratophora; Lyriocephalus; Cophotis ceylanica; Sri Lanka Book de Silva, Anslem 1990 Colour Guide to the snakes of Sri Lanka Avon, England R & A Publishing vi + 130 + 12 plates Sri Lanka Journal Article de Siqueira, J. E.;Higuchi, M. de L.;Nabut, N.;Lose, A.;Souza, J. K.;Nakashima, M. 1990 [Myocardial lesions after snake bites by the Crotalus durissus terrificus species (rattlesnake). A case report] Arq Bras Cardiol 54 5 323-5 Extensive and severe myocardial lesions are reported in a patient who died due to snakebite (Crotalus Durissus Terrificus). These lesions are documented by clinical, electrocardiographic, enzymatic and histological evidences. The main pathological features are represented by sarcoplasmatic vacuoles, densely clumped myofibrils and amorphous acidophilic mass into the cardiac fibers. These lesions are identical to those which have already been described in skeletal muscle after snakebite. This seems to be the first case report that shows undoubt myocardial lesions due to snakebite with anatomopathological documentation. Book de Vosjoli, Philippe 1990 The General Care and Maintenance of Leopard Geckos and African Fat-Tailed Geckos Lakeside, CA Advanced Vivarium Systems 36 eublepharus macularius hemitheconyx caudicinctus Book de Vosjoli, Philippe 1990 The General Care and Maintenance of Red-Tailed Boas Lakeside, California Advanced Vivarium Series 48 Book de Vosjoli, Philippe 1990 The General Care and Maintenance of True Chameleons. Part I Husbandry Lakeside, California Advanced Vivarium Series 36 Book de Vosjoli, Philippe 1990 The General Care and Maintenance of Leopard Geckos Lakeside, California Advanced Vivarium Series 36 Book de Vosjoli, Philippe 1990 The General Care and Maintenance of Horned Frogs Lakeside, California Advanced Vivarium Series 32 Book de Vosjoli, Philippe 1990 The General Care and Maintenance of White's Tree Frogs and White-lipped Tree Frogs Lakeside, California Advanced Vivarium Series 30 Book de Vosjoli, Philippe 1990 True Chameleons part II, Notes on Popular species Diseases and Disorders Lakeside, California Advanced Vivarium Series 29 Book de Vosjoli, Philippe 1990 The Right way to feed Insect-eating Lizards Lakeside, California Advanced Vivarium Systems 32 Book de Vosjoli, Philippe 1991 The General Care and Maintenance of Burmese Pythons Lakeside, California Advanced Vivarium Series 44 Book de Vosjoli, Philippe 1991 Arachnomania: The General Care and Maintenance of tarantulas & Scorpions Lakeside, California Advanced Vivarium Series 80 Journal Article de Vosjoli, Philippe 1991 Herpetoculture: An investigation into its psychological origin Vivarium 3 4 5-6;8 Book de Vosjoli, Philippe 1992 The Green Iguana Manual Lakeside, CA Advanced Vivarium Systems 71 iguana Book de Vosjoli, Philippe 1992 The General Care and Maintenance of Box Turtles Including sections on Chinese and Malayan Box Turtles Lakeside, California Advanced Vivarium Series 36 Book de Vosjoli, Philippe 1992 The General Care and Maintenance of Green Anoles Lakeside, California Advanced Vivarium Series 47 Book de Vosjoli, Philippe 1992 The General Care and Maintenance of Red-Eared Sliders and Other Freshwater Turtles Lakeside, California Advanced Vivarium Series 47 Book de Vosjoli, Philippe 1992 The General Care and Maintenance of Green Water Dragons, Sailfin Lizards and Basilisks Lakeside, California Advanced Vivarium Series 31 Journal Article de Vosjoli, Philippe 1992 President's message Vivarium 3 6 4;15;24;28 Journal Article de Vosjoli, Philippe 1992 Journey through the enchanted planet Vivarium 4 2 4-5;36-38 Book de Vosjoli, Philippe 1992 The General Care and Maintenance of Box Turtles Including sections on Chinese and Malaysian Box Turtles Lakeside, CA Advanced Vivarium Systems 36 Terrapene; Cuora; Box turtles Journal Article Dearing, M. D.;Schall, J. J. 1992 Testing models of optimal diet assembly by the generalist herbivorous lizard Cnemidophorus murinus Ecology 73 3 845-858 reptiles, lizards, behavior, food, plant toxins, Journal Article Debski, E. A.;Constantine-Paton., M. 1990 Evoked pre- and post-synaptic activity in the optic tectum of the cannulated tadpole Journal of Comparative Physiology 167A 377-390 Journal Article Decker, Eugene 1991 Some public relations/communications aspects of desert conservation [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 167 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Deegan, Bob 1990 Notes on the natural history of the marbled salamander (Ambystoma opacum) Vivarium 2 5 6-7;24 Ambystoma opacum Journal Article Deeming, D.C.;Ferguson, M.W.J. 1990 Methods for the determination of the physical characteristics of eggs of Alligator mississippiensis: A comparison with other crocodilian and avian eggs Herpetol. J. 1 10 458-462 AM, egg, techniques, Journal Article Deeming, D.C.;Ferguson, M.W.J. 1990 Morphometric analysis of embryonic development in Alligator mississippiensis, Crocodylus johnstoni, and Crocodylus porosus J. Zool. (Lond.) 221 3 419-439 AM, CJ, CPR, embryology, morphology, Journal Article Deeming, D.C.;Ferguson, M.W.J. 1991 Reduction in eggshell conductance to respiratory gases has no effect on sex determination in Alligator mississippiensis Copeia 1 240 - 243 Reptilia, sauria, Crocodylia, Alligator mississippiensis, egg, physiology, shellthickness Reprint Endnote 94/143 Journal Article Deeming, D.C.;Ferguson, M.W.J. 1991 Partitioning of water within the alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) egg after 60 days of incubation Herpetol. J. 1 554-558 Reptilia, sauria, crocodylia, alligator, Alligator mississippiensis, propagation, egg, water Reprint Vet. Path spec. anim. 92/7 Book Section Deeming, D.C.;Ferguson, M.W.J. 1991 Physiological effects of incubation temperature on embryonic development in reptiles and birds Deeming, D.C. and Ferguson, M.W.J. Egg Incubation: Its Effects on Embryonic Development in Birds and Reptiles. Cambridge, Great Britain Cambridge University Press 147-171 embryology, reproduction, temperature, metabolism Book Section Deeming, D.C.;Ferguson, M.W.J. 1991 Incubation and embryonic development in reptiles and birds Tullet, S.G. Avian Incubation London Butterworth-Heinemann 3-38 embryology, temperature, physiology, growth, Book Section Deeming, D.C.;Ferguson, M.W.J. 1991 Physical characteristics of reptilian eggs and a comparison with avian eggs Deeming, D.C. and Ferguson, M.W.J. Egg Incubation: Its Effects on Embryonic Development in Birds and Reptiles. Cambridge, Great Britain Cambridge University Press 87-100 embryology, reproduction, temperature Journal Article Deeming, D.C.;Ferguson, M. 1991 Partitioning of water within the alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) egg after 60 days incubation Herpetol. J. 1 12 554-558 AM, embryology, physiology, Journal Article Deeming, D.C.;Ferguson, M. 1991 Egg turning during incubation has no effect upon the growth of embryos of Alligator mississippiensis Acta Zool. (Stckh.) 72 3 125-128 AM, egg, reproduction, embryology, Book DeGraaff, Robert M. 1991 The Book of the Toad: A Natural and Magical History of Toad-Human Relations Rochester, VT Park Street Press xvi, 208 Journal Article Dejean, Alain;Amiet, Jean-Louis 1992 Un cas de myrmécophilie inattendu: la cohabitation de l'Anoure Kassina senegalensis avec la fourmi Megaponera foetens. [A case of unexpected myrmecophily: The cohabitation of the anuran Kassina senegalensis with the ant Megaponera foetens] Alytes 10 1 31-36 symbiosis Journal Article Dejours, P.;Armand, J.;Beekenkamp, H. 1992 Studies in the anuran Xenopus laevis of blood properties and N excretion as functions of changes of ambient water osmolarity C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris III 315 145-150 Amphibia, anura, Xenopus laevis, blood, osmolarity, environment, excretion An increase in osmotic pressure of the ambient water resulted in an augmented excretion of urea and slightly decreased ammonia excretion. Reprint endnote 93/106 Journal Article Dejours, P.;Armand, J.;Beekenkamp, H. 1992 Excretion of urea and ammonia in the anuran amphibian Xenopus laevis as a function of the acid-base status of the ambient water - Effects of a metabolic alkalosis C R Acad Sci [iii] 314 12 553-558 Amphibia, anura, Xenopus, frog, physiology, kidney, blood, urea, environment If exposed to increased osmotic pressure (OP) of the ambient water (addition of NaCl or mannitol), it appeared that pH and the ammonia concentration of the blood were independent of variations in ambiant osmolarity. The blood osmolarity and its urea concentration increased markedly when ambient OP was augmented. Journal Article Del Pino, Eugenia M. ;Loor-Vela, Sandra 1990 The early cleavage of the marsupial frog Gastrotheca riobambae Development 110 781-789 Anura, Hylidae, Gastrotheca riobambae, cleavage, frog development, midblastula transition, marsupial frogs, Xenopus, S. America, Ecuador Journal Article Del Pino, E. M.;Loor-Vela., S. 1990 The pattern of early cleavage of the marsupial frog Gastrotheca riobambae Development 110 781-787 Journal Article Del Pino, E. M.;Murphy, C.;Masson., P. H. 1992 5S rRNA-encoding genes of the marsupial frog Gastrotheca riobambae Gene 111 235-242 Journal Article Delany, M.F. 1990 Late summer diet of juvenile American alligators J. Herpetol. 24 4 418-421 AM, food, Journal Article Delany, Michael F. 1990 Late summer diet of juvenile american alligators Journal of Herpetology 24 4 418-21 diet, feeding, alligator Journal Article Delgado, M. J.;Gutiérrez, P.;Alonso-Bedate, M. 1990 Annual ovarian cycle and plasma levels of 17B-Estradiol in the frog Rana perezi. Physiological Zoology 63 2 373-387 Amphibia, anura, ranidae, Rana perezi, hormone Journal Article Delgado, M. J.;Alonso-Gómez, A. L.;Alonso-Bedate, M. 1992 Role of environmental temperature and photoperiod in regulation of seasonal testicular activity in the frog, Rana perezi. Physiological Zoology 63 2 373-387 Amphibia, anura, ranidae, Rana perezi, hormone Journal Article Dell'Orbo, C.;Gioglio, L.;Quacci, Daniela. 1992 Morphology of epiphyseal apparatus of a ranid frog (Rana esculenta ). Histol. Histopath. 7 267-273 Amphibia, anura, Rana, R. esculenta, anatomy, histology, bone, growth, epiphysis, metaphysis The ranid frog metaphyseal cartilage (MC) appears completely different from mammalian and from avian ones. The epiphyseal ossification nucleus is connected to diaphyseal bone through MC, which is responsible for bone lengthening. Important findings were: 1) MC is localized inside proximal diaphyseal compact bone as a plug. 2) MC do not reduce in thickness during ageing. 3) MC do not show vascular invasion and do not mineralize in degenerative zone. 4) trabecular bone was not at all evident in this species. 5) external periosteum is well vascularized and proliferates in correspondence to marginal epiphyseal end of the diaphysis. Reprint Endnote 92/107 Journal Article Dellinger, Th;Hegel, G. von 1990 Sex identification through cloacal probing in juvenile marine iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) J. Herpetol. 24 4 424-426 Reptilia, sauria, Iguanidae, anatomy, sexing, probing Posterior cloacal pouch depth is a reliable characteristic for sexing. Reprint Vet. Path. Spec. Anim. 90/421 Journal Article Delvinquier, B.L.J., Markus, M.B.,Passmore, N.I., 1991 Opalinidae in African Anura .1. Genus Opalina Systematic Parasitology 19 2 119-146 Amphibia, Anura, infection, Ciliata, opalina BLJ Delvinquier,Univ Witwatersrand,Dept Zool,Johannesburg 2050, South Africa Journal Article Delvinquier, B.L.J.Markus, M.B.Passmore, N.I. 1991 Opalinidae in African Anura .1. Genus Opalina Systematic Parasitology 19 2 119-146 Amphibia, Anura, infection, Ciliata, opalina BLJ Delvinquier,Univ Witwatersrand,Dept Zool,Johannesburg 2050, South Africa Journal Article Demarco, V.;Guillette, L. J. 1992 Physiological cost of pregnancy in a viviparous lizard (Sceloporus jarrovi) J Exp Zool 262 4 383-390 Reptilia, sauria, sceloporus, physiology, reproduction Journal Article Demas, S.;Duronslet, M.;Wachtel, S.;Caillouet, C.;Nakamura, D. 1990 Sex-specific DNA in reptiles with temperature sex determination Journal of Experimental Biology 253 319-324 sex ratio Journal Article Demas, S.;Wachtel, S. 1991 DNA fingerprinting in reptiles: Bkm hybridization patterns in Crocodilia and Chelonia Genome 34 3 472-6 The simple tetranucleotide repeat GATA (GACA) occurs in all eukaryotes so far studied. In many species, the arrangement of these sequences varies considerably among individuals. Thus GATA (GACA) type probes produce DNA fingerprints when hybridized with restricted DNA from different individuals within a species. Banded krait minor (Bkm) satellite DNA (related to sequences originally recovered from the W chromosome of the banded krait and consisting essentially of a series of GATA repeats) is found in a wide spectrum of vertebrates and invertebrates. We used the Bkm 2(8) clone to evaluate the occurrence of this satellite in DNA from five species of Crocodilia and six species of Chelonia, including the sea turtles Chelonia mydas and Lepidochelys kempi. Well-resolved DNA fingerprints were obtained. Among the crocodilians, fewer restriction fragments were generated and fewer of the fragments were polymorphic, than among the chelonians, consistent with the view that the crocodilians are less divergent within species. The Bkm 2(8) clone can accordingly be used to advantage in individual, familial, and population studies, and perhaps in the evaluation of taxonomic relationships in these animals. This is of potential value in endangered species such as C. mydas and L. kempi. Journal Article Demas, S.K.;Wachtel, S. 1991 DNA fingerprinting in reptiles: BKM hybridization patterns in Crocodilia and Chelonia Genome 34 3 472-476 genetics, techniques, The simple tetranucleotide repeat GATA (GACA) occurs in all eukaryotes so far studied. In many species, the arrangement of these sequences varies considerably among individuals. Thus GATA (GACA) type probes produce DNA fingerprints when hybridized with restricted DNA from different individuals within a species. Banded krait minor (Bkm) satellite DNA (related to sequences originally recovered from the W chromosome of the banded krait and consisting essentially of a series of GATA repeats) is found in a wide spectrum of vertebrates and invertebrates. We used the Bkm 2(8) clone to evaluate the occurrence of this satellite in DNA from five species of Crocodilia and six species of Chelonia, including the sea turtles Chelonia mydas and Lepidochelys kempi. Well-resolved DNA fingerprints were obtained. Among the crocodilians, fewer restriction fragments were generated and fewer of the fragments were polymorphic, than among the chelonians, consistent with the view that the crocodilians are less divergent within species. The Bkm 2(8) clone can accordingly be used to advantage in individual, familial, and population studies, and perhaps in the evaluation of taxonomic relationships in these animals. This is of potential value in endangered species such as C. mydas and L. kempi. Journal Article DeNardo, Dale 1990 Stress: a real but not well understood phenomenon Vivarium 2 5 25-27;29 Journal Article Densmore, L.D., III.;White, P.S. 1991 The systematics and evolution of the Crocodilia as suggested by restriction endonuclease analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal DNA Copeia 1991 3 602-615 CROC, taxonomy, biochemistry, evolution, Journal Article Densmore, Llewellyn D., III;Rose, Francis L.;Kain, Stephanie J. 1992 Mitochondrial DNA evolution and speciation in water snakes (genus Neroidia) with special reference to Neroidia harteri Herpetologica 48 1 60-68 mtDNA evolution phylogeny Journal Article Densmore, Llewellyn D.;III;Rose, F. R.;Kain, S. J. 1992 Mitochondrial DNA evolution and speciation in water snakes (genus Nerodia) with special reference to Nerodia harteri Herpetologica 48 1 60-68 water snake, Nerodia harteri, systematics, species, mDNA Journal Article Densmore, L. D.;lll;Rose, F. L.;Kain, S. J. 1992 Mitochondrial DNA evolution speciation in water snakes (genus Nerodia) with special references to Nerodia herteri Herpetologica 48 1 60-68 Nerodia harteri, speciation, Mitochondrial DNA, evolution Journal Article Denton, J. and T. C. Beebee. 1991 Palatability of anuran eggs and embryos Amphibia-Reptilia 12 111-114 Journal Article Denver, RJ., Licht,P, 1991 Dependence of body growth on thryroid activity in turtles. J. exp. Zoology 258 48-59 Reptilia , Chelonia , Physiology , Journal Article Denver, RJ.;Licht, P 1991 Dependence of body growth on thryroid activity in turtles. J. exp. Zoology 258 48-59 Reptilia , Chelonia , Physiology , Book Deoras, P. J. 1990 Snakes of India New Delhi National Book Trust 160 Snakes; India Journal Article Desvages, G.;Pieau, C. 1992 Time required for temperature-induced changes in gonadal aromatase activity and related gonadal structure in turtle embryos Differentiation Journal Article Desvages, G.;Pieau, C. 1992 Aromatase activity in gonads of turtle embryos as a function of the incubation temperature of eggs Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 41 851-853 Turtle, HS Journal Article Devaux, B. 1992 Traumatology of the carapace, restoration techniques Traumatologie de la carapace (technique de réparation) Proc. 1st Int. Congr. Chelonian pathol. Gonfaron, 25-27 April 251-255 Reptilia, testudines, pathology, carapax, trauma, therapy, The wiund was cleaned and the animal left alone (protected against flies) for 18-24 hoiurs. Than the general condition was judged, the animal was rehydrated (bathing, injections). the edges of the wound were cleaned with ecetone, an autopolymerising polyester resin and glass-fiber cloth were apllied te produce a well fixed, firm protection under which the healing could proceed. Collectie P. Zwart Journal Article di-Bernado, Marcos;Lema, Thales de 1991 O género Rhadiaea Cope, 1863 no Brasil meriodional. IV. Rhadinaea bilineata (Fischer, 1885) (Serpentes, Colubridae) Acta Biologica Leopoldensia 12 2 359-392 Journal Article Di-Bernardo, Marcos 1992 Revalidation of the genus Echinanthera Cope, 1894, and its conceptual amplifcation (Serpentes, Colubridae Comunicações do Museu de Ciências da PUCRS. Série Zoologia 5 13 225-256 Echinanthera; Rhadinaea Journal Article Di-Bernardo, Marcos 1992 Revalidation of the genus Echinanthera Cope, 1894, and its conceptual amplification (Serpentes, Colubridae) Comunicações do Museu de Ciências da PUCRS 5 13 225-256 Rhadinaea; Journal Article di-Bernardo, M. 1992 Revalidation of the genus Echinanthera Cope, 1894, and its conceptual amplification (Serpentes, Colubridae) Comunicacoes do Museu de Ciencias da PUCRS 5 13 225-256 Reptiles, snakes, description, range, distribution, locality Book Section Dial, Benjamin E. 1990 Predator-prey Signals: Chemosensory Identification of Snake Predators by Eublepharid Lizards and its Ecological Consequences MacDonald, D.;Müller-Schwarze, D. and Natynczuk, S. E. Chemical Signals in Vertebrates Oxford Oxford University Press Book Section Dial, B. E. 1990 Predator-prey signals: chemosensory identification of snake predators by eublepharid lizards and its ecological consequences MacDonald, D. W.;Muller-Schwarze, D. and Natynczuk, S. E. Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 5 New York Oxford University 555-565 reptiles, lizards, snakes, predation, smell, chemicals, behavior, tail loss, autotomy Journal Article Dial, Benjamin E.;Grismer, L. Lee 1992 A phylogenetic analysis of physiological-ecological character evolution in the lizard genus Coleonyx and its implications for historical biogeographic reconstruction Systematic Biology 41 2 178-195 Book Section Diaz, J.L. 1990 The RP-Japan Crocodile Farming Institute Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0008-6 xvii + 399 pp. 206-207 Journal Article Diaz, M.;Lorenzo, A. 1991 Coexistence of absorptive and secretory NaCl processes in the isolated lizard colon - effects of cyclic AMP Zoological Science 8 3 477-484 Reptilia, sauria, Gallotia galloti, physiology, intestine, absorption, secretion Reprint Endnote 93/689 M Diaz, Univ La Laguna, Fac Biol, Dept Biol Anim, Fisiol Anim Lab, E-38206 Tenerife, Spain Journal Article Diaz, Jose A. 1992 Choice of compass directions around shrub patches by the heliothermiclizardPsaammmodromus algirus Herpetologica 48 293-300 thermoregulation, compass, direction, lizard, sun Journal Article Dickinson, Vanessa M.;Wegge, James R.;Ferrell, Steve K.;Schwalbe, Cecil R. 1991 Health studies of desert tortoises in Arizona and Utah Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 305-318 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Dickinson, Vanessa M.;Reggiardo, Carlos 1992 Health studies of the Sonoran Desert tortoises Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 11-36 Journal Article Dickson, J. 1992 Maintenance and breeding of the Pancake tortoise at Bristol Zoo Int. Zoo News 1992 29-34 Reptilia, testudines, pankake totoise, management, breeding, problems testu,zucht,vit PF k Journal Article DiMario, P. J.;Gall, J. G. 1990 Nucleolin from the multiple nucleoli of amphibian oocyte nuclei Chromosoma 99 2 87-94 Amphibia/*metabolism; Animal; Cell Nucleolus/*analysis; Chromatography, Affinity; DNA/metabolism; DNA-Binding Proteins/*analysis/metabolism; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Histones/immunology; Immunohistochemistry; Notophthalmus viridescens/metabolism; Nuclear Proteins/*analysis/immunology/metabolism; Oocytes/*analysis; Phosphoproteins/*analysis/immunology/metabolism; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Xenopus laevis/metabolism When fixed preparations of newt germinal vesicle (GV) contents are treated with RNase and are then probed with radiolabeled single- stranded DNA in 0.1-2.0 X SSC, the extrachromosomal nucleoli bind the probe non-specifically. DNA/protein blot analysis of proteins from newt GVs shows that gv95, an acidic protein (pI = 5.0) of Mr = 95,000, is the most prominent non-specific DNA-binding protein. Immunocytochemical analysis with affinity purified antibody directed against gv95 shows that it is located in the multiple nucleoli. We used an antibody directed against rat nucleolin to show that newt gv95 and two similar Xenopus GV proteins are the amphibian versions of nucleolin, a nucleolar ribonucleoprotein originally identified in mammalian cells. We show that mAb 3A10, directed against newt histones H1 and H5, labels gv95 on protein immunoblots and the multiple nucleoli in cytological preparations. These results suggest that histone H1 and nucleolin share a cross-reacting epitope. Journal Article Dimattio, J.;Streitman, J. 1991 Active transport of ascorbic acid across the retinal pigment epithelium of the bullfrog Current Eye Research 10 959-965 Amphibia, anura, bullfrog, physiology, ascorbic acid, transport, retinal pigment epithelium J Dimattio, NYU, Sch Med, Dept Physiol & Biophys, 550 1ST Ave, New York, NY 10016 Journal Article Dinsmore, Charles E.;Hanken, James 1990 Amputation level-dependent patterning in Urodele limb regeneration Journal of Morphology 205 77-84 Journal Article Dionne, V. E. 1992 Chemosensory responses in isolated olfactory receptor neurons from Necturus maculosus J Gen Physiol 99 3 415-33 Action Potentials/drug effects/physiology; Alanine/pharmacology; Amino Acids/pharmacology; Animal; Chemoreceptors/drug effects/*physiology; Necturus maculosus/*physiology; Neural Conduction/drug effects/physiology; Neurons, Afferent/drug effects/*physiology; Odors; Olfactory Pathways/drug effects/*physiology; Receptors, Sensory/drug effects/physiology; Smell/physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Olfactory receptor neurons were isolated without enzymes from the mudpuppy, Necturus maculosus, and tested for chemosensitivity. The cells responded to odorants with changes in firing frequency and alterations in excitability that were detected with tight-seal patch electrodes using on-cell and whole-cell recording conditions. Chemosensitive cells exhibited two primary response characteristics: excitation and inhibition. Both types of primary response were observed in different cells stimulated by mixtures of amino acids as well as by the single compound L-alanine, suggesting that there may be more than one transduction pathway for some odorants. Using the normal whole-cell recording method, the chemosensitivity of competent cells washed out rapidly; a resistive whole-cell method was used to record odorant responses under current-clamp conditions. In response to chemical stimulation, excitability appeared to be modulated in several different ways in different cells: odorants induced hyperpolarizing or depolarizing receptor potentials, elicited or inhibited transient, rhythmic generator potentials, and altered excitability without changing the membrane potential or input resistance. These effects suggest that olfactory transduction is mediated through at least three different pathways with effects on four or more components of the membrane conductance. Polychotomous pathways such as these may be important for odor discrimination and for sharpening the "odor image" generated in the olfactory epithelium. Journal Article Dirie, M. F.;Wallbanks, K. R.;Molyneux, D. H.;McNamara, J. 1991 Comparison of Trypanosoma grayi-like isolates from west and east Africa Ann Trop Med Parasitol 85 1 49-52 Africa, Western; Animal; Comparative Study; Electrophoresis; Isoenzymes/analysis; Kenya; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Trypanosoma/*classification/enzymology/growth & development/isolation & purification; Tsetse Flies/*parasitology Three flagellates recently isolated from the hindguts of tsetse flies in West Africa were compared with a previously described T. grayi-like trypanosome isolated in East Africa. In media with Microtus agrestis feeder layer cells, the flagellates developed into bloodstream-like trypomastigotes, which resembled the description of T. grayi from the blood of crocodiles. The results of isoenzyme electrophoresis suggest that the isolates are T. grayi-like trypanosomes, and that some variation exists between the West and East African stocks of these reptile trypanosomes. Journal Article Ditrich, H.;Lametschwandtner., A. 1992 Glomerular development and growth of the renal blood vacular system in Xenopus laevis (Amphibia, Anura, Pipidae) during metamorphic climax Journal of Morphology 213 335-340 Journal Article Divers, Stephen J. 1992 Creating the correct captive environment: thermoregulation in reptiles Reptilian 1 3 25-26 Thermoregulation Journal Article Divers, Stephen 1992 Pathogenic amoebiasis (Entamoeba invadens) infection in captive snakes Reptilian 1 5 9-12 Amoebiasis Journal Article Dixon, J. R. 1990 Book Review: The Amphibians and Reptiles of Louisiana Copeia 1990 1 258-259 Journal Article Dixon, J. R. 1991 Geographic variation and taxonomy of Liophis almadensis (Wagler) (Serpentes: Colubridae), and description of a new species of Liophis from Argentina and Bolivia The Texas Journal of Science 43 3 225-236 reptiles, snakes, description, distribution, morphology, Liophis ceii Journal Article Dixon, J. R. 1991 Geographic variation and taxonomy of Liophis almadensis (Wagler)(Serpentes: Colubridae), and description of a new species of Liophis from Argentina and Bolivia The Texas Journal of Science 43 3 225-236 reptiles, snakes, species description, morphology, distribution, color, pattern, hemipenes, variation, geography, taxonomy Journal Article Dixon, J. R.;Markezich, A. L. 1992 Taxonomy and geographic variation of Liophis poecilogyrus (Wied) from South America (Serpentes: Colubridae) The Texas Journal of Science 44 2 131-166 reptiles, snakes, distribution, morphology, Journal Article Dixon, J. R.;Michaud, E. J. 1992 Shaw's black-backed snake (Liophis melanotus)(Serpentes: Colubridae) of Northern South America Journal of Herpetology 26 1 250-259 reptiles, snakes, Columbia, Venezuela, distribution, morphology, variation, geography, subspecies Journal Article Díaz, J. A.;Carrascal, L. M. 1991 Regional distribution of a Mediterranean lizard: influence of habitat cues and prey abundance Journal of Biogeography 18 291-297 distribution, habitat, Reptilia, Book Section Díaz-M., Miguel;Gutiérrez-B., Jesús;Jasso-L., Diana;López-S., Carlos;Sarti-M., Laura;Vallejo-A., Claudia 1992 Epibiontes y estado fisico de las tortugas Lepidochelys olivacea y Dermochelys coriacea en el Playón de Mexiquillo, Michoacan, durante la temporada de anidación 1988-1989 Benabib, Miriam and Sarti, Laura Memorias del VI Encuentro Interuniversitario Sobre Tortugas Marinas Mexico City Sociedad Herpetologica Mexicana 1 19-25 Sea turtles; Mexico; Lepidochelys olivacea; Dermochelys coriacea Journal Article Dobeli, M. ;a, et 1992 Preliminary results on faecal steroid measurements in tortoises First International Symposium on Faecal Steroid Monitoring in Zoo animals 73-83 Reptilia, testudines, Cryptodira, Geochelone, pregnanediol, testosterone, estrone, estradiol Proceedings* Journal Article Dodd, C. Kenneth, Jr 1990 Caretta Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 482 1-2 Journal Article Dodd, C. Kenneth, Jr 1990 Caretta caretta Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 483 1-7 Journal Article Dodd, C. Kenneth, Jr. 1990 Line transect estimation of Red Hills salamander burrow density using a Fourier series Copeia 1990 555-557 Amphibia, Phaeognathus hubrichti, ecology, population estimation, field technique, Journal Article Dodd, Kenneth C., Jr. 1990 Postures associated with immobile woodland salamanders, genus Plethodon Florida Scientist 53 43-49 immobility, plethodontidae Journal Article Dodd, C. Kenneth, Jr 1990 Effects of habitat fragmentation on a stream-dwelling species, the flattened musk turtle Sternotherus depressus Biological conservation 54 33-45 Book Section Dodd, C.K.;Jr. 1990 Caretta caretta (Linnaeus) Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. 483.1-483.7 Book Section Dodd, C.K.;Jr. 1990 Caretta Rafinesque Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. 482.1-482.2 Journal Article Dodd, C. K., Jr.,;Byles, R. 1990 Movements of late nesting loggerhead sea turtles determined through satellite biotelemetry Fla. Sci. 53 (Suppl. 1) 36 Journal Article Dodd, C. Kenneth, Jr.;Seigel, Ricahrd A. 1991 Relocation, Repatriation, and translocation of amphibians and reptiles: are they conservation strategies that work? Herpetologica 47 3 336-350 Journal Article Dodd, C. Kenneth, Jr 1991 The status of the Red Hills salamander Phaeognathus hubrichti, Alabama, USA, 1976-1988 Biological Conservation 55 57-75 Journal Article Dodd, C.K., Jr., R. Byles 1991 The status of loggerhead, Caretta caretta; Kemp's ridley, Lepidochelys kempi and green, Chelonia mydas, sea turtles in U.S. waters: A reconsideration Mar. Fish. Rev. 53 3 30-31 Journal Article Dodd, C.K.Jr.;Seigel, R.A. 1991 Relocation, repatriation, and translocation of amphibians and reptiles: are they conservation strategies that work? Herpetologica 47 3 336-350 relocation; headstarting; turtle; conservation Book Section Dodd, C. Kenneth, Jr. 1992 Loggerhead sea turtle Caretta caretta (Linnaeus), Family Cheloniidae, Order Testudines Moler, Paul E. Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida gainesville University of Florida Press 3 128-134 Journal Article Dodd, C. Kenneth, Jr;Morgan, Gary S. 1992 Fossil sea turtles from the early Pliocene Bone Valley Formation, Central Florida Journal of Herpetology 26 1 1-8 Journal Article Dodd, C. Kenneth, Jr 1992 Fluorescent powder is only partially successful in tracking movements of the six-lined racerunner (Cnemidophorus sexlineatus) Florida Field Naturalist 20 1 8-14 Journal Article Dodd, C. Kenneth, Jr 1992 Biological diversity of a temporary pond herpetofauna in north Florida sandhills Biodiversity and Conservation 1 125-142 Journal Article Donald, J. A.;O'Shea, J. E.;Lillywhite, H. B. 1990 Neural regulation of the pulmonary vasculature in a semi-arboreal snake, Elaphe obsoleta J Comp Physiol [B] 159 6 677-85 Animal; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/analysis; Electric Stimulation; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Glyoxylates; Histocytochemistry; Lung/*blood supply/innervation; Perfusion; Snakes/*physiology; Somatostatin/analysis; Substance P/analysis; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Sympathetic Nervous System/physiology; Vagus Nerve/physiology; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/analysis The innervation of the pulmonary vasculature of the semi-arboreal rat snake, Elaphe obsoleta, was examined with glyoxylic acid-induced catecholamine histochemistry, peptide immunohistochemistry, and in vitro perfusion of the pulmonary vasculature. An adrenergic innervation was present on the pulmonary artery, the smaller pulmonary arteries, the veins draining the lung, and the main pulmonary vein. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactive axons were observed on the pulmonary artery and vein, small arteries, and occasionally small veins within the lung parenchyma. A dense plexus of substance P-like immunoreactive (SP-LI) axons was observed on the distal extrinsic pulmonary artery. SP-LI axons were found on the more distal arteries within the lung parenchyma, but not on the veins. The distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide- and SP-LI axons was similar suggesting that the axons are sensory nerves. In the perfused pulmonary vasculature, vagal stimulation caused a predominant vasoconstriction which was abolished by atropine indicating it was cholinergic in nature. A post-stimulus vasodilatation was abolished by bretylium and propranolol indicating it was adrenergic in nature. The responses to nerve stimulation were located in both the extrinsic and intrinsic pulmonary vasculature. No evidence for non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic transmission to the vascular smooth muscle was found. The extensive, functional innervation of the main pulmonary artery, as well as the more distal vasculature within the lung, may reflect adaptation to cardiovascular problems imposed by an elongated body and arboreal habits. Journal Article Donald, J. A.;O'Shea, J. E.;Lillywhite, H. B. 1990 Somatostatin and innervation of the heart of the snake Elaphe obsoleta Am J Physiol 258 4 Pt 2 R1001-7 Animal; Catecholamines/metabolism; Electric Stimulation; Glyoxylates/pharmacology; Heart/drug effects; Heart Conduction System/*metabolism; Histocytochemistry; Immunohistochemistry; Neuropeptides/metabolism; Snakes/*metabolism; Somatostatin/*metabolism/pharmacology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Vagus Nerve/physiology The innervation of the heart of the snake Elaphe obsoleta was examined with peptide immunohistochemistry, glyoxylic acid-induced catecholamine fluorescence, and in vitro physiological preparations. Snakes were anesthetized with Nembutal. Many somatostatin (SOM)-like immunoreactive (LI) axons were observed in the sinus venosus, atria, and ventricle. Cell bodies with SOM-LI were found in the intracardiac nerve trunks of the sinus venosus, the interatrial septum, and the atrioventricular region. The SOM-LI axons and cell bodies were not affected by 6-hydroxy- dopamine and capsaicin. They are probably intrinsic parasympathetic neurons. Adrenergic, neuropeptide Y-LI, substance P-LI, and calcitonin gene-related peptide-LI axons were found in the sinus venosus, atria, and ventricle. In spontaneously beating sinoatrial or electrically driven atrial preparations, applied SOM (6 x 10(-9) M and 6 x 10(-8) M) decreased the force of atrial contraction and/or the rate of beating. The effects of SOM were tachyphylactic. SOM had no effect on the force of contraction of the driven ventricle. Stimulation of the left and right vagus nerves elicited negative chronotropic and inotropic responses followed by poststimulus positive inotropic and chronotropic responses. Atropine abolished the inhibition, and bretylium abolished the excitation. After cholinergic and adrenergic blockade, high- frequency vagal nerve stimulation had no effect on heart rate and the force of contraction. Thus, although there is an extensive distribution of intrinsic SOM-LI neurons in the heart and although applied SOM is a potent inhibitor of rate and force, SOM in the vagal neurons does not appear to act as a direct inhibitory transmitter to the cardiac muscle or pacemaker cells. Journal Article Donaldson, D. J.;Mahan, J. T.;Yang, H.;Crossin, K. L. 1991 Tenascin localization in skin wounds of the adult newt Notophthalmus viridescens Anat Rec 230 4 451-9 Animal; Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology; Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/*analysis/immunology/physiology; Cell Movement/drug effects/physiology; Cells, Cultured; Epithelium/chemistry/immunology/injuries; Extracellular Matrix Proteins/*analysis/immunology/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Notophthalmus viridescens/*metabolism/physiology; Skin/*chemistry/cytology/injuries; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Wounds and Injuries/immunology/*metabolism Earlier studies have shown that the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein tenascin (TN) is present between uninjured epidermal cells of urodele appendages, but is absent from most of the mesenchymally derived ECM. Following appendage amputation, this distribution is reversed. TN is lost from the epidermis and appears in the ECM of the stump and the regeneration blastema. In the present study, monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to TN were used to localize this protein immunohistochemically in limbs of the adult urodele Notophthalmus viridescens at various stages following skin removal with or without damage to underlying muscle to determine 1) if the loss of TN by the epidermis and its gain by mesenchymal tissues occurs in wounds that do not require regulation by epigenetic mechanisms, and 2) if TN is present in the provisional wound matrix beneath migrating epidermal cells. In addition, skin explants were cultured on TN-coated dishes to learn if TN possesses active sites that can support epidermal cell migration. The results indicate that simple wounding leads to the same TN patterns as occurs following limb amputation. Tenascin loss from the epidermis could be seen as early as 6 hr after wounding, a time during which migrating epidermal cells are moving over the wound bed. During this period, there was no evidence of TN in the provisional wound matrix. In contrast to collagen, which supports considerable epidermal cell migration from skin explants, TN allowed no more migration than did the inactive protein, myoglobin. Journal Article Donnelly, Maureen A.;de Sá, Rafael O.;Guyer, Craig 1990 Description of the tadpoles of Gastrophryne pictiventris and Nelsonophryne aterrima (Anura: Microhylidae), with a review of morphological variation in free-swimming Microhylid larvae American Museum Novitates 2976 1-19 Amphibia, Anura, Gastrophryne pictiventris, Nelsonophryne aterrima, Stereocyclops, Otophryne, Dermatonotus, Hypopachus, Dasypops, Elachistocleis, Chiasmocleis, Hamptophryne, tadpole, morphology, systematics, phylogenetics Journal Article Donnelly, Maureen A.;Guyer, Craig;Sa, Rafael O. de 1990 The tadpole of a dart-poison frog Phyllobates lugubris (Anura: Dendrobatidae) Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 103 2 427-431 Amphibia, Anura, Phyllobates lugubris, Phyllobates aurotaenia, Phyllobates terribilis, Phyllobates vittatus, tadpole, Costa Rica, Panama Journal Article Donnelly, M.;Guyer, C.;Sá., R. O. De 1990 The tadpole of a dart-poison frog Phyllobates lugubris (Anura: Dendrobatidae) Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 103 427-431 Journal Article Donnelly, M. A.;Sá, R. O. De;Guyer., C. 1990 Description of the tadpoles of Gastrophryne pictiventris and Nelsonophryne aterrima (Anura, Microhylidae), with a review of morphological variation in free-swimming microhylid larvae American Museum Novitates 2976 1-19 Journal Article Donnelly, Maureen A.;Myers, Charles W. 1991 Herpetological results of the 1990 Venezuelan Expedition to the summit of Cerro Guaiquinima, with newTepui reptiles American Museum Novitates 3017 1-54 Venezuela Journal Article Donnelly, M. A. 1991 Feeding patterns of the strawberry poison frog, Dendrobates pumilio Copeia 3 723-730 Costa Rica, prey, insects, ants, diet Book Section Donnelly, Marydele 1991 International sea turtle trade and the Pelly Amendment Michael, Salmon and Jeannette, Wyneken Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Conservation and Biology NOAA Tech. Mem. NMFS-SEFC-**** 32-34 conservation/utilization Journal Article Donnelly, M. A.;McDiarmid, R. W.;Myers, C. W. 1992 A new lizard of the genus Arthrosaura (Teiidae) from southern Venezuela Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 105 4 821-833 reptiles, lizards, synaptolepis, morphology, species, description, hemipenes, characters Journal Article Dorcas, M. E.;Mendelson, J. R. 1991 Distributional notes on Nerodia harteri harteri in Parker and Palo Pinto counties, Texas Herpetological Review 22 4 117-118 distribution, brazos water snake, record Book Section Dorcas, Michael E. 1992 Relationships among montane populations of Crotalus lepidus and Crotalus triseriatus Campbell, J. A. and Brodie, E. D., Jr. Biology of the Pit vipers Tyler Texas Selva 71-87 evolution systematics Journal Article Dores, R. M.;Schenk, L. M.;Meza, J. C. 1990 Developmental changes in the processing of ACTH in the anterior pituitary of the amphibian, Ambystoma tigrinum J Exp Zool Suppl 4 154-6 Ambystoma/growth & development/*metabolism; Animal; Corticotropin/*metabolism; Larva/metabolism; *Models, Biological; Pituitary Gland, Anterior/growth & development/*metabolism; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Acid extracts of anterior pituitaries obtained from larval, neotene, postmetamorphic young adult, and sexually active adult Ambystoma tigrinum were fractionated by gel filtration and analyzed by RIA. In larval, neotene, and postmetamorphic adults the molar ratio of ACTH(1- 39) to alpha-MSH was, respectively, 1.3:1, 1:1.3, and 1:1.3. However, in sexually mature adults the molar ratio of ACTH(1-39) to alpha-MSH was 8:1. These results indicate that prior to and immediately after metamorphosis, both ACTH(1-39) and alpha-MSH are major end products of corticotropic cells in this species. As postmetamorphic animals reach sexual maturity, there is a shift in the processing of ACTH which yields ACTH(1-39) as the major end product of corticotropic cells. In the corticotropic cells of adults only trace amounts of alpha-MSH are produced. Journal Article Doré, Robert 1990 la Vipère péliade dans le département de la Somme Bulletin de la Société Herpétologique de France 56 74-75 Journal Article Doroff, A. M.;Keith, L. B. 1990 Demography and ecology of an ornate box turtle (Terrapene ornata) population in south-central Wiscosnin Copeia 1990 2 387-399 turtle, box, population, natural history Journal Article Dournon, C.;Houillon, C.;Pieau, C. 1990 Temperature sex-reversal in amphibians and reptiles Int J Dev Biol 34 1 81-92 Amphibia/physiology; Animal; Female; Heat; Hormones/physiology; Larva; Male; Ovary/embryology; Pleurodeles/genetics/*physiology; Ranidae/genetics/*physiology; Salamandridae/*physiology; *Sex Differentiation; Sex Ratio; *Sex Reversal, Gonadal; Species Specificity; Steroids/physiology; *Temperature; Testis/embryology The sexual differentiation of gonads has been shown to be temperature- sensitive in many species of amphibians and reptiles. In two close species of salamanders, Pleurodeles poireti and P. waltl, both displaying a ZZ/ZW mechanism of genotypic sex determination (GSD), the rearing of larvae at high temperatures (30 degrees-32 degrees C) produces opposite effects: ZZ genotypic males of Pleurodeles poireti become phenotypic females whereas ZW genotypic females of P. waltl become phenotypic males. Sex-reversal of these individuals has been irrefutably demonstrated through genetic, cytogenetic, enzymatic and immunological studies. In many turtles, both sexes differentiate only within a critical range of temperature: above this range, all the individuals become phenotypic females, whereas below it, 100% become phenotypic males. The inverse occurs in some crocodiles and lizards. In many species of these three orders of reptiles, females are obtained at low and high temperatures, and males at intermediate ones. Preliminary studies in turtles (Emys orbicularis) indicate that within the critical range of temperature, sexual phenotype conforms with GSD, but that above and below this range, GSD is overriden. Temperature shifts during larval development in salamanders and during embryonic development in reptiles allowed the determination of thermosensitive stages for gonadal differentiation. Estrogens synthesized in the gonads at these stages appear to be involved in their sexual differentiation, higher levels being produced at feminizing temperatures than at masculinizing ones. The phenomenon of temperature sensitivity of gonadal differentiation occurs in species showing a very early stage in the evolution of sex chromosomes. Its adaptive value, chiefly in reptiles, remains an open question. Journal Article Douse, M. A.;Mitchell, G. S. 1991 Time course of temperature effects on arterial acid-base status in Alligator mississippiensis Respir Physiol 83 1 87-102 Acid-Base Equilibrium/*physiology; Alligators and Crocodiles/*blood/physiology; Animal; Bicarbonates/blood; Carbon Dioxide/blood; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Respiration/physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; *Temperature; Time Factors; Water-Electrolyte Balance/physiology Temperature effects on extracellular acid-base status in terrestrial poikilotherms are well known. Comparatively less is known concerning the time course of acid-base responses to prolonged changes in temperature. In this study, two questions were addressed: (1) what is the time course of acid-base responses to a temperature change of 5 days duration in Alligator mississippiensis?; and (2) what are the relative contributions of respiratory vs metabolic (strong ion) processes to the acid-base response? The effects of acute (4-6 h) vs chronic (24-120 h) decreases in ambient temperature from 30 to 20 degrees C were determined on arterial blood gases, acid-base status and plasma electrolyte concentrations ([Na+], [K+] and [Cl-]) in 7 awake alligators. In addition, in vivo and in vitro non-bicarbonate buffer values were determined in 6 anesthetized alligators. Acute decreases in temperature decreased PaCO2 (31 to 18 mmHg) and PaO2 (91 to 50 mmHg), increased pH (7.48 to 7.66), but had no significant effect on plasma bicarbonate concentration ([HCO3-]). Chronic exposure to 20 degrees C had no further effect on any variable. dpH/dT ranged between -0.018 and -0.011 U/degrees C, over the duration of the experiment. Temperature did not alter [Na+] or [Cl-] at any time, and had only minor effects on [K+]. In vivo (11.5 +/- 0.7 mEq/L/pH unit) and in vitro (16.1 +/- 0.9 mEq/L/pH unit) buffer values were significantly different, but neither was affected by temperature. Temperature had no effect on the base excess (estimated with either in vitro or in vivo buffer values), nor on estimates of the strong ion difference. We conclude that pH changes during prolonged exposure to decreased temperature occur rapidly and can be explained by changes in PaCO2, CO2 solubility and pK', without major contributions from metabolic or strong ion adjustments. Journal Article Douse, M. A.;Mitchell, G. S. 1992 Episodic breathing in alligators: role of sensory feedback Respir Physiol 87 1 77-90 AM, respiration, metabolism, The episodic breathing pattern in many reptiles consists of two or more clustered breaths separated by variable non-ventilatory periods. This pattern is commonly postulated to result from oscillations in lung and/or blood PO2 or PCO2 via chemoreceptor feedback. We tested this hypothesis by monitoring breathing pattern in: (1) awake, undisturbed alligators and (2) sedated alligators (approx. 25 mg/kg pentobarbital, i.p.; 3 days prior to data collection). In sedated alligators, measurements were made: (1) before and after bilateral cervical vagotomy, a procedure that removes peripheral arterial chemoreceptors, CO2-sensitive intrapulmonary chemoreceptors and pulmonary stretch receptors (n = 6); and (2) during unidirectional ventilation (UDV) at high flow rates (greater than 2 L/min), thereby minimizing oscillations in lung and blood PO2 and PCO2 (n = 6). Measurements on sedated alligators were made at 30 and 20 degrees C in each of these conditions. In awake, undisturbed alligators, breathing was typically episodic with 2-7 breaths/cluster, although the pattern was easily altered (increased breaths/cluster) by even seemingly minor disturbances. In sedated alligators, episodic breathing was still evident after vagotomy, but only at increased inspired CO2; at 5% CO2 four of six alligators exhibited episodic breathing consisting of 2-3 breaths/cluster interspersed with occasional single breaths. An episodic breathing pattern was also evident during UDV; at low levels of CO2, 2-4 breaths/cluster interspersed with occasional single breaths were evident in four alligators, while two had 6-8 breaths/cluster. Increasing CO2 in the UDV gas stream generally increased the number of breaths/cluster. After vagotomy, all six alligators could manifest an episodic breathing pattern during UDV in at least one CO2 condition (greater than 2 breaths/cluster interspersed with occasional single breaths). The episodic breathing pattern was very labile, sometimes changing to single breaths without apparent cause. The results suggest: (1) episodic breathing requires neither feedback from vagal sensory receptors nor oscillations in respiratory gases; and (2) changes in arterial PCO2 modulate, but do not initiate episodic breathing. Episodic breathing in alligators may be due to complex interactions of higher brain structures with the central rhythm generator. Journal Article Douse, M. A.;Mitchell, G. S. 1992 Effects of vagotomy on ventilatory responses to CO2 in alligators Respir. Physiol. 87 1 63-76 AM, gas, respiration, physiology, Reptiles increase ventilation during hypercapnia at a constant temperature. In this study, the contributions of vagal vs non-vagal receptors to CO2 ventilatory responses were investigated in 16 sedated Alligator mississippiensis (25 mg/kg pentobarbital; 3 days prior to data collection). Four animals served as controls to assess the effects of time and/or anesthetic drift on ventilation and blood gases; significant ventilatory drift was not detected during the observation period. The effects of bilateral vagotomy on CO2 ventilatory responses were determined during spontaneous breathing (n = 6) and unidirectional ventilation (UDV; n = 6) at two body temperatures (Tb = 30 and 20 degrees C). Resting PaCO2, minute ventilation (VI), tidal volume (VT) and breathing frequency (f) were elevated at 30 degrees C relative to 20 degrees C in spontaneously breathing alligators. Increasing inspired CO2 to 5% increased PaCO2, f, VT and VI at both levels of Tb. Ventilatory sensitivity to CO2 (S = delta VI/delta PaCO2) was higher at 30 degrees C with a temperature coefficient (Q10) of 2.3. Vagotomy increased PaCO2 and VT, decreased f and had no effect on VI at either Tb. After vagotomy, hypercapnia had no effects on ventilation. When CO2 feedback loops were opened by UDV at a high flow rate (greater than 2 L/min), Tb had no effects on ventilatory efforts at constant PCO2, but hypercapnia significantly increased f, VT and VI. S was variable with a Q10 of 2.1. After vagotomy, a significant CO2-ventilatory response remained during UDV, but S was unaffected by Tb (Q10 = 0.8). The results indicate that non-vagal chemoreceptors contribute to CO2 ventilatory responses in alligators, although their contribution following vagotomy is evident only during unidirectional ventilation. Although tentative, the data also suggest that CO2-sensitive vagal receptors may be necessary for the temperature dependency of S. Journal Article Dowling, H. G.;Maxson, Linda R. 1990 Genetic and taxonomic relations of the short-tailed snakes, genus Stilosoma Journal of Zoology, London 221 77-85 lampropeltis elaphe pituophis arizona cemophora phylogeny coluber masticophis thamnophis Journal Article Dowling, Rick 1990 Double clutching in a dice snake (Natrix tesselata) Vivarium 2 5 12 Natrix tessellata Journal Article Dowling, H. G.;Maxon, Linda R. 1990 Genetic and taxonomic relations of the short-tailed snakes, genus Stilosoma Journal of Zoology, London 221 77-85 Journal Article Downie, J. R. 1990 Functions of the foam in foam-nesting Leptodactylids: anti-predator effects of Physalaemus pustulosus foam Herpetological Journal 1 501-503 Foam nesting; Leptodactylidae; Physalaemus oustulosus; Leptodactylus fuscus; Anti-predator mechanism Journal Article Downie, J. R. 1990 Functions of the foam in foam-nesting leptodactylids: anti-predator effects of Physalaemus pustulosus foam Herpetological Journal 1 501-503 Journal Article Downie, J. R. 1990 Temporal changes in the behavior of foam-making Leptodactylus fuscus tadpoles Herpetological Journal 1 498-500 Journal Article Downie, J. R. 1990 Temporal changes in the behaviour of foam-making Leptodactylus fuscus tadpoles. Herpetological Journal 1 498-500 Amphibia, Anuran, Hylidae , behaviour, Hyla versicolor, amphibia Journal Article Downing, Shaun 1992 The care and maintenance of the golden tegu Reptilian 1 6 32-34 Tupinambis teguixin Journal Article Draper, Stan 1992 Brown house snake, lamprophis fuliginosus Intermontanus 1 5 3 Journal Article Drenckhahn, D.;Merte, C.;von During, M.;Smolders, J.;Klinke, R. 1991 Actin, myosin and alpha-actinin containing filament bundles in hyaline cells of the caiman cochlea Hear Res 54 1 29-38 Actinin/metabolism; Actins/metabolism; Alligators and Crocodiles/anatomy & histology/*metabolism; Animal; Basilar Membrane/cytology/innervation/metabolism; Cochlea/cytology/innervation/*metabolism; Contractile Proteins/*metabolism; Cytoskeleton/metabolism/ultrastructure; Hyalin/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Myosin/metabolism; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Hyaline cells of the auditory organ of the spectacled caiman contain smooth muscle-like filament bundles within their basal cell pole. These bundles were heavily labeled with antibodies to actin, myosin and alpha- actinin (muscular Z-line protein). Since hyaline cells are firmly attached to the basilar membrane these cells may actively modify the stiffness of the basilar membrane. A contractile mechanism in hyaline cells might affect frequency tuning of primary auditory afferents. This frequency tuning has been shown to be a temperature-dependent process in caimans and other submammalian species. The presence of synaptic contacts between efferent nerve fibres and hyaline cells suggests neural control of hyaline cell activity. Journal Article Drews, C. 1990 Dominance or territoriality? The colonization of temporary lagoons by Caiman crocodilus L (Crocodylia) Herpetol. J. 1 11 514-521 CCR, behavior, habitat, agonistic, Journal Article Dryden, G.;Green, B.;King, D.;Losos, J 1990 Water and energy turnover in a small monitor lizard, Varanus acanthurus Aust. Wildl. Res. 17 641-646 Reptilia, sauria, monitor lizard, Varanus acanthurus, physiology, water, energy Journal Article Dryden, Gil L.;Wikramanayake, Eric D. 1991 Space and time sharing by Varanus salvator and Varanus bengalensis in Sri Lanka Mertensiella 2 111-119 Varanidae; varanus salvator; Varanus bengalensis Journal Article Dryden, G. L.;Green, B.;Wikramanayake, E. D.;Dryden, K. G. 1992 Energy and water turnover in two tropical varanid lizards, Varanus bengalensis andV.salvator Copeia 1992 1 102-107 energy, water, monitors Journal Article Du Preez, L. H.;Kok, D. J. 1992 Syntopic occurrence of new species of Polystoma and Metapolystoma (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) in Ptychadena porrosissima in South Africa Systematic Parasitology 22 141-150 Monogenea, Amphibia, Anura, Polystoma, Metapolystoma, Ptychadena porrosissima, South Africa Journal Article Dubois, Alain 1990 Nomenclature of parthenogenetic, gynogenetic and "hybridogenetic" vertebrate taxons: new proposals Alytes 8 3-4 61-74 Journal Article Dubois, Alain 1990 Miscellanea nomenclatorica batrachologica (XVIII) Alytes 8 3-4 107-120 siren lacertina Journal Article Dubois, Alain 1991 Batrachology as a distinct scientific discipline Alytes 9 1 1-14 Journal Article Dubois, Daniel H 1992 Secretion of prostaglandin F2a and E2 in vitro by the uterus of the American alligator (alligator mississippiensis) The Journal of Experimental Zoology 264 253-260 Journal Article DuBois, A.;Heyer, R. 1992 Leptodactylus labialis, the valid name for the American white-lipped frog (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) Copeia 2 584-585 Journal Article Dubois, A. 1992 Notes sur la clasification des Ranidae (Amphibiens Anoures) Bull. Mensuel. Soc. Linneenne de Lyon 61 305-352 Journal Article Ducey, Peter K.;Anthony, Carl D.;Brodie, Edmund D., Jr. 1991 Thresholds and escalation of antipredator responses in the Chinese salamander Cynops cyanurus: Inter- and Intra-individual variation Behavioral Processes 23 1991 181-191 behavior Journal Article Ducey, Peter K.;Brodie, Edmund D.;III 1991 Evolution of antipredator behavior: individual and populational variation in a neotropical salamander Herpetologica 47 1 89-95 Caudata, Bolitoglossa subpalmata, antipredator behavior, evolu Journal Article Duck, Timothy Allen;Pregler, Charles 1991 Analysis of desert tortoise carcasses from the Arizona Strip, 1977-1987 Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 72-80 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Duck, Timothy Allen;Snider, John R. 1991 Analysis of a desert tortoise population and habitat on the Beaver Dam Slope, Arizona: Part 1, Site 44, Littlefield Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 81-92 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Dudley, Robert;Rand, A. Stanley 1991 Sound production and vocal sac inflation in the Tungara frog, Physalaemus pustulosus (Leptodactylidae) Copeia 1991 2 460-470 Journal Article Dudley, Robert A.;Rand, A. Stanley 1991 Sound production and vocal sac inflation in the Túngara frog, Physalaemus pustulosus (Leptodactylidae) Copeia 1991 2 460-470 Journal Article Dudley, R.;King, V. A.;Wassersug., R. J. 1991 The implications of shape and metamorphosis for drag forces on a generalized pond tadpole (Rana catesbeiana) Copeia 1991 252-257 Journal Article Dudley, R.;Rand, A. S. 1991 Sound production and vocal sac inflation in the Túngara frog, Physalaemus pustulosus (Leptodactylidae) Copeia 1991 2 460-470 Physalaemus pustulosus, Leptodactylidae, advertisement call, Amphibia, Anura, behavior, morphology, Journal Article Duellman, William E.;Hillis, David M. 1990 Systematics of frogs of the Hyla larinopygion group Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 134 1-23 Hyla larinopygion group; Hyla pacha sp. nov.; New species; Hyla psarolaima sp. nov.; Hyla ptychodactyla sp. nov. Journal Article Duellman, William E. 1990 A new species of Leptodactylid frog, genus Ischnocnema, from Peru Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 138 1-7 Ischnocnema saxatilis sp. nov.; New species; Peru Journal Article Duellman, William E. 1990 A new species of leptodactylid frog, genus Ischnocnema, from Peru Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History the University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas 138 1-7 Amphibia, Anura, Telmatobiine, Brazil, Brasil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Ischnocnema verrucosa, Ischnocnema quixensis, Ischnocnema simmonsi, Ischnocnema saxatilis Journal Article Duellman, William E.;Morales, Victor R. 1990 Variation, distribution, and life history of Edalorhina perezi (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae) Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 25 19-30 Amphibia, Anura, Edalorhina nasuta, Edalorhina perezi, Amazon, Rio Purus, Rio Madre de dios, call analysis, life history, tadpoles, skin texture, coloration, Peru Journal Article Duellman, W. E.;Pianka, E. R. 1990 Biogeography of nocturnal insectivores: historical events and ecological filters Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 21 57-68 taxonomy, diversity, gekkonids, reptiles Book Section Duellman, W. E. 1990 Herpetofaunas in neotropical rainforests: Comparative composition, history, and resource use Gentry, A. H. Four neotropical rainforests New Haven, CT Yale University Press 455-505 tropical, lizards, snakes, frogs, South America, Amazon Journal Article Duellman, William E. 1990 Book review: Field Guide to the Snakes and Other Reptiles of Southern Africa Herpetological Monographs 1 124-125 Journal Article Duellman, William E.;Koechlin, José E. 1991 The Reserva Cuzco Amazonico, Peru: Biological investigations, conservation and ecoturism Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 142 1-38 Peru; Ecotourism; Conservation Journal Article Duellman, William E.;Salas, Antonio W. 1991 Annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Cuzco Amazonico, Peru Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 143 1-13 Peru Journal Article Duellman, William, E.;M., Oscar Ochoa 1991 A new species of Bufo (Anura: Bufonidae) from the Andes of southern Peru Copeia 1 137-141 Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae, Bufo corynetes, Cordilliera Oriental, Peru Journal Article Duellman, William E. 1991 A new species of leptodactylid frog, genus Phyllonastes, from Peru Herpetologica 47(1) 9-13 Departamento Amasonas of Peru, Phyllonastes lynchi, Phyllonastes myrmecoides, Andes, Amphibia Journal Article Duellman, William E. 1991 A new species of Eleutherodactylus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from the Cordillera Occidental of Peru Herpetologica 47 6 - 9 Eleutherodactylus, Peru, Leptodactylidae Journal Article Duellman, W. E.;Koechlin, J. E. 1991 The reserva Cuzco Amazonico, Peru: biological investigations, conservation, and ecotourism Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, the University of Kansas 142 1-38 habitat, vegetation, amphibians, reptiles Journal Article Duellman, William E.;Hoogmoed, Marinus S. 1992 Some hylid frogs from the Guiana Highlands, northeastern South America: New species, distributional records, and a generic reallocation Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 147 1-21 Hyla hadroceps sp. nov.; New species; Hyla roraima sp. nov.; Hyla warreni sp. nov.; Hyla kanaima; Osteocephalus rodriguezi Journal Article Duellman, William E. 1992 Eleutherodactylus bearsei New species (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from northeastern Peru Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 150 1-7 Eleutherodactylus bearsei sp. nov.; Leptodactylidae; New species; Peru Journal Article Duellman, William E.;Wiens, John J. 1992 The status of the hylid frog genus Ololygon and the recognition of Scinax Wagler, 1830 Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 151 1-23 Ololygon; Scinax; Hylidae; Generic nomenclature Journal Article Duellman, William E.;Campbell, Jonathan A. 1992 Hylid frogs of the genus Plectrohyla: Systematics and phylogenetic relationships Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 181 1-32 Anura; Hylidae; Plectrohyla; Hyla bistincta group; new species; phylogenetic relationships; biogeography; breeding behavior; reproduction; Plectrohyla acanthodes n. sp.; Plectrohyla teuchestes n. sp. Journal Article Duellman, William E.;Schulte, Rainer 1992 Description of a new species of Bufo from Northern Peru with comments on phenetic groups of South American toads (Anura: Bufonidae) Copeia 1992 1 162-172 Journal Article Duellman, William E.;Campbell, Jonathan A. 1992 Hylid frogs of the genus Plectrohyla: systematics and phylogenetic relationships Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 181 1-32 Amphibian, Anura, Hylidae, Hylinae, Plectrohyla acanthodes, Plectrohyla avia, Plectrohyla dasypus, Plectrohyla glandulosa, Plectrohyla quatemalensis, Plectrohyla hartwegi, Plectrohyla ixil, Plectrohyla lacertosa, Plectrohyla matudai, Plectrohyla pokomchi, Plectrohyla quecchi, Plectrohyla sagorum, Plectrohyla teacumunani, Plectrohyla teuchestes, tadpoles, behavior, ecology, life history, phylogenetics, biogeography Journal Article Duellman, W. E. 1992 Eleuthrodactylus bearsei new species (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from northeastern Peru Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, the University of Kansas 150 1-7 amphibians, species description, morphology, distribution, microhabitat, relationships, taxonomy Journal Article Duellman, W. E.;Schulte, R. 1992 Description of a new species of Bufo from Northern Peru with comments of phenetic groups of South American toads (Anura: Bufonidae) Copeia 1992 1 162-172 amphibians, species description, morphology, distribution, microhabitat, relationships, taxonomy Journal Article Duellman, William E. ;Hoogmoed, Marinus S. 1992 Some hylid frogs from the Guiana highlands, northeastern South America: New species, distributional records, and a generic reallocation Occational Papers of the Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 147 1-21 3, hylid frogs, Hylidae, Guiana Highlands, S. America, Hyla hadroceps, Hyla roraima, Hyla warreni, Osteocephalus rodiquezi, Guyana, Venezuela Journal Article Duellman, W. E.;Hoogmoed, M. S. 1992 Some hylid frogs from the Guiana highlands, northeastern South America: new species, distributional records, and a generic reallocation Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, the University of Kansas 147 1-21 amphibians, species description, morphology, distribution, Hyla, hadroceps, roraima, warreni, Osteocephalus rodriquezi, Guyana, Venezuela Journal Article Duellman, W. E.;Schulte, R. 1992 Description of a new species of Bufo from Northern Peru with comments of phenetic groups of South American toads (Anura Bufonidae) Copeia 1992 1 162-172 amphibians, species description, morphology, distribution, microhabitat, relationships, taxonomy Journal Article Duellman, W. E. 1992 Estrategias reproductoras de las ranas Investigación y Ciencia Septiembre 54-62 Amphibia, Anura, parental care, reproductive success, Journal Article Duer, C. K.;Cisek, J. M.;Powell, R. 1992 Food habits of Osteopilus dominicensis (Anura: Hylidae) Caribbean Journal of Science 28 226-228 food habits, Osteopilus dominicensis, Anura, Hylidae Journal Article Duke, J. T.;Ultsch., G. R. 1990 Metabolic oxygen regulation and conformity during submergence in the salamanders Siren lacertina, Amphiuma means, and Amphiuma tridactylum, and a comparison with other giant salamanders. Oecologia 84 16-23 Journal Article Duke, J. T.;Ultsch., G. R. 1990 Metabolic oxygen regulation and conformity during submergence in the salamanders Siren lacertina, Amphiuma means, and Amphiuma tridactylum, and a comparison with other giant salamanders Oecologia 84 16-23 Journal Article Dumbacher, J. P.;Beehler, B. M.;Spande, T. F.;Garraffo, H. M.;Daly, J. W. 1992 Homobatrachotoxin in the genus Pitohui: Chemical defense in birds? Science 258 799-801 New Guinea, Aves, birds, steroidal alkaloids, toxicity, Amphibia, Anura, frogs Journal Article Duméril, Jacques H. 1990 André-Marie Constant Duméril (1774-1860): une évocation de sa famille et de sa jeunesse Bulletin de la Société Herpétologique de France 56 1-12 Journal Article Dundek, Jeff;Smith, Brian E.;Carter, Holly;Carter, Roger;Swinney, Brian 1991 Letters on collecting Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 26 4 69-70 pet trade Journal Article Dunson, W. A.;Travis., J. 1991 The role of abiotic factors in community organization American Naturalist 138 1067-1091 Journal Article Dunson, W. A.;Wyman, R. L.;Corbett, E. S. 1992 A symposium on amphibian declines and habitat acidification J Herpetol 26 4 349-352 Amphibia, decline, ecology, habitat, acidification A symposium was held 8 August 1991, at the annual meeting of the Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles and The Herpetologists' League in University Park, Pennsylvania. The topic, ''Amphibian Declines and Habitat Acidification'' was selected for its relevance to the topical issues of a precipitous drop in many amphibian populations, and possible causation by acidic atmospheric deposition. As organizers, we felt that a rigorous approach to these issues requires meticulous field documentation of population fluctuations and correlated environmental measures of pollution, along with an experimental ecotoxicological analysis of possible anthropogenic causation. Because of the potential for large-scale environmental change acting synergistically with pollution across landscapes, the experimental elucidation of cause and effect will be extremely difficult. It appears that some amphibian populations fluctuate in an episodic fashion, but there are no long-term data bases adequate to determine whether particular declines are uniequivocally due to acidic deposition from non-point sources, other anthropogenic causes, natural causes, or interactions among them. This series of papers deals with the effects of acidic waters and soils on amphibians in England and North America. It is very clear that acidic habitats of natural and polluted origin exclude certain species and cause sub-lethal and lethal effects. However, no data are at hand which show directly that anthropogenic acidification causes amphibian populations to decline. There is considerable interest in the development of bioindicators of habitat decline. Net loss of body sodium and the embryonic curling defect in amphibians are examples of the best of such direct bioassays in acidified aquatic and terrestrial habitats. There is a strong need for standardization of test conditions so that better comparisons can be made among results from laboratories in different geographic regions. We recommend that a number of sites be chosen for long-term (10 year minimum) study of the relation between amphibian population cycles and anthropogenic change. This research would provide data not only specifically pertinent to the issue of amphibian declines, but would also provide valuable tests of the usefulness of amphibians as general bioindicators of ecosystem decline in response to anthropogenic stress. These issues are complex and are not amenable to quick solutions. A sustained commitment is needed by researchers and funding agencies to provide long-term monitoring and rigorous experimental tests of the causes of any declines in especially sensitive biotic components of ecosystems. Book Section Durán-Nájera, Juan José 1992 Anidacion de la tortuga de carey Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766) en Isla Holbox, Quintata Roo, Mexico Benabib, Miriam and Sarti, Laura Memorias del VI Encuentro Interuniversitario Sobre Tortugas Marinas Mexico City Sociedad Herpetologica Mexicana 1 65-73 Sea turtles; Mexico; Eretmochelys imbricata Journal Article Durette*-Desset, M.-C.;Nasher, A.K.;Slimane, B.B. 1992 Oswaldocruzia arabica n.sp. (Nematoda, Trichostrongyloidea) parasite d'un Bufonidae de la péninsule arabique et remarques sur des espèces proches Bull. Mus. natl. Hist. Paris 14 693-703 Amphibia, anura, Bufo arabicus, infection, helminth, Nematode, Oswaldocruzia arabica E key to the ten species belonging to this grou is presented. Reprint Endnote 93/518 Journal Article Durette-Desset, M.-C.;Nasher, A.K.;Slimane, B.B. 1992 Oswaldocruzia arabica n.sp. (Nematoda, Trichostrongyloidea) parasite d'un Bufonidae de la péninsule arabique et remarques sur des espèces proches Bull. Mus. natl. Hist. Paris 14 693-703 Amphibia, anura, Bufo arabicus, infection, helminth, Nematode, Oswaldocruzia arabica Journal Article Durtsche, R. D. 1992 Feeding time strategies of the fringe-toed lizard, Uma inornata, during breeding and non-breeding seasons Oecologia (Berl.) 89 85-89 Reptiles, lizards, California, energy maximization, foraging, selectivity, time minimization, breeding, Dick you fool!! Journal Article Dutta, Sushil K. 1992 Amphibians of India: Updated species list with distribution record Hamadryad 17 1-13 Species list; Herpetofauna; India; Checklist Journal Article Duvall, David;Goode, Matthew J.;hayes, William K.;Leonhardt, Janet K.;Brown, Douglas G. 1990 Prairie ratlesnake vernal migration: Field experimental analysis and survival value National Geographic Research 6 4 457-469 crotalus viridis Journal Article Duvall, David;Goode, Matthew J.;Hayes, William K. 1990 Prairie rattlesnake vernal migration: field experimental analyses and survival value National Geographic Research 6 4 457-469 Crotalus, viridis, movement, season Book Section Duvall, David;Arnold, Stevan J.;Schuett, Gordon W. 1992 Pitviper mating systems: ecological potential, sexual selection, and microevolution Campbell, J. A. and Brodie, E. D., Jr. Biology of the Pit vipers Tyler Texas Selva 321-336 viridis Journal Article Dwivedi, S.;Rao, Pdp 1992 Cytoarchitectonic pattern of the hypothalamus in the turtle, Lissemys punctata granosa Cell Tissue Res 270 1 173-188 reptilia, testudinae,Lissemys punctata granosa, Chrysemys picta, Varanus exanthematicus, anatomy, histology, hypothalamus, cytoarchitecture, magnocellular nuclei, parvocellular nuclei, In the hypothalamus of the turtle, Lissemys punctata granosa, two magnocellular and 23 parvocellular neuronal complexes can be distinguished. The magnocellular complexes include the nucleus supraopticus and the nucleus paraventricularis; paraventricular neurons are partly arranged in rows parallel to the third ventricle. Most infundibular parvocellular nuclei display neurons disposed in rows parallel to the ventricular surface. In the preoptic region, the prominent parvocellular neuronal complexes encompass the nucleus periventricularis anterior, lateral preoptic area, the nucleus of the anterior commissure and the nucleus suprachiasmaticus. The prominent nucleus periventricularis posterior extends caudad and shows neurons arranged in vertical rows parallel to the third ventricle. Other parvocellular nuclei of the rostral hypothalamus are composed of clustered subunits. The nucleus arcuatus is a fairly large nuclear entity extending from the level marked dorsally by the nucleus paraventricularis to the area occupied by the nucleus of the paraventricular organ. A well-developed ventromedial nucleus is located ventrolateral to the paraventricular organ. The prominent paraventricular organ consists of tightly arranged neurons, some of which possess apical projections into the third ventricle; it is surrounded by the nucleus of the paraventricular organ. Nucleus hypothalamicus medialis et lateralis, nucleus hypothalamicus posterior and the nuclei recessus infundibuli are further nuclear units of the tuberal region. The caudal end of the hypothalamus is marked by the nucleus mamillaris; its neurons are scattered among the fibers of the retroinfundibular commissure. The median eminence is well developed and shows a large medial and two lateral protrusions into the infundibular recess. Journal Article Dyer, W.G., Williams, E.H.,Bunkleywilliams, L., 1991 Some Digeneans (Trematoda) of the Green Turtle, Chelonia-Mydas (Testudines, Cheloniidae) from Puerto-Rico Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington 58 2 176-180 Animal Sciences , Reptilia ,Infection , Trematodes , Chelonia WG Dyer,So Illinois Univ,Dept Zool,Carbondale, IL 62901 Journal Article Dyer, W.G.;Williams, E.H.;Bunkleywilliams, L. 1991 Some Digeneans (Trematoda) of the Green Turtle, Chelonia-Mydas (Testudines, Cheloniidae) from Puerto-Rico Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington 58 2 176-180 Animal Sciences , Reptilia ,Infection , Trematodes , Chelonia Journal Article Dyer, W.G.;Williams, E.H., Bunkleywilliams, L., 1991 Some Digeneans (Trematoda) of the Green Turtle, Chelonia-Mydas (Testudines, Cheloniidae) from Puerto-Rico Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington 58 2 176-180 Animal Sciences , Reptilia ,Infection , Trematodes , Chelonia WG Dyer,So Illinois Univ,Dept Zool,Carbondale, IL 62901 Journal Article Dyson, Miranda L.;Passmore, Neville I. 1992 Inter-male spacing and aggression in African painted reed frogs, Hyperolius marmoratus Ethology 91 237-247 Amphibia, Anura, Hyperolius marmoratus, behavior, reproduction, mating selection, Africa Journal Article Dyson, Miranda L.;Passmore, Neville I.;Bishop, Philip J.;Henzi, S. Peter 1992 Male behavior and correlates of mating success in a natural population of African painted reed frogs (Hyperolius marmoratus) Herpetologica 48 236-246 Amphibia, Anura, Hyperolius marmoratus, behavior, reproduction, mating selection, Africa Journal Article Dyson, M. L.;Passmore, N. I. 1992 Effect of intermale spacing on female frequency preferences in the painted ree frog Copeia 1992 4 1111-1114 acoustic communication, Amphibia, Anura, Hyperolius marmoratus, phonotaxis, Journal Article Dzukic, G.;Kalezic, M.L.;Tvrtkovic, N.;Djorovic, A. 1990 An overview of the Occurrence of Paedomorphosis in Yugoslav Newt (Triturus, Salamandridae) Populations British Herpetological Society Bulletin 34 16 - 22 Journal Article Dzukic, Georg 1991 Fauna Durmitora, Sveska 4. Vodozemci i Gmizavci: Gradja za faunu vodozemaca i gmizavaca Durmitora (Amphibia, Reptilia) [The Fauna of Durmitor, 4. Amphibians and Reptiles: materials to the fauna of Durmitor Mountains amphibians and reptiles (Amphibia - Reptilia) Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti, Posebna izdanja, Knj. 24, Odeljenje prirodnih nauka, knj. 15, Titograd 9-78, 6 color plates Journal Article Eason, Perri K. 1990 The effect of recent diet on prey choice in senegalese chameleons (Chameleo senegalensis) Journal of Herpetology 24 4 383-87 diet, chameleons Journal Article Echeverría, D. D. 1990 Organogénesis y cicloa estacionales del órgano de bidder en las larvas y los juveniles de Bufo arenarum (Anura, Bufonidae) Cuadernos de Herpetología 5 1 1-9 Bufo arenarum Journal Article Echeverría, D. D.;Filipello, A. M. 1990 Edad y crecimiento de Bufo arenarum (Anura, Bufonidae) Cuadernos de Herpetología 5 5 25-31 Bufo arenarum Journal Article Echeverría, D. D. 1991 Esqueletocronología: un método para la estimación de la edad en anfibios y reptiles Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 6 1 3-5 Journal Article Echeverría, D. D. 1991 Criopreservación de espermatozoides de Bufo arenarum durante un plazo corto Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 6 1 7 Bufo arenarum Journal Article Echeverría, D. D. 1991 Modificaciones de la coloración de tegumento durante el desarrollo de la metamorfosis de Leptodactylus gracilis (Anura, leptodactylidae) Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 7 1 20-21 Leptodactylus gracilis Journal Article Echeverría, Dinorah Diana 1992 Microscopía electrónica de barrido de aparato bucal de las larvas de Melanophryniscus stelzneri (Weyemberg, 1875) (Anura, Bufonidae). [Scanning electron microscopy of the buccal apparatus of larval Melanophryniscus stelzneri (Weyemberg, 1875) (Anura, Bufonidae)] Alytes 10 4 137-143 Journal Article Echeverría, D. D.;Lopez, L. E. Fiorito de;Montanelli., S. B. 1992 Esteromorfologia del aparato bucal y de la cavidad oral de las larvas de Ololygon fuscovaria (Lutz, 1925)(Anura, Hylidae) Rev. Mus. Argentina Cienc. Nat. Bernardino Rivadavia Inst. Nac. Invest. Cienc. Nat., Zool. 16 2-13 Journal Article Eckert, K. L. 1990 Twinning in leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) embryos Journal of Herpetology 24 3 317-320 leatherback Journal Article Eckert, K. L. 1991 Leatherback sea turtles: a declining species of the global commons Ocean Yearbook 73-90 leatherback Journal Article Edgar, Blake 1990 Suffering symbol of the Mojave Pacific Discovery 43 1 17-21 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Edmond, B. S. 1992 Ambystoma texanum (smallmouth salamander) Herpetological Review 23 4 121 Journal Article Edmonds, Les 1992 The care of treefrogs in captivity Tropical Fish Hobbyist 40 11 141-149 Journal Article Edmunds, Les 1992 The care of treefrogs in captivity Tropical Fish Hobbyist 40 11 141-149 Journal Article Edwards, M.S. 1991 Dietary husbandry of large herbivorous reptiles: the giant tortoises of Aldabra atoll (Geochelone gigantea) and Galapagos Islands (G. elephantopus) Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians 139-146 reptilia chelonia cryptodira testudinidae/Geochelone/ nutrition/ anatomy * Journal Article Edwards, M. L. O.;Pivorun, E. B. 1991 The effects of photoperiod and different dosages of melatonin on metamorphic rate and weight gain in Xenopus laevis tadpoles General and Comparative Endocrinology 81 28-38 Amphibia, Anura, larvae Journal Article Edwards, M. L. O.;Pivorun., E. B. 1991 The effects of photoperiod and different dosages of melatonin on metamorphic rate and weight gain in Xenopus laevis tadpoles General and Comparative Endocrinology 81 28-38 Journal Article Edwards, Mary Lang 1992 A visit with iguana of the Galapagos Islands Iguana Times 1 4 9-11 amblyrhynchus critatus conolophus subcristatus tropidurus albemarlensis Journal Article Eggensch*wiler, T. 1992 Should tortoises be treated against helminths? Sollen Schildkröten jetzt noch entwurmt werden? (Ist der Einsatz von Medikamenten im Oktober noch sinnvoll?) Sigs Info 1992 3 Reptilia, testudines, infection, helminth, therapy, season testu,vet,vit PF x Journal Article Eggensch*wiler, T.;Leu, U. 1992 Medication in tortoises. Medikation bei Schildkröten Sigs Info Dezember 1992 2 2-3 Reptilia, testudines, infection, therapy, review testu,vet,meth PF x Journal Article Eggenschwiler, T. 1992 Should tortoises be treated against helminths? Sollen Schildkröten jetzt noch entwurmt werden? (Ist der Einsatz von Medikamenten im Oktober noch sinnvoll?) Sigs Info 1992 3 Reptilia, testudines, infection, helminth, therapy, season testu,vet,vit PF x Journal Article Eggenschwiler, T.;Leu, U. 1992 Medication in tortoises. Medikation bei Schildkröten Sigs Info Dezember 1992 2 2-3 Reptilia, testudines, infection, therapy, review testu,vet,meth PF x Journal Article Eggenschwiler, T. 1992 Sollen Schildkröten jetzt noch entwurmt werden? [Should tortoises be treated against helminths?] (Ist der Einsatz von Medikamenten im Oktober noch sinnvoll?) Sigs Info 1992 3 Reptilia, testudines, infection, helminth, therapy, season testu,vet,vit PF x Journal Article Eggenschwiler, T.;Leu, U. 1992 Medikation bei Schildkröten. [Medication in tortoises] Sigs Info Dezember 1992 2 2-3 Reptilia, testudines, infection, therapy, review testu,vet,meth PF x Journal Article Ehmann, Harald 1990 Book Review: Australian Reptiles and Frogs Herpetofauna 20 1 35-36 Book Review Journal Article Ehmann, Harald;Swan, Gerry;Swan, Geoff;Smith, Brendan 1991 Nesting, egg incubation and hatching by the heath monitor Varanus rosenbergi in a termite mound Herpetofauna 21 1 17-24 Varanus rosenbergi; Nesting; Incubation Journal Article Ehmann, Harald 1992 The apparent severe decline of the bronzeback legless lizard (Ophidiocephalus taeniatus) at Abminga Herpetofauna 22 1 31-33 Ophidiocephalus taeniatus Book Ehmann, Harold 1992 Encyclopedia of Australian Animals: Reptiles Pymble, NSW Angus & Robertson 495 Australia Journal Article Ehrenfeld, D. 1992 The business of conservation Conservation Biology 6 1 1-3 utilization; conservation Journal Article Ehret, G.;Tautz, J.;Schmitz, B. 1990 Hearing through the lungs: Lung-eardrum transmission of sound in the frog Eleutherodactylus coqui Naturwissenschaften 77 192-194 Journal Article Ehrhardt, N. M.;Witham, R. 1992 Analysis of growth of the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) in the western central Atlantic Bulletin of Marine Science 50 2 275-281 green Journal Article Ehrig, Robert W. 1991 Adventure on North Andros Iguana Times 1 3 3-6 cyclura cychlura Journal Article Ehrig, Robert W. 1992 The captive husbandry and propagation of the Cuban rock Iguana, Cyclura nubila part 3. Diet and feeding Iguana Times 1 5 8-9 Journal Article Ehrig, Robert W.;Moyroud, R. 1992 The vegetation of a Bahamian Cay inhabitated by a population of rock iguanas Iguana Times 1 5 10-12 cyclura cychlura Journal Article Ehrig, Robert W.;Moyroud, R. 1992 Allan's Cay expedition Iguana Times 1 5 14-15 cyclura cychlura Journal Article Ehrig, Robert W. 1992 The trouble with 'lewisi Iguana Times 1 6 2-3 cyclura nubila lewisi Journal Article Ehrlich, Paul R.;Wilson, Edward O. 1991 Biodiversity studies: Science and policy Science 253 758-762 Journal Article Eickhoff, Hans-Peter;Heisig, Michaela 1991 Zur Haltung des chilenschen Kielschwanzleguans Tropidurus atacamensis Herpetofauna 13 72 6-10 Tropidurus atacamensis Journal Article Eisler, P.;Carney, D. 1990 Use of TEDs good in Florida, poor in other Gulf states, official says Reprinted in League Fla. Herpetol. Soc. Newsl. June 24 Journal Article Eisthen, H. L. 1992 Phylogeny of the vomeronasal system and of receptor cell types in the olfactory and vomeronasal epithelia of vertebrates Microsc Res Tech 23 1 1-21 Animal; Epithelium/anatomy & histology; Nasal Septum/anatomy & histology; Nose/*anatomy & histology; Olfactory Mucosa/anatomy & histology; *Phylogeny; Receptors, Sensory/*anatomy & histology; Smell/*physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Vertebrates/*anatomy & histology In this paper, the evolutionary origin of the vomeronasal system as a discrete sensory system separate from olfaction is examined. The presence of a discrete vomeronasal system appears to be a derived character in tetrapods, and its presence in larval amphibians indicates that the system did not arise as a terrestrial adaptation. The vomeronasal system has been lost independently in several taxa, including crocodilians, some bats, cetaceans, and some primates. The presence of microvillar receptor cells in the vomeronasal epithelium appears to be the ancestral condition for tetrapods, and alternative hypotheses concerning the ancestral condition for receptor cell types in the vertebrate olfactory epithelium are discussed. Finally, the possibility that the vomeronasal system is present in some fishes in a form that has not been recognized is discussed in relation to the phylogenetic distribution of receptor cell types in vertebrates. Journal Article Elinson, Richard P.;Pino, Eugenia M. Del;Townsend, Daniel S.;Cuesta, Fabían C.;Eichhorn, Peter 1990 A practical guide to the developmental biology of terrestrial-breeding frogs Biol. Bull. 179 163-177 Amphibia, anura, development, direct development, Gastrotheca, Gastrotheca riobambae, Eleutherodactylus coqui, Flectonotus pygmaeus, oogenesis Journal Article Elinson, Richard P. 1990 Direct development in frogs: wiping the recapitulationist slate clean Developmental Biology 1 263-270 Amphibia, anura, direct development, evolution, development, Eleutherodactylus, tadpole, metamorphosis Journal Article Elinson, R. P.;E. M. Del Pino, D. S. Townsend, F. C. Cuesta;Eichhorn., P. 1990 A practical guide to the developmental biology of terrestrial-breeding frogs Biological Bulletin 179 163-177 Journal Article Ellegren, Hans 1991 DNA typing of museum birds Nature 354 113 Journal Article Elmore, D. B.;Anderson, J. H.;Hird, D. W.;Sanders, K. D.;Lerche, N. W. 1992 Diarrhea rates and risk factors for developing chronic diarrhea in infant and juvenile rhesus monkeys Lab Anim Sci 42 4 356-359 Mammalia, primates, monkey, Rhesus monkey, diarrhea, intestine, age, juvenile Journal Article Elsey, R.M.;Joanen, T.;McNease, L.;Lance, V. 1990 Growth rate and plasma corticosterone levels in juvenile alligators maintained at different stocking densities J. Exp. Zool. 255 30-36 AM, biochemistry, farming, physiology, stress, endocrinology, Journal Article Elsey, R.M.;Lance, V. A.;Joanen, T.;McNease, L. 1991 Acute stress suppresses plasma estradiol levels in female alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) Comp. Biochem. Phys. A. 100 3 649-651 AM, stress, endocrinology, reproduction, LA Book Section Elsey, R.M.;McNease, L.;Joanen, T. 1992 Feeding habits of juvenile alligators on Marsh Islands Wildlife Refuge: A comparison of wild and farm-released alligators Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0132-5. 96 Book Section Elsey, R.M.;Joanen, T.;McNease, L. 1992 Growth rates and body condition factors for alligators in coastal Louisiana wetlands: A comparison of wild and farm-released juveniles Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0132-5. 95 Journal Article Emerson, Sharon B. 1991 A biochemical perspective on the use of forelimb length as a measure of sexual selection in frogs J. Evol. Biol. 4 671-678 Rana sylvatica, Triprion petasatus, Bufo marinus, Bufo terrestris, Bufo quercicus, Bufo valliceps, Hyla marmorata, Bufo americanus, Bufo bufo Journal Article Emerson, S. B.;Voris, H. 1992 Competing explanations for sexual dimorphism in a voiceless Bornean frog Functional Ecology 6 654-660 Rana blythi Journal Article Emerson, Sharon B. 1992 Courtship and nest-building behavior of a Bornean frog, Rana blythi Copeia 4 1123-1127 nests, reproductive behavior Journal Article Emmer, Rick 1991 Husbandry and breeding of dart-poison frogs (Dendrobates auratus and D. tinctorius) Vivarium 2 6 8-11;18;35 Dendrobates auratus; Dendrobates tinctorius Journal Article Ender, J. A. 1992 Signals, signal conditions, and the direction of evolution American Naturalist 139 S125-S153 acoustic communication, communication, evolution, natural selection, propagation, sexual selection, Journal Article Engbring, J.;Idechong, N.;Cook, C.;Wiles, G.;Bauer, R. 1992 Observations on the defensive and aggressive behavior of the leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) at sea Herpetological Review 23 3 70-71 leatherback Journal Article Engelke, Ellen M. 1992 Effects of tortoise fencing on indenous desert species Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 159 Journal Article Engelke, Ellen M.;Stone, Jack S.;Cornish, Michael J. 1992 New technique in transporting desert tortoises Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 158 Journal Article Engkamat, L.;Stuebing, R. B.;Voris, H. K. 1991 A population size estimate of the yellow-lipped sea krait, Laticauda colubrina, on Kalampunian Damit Island, Sabah, Malaysia Copeia 4 1139-1142 population size, yellow-lipped, sea krait, Laticauda colubrina, Malaysia Journal Article Entzeroth, Andre 1991 Bemerkungen zur Systematik sowie zur Haltung und Nachzucht von Elaphe flavirufa (Cope, 1867) Herpetofauna 13 75 14-20 Elaphe flavirufa Journal Article Erdelen, Walter 1991 Conservation and population ecology of monitor lizards: the water monitor Varanus salvator (Laurenti, 1768) in South Sumatra Mertensiella 2 120-135 Varanidae; Varanus salavator; Indonesia; South Sumatra; Distribution; reproductive ecology; population ecology; exploitation; conservation Book Eremchenko, V. K. 1992 Reptiles of Russia??? written in Russian Journal Article Ergueta, P.;Pacheco, L.F. 1990 Los Crocodilios (orden Crocodylia) de Bolivia Ecol. en Bolivia 15 69-81 CL, CCR, MN, PAL, distribution, South America Book Section Erk'Akan, F.;Canbolat, A.F. 1990 The investigation on the biology of loggerhead sea turtles which use Dalyan Beach for nesting places and their protection from environmental effects R.E. Qu\'elennec, E. Ercolani, G. Michon Littoral 1990. Inst. Mediterran\'een de Technol. Chateau-Gombert, Marseille, France 405-410 Journal Article Erlich, Henry A.;Gelfand, David;Sninsky, John J. 1991 Recent advances in the polymerase Chain Reaction Science 252 1643-1651 pcr Journal Article Ernst, Carl H.;Lovich, Jeffrey E. 1990 A new species of Coura (Reptilia: Testudines: Emydidae) from the Ryukyu Islands Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 103 1 26-34 sp. nov. evelynae flavomarginata Journal Article Ernst, Carl H. 1990 Pseudemys gorzugi Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 461 1-2 Journal Article Ernst, Carl H.;Lovich, Jeffrey E. 1990 A new species of Cuora (Reptilia: Testudines: Emydidae) from the Ryukyu Islands Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 103 1 26-34 Book Section Ernst, C.H. 1990 Systematics, taxonomy, variation, and geographic distribution of the slider turtle Gibbons, J. W. Life history and ecology of the slider turtle Wash., D.C. Smithsonian Inst. Press 57-67 Journal Article Ernst, Carl H. 1991 Terrapene Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 511 1-6 Journal Article Ernst, Carl H. 1991 Terrapene carolina Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 512 1-13 Journal Article Ernst, Carl H. 1992 Trachemys gaigeae Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 538 1-4 Book Ernst, Carl H. 1992 Venomous Reptiles of North America Washington, DC Smithsonian Institution Press 236 North America Journal Article Eschment, Jürgen 1990 Anmerkungen zur künstlichen Aufzucht von Dendrobates pumilio Veröffentlichungen Naturhistorisches Museum Schloß Bertholdsburg Schleusingen 5 84 Journal Article Esque, Todd C. 1991 Diet and foraging behavior of Gopherus agassizii in the northeast Mojave Desert [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 319 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Esque, T.;and, E.;Peters 1991 Calcium implicated decline of desert tortoises Daily Commercial testu,oeko,namerika,vit PF x Journal Article Esque, Todd C. 1992 Diet selection and habitat use by the desert tortoise in the northeast Mojave Desert Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 64-68 Journal Article Etchberger, Cory R.;Iverson, John B. 1990 Pseudemys texana Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 485 1-2 Journal Article Etchberger, C. R.;Stovall, R. H. 1990 Seasonal variation in the testicular cycle of the loggerhead musk turtle, Sternotherus minor minor, from central Florida Can. J. Zool. 68 1071-1074 Journal Article Etchberger, CR;Phillips, JB;Ewert, MA;Nelson, CE;and Prange, HD 1991 Effects of oxygen concentration and clutch on sex determination and physiology in red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta) 258 394-403 sex ratio Journal Article Etchberger, Cory R.;Ewert, Michael A.;Raper, Beth A.;Nelson, Craig E. 1992 Do low incubation temperatures yield females in painted turtles? Canadian Journal of Zoology 70 391-394 Chrysemys picta Journal Article Etchberger, Cory R.;Ewert, Michael A.;Raper, beth A.;Nelson, Craig E. 1992 Do low incubation temperatures yeild females in painted turtles? Canadian Journal of Zoology 70 2 391-394 Journal Article Etchberger, C. R.;Ewert, M. A.;Phillips, J. B.;Nelson, C. E.;Prange, H. D. 1992 Physiological responses to carbon dioxide in embryonic red- eared slider turtles, Trachemys scripta J Exp Zool 264 1 1-10 Reptilia, testudines, red eared turtle, Trachemys elegans, sex determination, temperature, carbon dioxyde In the red-eared slider turtle, Trachemys scripta, sex is determined by the incubation temperature of the egg: warm temperatures produce females, cool ones produce males, and a narrow range of intermediate temperatures produce both sexes. We asked whether the influence of temperature is modified by the effects of carbon dioxide. Under one current hypothesis, sex is more closely linked to total incubation time than to temperature. Higher levels of carbon dioxide should lengthen total incubation time and thus mimic the longer incubation times produced by low incubation temperatures. By this hypothesis longer incubation times should increase the tendency to produce males. Trachemys scripta eggs were incubated in atmospheres containing various concentrations of carbon dioxide. While total incubation times were significantly lengthened with elevated carbon dioxide (as if mimicking cool temperatures), sex ratios were altered in favor of females (as if mimicking warm temperatures). This result is compatible with a hypothesis that pH changes affect sex in turtles with TSD. Turtles incubated at elevated levels of carbon dioxide absorbed less yolk, had more residual yolk, and were somewhat smaller than turtles incubated at lower levels of carbon dioxide. In some cases, clutches were heterogeneous in their responses to the various levels of carbon dioxide. Journal Article Etchberger, C.R.;Ewert, M.A.;Raper, B.A.;Nelson, C. 1992 Do low incubation temperatures yield females in painted turtles? Canadian Journal of Zoology 70 391-394 tsd; sex ratio; pivotal Journal Article ETGES, F.J. 1991 Clinostomum attenuatum (Digenea) from the eye of Bufo marinus J. Parasitol. 77 4 634-635 Amphibia, anura, Bufo marinus, infection, trematode Clinostomum attenuatum , eye FJ Etges, Univ Cincinnati, Dept Biol Sci, Cincinnati, OH 45221 Journal Article Etheridge, K. 1990 The energetics of estivating siren salamanders (Siren lacertina and Pseudobranchus striatus) Herpetologica 46 407-414 Journal Article Etheridge, K. 1990 Water balance in estivating sirenid salamanders (Siren lacertina) Herpetologica 46 400-406 Journal Article Etheridge, Richard;Wiliams, Ernest E. 1991 A review of the South American lizard genera Urostrophus and Anisolepis (Squamata: Iguania: Polychridae) Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 152 5 317-361 Polychridae; Urostrophus; Anisolepis; Urostrophus gallardoi n. sp.; New species; Systematics; Phylogeny; Key; Distribution; South America Journal Article Etheridge, Richard E. 1992 A new Psammophilius lizard of the genus Liolaemus (Squamata: Tropiduridae) from Northwestern Argentina Bollettino del Museo regionale di Scienze naturali - Torino 10 1 1-19 South America; Argentina; Liolaemus laurenti n. sp.; Distribution Journal Article Ettling, Jeff 1992 Captive husbandry and reproduction of the blood python, Python curtus Captive Breeding 1 1 12-15 Python curtus Journal Article Ewald, D. A.;Roper, S. D. 1992 Intercellular signaling in Necturus taste buds: chemical excitation of receptor cells elicits responses in basal cells J Neurophysiol 67 5 1316-24 Animal; Cell Membrane/physiology; Fluorescent Dyes; Isoquinolines; Necturus maculosus; Receptors, Sensory/*physiology; *Signal Transduction; Stimulation, Chemical; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Synapses/physiology; Taste Buds/cytology/*physiology 1. Taste cells in intact taste buds in slices of Necturus lingual epithelium were impaled with microelectrodes for intracellular recording. Two types of cells were investigated: taste receptor cells and basal cells. 2. Impaling cells in the apical end of taste buds resulted in intracellular records from taste receptor cells. Applying short pulses (100- to 200-ms duration) of 140 mM KCl solution to the apical pore elicited receptor potentials in the taste receptor cells. 3. Impaling cells in the base of the taste bud resulted in intracellular records from taste receptor cells and basal cells. KCl applied to the taste pore elicited responses in the basal region that varied greatly in both magnitude and time of onset. The latency of these responses (time of onset compared with the onset of the receptor potential) ranged from 0 to hundreds of milliseconds. 4. Impaled cells were identified by injecting Lucifer yellow after recording KCl responses for 21 cells. KCl responses recorded from identified basal cells all had latencies of greater than 75 ms. KCl responses from identified receptor cells all had latencies of less than 75 ms. 5. One explanation for the long latency of KCl responses recorded in basal cells is that the responses represent postsynaptic potentials. In agreement with this interpretation, long-latency responses, but not short-latency responses, were reversibly reduced by the Ca antagonist Cd (1 mM, 10- to 20-min bath exposure). 6. Long-latency responses also differed from short-latency responses in their voltage dependence. Short-latency responses had the same voltage dependence as apically recorded receptor potentials, increasing with hyperpolarization from resting potential with an extrapolated reversal potential near 0 mV. Long-latency responses were much less dependent on voltage in this range. 7. We measured the spread of exogenously applied KCl with potassium-sensitive electrodes. Long-latency responses were not generated by diffusion of applied KCl to the basal region of the taste bud. A small transient increase in extracellular potassium occurred at the base of the taste bud after chemostimulation at the apical pore. This increase was due to depolarization-evoked release of potassium from taste cells and did not cause the long-latency responses in basal cells. 8. We conclude that short-latency (less than 75 ms) responses recorded from cells situated in the bases of taste buds are electrotonically conducted receptor potentials generated at the apical region. Long-latency (greater than 75 ms) responses are consistent with recording postsynaptic responses in basal cells. Journal Article Ewert, M.A.;Nelson, C.E. 1991 Sex determination in turtles: diverse patterns and some possible adaptive values Copeia 1991 1 50-69 sex ratio; conservation Journal Article Ewing, P.J.;al., et. 1991 Myxosarcoma in a Sinaloan Milksnake. JAVMA 199 12 Reptilia, serpentes, milksnake, pathology, tumor, myxosarcoma Journal Article Ewing, P.J. , e.a. , 1992 Myxosarcoma in a Sinaloan milksnake JAVMA 199 12 1775-1776 reptilia squamata serpentes colubridae ,Lampropeltis ,tumor * Journal Article Exbrayat, J. M.;Morel, G. 1990 The cytological modifications of the distal lobe of the hypophysis in Typhlonectes compressicaudus (Dumeril and Bibron, 1841), amphibia gymnophiona, during the cycles of seasonal activity: II. In adult females Biological Structures and Morphogenesis 3 4 129-138 Gonadotropic Cell; Lactotropic Cell; Corticotropic Cell; Somatotropic Cell; Sexual Cycle The cytological modifications of four cell types have been studied in the distal lobe of the hypophysis in Typhonectes compressicaudus female. The gonadotrophic cells are developed during the period of breeding. They decrease progressively during the gestation; their size reach a minimum at parturition. During the period of sexual inactivity their size is minimal. Lactotrophic cells have a similar cycle but the variations of size are less important. The corticotropic and somatotrophic cells are developed during the breeding period then they become very small. During sexual inactivity, these cells reach a new maximal size in August. In pregnant females, they do not show any important volumetric variations. Journal Article Fabrezi, M.;Lavilla, E.O. 1990 Anatomia del condrocraneo en larvas de tres especies de Telmatobius del grupo meridional (Anura: Leptodactylidae) Physis 48 39-46 Journal Article Fabrezi, Marissa 1992 El carpo de los anouros. [The carpal of the anurans] Alytes 10 1 1-29 pleurodema cinerea phyllomedusa sauvagii gastrotheca gracilis dermatonotus muelleri leptodactylus latinasus telmatobufo venustus Journal Article Fabrezi, M.;Lavilla., E. O. 1992 Estructura del condrocráneo y esqueleto hiobranquial en larvas de algunos hílidos neotropicales (Anura: Hylidae) Acta Zool. Lilloana 41 155-164 Journal Article Faivovich, Julián;Carrizo, Gustavo R. 1992 Descripción de la larva de Chacophrys pierotti (Vellard, 1948) (Leptodactylidae, Ceratophryinae). [Description of the larvae of Chacophrys pierotti (Vellard, 1948) (Leptodactylidae, Ceratophryinae)] Alytes 10 3 81-89 lepidobatrachus ceratophrys Journal Article Farkas, B. 1992 Wiederentdeckung eines Exemplars von Rafetus swinhoei (Gray, 1873) in Naturhistorischen Museum Wien Salamandra, Bonn 28 2 145-152 Rafetus swinhoei Journal Article Farr, Daniel R.;Gregory, Patrick T. 1991 Sources of variation in estimating litter characteristics of the garter snakes,Thamnophis elegans Journal of Herpetology 25 3 261-268 reproduction, young, snakes, populations, techniques, gravid Journal Article Farrell, Brian;Mitter, Charles 1990 Phylogenesis of insect/plant interactions: have Phyllobrotica leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) and the lamiales diversified in parallel? Evolution 44 6 1389-1403 coevolution Journal Article Farrell, Jim 1991 Some natural history observations of raven behavior and predation on desert tortoises [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 168 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Fauth, J. E. 1990 Interactive effects of predators and early larval dynamics of the treefrog Hyla chrysoscelis Ecology 71 1609-1616 Journal Article Fauth, J. R.;Resetarits, W. J.;Wilbur., H. M. 1990 Interactions between larval salamanders: a case of competitive equality Oikos 58 91-99 Journal Article Fauth, J. R.;Resetarits., W. J. 1991 Interactions between the salamanders Siren intermedia and the keystone predator Notophthalmus viridescens Ecology 72 827-887 Journal Article Fauth, J. E.;Resetarits., W. J. 1991 Interactions between the salamander Siren intermedia and the keystone predator Notophthalmus viridescens Ecology 72 827-838 Journal Article Fábregas, J.;López, A.;Llovo, J.;Muñoz, A. 1992 A comparative study of seafish erythrocytes and agglutinins from seaweeds Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 103A 2 307-313 tsd; esd Book Feder, Martin E.;Burggren, Warren W. 1992 Environmental Physiology of the Amphibians University of Chigago Press viii, 646 Book Fei, L.;Ye, C.-Y.;Huang, Y.-Z. 1990 Key to Chinese Amphibians 364 China; Chinese; Key; Distribution; Amphibia Journal Article Fei, Liang;Ye, Changyuan 1990 Intergeneric relationships and diversification of the high-altitude peobatid toads in Asia and their relation with the formation of Qinghai-Xiz and Pleateau (Amphibia: Pelobatidae) Acta Zoologica Sinica 36 420-428 Amphibia, anura, megophryidae, megophryinae, intergeneric relationships, diversification, characters Journal Article Fei, Liang;Ye, Changyuan 1992 Two new species of pelobatid toads of genus Leptolalax from Yunnan province of China (Amphibia: Anura) Acta Biologica Plateau Sinica 11 6 45-54 Amphibia, anura, Megophryidae, Leptolalax, pelodytoides, Leptolalax, bourreti, Leptolalax, gracilis, Leptolalax, heteropus, Leptolalax, oshanensis, Leptolalax alpinus, Leptolalax ventripunctatus, China, Yunnan Journal Article Fei, Liang;Ye, Changyuan;Wei, Gang;Xu, Ning 1992 Study on the phylogenetic relationship between species of Scutiger genus in Qinghai-xizang Pleatuea (Amphibian: Pelobatidae) Acta Herpetologica Sinica 27-39 Amphibia, anura, megophryidae, megophryinae, intergeneric relationships, Scutiger, diversification, characters Journal Article Feldner, Jerrold J. 1992 A case of simple destruction Sonoran Herpetologist 5 12 116 collecting Journal Article Fellers, G. M.;Drost, C. A. 1990 Ecology of the Island Night Lizard, Xantusia riversiana, on Santa Barbara Island, California Herpetological Monograph No. 4 28-78 lizards, night, natural history Journal Article Fellers, Gary M.;Drost, Charles A. 1991 Xantusia riversianna Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 518 1-4 Journal Article Feng, A. S.;Lin., W. 1991 Differential innervation patterns of three divisions of frog auditory midbrain (torus semicircularis) Journal of Comparative Neurology 306 613-630 Journal Article Feng, A. S.;Hall, J. C.;Siddique, S. 1991 Coding of temporal parameters of complex sounds by frog auditory nerve fibers Journal of Neurophysiology 65 3 424-445 neuroethology, Amphibia, Anura, acoustic communication, Journal Article Feng, A.;Lin, W. Y. 1991 Differential innervation patterns of three divisions of frog auditory midbrain (Torus semicircularis) Journal of Comparative neurology 306 613-630 neuroethology, Amphibia, acoustic communication, Anura, Journal Article Fenwick, H. 1990 Care and management of captive sick chelonians Testudo 3 2 25-32 testu,vet,vit WP x Journal Article Ferguson, Gary;Murphy, James;Hudson, Richard 1991 The quest for the Mount Kenya muriyu Vivarium 3 1 18-22;36-38 Chamaeleo jacksonii Journal Article Ferguson, Gary W.;Blades, John 1991 Keeping Old World chameleons in captivity Vivarium 3 2 18-29 Chamaeleo Book Section Ferguson, R.A. 1992 A radiotelemetry and mark recapture experiment to assess the survival of juvenile crocodiles released from farms into the wild in Zimbabwe Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0132-5. 98-106 Book Section Ferguson, M.W.J.;Noble, R.C.;McCartney, R. 1992 Lipid and fatty acid compositional differenal between eggs of wild and captive breeding alligators (Alligator mississippiensis): An association with reduced hatchability Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0132-5. 97 Journal Article Ferguson, Mark W J 1992 Temperature dependent sex determination in alligators: Phenomenon, mechanisms and evolution Journal of Reproduction and Fertilization Abstract Service 9 5 Journal Article Ferretti, P.;Brockes, J. P. 1990 The monoclonal antibody 22/18 recognizes a conformational change in an intermediate filament of the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, during limb regeneration Cell Tissue Res 259 3 483-93 Animal; Antibodies, Monoclonal/*immunology; Cells, Cultured; Extremities/*physiology; Immunoblotting; Immunohistochemistry; Intermediate Filament Proteins/*analysis/immunology; Notophthalmus viridescens; Protein Conformation; *Regeneration Previous work has shown that the monoclonal antibody 22/18 identifies progenitor cells (blastemal cells) which depend on the nerve for their division in the early stages of limb regeneration in the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens. This antibody also reacts with cultured cells derived from the newt limb, and the intensity of immunoreactivity appears related to cell density and differentiation into myotubes. We report here that the monoclonal antibody 22/18 recognizes a polypeptide (22/18 antigen) which is intracellular and filamentous. Double staining of cells with 22/18 monoclonal antibody and antibodies against various cytoskeletal components indicates that the epitope is expressed on an intermediate filament component. Although this antibody is specific for blastemal cells in cryostat sections of the regenerating limb, its reactivity on immunoblots is not confined to this tissue. The 22/18 antigen is differentially affected by aldehyde fixatives distinguished by the spacing of their reactive groups. While formaldehyde fixation impairs detection of the antigen, ethylene glycol-bis[succinic acid n- hydroxysuccinimide ester] reveals the antigen in sections of normal and regenerating limbs in a distribution that is consistent with the one obtained from immunoblots. We suggest that the 22/18 monoclonal antibody detects a change in protein conformation, probably related to changes in the physiological state of the cell, that occurs transiently during regeneration and possibly during development. Journal Article Fetcho, J. R.;Reich, N. T. 1992 Axial motor organization in postmetamorphic tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum): a segregation of epaxial and hypaxial motor pools is not necessarily associated with terrestrial locomotion Brain Behav Evol 39 4 219-28 Ambystoma/*anatomy & histology; Animal; Axons/ultrastructure; Locomotion/*physiology; Metamorphosis, Biological/*physiology; Motor Neurons/*ultrastructure; Muscles/*innervation; Species Specificity; Spinal Cord/*anatomy & histology; Spinal Nerves/anatomy & histology The axial motor column has undergone a major reorganization during the evolution of vertebrates. In aquatic anamniotes including lampreys, goldfish, and mudpuppies, epaxial and hypaxial motoneurons are intermingled in the column. In contrast, epaxial and hypaxial motoneurons are spatially segregated in water snakes, rats, and monkeys, apparently as a consequence of an isomorphic mapping of motoneuron location onto the position of innervated muscle in the embryonic myotome. The presence of these two very different arrangements of motoneurons requires a major restructuring of the motor column during vertebrate evolution. The time of this reorganization is unknown. All amniotes studied to date have an epaxial/hypaxial segregation, and all anamniotes do not, suggesting that the map arose with the origin of amniotes. All the anamniotes examined previously were permanently aquatic, however, and the map might therefore be associated with terrestrial locomotion. If so, we would expect terrestrial anamniotes to have an arrangement of motoneurons like that in amniotes. We studied the organization of motoneurons innervating the trunk muscles of postmetamorphic, terrestrial tiger salamanders and asked whether their motor columns are more like those of amniotes or those of aquatic anamniotes. The motor column in tiger salamanders is similar to that seen in aquatic anamniotes and very like that in mudpuppies--permanently aquatic salamanders. There are several classes of motoneurons with morphological similarities to the primary and secondary motoneurons characteristic of aquatic anamniotes. Epaxial and hypaxial motoneurons show no obvious morphological differences and occupy extensively overlapping positions in the motor column. The only epaxial/hypaxial distinction is the presence of a few, small, relatively undifferentiated motoneurons located subadjacent to the ependymal layer. These motoneurons are filled only by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) applied to hypaxial nerves. They are probably newly born motoneurons, and their presence suggests continued addition of motoneurons, even in adult salamanders. We conclude that the epaxial/hypaxial segregation seen in amniotes is not necessarily associated with terrestrial locomotion. The segregation and the topographic map it reflects may have arisen in conjunction with the origin of amniotes. If they instead arose prior to the origin of extant amphibians, they must have been secondarily lost in those salamanders studied to date. An examination of the motor column of other amphibians should help to resolve this issue. Journal Article Fiegel, Jr., C. R. ;Semlitsch, R. D. 1991 Effects of nonlethal injury and habitat complexity on predation in tadpole populations Can. J. Zool. 69 830-834 Crayfish, Hyla chrysoscelis, tadpoles Journal Article Field, Ray 1990 Developing husbandry techniques to breed pythons in captivity Herpetofauna 20 2 18-22 Aspidites melanocephalus; Liasis childreni; Liasis fuscus; Liasis olivaceus; Morelia amethistina; Morelia spilota; Chondropython viridis Journal Article Fielden, L. J.;Rechav, Y.;Bryson, N. R. 1992 Acquired immunity to larvae of Amblyomma marmoreum and A. hebraeum by tortoises, guinea-pigs and Guinea-fowl Med Vet Entomol 6 3 251-254 Reptilia, testudines, sauria, acari, tick, Amblyomma hebraeum, resistance A study of acquired resistance in guinea-pigs, guinea- fowl and tortoises to larvae of the ticks Amblyomma hebraeum Koch and A marmoreum Koch (Acari: Ixodidae) showed that repeated infestations of the laboratory host resulted in a 29.3-49.4% reduction respectively in weight of engorged larvae. No resistance was induced in guinea-fowl, the natural host for larvae of both species. A small decline in the mean weight of engorged larvae was observed for both species of ticks after three successive infestations on tortoises. The reduction in weight was more pronounced in A. hebraeum (14.5%) which does not naturally feed on tortoises than for A. marmoreum (8.4%), a common tick on this host. The occurrence of acquired resistance in natural tick host relationships as opposed to unnatural tick host relationships is discussed. Journal Article Fife, Richard 1990 Keeping leopard tortoises in southern Arizona (Geochelone pardalis) Vivarium 2 4 8-11 Geochelone pardalis Journal Article Figiel, C. R., Jr.;Semlitsch., R. D. 1990 Population variation in survival and metamorphosis of larval salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum) in the presence and absence fish predation Copeia 1990 818-826 Journal Article Figiel, C. R., Jr.;Semlitsch., R. D. 1991 Effects of nonlethal injury and habitat complexity on predation in tadpole populations Canadian Journal of Zoology 69 830-834 Journal Article Fijan, N.;Matasin, Z.;Petrinec, Z.;Valpotic, I.;Zwillenberg, L.O. 1991 Isolation of an iridovirus-like agent from the green frog (Rana esculenta L.) Veterinarski arhiv 61 3 151-158 Amphibia, anura, green frog, Rana esculenta, infection, virus, irido-virus-like Reprint Endnote 95/26 Journal Article Filipovic, D.;Sackin, H. 1991 A calcium-permeable stretch-activated cation channel in renal proximal tubule Am J Physiol 260 1 Pt 2 F119-29 Animal; Calcium/pharmacology/*pharmacokinetics; Calcium Channels/drug effects/*physiology; Cell Membrane Permeability/drug effects/*physiology; Electric Conductivity/drug effects/physiology; Gadolinium/pharmacology; Kidney Tubules, Proximal/*physiology/ultrastructure; Kinetics; Mechanoreceptors/*drug effects/physiology; Membrane Potentials/drug effects/physiology; Necturus maculosus; Potassium/pharmacokinetics; Potassium Channels/drug effects/physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Isolated Necturus proximal tubules were split to expose the apical membrane surface for patch clamping. When both pipette and bath solutions contained only Ca, N-methyl-D-glucamine, and methanesulfonate, inwardly directed Ca currents were observed through a stretch-activated (SA) cation channel with conductance of 18 +/- 1 pS (n = 19). The SA cation channel exhibited little discrimination among Na, K, and Ca but was at least nine times more selective for cations than anions. The channel was not significantly gated by either membrane potential or cytosolic Ca. However, application of 15 cmH2O suction to patch pipette significantly increased the mean number of open channels by a factor of 6.5, from 0.04 +/- 0.02 to 0.26 +/- 0.08 (n = 11). Ca currents through the SA cation channel were reversibly blocked by 10 microM gadolinium, which was applied to outside surface of excised patches. This is similar to gadolinium block of stretch-activated channels in Xenopus oocytes (X.-C. Yang and F. Sachs. Science Wash. DC 243: 1068-1071, 1989). A Ca-dependent, maxi-K channel (92 +/- 9 pS, n = 5) was also found at the apical membrane of the same proximal tubules. In some cases this maxi-K channel appeared to be indirectly activated by pipette suction, raising the possibility that Ca influx through the SA cation channel may regulate K efflux via the maxi-K channel. Such a process could mediate cell volume regulation and maintain electrolyte homeostasis during normal variations in Na-substrate cotransport. Journal Article Filipovic, D.;Sackin, H. 1992 Stretch- and volume-activated channels in isolated proximal tubule cells Am J Physiol 262 5 Pt 2 F857-70 Animal; Electrophysiology; Homeostasis; In Vitro; Kidney Tubules, Proximal/cytology/*metabolism; Kinetics; Mesylates/pharmacology; Necturus maculosus; Physical Stimulation; Potassium Channels/*metabolism/physiology; Suction; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Apical and basolateral channels were studied in isolated proximal tubule cells of Necturus kidney. Many of these isolated cells maintained their polarity, with clearly delineated apical and basolateral regions. A 20-pS stretch-activated (SA) cation-selective channel was identified at the apical side of these cells. This channel was permeable to Ca, K, and Na but was not significantly gated by either membrane potential or cytosolic Ca. Negative pipette pressure (15 cmH2O) increased the open probability (Po) of this channel from 0.04 +/- 0.02 to 0.26 +/- 0.08 (n = 6). Two types of Ca-independent, mechanosensitive, K-selective (SAK) channels were identified at the basolateral surface of polarized proximal tubule cells, i.e., a 30-pS long-open time (50 +/- 7 ms) channel (n = 9), and a 46-pS short-open time (1.3 +/- 0.7 ms) channel (n = 10). Pipette suction (-12 cmH2O) increased the Po of the short-open time channels from 0.008 to 0.015 and increased the Po of the long-open time channel from 0.03 to 0.19. The effect of swelling was studied with isolated cells suspended at the tip of patch pipettes. A 50% dilution of the bath doubled cell volume, hyperpolarized the membrane potential by 11 +/- 0.7 mV, and increased the Po of the basolateral SAK channels. This was followed by a spontaneous regulatory volume decrease (RVD), repolarization of the membrane potential, and a decrease in Po. In contrast, isosmotic (bath side) replacement of an impermeant anion (methanesulfonate) with a permeant anion (Cl) doubled cell volume in 5 min but without a subsequent RVD. This sustained swelling hyperpolarized the cell potential by 5.5 +/- 0.7 mV (n = 16) and increased the Po of short-open time channel by a factor of 2.3 from 0.03 +/- 0.01 to 0.07 +/- 0.02 (n = 6). The increase in Po was primarily produced by a reduction in the interburst closed time, which decreased from 142 +/- 43 ms in K methanesulfonate to 36 +/- 11 ms in KCl solutions. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that cell swelling activates Ca- independent K channels at the basolateral membrane of renal proximal tubule. Efflux of K through these channels may partially mediate renal cell volume regulation. Journal Article Fincke, O. M. 1992 Consequences of larval ecology for territoriality and reproductive success of a neotropical damselfly Ecology 73 April invertebrates, insects, Odonata, Pseudostigmatidae, treehole, breeding, larvae, Megaloprepus coerulatus, oviposition, territoriality, reproductive success, cannibalism, competition, survivorship Journal Article Fincke, O. M. 1992 Interspecific competition for tree holes: Consequences for mating systems and coexistence in neotropical damselflies American Naturalist 139 1 80-101 invertebrates, insects, Odonata, Pseudostigmatidae, mate searching, larvae, habitats, growth, territoriality, seasonality, oviposition Book Section Fincke, O. M. 1992 Behavioural ecology of the giant damselflies of Barro Colorado Island, Panama (Odonata: Zygoptera: Pseudostigmatidae) Arias, D. Q. and Aiello, A. Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: Selected Studies Oxford Oxford University Press 102-113 invertebrates, insects, distribution, larvae, habitats, treehole, seasonality, feeding, reproductive behavior, strategies Journal Article Findeis, Eric K.;Bemis, William E. 1990 Functional morphology of tongue projection in Taricha torosa (Urodela: Salamandridae) Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 99 129-157 Journal Article Fischer, R.U.;Mazzotti, F.J.;Congdon, J.D.;Gatten, R.E., Jr. 1991 Post-hatching yolk reserves: Parental investment in American alligators from Louisiana J. Herpetol. 25 2 253-256 AM, reproduction, embryology, parentalcare, Journal Article Fischer, R. U. ;Mazzotti, F. J.;Congdon, J. D.;R. E. Gatten, Jr. 1991 Post-hatching yolk reserves: Parental investment in American alligators from Louisiana Journal of Herpetology 25 2 253-256 reptiles, eggs, energetics Journal Article Fischer, Robert U.;Mazzotti, Frank J.;Congdon, Justin D.;Gatten, Robert E. 1991 Post-hatching yolk reserves: parental investment in American alligators from Louisiana Journal of Herpetology 25 253-256 Book Fischer, E.;Hinkel, H. 1992 Natur Ruandas/La natur du Rwanda Mainz Ministerium des Innern und für Sport 452 Journal Article Fishwild, T. G.;R. A. Schemidt, K. M. Jankens, K. A. Berven, G. J. Gamboa;Richards., C. M. 1990 Sibling recognition by larval frogs (Pseudacris crucifer, Rana pipiens, R. sylvatica). Journal of Herpetology 24 40-44 Journal Article Fishwild, T. G.;R. A. Schemidt, K. M. Jankens, K. A. Berven, G. J. Gamboa;Richards., C. M. 1990 Sibling recognition by larval frogs (Rana pipiens, R. sylvatica and Pseudacris crucifer). Journal of Herpetology 24 40-44 Journal Article FITGERALD, S.D. ;e.a. 1990 A caudal coiling syndrome associated with lymphocytic epaxial perineuritis in newborn boa constrictors Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 21 4 485-489 reptilia, squamata, serpentes, Boa, neurology, tail coiling * Journal Article Fitzgerald, Mark 1990 Rattus rattus: the introduced black rat, a successful predator on the introduced cane toad Bufo marinus in northern New South Wales Herpetofauna 20 2 9-14 Bufo marinus; Rattus rattus; Predation Book Section Fitzgerald, Lee A.;Chani, José Maria;Donadío, Oscar E. 1991 Tupinambis lizards in Argentina: Implementing management of a traditionally exploited resource Robinson, J. and Redofrd, K. Neotropical Wildlife: Use and Conservation Chicago University of Chicago Press 303-317 Book Section Fitzgerald, Lee A.;Chani, J. M.;Donadio, O. E. 1991 Tupinambis Lizards in Argentina: implementing management of a traditionally exploited resource Robinson, J. and Redford, K. Neotropical Wildlife: Use and Conservation Chicago University of Chicago Press 303-316 Journal Article Fitzsimmons, Colin 1992 Conservation corner Reptilian 1 2 7-8 Journal Article Fläschendräger, Axel 1990 Anolis bahorucoensis bahorucoensis (Noble & Hassler, 1933) - ein bemerkenswerter Saumfinger aus der Dominikanischen Republik Herpetofauna 12 64 6-10 Anolis bahorucoensis; Dominican Republic Journal Article Fläschendräger, Axel 1992 Zur Kenntnis des mittelamerikanischen Wasseranolis - Anolis oxylophus Cope, 1875 Herpetofauna 14 77 27-32 Anolis oxylophus Journal Article Fleck, J. 1992 Keeping and breeding the newt Tylotriton kweichowiensis (FANG & CHANG, 1932) Haltung und Nachzucht von Tylotriton kweichowiensis (FANG & CHANG, 1932) Salamandra 28 2 97-105 Amphibia, urodeles, newt,Tylotriton kweichowiensis , management, reproduction lurch,zucht,syst,vet,paras PF x Journal Article Fleishman, Leo J. 1992 The influence of the sensory system and the environment on motion patterns in the visual displays of anoline lizards and other vertebrates American Naturalist 139 Suppl. S36-S61 Journal Article Fleming, Ian A.;Gross, Mart R. 1990 Latitudinal clines: A trade-off between egg number and size in Pacific salmon Ecology 71 1 1-11 Journal Article Fleming, A. F.;Wyk, J. H. Van 1992 The female reproductive cycle of the lizard Cordylus p. polyzonus (Sauria: Cordylidae) in the southwestern Cape Province, South Africa Journal of Herpetology 26 2 121-127 reptiles, lizards, reproduction, hormones, season, variation, Journal Article Fletcher, M. D.;Cochran, B. G. 1990 Ambystoma texanum (smallmouth salamander) Herpetological Review 21 4 95 Journal Article Fletemeyer, J. R. 1990 Kemp's ridley sea turtle nests in Palm Beach Fla. Nat. 63 5 Thesis Fletemeyer, J. 1991 The nesting imperative: conflicts between humans and sea turtles on southeast Florida beaches Journal Article Flood , P.F. , e.a. , 1992 Androgens in the faeces of male muskoxen First International Symposium on Faecal Steroid Monitoring in Zoo animals 84-89 mammalia artiodactyla bovidae ,Ovibos ,testosterone ,cortisol Proceedings* Journal Article Flores Villela, Oscar;Hernández García, Efraín;Montes de Oca, Adrián Nieto 1991 Catalogo de Anfibios y Reptiles Serie Catalogos del Museo de Zoologia "Alfonso L. Herrera" 3 xiv, 222 Journal Article Flores Villela, Oscar;Brandon, Ronald A. 1992 Siren lacertina (Amphibia: Caudata) in Northeastern Mexico and Southern Texas Annals of Carnegie Museum 61 4 289-291 Journal Article Flores-villela, Oscar;Muñoz-Alonso, Antonio 1990 Anolis omiltemanus Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 490 1-2 Journal Article Flores-Villela, Oscar;Brandon, Ronald A. 1992 Siren lacertina (Amphibia: Caudata) in Northeastern Mexico and Southern Texas Annals of Carnegie Museum 61 4 289-291 Texas; Mexico; Morphology; Siren lacertina; Siren intermedia Journal Article Flugi, Ursula 1990 Bericht über die Haltung und Nachzucht des Storr'schen Zwergwarans (Varanus storri Mertens, 1966) Herpetofauna 12 67 31-34 Varanus storri Journal Article Fluker, K. 1990 Leesburg housing development poses threat to 1,200 tortoises Reprinted in League Fla. Herpetol. Soc. Newsl. November 27 Journal Article Foa, A.;Tosini, G.;Avery, R. 1992 Seasonal and diel cycles of activity in the ruin lizard, Podarcis sicula Herpetol J 2 3 86-89 Reptilia, sauria, ruin lizard, Podarcis sicula, physiology, activity, cycles Near Piza, Italy, the ruin lizard, (Podarcis sicula ) was seen during all months, but in significantly reduced numbers in Jan, Feb. Nov. and Dec. Bimodality in the activity pattern was particularly pronounced in the hottest months. The autors point to difficulties in measuring the activity of lizards from moments they are seen. It is most likely that at the peak of activity, reptiles are out of eye-sight Journal Article Foard, T.;Auth., D. L. 1990 Food habits and gut parasites of the salamander Stereochilus marginatus Journal of Herpetology 24 428-431 Book Section Foggin, C.M. 1992 Disease trends on crocodile farms in Zimbabwe Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0132-5. 107-110 Journal Article Foley, W.J;Boulskila, A.;Sholnik, A.;Choshniak, I. 1992 Microbial digestion in the herbivorous lizard Uromastix aegyptius (Agamidae) J. Zool. Lond. 226 387-398 Reptilia, sauria, lizard, Uromastix aegyptius, digestion, nutrition, feeding, Reprint Endnote 93/24 Journal Article Fontaine, Clark T.;Williams, Jo A.;Caillouet, Charles W., Jr. 1990 General information about sea turtle research at the NMFS Galveston Laboratory NOAA Technical Memorandum SEFC-NMFS-259 1-9 Journal Article Foote, J.J.;V.L. Wiese, T.L. East, J.F. Sprinkel, J.F. McCarthy 1991 Loggerhead turtle nesting data from a five year tagging program on Casey and Manasota Keys Fla. Sci. 54 Suppl. 1 16 Journal Article Ford, Neil B.;Cobb, Vincent A.;Lamar, William W. 1990 Reproductive data on snakes from northeastern Texas The Texas Journal of Science 42 4 355-368 Agkistrodon contotrix, Storeria dekayi, snakes, reproduction, northeastern Texas, offspring size variation Journal Article Ford, Neil B.;Cobb, Vincent A.;Lamar, William W. 1990 Reproductive data on snakes from northeastern Texas More Key Words: Cemophora, Coluber, Herterodon, Masticophis, Micrurus, Opheodrys, The Texas Journal of Science 42 4 355-368 Agkistrodon, Nerodia, Sistrurus, Storeria, Thamnophis, Virgina Journal Article Ford, Neil B.;Cobb, Vincent A.;Stout, Jim 1991 Species diversity and seasonal abundance of snakes in a mixed pine-hardwood forest of eastern Texas The Southwestern Naturalist 36 2 171-177 populations, community, snakes, pit traps, drift fences Journal Article Ford, N. B.;Cobb, V. 1992 Timing of courtship in two colubrid snakes of the southern United States Copeia 1992 2 573-577 reptiles, snakes, Thamnophis marcianus, sirtalis, hibernation, behavior Journal Article Forester, Don C.;Wisnieski, Anthony 1991 The significance of airborne olfactory cues to the recognition of home area by the dart-poison frog Dendrobates pumilio Journal of Herpetology 25 502-504 olfactory, airborne, recognition, home area, dart-poison frog, Dendrobates pumilio Journal Article Formanowicz, Daniel R., Jr.;Brodie, Edmund D., Jr.;Campbell, Jonathan A. 1990 Intraspecific aggression in Abronia vasconcelosii (Sauria, Anguidae), a tropical, arboreal lizard Biotropica 22 4 391-396 behavior guatemala Journal Article Forsman, Anders 1991 Adaptive variation in head size in Vipera berus L. populations Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 43 281-296 Vipera berus; morphology; head size Book Forsyth, Adrian 1990 Portraits of the Rainforest Camden house 156 Journal Article Fourcade, Patricia 1990 Survivance de Thériaques et d'alcools de Vipères dans la Pharmacopée populaire Française de la fin du XXème siècle Bulletin de la Société Herpétologique de France 56 49-56 Journal Article Fox, S. F.;Heger, N. A.;Delay, L. S. 1990 Social cost of tail loss in Uta stansburiana: lizard tails as status-signalling badges Animal Behaviour 39 549-554 Reptiles, lizards, tail loss, caudal autotomy, social, aggression, display, costs, Texas Journal Article Fox, S. F. 1992 The dear enemy phenomenon in the collared lizard, Crotaphytus collaris, with a cautionary note on the experimental methodology Animal Behaviour reptiles, behavior, competition, display Journal Article Fox, H. 1992 Figures of Eberth in the amphibian larval epidermis Journal of Morphology 212 1 87-97 Ichthyophis; Typhlonectes; Anuran; Urodele; Embryo; Cytokeratin; Cellular Division; Sloughing Figures of Eberth are prominent extensive filamentous structures in the basal epidermal cells of larval amphibians. They are compared and contrasted qualitatively and quantitatively in a number of species of the three groups of living amphibians. Fully developed Figures consist of massive skeins of tonofilaments oriented in three dimensions and hinged on hemidesmosomes within the cell. The overall appearance of the Figures is similar in anurans, urodeles and Ichthyophis among the apodans. However, in terms of size and number per unit length of the proximal cell margin, the hemidesmosomes and the thickness or their emergent skeins in anurans and Ichthyophis differ significantly from those parameters in urodeles, a feature that is presumably independent of cell size. Figures are poorly developed or missing in embryos of Typhlonectes, which has no larval stage in its life history. These ubiquitous skeletogenous structures in the aquatic larval amphibians, among other things, could be protective of underlying delicate tissues and act as a stabilizer in bodily movement during swimming. They could also serve as a reserve of cytokeratin for use during later cellular division and sloughing. Journal Article Fraile, B.;Saez, F. J.;Paniagua, R. 1990 The cycle of follicular and interstitial cells (Leydig cells) in the testis of the marbled newt, Triturus marmoratus (Caudata, Salamandridae) J Morphol 204 1 89-101 Ultrastructural examination of the marbled newt (Triturus marmoratus) testis throughout the annual cycle revealed that during the period of testicular quiescence (November-February), primordial germ cells proliferate within cords of filament-rich epithelial cells that will become follicular cells (FCs). Fibroblast-like cells surround the FCs and form the lobule-boundary interstitial cells (ICs). During the period of germ cell development from primordial germ cells to round spermatids (March-June), the FCs surrounding the developing germ cells contain scanty cytoplasm with abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and scarce filaments. With spermatid elongation (July-August), the FC size grows, its nucleus becomes irregularly outlined, and its cytoplasm displays abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum, residual bodies, lipid droplets, and large vacuoles. After spermatozoon release by the FCs (August-September), the adjacent ICs increase their size and transform into Leydig cells with abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria with tubular cristae, and lipid droplets. During the period of testicular quiescence (November-February), the Leydig cells undergo involution, eventually developing the morphological attributes of mesenchymal cells. Intermingled among these cells, cords of filament-rich cells are observed. During this period of the cycle, spermatozoon cysts supported by FCs are present. At the beginning of the germ cell proliferation period (March), these spermatozoa are released, and the adjacent ICs undergo a transformation into Leydig cells similar to those observed in August-September. Maturation and involution of ICs occur when testosterone levels are known to be rising and falling, respectively. Journal Article Frangioni, G.;Borgioli, G. 1991 Effect of temperature on the splenic mechanism of respiratory compensation in the newt J. Exp. Zool. 259 3 316-323 Amphibia, urodela, physiology, blood, respiration G Frangioni, Univ Florence, Dept Anim Biol & Genet, I-50125 Florence, Italy Journal Article Frank , L. , e.a , 1992 Comparison of serum cortisol concentration before and after intradermal testing in sedated and nonsedated dogs JAVMA 200 4 507-510 mammalia carnivora canidae ,Canis ,stress ,adrenal gland * Journal Article Frankenberg, Eliezer;Werner, Yehudah L. 1992 Vocal communication in the Reptilia- facts and questions Acta Zool. Lilloana 41 45-62 Acoustical communication, vocal organs, multiple-click advertisements Journal Article Frankenberg, E.;Werner, Y. L. 1992 Egg, clutch and maternal sizes in lizards: intra- and interspecific relations in Near-Eastern Agamidae and Lacertidae Herpetological Journal 2 7-18 reptiles, reproduction, comparative, Journal Article Franz, Richard;Dodd, C. Kenneth, Jr;Bard, Alice M 1992 The non-marine herpetofauna of Egmont Key, Hillsborough County, Florida Florida Scientist 55 3 179-183 Journal Article Frappell, P.B. ;Daniels, C.B. 1991 Ventilation and oxygen consumption in Agamid lizards Physiological Zoology 64 4 985-1001 Reptilia, Sauria, agama sp., physiology, respiration, O 2 PB Frappell, Mcgill Univ, Dept Physiol, Mcintyre Med Sci Bldg, 3655 Drummond St, Montreal H3G 1Y6, Quebec, Canada Journal Article Frazer, Nat B.;Gibbons, J. Whitfield;Owens, Timothy J. 1990 Turtle trapping: preliminary tests of conventional wisdom Copeia 1990 4 1150-1152 Turtle, trapping, capture method, SREL, Sherriff's Marsh, reptiles, Michigan Journal Article Frazer, N. B.;Gibbons, J. W.;Greene, J. L. 1990 Exploring Fabens' growth interval model with data on a long-lived vertebrate, Trachemys scripta (Reptilia: Testudinata) Copeia 1990 1 112-118 reptiles, turtles, growth curve, Journal Article Frazer, Nat B.;Gibbons, J. Whitfield;Greene, Judith L. 1990 Exploring Fabens' growth interval model with data on a long-lived vertebrate Trachemys scripta (Reptilia: Testudinata) Copeia 1990 112-118 Ellenton Bay, Carolina bay, slider turtles Journal Article Frazer, N.B. 1990 Growth, survivorship and longevity of painted turtles Chrysemys picta in a southwestern Michigan marsh American Midland Naturalist 125 245-258 survivorship Journal Article Frazer, Nat B.;Gibbons, J. Whitfield;Greene, Judith L. 1991 Growth, survivorship and longevity of painted turtles Chrysemys picta in a southwestern Michigan marsh American Midland Naturalist 125 245-258 SREL, Sherriff's Marsh, mark-recapture, turtle, Chrysemys picta, growth, survivorship, longevity, Michigan, reptiles Journal Article Frazer, Nat B.;Gibbons, J. Whitfield;Greene, Judith L. 1991 Life history and demography of the common mud turtle Kinosternon subrubrum in South Carolina, USA Ecology 72 6 2218-2231 Demography, fecundity, Kinosternon subrubrum, life table, survivorship, turtle, SREL, reptiles Journal Article Frazer, N. B.;Gibbons, J. W.;Greene, J. L. 1991 Growth, survivorship and longevity of painted turtles Chrysemys picta in a Southwestern Michigan Marsh American Midland Naturalist 125 245-258 Sherrif's Marsh Journal Article Frazer, Nat B.;Gibbons, J. Whitfield;Greene, Judith L. 1991 Life history and demography of the common mud turtle Kinsternon subrubrum in South Carolina, USA Ecology 72 2218-2231 Journal Article Frazer, N.B. 1991 Life history and demography of the common mud turtle Kinosternon subrubrum in south carolina, USA Ecology 72 6 2218-2231 demography Journal Article Frazer, Nat B. 1992 Sea turtle conservation and halfway technology Conservation Biology 6 2 179-184 Journal Article Frazer, Nat B. 1992 Management options for sea turtles: A demographic approach Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 161 Journal Article Frazer, Nat B. 1992 Head starting as halfway technology: A case study with sea turtles Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 160 Book Section Frazier, S. 1990 Distribution and status of crocodile populations in Irian Jaya, Indonesia Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0008-6 xvii + 399 pp. 208-250 Journal Article Freda, J.;Cavdek, V.;McDonald., D. G. 1990 Role of organic complexation in the toxicity of aluminum to Rana pipiens embryos and Bufo americanus tadpoles Canadian J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47 217-224 Journal Article Freda, J. 1991 The effects of aluminum and other metals on amphibians Environ. Pollut. 71 305-328 Journal Article Freda, J.;Taylor, D. H. 1992 Behavioral response of amphibian larvae to acidic water J Herpetol 26 4 429-433 Amphibia, anura, ecology, water, pH Five species of amphibian tadpoles (Rana clamitans, Rana sylvatica, Rana pipiens, Pseudacris crucifer, Bufo americanus) which varied in their sensitivity to low pH were exposed to a range of water pH and observed for avoidance behavior and changes in activity levels. All species tested avoided lethally acidic water and all species except Rana sylvatica avoided sublethal levels of acidity. However, the highest pH at which tadpoles avoided acidic water varied with species and appeared to be related to the acid sensitivity of the test species. Pseudacris crucifer displayed a slight but statistically significant decline in activity level, whereas B. americanus greatly increased its activity level during exposure to acidic water. Book Section Freedman, B.;Shackell, N. L. 1992 Amphibians in the context of a National Environmental Monitoring Program Bishop, Christine A. and Pettit, Karen E. Declines in Canadian Amphibian Populations: Designing a National Monitoring Strategy Ottawa, Ontario Canadian Wildlife Service 101-104 Journal Article Freilich, Jerry E.;Moon, R. L. 1991 The endangered tortoise and the GPS hare: Fast technology comes to a slow critter GIS World 4 6 47-48 jfreilich@rmisp.com Journal Article Freilich, Jerry;Moon, Robert 1992 Satellites and tortoises at Joshua Tree National Monument Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 162 Journal Article Freitas, M. A.;Geno, P. W.;Sumner, L. W.;Cooke, M. E.;Hudiburg, S. A.;Ownby, C. L.;Kaiser, II;Odell, G. V. 1992 Citrate is a major component of snake venoms Toxicon 30 4 461-4 Animal; Citrates/*analysis; Flame Ionization; Mass Fragmentography; Snake Venoms/*chemistry; Snakes; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Citrate has been identified as a major component of snake venoms by gas liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The venoms of Bothrops asper, Crotalus atrox, Crotalus viridis viridis, Crotalus adamanteus, Sistrurus miliarius barbouri, Crotalus horridus horridus, Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen, Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix and Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus contain citrate at concentration levels which can serve as effective buffers. Calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, sodium and potassium salts of citrate would be constituents of venom. Journal Article Frenkel, Jack 1992 Culturing Collembola (springtails) American Dendrobatid Group Newsletter 1993 6 1 Book Section Fretey, J. 1992 A technique for identifying adult female leatherback turtles by their injuries Tortues, Soptom Village des Proceedings of the first international congress of chelonian pathology Gonfaron, Var, France 43-56 leatherback Journal Article Frey , F.L. , Mader ,D.R. ,Centofanti ,B.V. , 1991 Interspecific (Lizard:Human) sexual aggression in captive Iguanas (Iguana iguana): 1. A preliminary compilation of eighteen cases Bulletin of the Association of Amphibian and Reptilian Veterinarians 1 1 4-6 reptilia squamata sauria iguanidae ,Iguana ,pheromones * Journal Article Friend, Carol 1992 Breeding the northern pinesnake Reptilian 1 5 8 Pituophis m. melanoleucus Journal Article Friet, S. C.;Pinder., A. W. 1990 Hypoxia during natural aquatic hibernation of the bullfrog American Zoologist 30 69A Journal Article Frisbe, M. P.;Wyman., R. L. 1992 The effect of environmental pH on sodium balance in the red-spotted newt, Notophthalmus viridescens. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 223 64-68 Journal Article Frisbie, M. P.;Wyman, R. L. 1992 The effect of environmental pH on sodium balance in the red-spotted newt, Notophthalmus viridescens Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 23 1 64-8 Animal; Comparative Study; *Environmental Exposure; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Notophthalmus viridescens/*metabolism; Sodium/*metabolism; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Sodium influx and efflux of the red-spotted newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, at two pHs were investigated in efts and adults in water and on land. The sodium efflux rate constant was not affected by pH. Efflux was generally greater under aquatic than terrestrial conditions, and for efts than for adults. In an aquatic setting, both adults and efts were able to maintain sodium balance at pH 5, but exhibited net sodium loss at pH 3. Sodium influx was greater in efts at pH 5 than in any other group. Adults in all treatments lost mass during the experiment, while efts in all treatments were able to maintain body mass. In their normal terrestrial environment, red efts probably avoid substantial sodium fluxes by maintaining a hydrophobic skin, which decreases contact with soil solutions. Journal Article Fritts, Thomas H.;McCoid, Michael J.;Haddock, Robert L. 1990 Risks to infants on Guam from bites of the Brown Tree Snake (Boiga irregularis) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 42 6 607-611 Journal Article Fritts, Thomas H.;McCoid, Michael J. 1991 Predation by the Brown Tree Snake Boiga irregularis on poultry and other domesticated animals in Guam The Snake 23 75-80 Book Section Fritz, B.;Fritz, J. P.;Ulrich, W. 1990 Flow cytometric determination of changes in cellular DNA content during development of Xenopus laevis Olmo, E. Cytogenetics of Amphibians and Reptiles Basel Birkhäuser 129-133 Journal Article Fritz, Johannes-Peter;Fritz, Barbara 1991 Karyotypic characterization of Varanus yemensis Mertensiella 2 136-142 Reptilia; Varanidae; Varanus yemensis; short term leucocyte culture; karyotype; g-banding; DNA content Journal Article Frolich, L. M.;Schmid, T. M. 1991 Collagen type conservation during metamorphic repatterning of the dermal fibers in salamanders J Morphol 208 1 99-107 Animal; Collagen/*metabolism; Metamorphosis, Biological/*physiology; Skin/anatomy & histology/*metabolism/physiology; Skin Physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Urodela/anatomy & histology/metabolism/*physiology The orientation of the fibers in the dermis of the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum, undergoes a dramatic repatterning at metamorphosis. The pre-metamorphic, larval dermis is a tight layer composed of crossed fibers that wind helically around the trunk. This condition is retained by neotenic adults which do not undergo metamorphosis. In contrast, the neotenic adults which do not undergo metamorphosis. In contrast, the metamorphosed adult dermis consists of a superficial, loose network of fibers invested with large multicellular glands--the stratum spongiosum- -and a deeper tight layer of fibers--the stratum densum. However, unlike the crossed fibers of the pre-metamorphic dermis, there is no preferred orientation to the fibers in either layer of the post- metamorphic dermis. In order to evaluate whether these two distinctly different fiber patterns are constructed from biochemically similar fibers, the collagen types present in the pre- and post-metamorphic dermis were determined using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Type I collagen is the predominant collagen of the dermis and the same major collagen types are present for all individuals, whether pre- or post-metamorphic. Thus, the major types of collagen that compose the dermal fibers do not change during metamorphic repatterning of the dermis. Journal Article Frolich, L. M.;Biewener., A. A. 1992 Kinematic and electromyographic analysis of the functional role of the body axis during terrestrial and aquatic locomotion in the salamander Ambystoma tigrinum Journal of Experimental Biology 162 107-130 Journal Article Frost, Darrel R.;Hillis, David M. 1990 Species in concept and practice: herpetological applications Herpetologica 46 1 87-104 Species concepts, Amphibians, Reptiles, herpetology, genetic distance, taxonomy, systematics Journal Article Frost, D. R. 1990 Book review: Snakes of the world. Volume 1. Synopsis of snake generic names Copeia 1990 reptiles Journal Article Frost, Darrel R.;Hillis, David M. 1990 Species in concept and practice: herpetologica applications Herpetologica 46 1 87-104 species concepts, amphibians, reptiles, Herpetology, genetic distance, biological species concept, evolutionary species concept, phylogenetic species concept Journal Article Frost, Darrel R.;Kluge, Arnold G.;Hillis, David M. 1992 Species in contemporary herpetology: comments on phylogenetic inference and taxonomy Herpetological Review 23 2 46-54 systematics lampropelts pyromelana infralabialis alterna Journal Article Frost, D.F.;D.K., Nichols 1992 Gastric cryptosporidiosis in two ocellated lacertas. Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians and the American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians 360-361 reptilia squamata sauria lacertidae/Lacerta lepida/ parasitology/ Cryptosporidia Journal Article Frost, Darrel R. 1992 Phylogenetic analysis and taxonomy of the Tropidurus group of lizards (Iguania: Tropidurudae) American Museum Novitates 3033 1-68 Tropidurus Book Frost, Darrel R. 1992 Phylogenetic analysis and taxonomy of the Tropidurus group of lizards (Iguania: Tropiduridae) New York American Museum of Natural History 3033 68 Iguania, Tropiduridae, Tropidurus, phylogenetics, taxonomy, systematics, anatomy, morphology, distributions, osteology, hemipenes, color, squamation, S. America, 231, phylogeny Journal Article Frost, D. R. 1992 Phylogenetic analysis and taxonomy of the Tropidurus group of lizards (Iguania: Tropiduridae) American Museum Novitates 3033 1-68 62, Tropidurus, phylogeny, lizard, South America, Iguanis, Tropiduridae Book Frye, Frederic L. 1991 Reptile Care: An Atlas of Diseases and treatments Neptune City, Nj TFH 654 Book Frye, Fredric L. 1991 Biomedical and Surgical Aspects of Captive Reptile Husbandry, 2 volumes Malabar, FL Krieger xvi, 325, 16; xx, 326-637, 16 Conference Proceedings Frye, F.L.;Corcoran, J.H. 1991 Lacrimal papillary cystadenoma in an iguana (Iguana iguana ) 179-180 Book Frye, F.L. 1991 Biomedical and surgical aspects of captive reptile husbandry. Malabar, Florida, Krieger Publ. Comp. II Reptilia, sauria, serpentes, testudiens, crocodylia, BOOK Journal Article Frye, F.L.;Mader, D.R.;Centofanti , B.V. 1991 Interspecific (Lizard:Human) sexual aggression in captive Iguanas (Iguana iguana): 1. A preliminary compilation of eighteen cases Bulletin of the Association of Amphibian and Reptilian Veterinarians 1 1 4-6 Reptilia, squamata, sauria, iguanidae, Iguana, pheromones * Journal Article Frye, F. L. 1991 Biomedical and surgical aspects of captive reptile husbandry. Vol I + II Krieger Publishing Company vet,vit,echsen,serp,testu,kroko,tech WI x Conference Proceedings Frye, F.L.;Corcoran, J.H. 1991 Spirochaetosis in an Asian box turtle, Cuora flavomarginata. Bad Nauheim 27.-29-9 42-46 3 Animals were newly imported. One showed severely swollen head, neck and forelimbs and died within a few days. The second turtle soon developed similar symptoms. Blood films contained miriads of spirochaetes, which were upon necropsy also found in the liver and kidneys. Lesions were necrosis in liver and spleen. Many glomeruli exhibited multiple adhesions of the Bowman's membranes. The pulmonary air spaces contained a pale staining edema. Journal Article Frye, F. L. 1991 Practical guide for feeding captive reptiles Krieger Publishing Comp vit,serp,echsen,testu,kroko,histo,tech WI x Journal Article FRYE, F. L.;CORCORAN, J. H. 1991 Lacrimal papillary cystadenoma in an iguana (Iguana iguana ) 4. Int. Coll. Path. & Med. Rept. Amph. Bad Nauheim 27-29.9. 179-180 Reptilia, sauria, Iguana iguana, pathology, tumor, cystadenoma, lacrimal, harderian gland Book Frye, Fredric L. 1991 Reptile Care Neptune, NJ TFH xvi, 325, 16; xx, 326-637, 16 Journal Article Frye, Frederic L.;Mader, Douglas R.;Centofanti, Bernard V. 1991 Interspecific (lizard:human) sexual aggression in captive iguanas (Iguana iguana): I. A preliminary compilation of eighteen cases Bulletin of the Association of Amphibian and Reptilian Veterinarians 1 1 4-6 Book Frye, Fredric L. 1991 Biomedical and Surgical Aspects of Captive Reptile Husbandry Malabar, FL Krieger xvi, 325, 16; xx, 326-637, 16 Journal Article Frye, F.L.;al., et 1992 Use of a condom as an occlusive bandage in snakes. A new wrinkle on an old resource. J. of Small Exotic Animal Medicine 2 1 13-14 Reptilia, serpentes, pathology, skin, wound, bandage Journal Article Frye, F.L./e.a. 1992 Use of a condom as an occlusive bandage in snakes. A new wrinkle on an old resource. J. of Small Exotic Animal Medicine 2 1 13-14 Reptilia, serpentes, pathology, skin, wound, bandage Book Frye, Frederick L. 1992 Captive invertebrates: A guide to their biology and husbandry Malabar, FL Krieger xx, 135 Journal Article Fu, Jinzhong;Zhao, Ermi 1990 The validity of Sacalia quadriocellata Asiatic Herpetological Research 3 120-122 emydidae china taxonomy validity Book Section Fuchs, K.-H.;Jelden, D.;Wermuth, H. 1990 On the possibility of a new undescribed crocodilian species from Colombia Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8327-0022-1 xvi + 354 pp. 104-110 Journal Article Fuchs, Karl-Heinz;Jelden, Dietrich;Wermuth, Heinz 1991 (1990) Some peculiar caiman skins exported from Colombia, South America (Reptilia: Crocodylia: Alligatoridae) Senckenbergiana Biologica 71 1/3 1-10 Journal Article Fuerst, Isabella M.;Brown, Mary B.;Klein, Paul A. 1992 Seroepidemiological studies on free-ranging desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) with upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 37 Journal Article Fuerst, Isabelle M.;Brown, Mary B.;Jacobson, E.R.;Collins, B.R.;Klein, P.A. 1992 Studies on an upper respiratory tract disease in free ranging desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) Proc. 1st Int. Congr. Chelonian pathol. Gonfaron, 25-27 April 122-123 Reptilia, testudines, Gopherus agassizii, infection, Mycoplasma, rhinitis, Private collection P. Zwart Journal Article FUKUMOTO, Y. 1990 Sex determination in the Japanese Giant Salamander, Andrias japonicus, by laparoscope under general aneshesia J. Jap. ass. zool. gard. aquar. 31 85-86 *amphibia/cryptobranchidae/*endoscopy 221190 WS DGB Amfibieen 12 Journal Article Fukuyama, K. 1991 Spawning behaviour and male mating tactics of a foam-nesting treefrog, Rhacophorus schlegelii Animal Behaviour 42 193-199 breeding, Anura, Amphibia, calling, vocalizations, sneaking, reproduction Journal Article Fukuyama, Kinji;Kusano, Tamotsu 1992 Factors affecting breeding activity in a stream-breeding frog, Buergeria buergeri Journal of Herpetology 26 1 88-91 Journal Article Furry, Kim;Swain, Tom;Chiszar, David 1991 Strike-induced chemosensory searching and trail following by prairie rattlsnakes (Crotalus viridis) preying upon deer mice (Peromsycus maniculatus): chemical discrimination among individual mice Herpetologica 47 1 69-78 Crotalus, Peromyscus, Redation, Chemical search images Journal Article Fyfe, Greg 1990 Notes on the central carpet python Morelia spilota bredli Herpetofauna 20 2 11-14 Morelia spilota bredli Journal Article Fyfe, Greg 1991 Possible "double clutching" in Strophurus ciliaris Herpetofauna 21 2 28 Strophurus ciliaris Journal Article Fyfe, Greg 1991 Captive breeding of mulga snakes (Pseudechis australis) from Central Australia Herpetofauna 21 2 36-37 Pseudechis australis Journal Article Gabbay, S.;Rosenberg, M.;Warburg, M.R.;Rott, R.;Katz, U. 1992 Developmental Changes in the Heterocellular Epidermis of Pelobates-Syriacus Integument Biol Cell 76 2 185-191 Amphibia; Flask Cells; Mitochondria-Rich Cells; Band-3; Peanut Lectin; Immunocytochemistry; MITOCHONDRIA-RICH CELLS; RANA-CATESBEIANA; FLASK CELLS; SKIN; METAMORPHOSIS; TRANSPORT Edited Book Gabrisch, Karl;Schildger, Bernd;Zwart, Perneel 1991 4th International Colloquim on Pathology and Medicine of Reptiles and Amphibians Giessen, Germany Deutsche Veterinärmedizinishce Gesellschaft e.V. 330 Journal Article Gabrisch, K. 1991 The tortoise in veterinary Praxis: An Overview Die Schildkröte in der Praxis : eine Uebersicht World small anim. vet. assn. Symposium-report 8 -15 Reptilia, testudines, pathology, diseases, survey Journal Article Gaffney, Eugene;McNmara, Greg 1990 A Meiolaniid Turtle from the Pleistocene of Northern Queensland Mem. Qd Mus. 28 1 107-113 Journal Article Gaffney, E.S. 1990 The comparative osteology of the Triassic turtle Proganochelys Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 194 1-263 Book Section Gaffney, E.;Meylan, P. 1991 Primitive pelomedusid turtle Maisey, J. G. Santana Fossils: an illustrated atlas Neptune, NJ TFH Publications 326-339 Journal Article Gaffney, Eugene S.;Meylan, Peter A.;Wyss, Andre R. 1991 A computer assisted analysis of the relationships of the higher categories of turtles Cladistics 7 313-335 Book Section Gaffney, Eugene S. 1991 The fossil turtles of Australia Vickers-Rich, P.;Monaghan, J. M.;Baird, R. F. and Rich, T. H. Vertebrate Palaeontology of Australasia Lilydale, Victoria, Australia Pioneer Design Studio 704-720 Journal Article Gaffney, Eugene S. 1991 Book review: The Dinosauria, by D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmólska (eds.) Systematic Zoology 40 378-379 Journal Article Gaffney, Eugene;Archer, Michael;White, Arthur 1992 Warkalania, A New Meiolaniid Turtle from the Tertiary Riversleigh Deposits of Queensland, Australia The Beagle, Records of Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences 9 1 35-48 Journal Article Gaffney, Eugene S. 1992 Ninjemys, a new name for "Meiolania " oweni (Woodward), a horned turtle from the Pleistocene of Queensland American Museum Novitates 3049 1-10 Journal Article Gaffney, Eugene S.;Ye, Xiangkui 1992 Dracochelys, a new cryptodiran turtle from the Early Cretaceous of China American Museum Novitates 3048 1-13 Journal Article Gaffney, Eugene S.;Meylan, Peter A. 1992 The Transylvanian turtle, Kallokibotion, a primitive cryptodire of Cretaceous Age American Museum Novitates 3040 1-37 Journal Article Gaffney, Eugene S.;Archer, Michael;White, Arthur 1992 Warkalania, a new meiolanid turtle from the Tertiary Riversleigh Deposits of Queensland, Australia The Beagle, Records of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences 9 1 35-48 Journal Article Galan, Pedro;Vences, Miguel;Glaw, Frank;Arias, Gustavo Fernandez;Garcia-Paris, Mario 1990 Beobachtungen zur biologie von Alytes obstetricans in Nordwestiberien Herpetofauna 12 65 17-24 Alytes obstetricans; Spain; Biology Journal Article Galán-Regalado, Pedro 1991 Notas sobre la reproduccion de Lacerta monticola (Sauria, Lacertidae) en las zonas costeras de Galicia (Noroeste de España) Revista Española de Herpetología 5 109-123 Book Gallagher, Michael 1990 Snakes of the Arabian Gulf and Oman Oman M. Gallagher 17 Journal Article Gallagher, D. S., Jr.;Dixon, J. R. 1991 Taxonomic revision of the South American lizard genus Kentropyx Spix (Sauria: Teiidae) Estratto dal Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali-Torino 10 1 125-171 reptiles, lizards, taxonomy, morphology, distribution, range, variation Journal Article Gallagher, Daniel Stephen; Jr.;Dixon, James Ray 1992 Taxonomic revision of the South American lizard genus Kentropyx Spix (Sauria: teiidae) Bollettino del Museo regionale di Scienze naturali - Torino 10 1 125-171 South America; Geographic variation; Morphology; Key; Kentropyx altamazonica; Distribution; Kentropyx borckiana; Kentropyx calcarata; Kentropyx paulensis; Kentropyx pelviceps; Kentropyx striata; Kentropyx vanzoi; Kentropyx viridistriga; Taxonomy Journal Article Gallardo, José M.;de Olmedo, Esperanza V. 1992 Anfibios de la Republica Argentina: Ecologia y Comportamiento fauna de agua dulse de la República Argentina 41 1 1-116 Argentina Journal Article Gallardo, J. M. 1992 Una nueva localidad para Bufo variegatus (Günther) (Anura, Bufonidae), Lago La Plata, Chubut, Argentina Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 8 2 Bufo variegatus Book Section Games, I. 1990 Seasonal feeding patterns in two Nile crocodile populations on the Zambezi River Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0008-6 xvii + 399 pp. 251-267 Book Section Games, I. 1990 Growth curves for the Nile crocodile as estimated by skeletochronology Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8327-0022-1 xvi + 354 pp. 111-121 Book Section Games, I.;Severre, E. 1992 The status and distribution of crocodiles in Tanzania Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0132-5. 119-137 Book Section Games, I. 1992 The feeding ecology of two Nile crocodile populations in the Zambezi valley - a project summary Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0132-5. 111-118 Journal Article Ganion, L. R. 1991 Cytoplasmic distribution of poly(A)-containing RNA in developing Necturus maculosus oocytes with reference to annulate lamellae Anat Rec 230 2 218-24 Animal; Autoradiography; Female; Microscopy, Electron; Necturus; Oocytes/growth & development/*metabolism/ultrastructure; Oogenesis; Organelles/metabolism/ultrastructure; Poly A/*metabolism; RNA/*metabolism; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Vitellogenesis The cytoplasmic distribution of poly(A)+ mRNA and its relationship to annulate lamellae were examined in developing Necturus maculosus oocytes by in situ hybridization with [3H]poly(U). The specificity of [3H]poly(U) binding was tested by incubating control ovarian sections with either KOH or RNase A before in situ hybridization. In both experiments, the silver grain densities were markedly reduced. Poly(A)+ RNA is uniformly distributed in the cytoplasm until the mid-growth phase and then later in vitellogenesis becomes localized in the subcortical ooplasm. The silver grain density in the cytoplasm varied during oogenesis and was greatest in previtellogenic oocytes. Annulate lamellae commonly are observed with the light microscope in oocytes prior to vitellogenesis. In such oocytes, the labeled mRNA probe is observed over cytoplasmic regions of annulate lamellae. The results suggests that a differential localization of messenger RNA occurs during oogenesis in Necturus maculosus. Furthermore, poly(A)+ RNA is present in cytoplasmic regions of annulate lamellae. Journal Article Gans, Carl 1991 Epilogue: Varanids: Where do we go from here? Mertensiella 2 263-265 Varanidae; Varanus Edited Book Gans, Carl;Ulinski, Philip S. 1992 Biology of the Reptilia Volume 17, Neurology C. Sensorimotor Integration Chicago University of Chicago Press viii + 781 Journal Article Gans, Carl;Kim, Hyung L. 1992 Kinematic description of the sidewinding locomotion of four vipers Israel Journal of Zoology 38 9-23 Edited Book Gans, Carl;Crews, David 1992 Biology of the Reptilia Volume 18, Physiology E. Hormones, Brain, and Behavior Chicago University of Chicago Press xiv, 564 Journal Article Gapp, D. A.;Carraway, R. E. 1990 Neurotensin is localized to paracrine cells in the urinary bladder of the turtle, Chrysemys picta Gen Comp Endocrinol 79 2 185-92 Animal; Bladder/*analysis/cytology; Cell Count; Chromatography, Gel; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Comparative Study; Endocrine Glands/analysis/cytology; Histocytochemistry; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Neurotensin/*analysis; Radioimmunoassay; Species Specificity; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Turtles/*metabolism Urinary bladder from the painted turtle, Chrysemys picta, contains a substantial population of endocrine/paracrine cells scattered through the mucosal epithelium which immunostains using antisera directed toward mammalian neurotensin (NT). Radiommunoassay of 0.1 N HCl extracts of Chrysemys bladder indicated an immunoreactive NT (iNT) concentration of 161 +/- 39 pmol/g tissue (n = 9), an amount lower but comparable in magnitude to that found in mucosal scrapings of the intestine (926 +/- 125 pmol/g, n = 9). Bladder and intestinal iNT were indistinguishable during chromatography on Sephadex G-25 and HPLC on mu- Bondapak C18 where they eluted at the same position as avian NT. Similar results were obtained by immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoassay of urinary bladders from Pseudemys scripta scripta, P. scripta elegans, and P. floridana, three emydid species closely related to C. picta, but not from Sternotherus odoratus and Trionyx spinifer asper, representatives of the families Kinosternidae and Trionychidae, respectively, although positive results were obtained with intestinal preparations from these species. NT cells were not seen in urinary bladder from Rana pipiens, Bufo marinus, Necturus maculosus, or Anolis carolinensis. Thus, the presence of NT-containing cells in urinary bladder is not common among subavian vertebrates and may even be restricted to the Emydidae family of chelonians. Journal Article Garbin, C.P.;Rowe, J. 1992 An initial study of hatchling food preferences and group feeding behaviors of four species of Nebraskan turtles. Bull. Chi. Herp. Soc. 27 3 57-62 reptilia, testudines, Chrysemys picta, Chelydra serpentina, Trionyx spiniferus, Emydoidea blandingi , nutrition, feeding, vitamins, behaviour "x" Journal Article Garbutt, Nick 1992 The reptiles of Round Island, Mauritius Vivarium 4 3 14-18;32-33 Journal Article Garcia, Constantino Marcias;Drummond, Hugh 1990 Population differences in fish-capturing ability of the Mexican Aquatic Garter Snake (Thamnophis melanogaster) Journal of Herpetology 24 4 412-16 foraging, garter snake, fish Journal Article Garland, T., Jr.;Bennett, A. F. 1990 Quantitative genetics of maximal oxygen consumption in a garter snake American Journal of Physiology 259 R986-R992 reptiles, snakes, Thamnophis, aerobic capacity, evolution, exercise, hemoglobin, heritability, sirtalis Journal Article GARRETT, C.M.;HARWELL, G. 1991 Loreal pit impaction in a black speckled palm-pitviper (Bothriechis nigroviridis) J. Zoo & Wildl. Med. 22 2 249-251 reptilia, squamata, serpentes, palm-pitviper, Bothriechis nigroviridis, infection, acari, ectoparasite, Ophionyssus Reprint Endnote 93/401 Journal Article Garrido, Orlando H.;Hedges, S. Blair 1992 Three New Grass Anoles from Cuba (Squamata: Iguanidae) Caribbean Journal of Science 28 1-2 21-29 Journal Article Garrido, O. H.;Hedges, S. B. 1992 Three new grass anoles from Cuba (Squamata: Iguanidae) Caribbean Journal of Science 28 1-2 21-29 reptiles, lizards, species description, morphology, distribution Journal Article Garstka, William R.;Cooper, William E., Jr;Wasmund, Kelly W.;Lovich, Jeffrey E. 1991 Male sex steroids and hormonal control of male courtship behavior in the yellow-bellied slider turtle, Trachemys scripta Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 98A 2 271-280 pseudemys Journal Article Garstka, W. R.;Cooper, W. E., Jr.;Wasmund, K. W.;Lovich, J. E. 1991 Male sex steriods and hormonal control of male courtship behavior in the yellow-bellied slider turtle, Trachemys scripta Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 98A 2 271-280 Reptiles, turtles, hormones, steroids, reproduction, courtship, behavior, Alabama, South Carolina, SREL Journal Article Garstka, William R.;Cooper, William E.;Wasmund, Kelly W.;Lovich, Jeffrey E. 1991 Male sex steroids and hormonal control of male courtship behavior in the yellow-bellied slider turtle, Trachemys scripta Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 98A 271-280 Journal Article Garstka, William R.;Cooper, William E.;Jr;Wasmund, Kelly W.;Lovich, Jeffrey E. 1991 Male sex steroids and hormonal control of male courtship behavior in the yellow-bellied slider turtle, Trachemys scripta Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 98A 2 271-280 pseudemys Journal Article Garthwaite, Ronald L.;Lawson, Robin;Taiti, S. 1992 Morphological and genetic relationships among four species of Armadilloniscus Uljanin, 1875 (Isopoda: Oniscidea: Scyphacidae) Journal of Natural History 26 327-338 Journal Article Garthwaite, Ronald L.;Lawson, Robin 1992 Oniscidea (Isopoda) of the San Francisco Bay Area Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 47 11 303-328 Journal Article Garvin, J. L.;Spring, K. R. 1992 Regulation of apical membrane ion transport in Necturus gallbladder Am J Physiol 263 1 Pt 1 C187-93 Animal; Biological Transport; Cell Membrane/metabolism/physiology; Chlorides/*metabolism/physiology; Cyclic AMP/analogs & derivatives/antagonists & inhibitors/pharmacology; Electric Conductivity; Gallbladder/*metabolism; Isomerism; Necturus maculosus/metabolism; Ouabain/pharmacology; Thionucleotides/pharmacology Na and Cl movement through the apical membrane of Necturus gallbladder epithelium was investigated using electrophysiological and light microscopic measurements. Changes in membrane potential difference, fractional resistance of the apical membrane, and transepithelial resistance caused by changes in apical bath Cl concentration revealed the presence of a Cl conductance in the apical membrane of control tissues that was apparently not present in the preparations studied by other investigators. This Cl conductance was blocked by bumetanide (10(- 5) M) or by the inhibitor of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) action, the Rp isomer of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate (Rp-cAMPS; 0.5 mM). Treatment of the tissues with Rp-cAMPS also eliminated bumetanide-sensitive cell swelling in the presence of ouabain and activated an amiloride-sensitive swelling, changes consistent with inhibition of NaCl cotransport and the activation of Na-H and Cl-HCO3 exchange. We conclude that the mode of NaCl entry into Necturus gallbladder epithelial cells is determined by the level of cAMP. When cAMP levels are high, entry occurs by NaCl cotransport; when cAMP levels are low, parallel exchange of Na-H and Cl- HCO3 predominates. These observations explain the previous disagreements about the mode of NaCl entry into Necturus gallbladder epithelial cells. Book Gasc, Jean-Pierre 1990 Les Lezards de Guyane Paris Chabaud 76 Journal Article Gascon, C. 1991 Breeding of Leptodactylus knudseni: responses to rainfall variation Copeia 1991 248-252 Journal Article Gascon, C. 1991 Population- and community-level analyses of species occurrences of central Amazonian rainforest tadpoles Ecology 72 1731-1746 Journal Article Gascon, C. 1992 Spatial distribution of Osteocephalus taurinus and Pipa arrabali in a central Amazonian forest Copeia 1992 894-897 Journal Article Gascon, C. 1992 Aquatic predators and tadpole prey in central Amazonia: field data and experimental manipulations Ecology 73 971-980 Journal Article Gascon, C. 1992 The effects of reproductive phenology on larval performance traits in a three-species assemblage of central Amazonian tadpoles Oikos 65 307-313 Journal Article Gasthuys, F.;Uyttebroek, E.;Verschooten, F. 1991 Repair of a femoral shaft fracture by intramedullary fixation in a waterdracos (Physignathus concincinus) Vlaams Diergeneeskd. Tijdschr. 60 68-70 Reptilia, sauria, physignatus concincinus, pathology, trauma, fracture, repair, intramedullary fixation Reprint Vet. Path. Spec. Anim. 91/167 Journal Article Gatesby, Stephen M. 1990 Caudofemoral musculature and the evolution of theropod locomotion Paleobiology 16 2 170-186 Journal Article Gatesby, S.M. 1991 Hind limb movements of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) and postural grades J. Zool., Lond. 224 4 577-588 AM, anatomy, movement, behavior, Journal Article Gatesy, John;Amato, George D 1992 Sequence similarity of 12S ribosomal segment of mitochondrial DNAs of gharial and false gharial Copeia 1992 1 241-243 Journal Article Gatherer, Derek;Pino, Eugenia M. del 1992 Somitogenesis in the marsupial frog Gastrotheca riobambae International Journal of Developmental Biology 36 283-291 Amphibia, Anura, Gastrotheca riobambae, development, somatic development Journal Article Gatherer, D.;Pino., E. M. Del 1992 Somitogenesis in the marsupial frog Gastrotheca riobambae Intl. J. Develop. Biol. 36 283-291 Journal Article Gatten, Robert E., Jr.;Congdon, Justin D. ;Mazzotti, Frank J.;Fischer, Robert U. 1991 Glycolysis and Swimming Performance in Juvenile American Alligators Journal of Herpetology 25 4 406-411 Journal Article Gatten, Robert E., Jr.;Congdon, Justin D.;Mazzotti, Frank J.;Fischer, Robert U. 1991 Glycolysis and swimming performance in juvenile American Alligators Journal of Herpetology 25 4 406-411 Journal Article Gatten, R.E.;Congdon, J.D.;Mazzotti, F.J.;Fischer, R.U. 1991 Glycolysis and swimming performance in juvenile American alligators J. Herpetol. 25 4 406-411 AM, physiology, temperature, biochemistry, locomotion, Journal Article Gatten, R. E. Jr.;Congdon, J. D.;Mazzotti, F. J.;Fischer, R. U. 1991 Glycolysis and swimming performance in juvenile American alligators Journal of Herpetology 25 4 406-411 reptiles, lactate Journal Article Gatten, R. E.;Congdon, J. D.;Mazzotti, F. J.;Fischer, R. U. 1991 Glycolysis and swimming performance in juvenile american alligators Journal of Herpetology 25 4 406-411 performance, alligators, swimming, glycogen Journal Article Gaulke, Maren 1991 On the diet of the water monitor Varanus salvator, in the Philippines Mertensiella 2 143-153 Varanidae; Varanus salvator; Philippines; diet; habitat; food preference; seasonal variation; arthropods Journal Article Gaulke, Maren 1991 Systematic relationships of the Philippine water monitors as compared with Varanus s. salvator, with a discussion of dispersal routes Mertensiella 2 154-167 Varanidae; Varanus salvator; Philippines; systematic relationships; dispersal routes Journal Article Gaulke, Maren 1992 Distribution, population density, and exploitation of the water monitor (Varanus salvator ) in the Philippines Hamadryad 17 21-27 Distribution; Density; Philippines; Varanus salvator Journal Article Gavaud, J. 1991 Cold entrainment of the annual cycle of ovarian activity in the lizard Lacerta vivipara: Thermoperiodic rhythm versus hibernation J. Biol. Rythms 6 3 201-215 Reptilia, sauria, lizard, Lacerta vivipara, propagation, reproduction, physiology, annual cycle, ovary Reprint Endnote 93/694 Journal Article Gavaud, J. 1991 Histochemical identification of ovarian lipids during vitellogenesis in the lizard Lacerta vivipara Can. J. Zool. 69 5 1389-1392 Reptilia, sauria, lizard Lacerta vivipara, propagation, physiology, vitellin Two classes of lipids were identified in ovary and liver: triglycerides and phospholipids. Throughout vitellogenic growth, oocysts simultaneously accumulate triglyceride and phospholipids linked to polypeptide granules. Both types of lipid inclusions always remain distinct. Reprint Endnote 93/690 J Gavaud, Inserm, Unite 310, Ibpc, 13 Rue Pierre & Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France Journal Article Gavaud, J. 1991 Role of cryophase temperature and thermophase duration in thermoperiodic regulation of the testicular cycle in the lizard Lacerta vivipara J. Exp.Zool. 260 239-246 Reptilia, sauria, lizard Lacerta vivipara, propagation, physiology, testicle, cycle Reprint Endnote 93/692 Book Gay, Ottley;Cassels, Jean 1992 Schlangen und andere Reptilien [Snakes and Other Reptiles in Action] Los Angeles Intervisual Comm. 16 Children's book Journal Article Gaze, R. M.;Grant., P. 1992 Spatio-temporal patterns of retinal ganglion cell death during Xenopus development Journal of Comparative Neurology 315 264-274 Journal Article Geach, M. R. 1992 Notes on medical & surgical aspects of reptile & amphibian care Rephiberary Reptilia, amphibia, diseases, pathology, therapy, general survey Reprint Endnote 93/540, vet, vit, lurch, testu, serp, echsen PF, WI x Journal Article Geffen, E.;Mendelssohn, H. 1991 Preliminary study on the breeding pattern of the Egyptian tortoise, Testudo kleinmanni, in Israel Herpetological J. 1 574-577 Journal Article Gehrmann, W.H.;Ferguson, G.W.;Odom, T.W.;Roberts, D.T.;Barcellona, W.J. 1991 Early growth and bone mineralization of Iguanid lizard , Sceloporus occidentalis in captivity: Is vitamin D3 supplementation or ultraviolet B irradiation necessary? Zoo Biol. 10 409-416 reptilia, squamata, sauria, iguanidae, Sceloporus, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, blood Reprint Endnote 93/697 Journal Article Geiser, F. B.;Firth, T.;Seymour, R.S. 1992 Polyunsaturated dietary lipids lower the selected body temperature of a lizard J. Comp. Physiol. B 1 1-4 Reptilia, sauria, food, feeding, physiology, temperature, polyunsaturated lipids echsen, physiol, chem, vit PF x Journal Article Geist, Valerius 1991 Bones of contention revisited: did antlers enlarge with sexual selection as a consequence of neonatal security strategies? Applied Animal Behaviour Science 29 453-469 Journal Article Genise, J. F.;Montanelli, S. B. 1991 Primer hallazgo de Hemidactylus mabouia (Moreau Dejones) en la Argentina Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 7 1 23 Hemidactylus mabouia Book Section Genolagani, J.-M.G.;Wilmot, J.M. 1990 Status of Crocodylus porosus and C novaeguineae populations in Papua New Guinea: 1981 - 1990 Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8327-0022-1 xvi + 354 pp. 151-160 Book Section Genolagani, J.-M.G.;Wilmot, J.M. 1990 Status of crocodile populations in Papua New Guinea: 1981 - 1988 Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8327-0022-1 xvi + 354 pp. 122-151 Journal Article Georges, A.;Adams, M. 1992 A Phylogeny for Australian Chelid Turtles Based on Allozyme Electrophoresis Aust J Zool 40 5 453-476 Allozyme electrophoresis was used to explore relationships among the Australian Chelidae in order to test the currently accepted phylogeny and to determine the affinities of several distinctive but undescribed species. The data set was comprehensive, being based on 54 loci for turtles from 76 populations of 22 species (excluding Pseudemydura umbrina and Chelodina novaeguineae). Analysis by both phenetic and phylogenetic methods revealed that the genus Elseya, as currently recognised, is paraphyletic. The closest common ancestor to species of Elseya has Emydura (and possibly Rheodytes) among its living descendants. Five clades among the short-necked taxa were considered distinctive enough to warrant recognition at the generic level, namely (1) Emydura, (2) Elseya (to include only El. novaeguineae, El. dentata and three related but undescribed taxa), (3) Rheodytes, (4) the El. latisternum group (to include El. latisternum and three related but undescribed taxa), and (5) 'short-necked alpha', an undescribed species with no clear affinities. Levels of divergence among these generic groups were similar to levels of divergence among genera of cryptodiran turtles. A phylogeny for the Australian Chelidae, incorporating the results of the allozyme analyses, is presented. Further work is required to firmly establish the affinities of Rheodytes and 'short- necked alpha' in a phylogeny for the Australian chelid turtles. Journal Article Georges, A.;Adams, M. 1992 A phylogeny for Australian chelid turtles based on Allozyme electophoresis Australian Journal of Zoology 40 453-476 electrophoresis, chelidae Journal Article Gerdes, G.H. 1991 Morphology of poxviruses from reptiles Vet. Record 128 452 reptilia, crocodylia, crocodile, caiman, infection, virus, pox, orthopox Reprint Endnote 93/698 Journal Article Gerhardt, H. Carl 1991 Female mate choice in treefrogs: static and dynamic acoustic criteria Animal Behaviour 42 4 615-636 anuran communication, Hyla versicolor, Hyla cinerea, Hyla chrysoscelis, Pseudacris crucifer, Amphibian, advertisement call, Anura, phonotaxis, sexual selection, Journal Article Gerlach, Gabi;Bally, Andreas 1992 Das grasfroschsterben in der Nord-Schweiz [Mass mortality of the common frog (Rana temporaria) in northern Switzerland] Schriftenreihe Umwelt - Natur und Landschaft 192 1-82 Book Gerlach, Gabi;Bally, Andreas 1992 Das Grasfroschsterben in der nord-Schweiz: Bericht einer Projektstudie Bern Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft x + 82 Journal Article Germano, David J.;Fritts, Thomas H. 1991 Methods of age determination of the desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizii Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 93-100 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Germano, David J.;Joyner, Michele A. 1991 Does high adult mortality equal a population crash for desert tortoises in the Piute Valley, Nevada? Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 101-111 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Germano, D.J. 1992 Longevity and age-size relationship of populations of desert tortoises. Copeia 2 367-374 Reptilia, testidines, desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizii, age, size, longevity, growth Ages were determined from measurements of the shields and using growth-lines in the scutes as well as thickness of the horny layer. Journal Article Germano, D. J. 1992 Shell morphology of North American tortoises American Midland Naturalist 129 319-335 Reptiles, turtles, morphology, shell, carapace, Gopherus, phylogeny, genetics, relationships Book Geus, Armin 1992 The Proper Care of Snakes Neptune City, NJ TFH 256 Edited Book Ghosh, A. K. 1992 Fauna of West Bengal. Part 2 (Reptilia, Amphibia, Fishes, Hemichordata and Archaeozoology) Calcutta Zoological Survey of India State fauna Series 3 381 + 9 plates Journal Article Giambelluca, L. A. 1991 Nueva cita de Bufo achalensis Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 7 1 21-22 Bufo achalensis Journal Article Giaretta, A. A.;Castanho., L. K. 1990 Nova espécie de Paratelmatobius (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae) da Serra do Mar, Brasil Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 37 133-139 Book Gibbons, J. Whitfield 1990 Life History and Ecology of the Slider Turtle Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution xiv + 368 Book Section Gibbons, J. Whitfield 1990 Sex ratios and their significance among turtle populations (Chpt. 14) Gibbons, J. Whitfield Life History and Ecology of the Slider Turtle Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press 171-182 sex ratios, SREL, Trachemys scripta, turtle, maturity, reptiles Journal Article Gibbons, J. Whitfield;Lovich, Jeffrey E. 1990 Sexual dimorphism in turtles with emphasis on the slider turtle (Trachemys scripta) Herpetological Monographs 1990 4 1-29 Trachemys scripta, SREL, turtle, sexual selection, sexual size dimorphism, Reptiles, Testudines, Emydidae Book Section Gibbons, J.W. 1990 The slider turtle Gibbons, J. W. Life history and ecology of the slider turtle Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Inst. Press 3-18 Book Gibbons, J.H. 1990 Life history and ecology of the slider turtle Washington D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press Book Section Gibbons, J. Whitfield 1990 Sex ratios and their significance among turtle populations Gibbons, J. Whitfield Life History and Ecology of the Slider Turtle Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press 171-182 sex ratios, SREL, Trachemys scripta, turtle, maturity, reptiles Book Gibbons, J. Whitfield 1990 (2000) Life History and Ecology of the Slider Turtle Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution xiv + 368 Journal Article Gibbons, Ann 1991 Systematics goes molecular Science 251 872-874 Journal Article Gibbons, J. Whitfield 1991 Keynote address: Management of the desert tortoise and other reptiles and amphibians: Time for an environmental attitude adjustment Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 169-173 Gopherus agassizii Book Gibbons, J. Whitfield;Semlitsch, raymond D. 1991 Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of the Savannah River Site Athens, GA University of Georgia Press xii + 131 Journal Article Gibbons, C.A.;Shadwick, R.E. 1991 Circulatory Mechanics in the Toad Bufo-Marinus .2. Haemodynamics of the Arterial Windkessel Journal of Experimental Biology 158 JUL 291-306 Amphibia, anura, physiology, circulation, heart RE Shadwick, Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Marine Biol Res A004, La Jolla, CA 92093 Journal Article Gibbons, Lynda, M.;Keymer, I.F. 1991 Redescription of Tanca tiara, (Nematoda, Gnathostomidae), and associated lesions in the stomach of the Nile monitor lizard (Varanus niloticus) Zool. scripta 20 7-14 Reptilia, sauria, Nile monitor lizard,Varanus niloticus, infection, helminth, nematode, Tanca tiara, pathology, stomach Reprint Vet. Path. Spec. Anim. 91/94 Journal Article Gibbons, Ann 1992 Conservation biology in the fast lane Science 255 20-22 Journal Article Gibbons, J. W. 1992 Life in the slow lane Natural History 1992 2 32-33 turtles, Kinosternon, natural history, mud turtle Journal Article Gilbert, H.;Gilbert, J. 1992 Possible geographic record of the three-toed box turtle, Terrapene carolina triunguis (Agassiz), in Illinois Bull. Chicago Herp. Soc. 27 132-133 Journal Article Gilles, R. 1991 Thermal biology of two populations of red-chinned lizards (Sceloporus undulatus erythrocheilus) living in different habitats in Southcentral Colorado Journal of herpetology 25 1 18-23 reptilia squamata sauria iguanidae/Sceloporus/temperature * Journal Article Gillingham, James C.;Charmichael, Christopher 1991 Feeding ecology of thr tuatara (Shenodon p. punctatus) in two distinct ecological zones on Stephens Island, New Zealand [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 225 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Gillis, Rick 1991 Thermal biology of two populations of red-chinned lizards (Sceloporus undulatus erythrocheilus) living in different habitats in southcentral Colorado Journal of Herpetology 25 1 18-23 Iguanid, thermoregulation, sympatric, allopatric Journal Article Gillis, R.;Ballinger, R. E. 1992 Reproductive ecology of red-chinned lizards (Sceloporus undulatus erythrocheilus) in Southcentral Colorado: comparisons with other populations of a wide-ranging species Oecologia (Berl.) 89 236-243 Reptiles, lizards, reproduction, life history variation, body size, clutch size, egg size, populations Journal Article Gilloteaux, J 1991 Immunoreactivity of Bufo marinus heart for atrial natriuretic factor. Belg. J. Zool 121 2 235-245 amphibia, anura, bufo, heart, body water regulation, homeostasis In atrial myofibers and in several layers of cardiomyocytes of the ventricle atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) could be demonstrated. Anurans are able to osmoregulate between hypo- to isotonicity, whereas Bufo marinus is adapted as osmoconformer. Production of large quantities of ANF is necessary when supplemental sodium and water intake is continuously provided through the skin. It is supposed that lymphatic hearts can also be sites of ANF production. J Gilloteaux, Northeastern Ohio Univ, Coll Med, Dept Anat, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272 Journal Article Giraudo, A. 1992 Registro de Pseudoboa haasi (Boettger, 1905) en la República Argentina (Serpentes: Colubridae) Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 8 2 Pseudoboa haasi Journal Article Girons, H. S.;Zylberberg, L. 1992 Comparative histology of the exocrine cephalic glands and nasal cavities of Lissamphibia: I. General anatomy and cephalic glands Annales Des Sciences Naturelles Zoologie et Biologie Animale 13 2 59-82 Proteus; Typhlonectidae; Urodele; Anuran; Gymnophione; Neoteny; Salivary Gland; Nasal Gland; Orbital Gland; Lingual Gland; Bowman'S Gland; Jacobson'S Gland; Harderian Gland; Histology The amphibian exocrine cephalic glands examined in adults of 19 different species belonging to 11 families, include glands associated to the buccal cavity (salivary glands), nasal glands and orbital glands. Among the 15 types of glands which were identified, the transverse lateral glands of the Typhlonectidae were not yet described. The cephalic glands vary in number depending on the species. Urodes have from 0 to 8 different glands, anurans from 5 to 8, and gymnophiones show 7 glands. The glands are generally the less developed and the less numerous as the genus and mostly the family are the most aquatic. To extremes, Proteus does not develop any cephalic exocrine gland. However, two closely related species do not show obvious differences even if one is more aquatic than the other. The lingual glands are the first to show a failure to develop, then the other salivary glands and finally the lateral nasal gland and the orbital glands show the same failure. The nasal glands associated with sensory epithelia do not develop in the most aquatic species only. In urodeles, the possible occurrence of neoteny complicates the problem. The lingual, lateral nasal, Bowman's and Jacobson's glands present in the three orders can be considered as homologous. Similarly, the Harderian glands of anurans and gymnophiones can also be considered as homologous. The internasal and lacrymal glands are characteristic of urodeles whereas the intermaxillary, choanal, and internal oral glands are characteristic of anurans. From a histochemical standpoint, an overall abundance of proteins and a very low amount of not only acid-mucins but also PAS-positive products characterize the amphibian exocrine cephalic glands including not only the nasal and orbital glands which resemble those of other tetrapod vertebrates but also the salivary glands. The general histological characteristics of the exocrine cephalic glands do not show more differences from one order to the other than from one family or even from one species to the other and homologous glands show a very homogenous structure within the whole group. The size of the cells is smaller in anurans than in gymnophiones and especially in urodeles. Journal Article Gist, D. H.;Hess, R. A.;Thurston, R. J. 1992 Cytoplasmic droplets of painted turtle spermatozoa J Morphol 214 2 153-158 Reptilia, testudins, painted turtle, anatomy, spermatozoa, droplets Epididymal sperm from the painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) possess a cytoplasmic droplet which is located eccentrically on the sperm midpiece. The droplet contains a large quantity of lipid droplets in addition to hollow vesicles and degenerate mitochondrial fragments. Lipid droplets are closely associated with mitochondrial membranes and may function in the formation or degradation of mitochondria. Cytoplasmic droplets become detached from the sperm midpiece in a coordinated manner shortly before the commencement of fall mating and are not observed on sperm recovered from the oviduct of females. Book Glasgow, Vaughn L. 1991 A Social History of the American Alligator New York St. martin's Press 259 Alligator mississippiensis Journal Article Glaw, F.;Vences, M. 1991 Bioacoustic differentiation in painted frogs (Discoglossus) Amphibia-Reptilia 12 385-394 advertisement call, Amphibia, Anura, sexual selection, taxonomy, discoglossus Journal Article Glazebrook, J. S.;Campbell, Rsf 1990 A survey of the diseases of marine turtles in northern Australia. II. Oceanarium-reared and wild turtles. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 9 2 97-104 Reptilia, testudines, turtles, infection, parasites, bacterial-diseases Thirty-seven turtles were examined as part of a disease survey. They consisted of 15 oceanarium-reared turtles (10 Chelonia mydas, 2 Eretmochelys imbricata, and 3 Caretta caretta) and 22 wild turtles (21 C. mydas and 1 E. imbricata). Bacterial diseases of oceanarium-reared turtles were the same as those of farmed turtles with the exception of tuberculosis and adenitis (salt-secreting gland infection), which were not diagnosed in farmed turtles. Traumatic ulcerative dermatitis (biting) and the ulcerative stomatitis-obstructive rhinitis-pneumonia disease complex were prominent, mainly in C. mydas and C. caretta turtles. Vibrio alginolyticus and Aeromonas hydrophila were also implicated. Peritonitis had resulted from notches made in marginal scutes for identification (one turtle only). Only 2 bacterial diseases were diagnosed in wild turtles, bronchopneumonia and septicaemia-toxaemia, which were secondary to heart fluke (Hapalotrema sp.) infestation. Cardiovascular flukes (Hapalotrema spp. and Learedius spp.) were found in 5/15 (33.3%) of oceanarium-reared turtles and 9/22 (40.9%) of wild turtles. Specimens with heavy infestations ( > 20 flukes in the heart chambers) were severely debilitated displaying sunken eyes bilaterally, plastron shrinkage and generalized muscle wastage. Thickening and hardening of the walls of major vessels associated with the heart and pneumonia were complications. Gastrointestinal flukes (Digenea: Pronocephalidae, Cricocephalus sp.) were restricted to the stomach of oceanarium-reared turtles (3/15 or 33.3%) and in one case they were associated with petechial haemorrhages of the mucosa. In wild turtles they were present throughout the gastrointestinal tract and in the gall bladder (Calcodes sp.) (9/22 or 40.9% affected). Barnacles (Chelonibia sp. and Platylepas sp.) were present on 2/15 (13.3%) and 10.22 (45.5%) of oceanarium-reared and wild turtles respectively. Cachectic myopathy was the end result of chronic bacterial and parasitic infection in 9/22 or 40.9% of wild turtles. Journal Article Glazebrook, J. S.;Campbell, Rsf 1990 A survey of the diseases of marine turtles in northern Australia I. Farmed turtles Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 9 2 83-95 Reptilia, testudines, Chelonia mydas, Eretmochelys imbricata, infection, bacteria mycosis, nutritional-disorders In 104 farmed turtles (102 Chelonia mydas and 2 Eretmochelys imbricata) housed in 250 litre fibreglass tanks and 50 litre plastic basins and fed a diet of fish, 28 diseases were diagnosed including 12 bacterial, 4 parasitic and 4 nutritional diseases. Less common were those of genetic and environmental origin. Skin lesions due to biting (traumatic ulcerative dermatitis) occurred in nearly all farmed turtles. Morbidity and mortality rates of 100 and 30%, respectively, were recorded in the first month of life. Juveniles and yearlings rarely succumbed to the disease. Cultures of lesion material yielded a variety of bacteria: Vibrio alginolyticus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Flavobacterium sp., Micrococcus sp. and Bacillus sp. Ulcerative stomatitis was the most important bacterial disease after traumatic ulcerative dermatitis. It occurred as an epizootic in hatchlings 5 to 8 wk old. Focal pneumonia was characterized by nodular lesions in the apical or medial portion of the lung. Microscopic sections and cultures showed bacteria were mainly responsible. V. alginolyticus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Flavobacterium sp., and Pseudomonas sp. were isolated from the upper and lower respiratory tract as well as the oral cavity. Fungal isolates, Penicillium sp. Paecilomyces sp., Fusarium sp., and Rhodotorula sp. were of secondary importance. Acid fast bacilli (Mycobacterium sp.) were seen in the lungs of 2 turtles but were not isolated. Salmonellosis was diagnosed on only one occasion, when Salmonella enteritidis was isolated from the liver of a juvenile turtle. Eye lesions (keratoconjunctivitis - ulcerative blepharitis) were caused by rubbing against the side of the tank. Adenitis (salt-secreting gland infection) resulted from the introduction of forceps into the duct leading from the posterior orbit. Peritonitis was an extension of ulcerative shell disease. Pseudomonas spp. and Flavobacterium spp. were common to the last 3 diseases. Septicaemia-toxaemia was secondary to chronic bacterial and parasitic infections. V. alginolyticus, A. hydrophila and Flavobacterium sp. were isolated from the heart blood and caused toxic changes in the heart and kidneys. V. alginolyticus was cultured from a case of ulcerative shell disease and osteomyelitis. Gastritis-serositis syndrome was the most important parasitic disease. Gastric and intestinal ulcers and fibrous adhesions were caused by the migration and encystment of third stage Anisakis sp. (A. simplex or A. typica) larvae from the gut lumen to the pleuro-peritoneal cavity. The eggs of cardiovascular flukes were found. A single species of gastro-intestinal fluke (Cricocephalus sp.) was also found. Cachectic myopathy frequently associated with traumatic ulcerative dermatitis and ulcerative stomatitis. Fibrous osteodystrophy was related to a diet of raw fish and intestinal obstruction was caused by the ingestion of foreign bodies. Lordosis and kyphosis were probably related to the original nest temperature. Genetic defects (albinism and mandibular microagnathia) were rare. There were 2 incidents of poisoning, due to the accumulation of nitrate from Tridax sp. and contamination of food (fish) with diesel fuel. Journal Article Glazebrook, J. S.;Campbell, R. S. F. 1990 A survey of the diseases of marine turtles in northern Australia. I. farmed turtles Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 9 83-95 green; hawksbill; farming Journal Article Glenn, James L.;Straight, Richard C.;Sites, Jack W., Jr. 1990 A plasma protein marker for population genetic studies of the desert tortoise (Xerobates agassizi) Great Basin Naturalist 50 1 1-8 gopherus allozymes Journal Article Glenn, James L.;Straight, Richard C. 1990 Venom characteristics as an indicator of hybridization between Crotalus viridis viridis and Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus in New Mexico Toxicon 28 7 857-862 concolor Journal Article Glenn, James L.;Straight, Richard C.;Sites, Jack W.;Jr. 1990 A plasma protein marker for population genetic studies of the desert tortoise (Xerobates agassizi) Great Basin Naturalist 50 1 1-8 gopherus allozymes Journal Article Glenn, James L.;Porras, Louis W.;Nohavec, Robert D.;Straight, Richard C. 1992 Analysis of the Duvernoy's gland and oral secretions of Hydrodynastes gigas (Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril) (Reptilia: Serpentes) Greater Cincinnati Herpetological Society Contributions in Herpetology 1992 19-26 rear fanged Journal Article Globus, M.;Alles, P. 1990 A search for immunoreactive substance P and other neural peptides in the limb regenerate of the newt Notophthalmus viridescens J Exp Zool 254 2 165-76 Animal; Extremities; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Ganglia/analysis; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Neurons, Afferent/analysis; Neuropeptides/*analysis; Radioimmunoassay; *Regeneration; Salamandridae; Substance P/*analysis; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Immunochemical studies demonstrate that the undecapeptide substance P (SP) may be detected by radioimmunoassay in newt limb regenerates and that SP is localized in the blastemal epidermis by immunofluorescence and peroxidase-antiperoxidase staining. Immunoreactive SP is predominantly distributed at the periphery of epidermal cells, suggesting the presence of SP binding sites on the cell surface; the basal germinative layer of the epidermis and blastemal mesenchyme cells remain unreactive. The pattern of SP immunoreactivity in the blastema was compared with that of four other tachykinin-family peptides (eledoisin, kassinin, substance K, and neuromedin K) and with three non- tachykinin neural peptides (bombesin, neurotensin, and metenkephalin). With the exception of neurotensin, which showed weak staining in the basal layer but an absence in the peripheral layers of the epidermis, none of the peptides examined exhibited immunoreactivity in the blastema epidermis comparable to that of SP. Journal Article Glooschenko, V.;Weller, W. F.;Smith, P.G.R.;Alvo, R.;Archbold, J. H. G. 1992 Amphibian distribution with respect to pond water chemistry near Sudbury, Ontario Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 49 Suppliment 1 114-121 rana clamitans pipiens hyla crucifer sylvatica bufo americanus ambystoma maculatum water chemistry Journal Article Glooschenko, V.;W. F. Weller, P. G. R. Smith, R. Alvo;Archbold., J. H. G. 1992 Amphibian distribution with respect to pond water chemistry near Sudbury, Ontario. Canadian J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49 114-121 Book Gloyd, Howard K.;Conant, Roger 1990 Snakes of the Agkistrodon Complex: A Monographic Review St. Louis, MO SSAR vi + 614 + 52 plates Journal Article Goater, Timothy M.;Mulvey, Margaret;Esch, Gerald 1990 Electrophoretic differentiation of two Halipegus (Trematoda: Hemiuridae) congeners in an amphibian population. Journal of Parasitology 76 431-434 Digenea, Trematoda, Amphibia, Insecta, Halipegus eccentricus, Halipegus occidualis, Rana clamitans, Helisoma anceps, Physa gyrina, genetic variation, electrophoresis, population genetics Journal Article Godenzi, P.;und, A.;Hiller 1992 Discussion on diseases of testudines (Diskussion über Schildkrötenkrankheiten) J. Ag Schildkröten & Panzerechsen 1 92 9-10 Reptilia, testudines, diseases, general testu,vet,bakt PF x Journal Article Godet, Dominique 1990 Données écologiques, Légendes et traditions populaires relatives a l'Herpétofaune de la Somme Bulletin de la Société Herpétologique de France 56 27-37 Journal Article Godínez Cano, Enrique;González Ruiz, Amaya 1991 Notas preliminares sobre la reproduccion en cautiverio de Boa constrictor imperator (Reptilia: Serpentes: Boidae) en el laboratorio de Herpetologia de la ENEP-Iztacala, UNAM Boletín de la Sociedad Herpetológica Mexicana 3 2 34-38 Mexico; Reproduction; Boa constrictor imperator Journal Article Godínez Cano, Enrique 1992 El Laboratorio de Herpetologia de la ENEP-Iztacala, UNAM Boletín de la Sociedad Herpetológica Mexicana 4 2 27-28 Book Section Goebel, A. M.;Simmons, J. E. 1992 Preserving DNA in liquid-preserved museum specimens Snyder, A. M. The 1992 American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Workshop on Collections Care and Management Issues ASIH 34-52 DNA extraction, analysis, fragmentation, formalin, methods, fixatives, preservatives, museum collections Journal Article Goldberg, Stephen R.;Bursey, Charles R. 1990 Winter feeding in the mountain spiny lizard, Sceloporus jarrovi (Iguanidae) Journal of Herpetology 24 4 446-448 winter, cold, lizard, diet Journal Article Goldberg, Stephen R.;Bursey, Charles R. 1990 Prevalence of Eimeria noctisauris (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) in the Island Night Lizard, Xantusia riversiana (Xantusiidae) Journal of Herpetology 24 2 204-207 Journal Article Goldberg, Stephen R.;Bursey, Charles R. 1991 Helminths of the red-spotted toad, Bufo punctatus (Anura: Bufonidae), from southern Arizona Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington 58 2 267-269 Cestoda; Distoichometra bufonis; Nematoda; Aplectana itzocanensis; Oswaldocruzia pipiens; Bufonidae; Prevalence; Intensity; Survey; Bufo punctatus Journal Article Goldberg, Stephen R.;Bursey, Charles R. 1991 Helminths of three toads, Bufo alvarius, Bufo cognatus, (Bufonidae), and Scaphiopus couchii (Pelobatidae), from southern Arizona Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington 58 1 142-146 Nematoda; Aplectana itzocanensis; Aplectana incerta; Physaloptera sp.; Physocephalus sp.; Oswaldocruzia pipiens; Rhabdias americanus; Cestoda; Distoichometra bufonis; Nematoaenia dispar; Bufonidae; Prevalence; Intensity; Survey; Bufo alvarius; Bufo Cognatus; Scaphiopus couchii; Pelobatidae Journal Article Goldberg, S.R.;Bursey, C.R. 1991 Helminths of the red-spotted toad, Bufo punctatus (Anura, Bufonidae), from southern Arizona Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington 58 2 267-269 Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae, red-spotted toad, Bufo punctatus, Anura, Nematoda SR Goldberg,Whittier Coll,Dept Biol,Whittier, CA 90608 Journal Article Goldberg, S.R.;Bursey, C.R. 1991 Parapharyngodon kartana in two skinks, Emoia nigra and Emoia samoense (Sauria, scincidae), from Samoa J. Helminthol. 58 2 265-266 Reptilia, Sauria, scincidae, skink, Emoia nigra, Emoia samoense, infection, helminth, nematode,Parapharyngodon kartana Reprint Endnote 93/704 Journal Article Goldberg, S.R.;Bursey, C.R. 1991 Intestinal helminth of the granite spiny lizard (Sceloporus orcutti) J. Wildl. Dis. 27 2 355-357 Reptilia, saria, granite spiny lizard,Sceloporus orcutti, infection, helminth, nematode, cestode Reprint Endnote 93/705 Journal Article Goldberg, S. R.;Bursey, C. R. 1991 Integumental lesions caused by ectoparasites in a wild population of the side-blotched lizard (Uta stansburiana ). J Wildl Dis 27 1 68-73 Reptilia, sauria, lizards, Uta, infection, mite, tick, pathology, granuloma Histopathological effects of ectoparasites on integument were examined for a wild population of the side-blotched lizard Uta stansburiana. These included the trombiculid Neotrombicula californica, the pterygosomatid mite Geckobiella texana; the macronyssid mite Ophionyssus natricis (Macronyssidae) and the ixodid tick Ixodes pacificus. A diffuse inflammatory response occurred at the site of chigger and tick attachment which consisted of histiocyte, heterophil, fibroblast and lymphocyte infiltration that often extended into the dermis. Granuloma formation also was noted. The most prevalent parasite was N. californica which frequently occurred in large aggregations above the eyelids. Ectoparasites were most abundant from February through April. Reprint vet. path. spec. anim. 91/23 Journal Article Goldberg, S.R.;Bursey, C.R. 1991 Gastrointestinal helminths of the northwestern alligator lizard, Gerrhonotus coeruleus principis (Anguidae) J. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 58 2 246-248 Reptilia, sauria, infection, helminth, Nematode Reprint Endnote 93/706 SR Goldberg, Whittier Coll, Dept Biol, Whittier, CA 90608 Journal Article Goldberg, S.R.;Holshuh, H.J. 1991 A case of leukemia in the desert spiny lizard (Sceloporus magister) J. Wildl. Dis. 27 3 521-525 Reptilia, sauria, desert spiny lizard, Sceloporus magister, pathology, tumor, leucosis Reprint Vet. Path. Spec. Anim. 91/267. SR Goldberg, Whittier Coll, Dept Biol, Whittier, CA 90608 Journal Article Goldberg, S.R.;Bursey, C.R.;Aquino-Suster, A.L. 1991 Gastric nematodes of the paraguayan caiman, Caiman yacare (Alligatoridae) J. Parasitol. 77 6 1009-1011 Reptilia, Crocodylia, Alligatoridae, paraguayan caiman,Caiman yacare, infection, nematode, stomach , Reprint Endnote 93/714 Journal Article Goldberg, S.R.;Bursey, C.R. 1991 Gastrointestinal helminths of the Mexican horned lizards Phrynosoma braconnieri and Phrynosoma taurus Southwestern Naturalist 36 3 365-368 Reptilia, sauria, infection, helminth, Nematoda Reprint Endnote 93/711 Journal Article Goldberg, S.R.;Bursey, C.R. 1991 Duration of attachment by mites and ticks on the Iguanid lizards Sceloporus graciosus and Uta stansburiana J. Wildl. Dis. 27 4 719-722 Reptilia, sauria, Sceloporus, Uta, infection acari, mite, tick The paper concerns Neotrombicula californica and Geckobiella texana. Reprint Endnote 93/712 SR Goldberg, Whittier Coll, Dept Biol, Whittier, CA 90608 Journal Article Goldberg, S.R.;Bursey, C.R.;Aquino-Shuster, A.L. 1991 Gastric nematodes of the Paraguayan caiman, Caiman yacare (Alligatoridae) J. Parasitol. 77 6 1009-1011 CY, CCR, parasite, disease, South America, Examination of the stomach contents of 115 Caiman yacare Daudin, 1802, from Paraguay revealed the presence of the nematodes Brevimulticaecum baylisi (Travassos, 1933), Brevimulticaecum stekhoveni (Baylis, 1947), Contracaecum sp. of Railliet and Henry, 1912, Dujardinascaris paulista (Travassos, 1933), Eustrongylides sp. of Jagerskiold, 1909, Micropleura vazi Travassos, 1933, and Ortleppascaris alata (Baylis, 1947). Nematode prevalence was 28%; greatest species prevalence (14%) was found for B. baylisi. Greatest mean intensity, 25.4, was for Contracaecum sp. All occurrences are new host and distribution records. Journal Article Goldberg, S. R.;Bursey, C. R. 1992 Helminths of the marine toad, Bufo marinus, (Anura, Bufonidae), from American Samoa J Helminthol Soc Washington 59 1 131-133 Amphibia, anura, Bufonidae, Bufo marinus, infection, helminth, nematode The Nematode Parapharyngodon kartana was recovered from1 out of 97 B. marinus examined. The Trematode Mesocoelium monas was recovered in frequencies ranging from 80-100% in various biotopes. Reprint Endnote 92/195 Journal Article Goldberg, S.R.;Bursey, C.R. 1992 Gastrointestinal Helminths of the Lizard, Sceloporus malachiticus (Sauria, Iguanidae) from Costa-Rica J Helminthol Soc Washington 59 1 125-126 Reptilia, sauria, iguanidae, Sceloporus , infection, helminth, nematode Reprint Endnote 93/677 Journal Article Goldberg, S. R.;Holshuh, H. J. 1992 Ectoparasite-induced lesions in mite pockets of the yarrow spiny lizard, Sceloporus jarrovii (Phrynosomatidae) J Wildlife Dis 28 4 537-541 Reptilia, sauria, yarrow spiny lizard, Sceloporus jarrovii , pathology, inflammation, infection, acari, mite pockets Histopathological effects of the chigger, Eutrombicula lipovskyana, on the mite pockets of neonatal, juvenile and adult Yarrow's spiny lizard, Sceloporus jarrovii, were investigated. Focal ulcerative dermatitis was noted in all age classes. This reaction was more diffuse in older animals in which penetration as deep as the panniculus occurred. Based on the occurrence of inflammatory reactions in neonatal lizards, S. jarrovii appears capable of recognizing foreign antigens shortly after birth. There was an increased inflammatory response in older lizards that may have been an augmented host sensitivity following repeated exposure to chiggers. Granulomas, which were interpreted as an attempt to isolate the effects of chigger bites, were noted in juveniles and adults. We propose that S. jarrovii does not develop resistance after repeated exposures to E. lipovskyana. Journal Article Goldberg, S. R.;Bursey, C. R. 1992 Helminths of the Bunch Grass Lizard, Sceloporus scalaris slevini (Iguanidae) J Helminthol Soc Washington 59 1 130-131 Reptilia, sauria, lizard, Sceloporus scalaris, infection, helminths, nematodes Reprint Endnote 93/676 Journal Article Goldberg, S. R.;Bursey, C. R. 1992 Prevalence of the nematode Spauligodon giganticus (Oxyurida: Pharyngodonidae) in neonatal Yarrow's spiny lizards, Sceloporus jarrovii (Sauria: Iguanidae) J Parasitol 78 3 539-41 Examination of the digestive tracts of 31 field-collected neonatal Sceloporus jarrovii Cope, 1875, estimated to be between 1 day and 2 wk of age revealed a prevalence of 74% (23/31) infection for eggs and/or larvae of the nematode Spauligodon giganticus (Read and Amrein, 1953) Skrjabin, Schikhobalova, and Lagodovskaja, 1960, and a prevalence of 3% (1/31) for the cestode Oochoristica sp. Twenty-two captive-born neonatal Sceloporus jarrovii, no older than 1 day revealed a prevalence of 14% for eggs of Spauligodon giganticus. Substrate licking, a behavior evident soon after birth, apparently is responsible for this almost immediate infection by S. jarrovii. Journal Article Goldberg, Stephen R.;Bursey, Charles R. 1992 Prevalence of the nematode Spauligodon giganticus (Oxyurida: Pharyngodonidae) in Neonatal Yarrow's Spiny Lizards, Sceloporus jarrovii (Sauria: Iguanidae) Journal of Parasitology 78 3 539-541 Journal Article Goldsmith, Audrey E.;Shaw, William W. 1991 Plan for a study of desert tortoise in Saguaro National Monument, Pima County, Arizona Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 112 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Goldsmith, Audrey E.;Shaw, William W. 1991 A preliminary report of home range and use of cover sites by desert tortoises in Saguaro National Monument, 1988 Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 174-179 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Goldsmith, A. M.;Sei, C. A.;Lance, V.;Dores, R. M. 1992 Detection of prodynorphin end products in lizard, turtle, and alligator brain extracts Peptides 13 3 435-40 Alligators and Crocodiles/physiology; Animal; *Brain Chemistry; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dynorphins/*analysis; Endorphins/*analysis; Enkephalins/*metabolism; Evolution; Female; Lizards/physiology; Male; Protein Precursors/*analysis/*metabolism; Radioimmunoassay; Reptiles/*physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Tissue Extracts/chemistry; Turtles/physiology Heterologous radioimmunoassays (RIAs) for the mammalian prodynorphin end products, alpha-neo-endorphin, dynorphin A(1-17), dynorphin A(1-8), and dynorphin B(1-13) were used to screen brain extracts obtained from representatives of the major surviving orders of reptiles: Chelonia (Pseudemys scripta), Squamata (Anolis carolinensis), and Crocodylia (Alligator mississippiensis). Methanol/acid extracts of whole brains obtained from each species were separately fractionated by gel filtration chromatography and reversed-phase HPLC. In all three species, an immunoreactive form of alpha-neo-endorphin was detected with the same retention time as synthetic mammalian alpha-neo-endorphin following reversed-phase HPLC analysis. In all three species, reversed- phase HPLC analysis revealed a novel form of dynorphin B(1-13)-related immunoreactivity. With the available immunological probes, dynorphin A products were only detected in the Anolis brain extracts. Both dynorphin A(1-17) and dynorphin A(1-8) were detected in this species. Journal Article Goldthwaite, Ronald O.;Coss, Richard G.;Owings, Donald H. 1990 Evolutionary dissipation of an antisnake system: differential behavior by California and Arctic ground squirrels in above- and belo-ground contexts Behaviour 112 3-4 246-269 Journal Article Gollman, G. 1991 Osteological variation in Geocrinia laevis, Geocrinia victoriana, and their hybrid populations (Amphibia, Anura, Myobatrachinae) Z. Zool. Syst. Evolut. forsch. 29 289-303 amphibia, anura, osteology, hybrid, myobatrachids, hybrid zone, osteological variation, rare morphological variants, Geocrinia, morphological abberations Journal Article Gollman, B.;Gollman., G. 1991 Embryonic development of the myobatrachine frogs Geocrinia laevis, Geocrinia victoriana, and their natural hybrids Amphibia-Reptilia 12 103-110 Journal Article Gollmann, Birgit 1991 A developmental table of Crinia signifera Girard, 1853 (Anura, Myobatrachinae) Alytes 9 2 51-58 geocrinia laevis Journal Article Golubev, M. L. 1991 About the name Agama ocellata Lichtenstein in Eversmann, 1823 (Reptilia, Agamidae) with redescription of the types Herpetological Researches 1 12-17 Agama ocellata; Phrynocephalus reticulatus; Phrynocephalus ocellatus Journal Article Gomes, M. R.;Peixoto, O. L. 1991 Larvae of Hyla of the group "Leucophyllata" with a description of the larva H. elegans Wied, 1824 and notes on the variation of the colours pattern in adult of the species Rev. Brasil. Biol. 51 1 257-262 tadpole, description, morphology, Amphibia, Anura, phylogeny, chromosomes, genetics Journal Article Gomes, M. R.;Peixoto, O. L. 1991 Consideracoes sobre os girinos de Hyla senicula Cope, 1868 e Hyla soaresi Caramaschi e Jim, 1983 (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae) Acta Biologica Leopoldensia 13 2 5-18 tadpoles, Brazil, marmorata, description, geographic ranges, morphology, color pattern, habitat Journal Article Goniakowska-Witalinska, L.;Lauweryns, J. M.;Zaccone, G.;Fasulo, S.;Tagliafierro, G. 1992 Ultrastructure and immunocytochemistry of the neuroepithelial bodies in the lung of the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum (Urodela, Amphibia) Anat Rec 234 3 419-31 Ambystoma; Animal; Epithelium/cytology/innervation/ultrastructure; Lung/cytology/*innervation/*ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings/ultrastructure; Neurosecretory Systems/chemistry/cytology/*ultrastructure; Serotonin/analysis; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Light and electron microscopy of the lungs of Ambystoma tigrinum (Urodela) revealed a relatively complex pattern of the neuroendocrine (NE) cells. In the apical parts of smaller septa single NE cells not associated with nerve fibres were covered and surrounded by pneumocytes. The larger septa possessed small areas of ciliated epithelium, in which the NE cells were grouped in a form of neuroepithelial bodies (NEB) consisting of 3-5 cells and covered by goblet cells. NE cells possessed a large nucleus with patches of condensed chromatin, clear cytoplasm, and membrane-bound vesicles of variable morphology and size, containing an electron dense interior surrounded by a lucent space. The size of these dense core vesicles (DCV) ranged from 70-140 nm, while rarely the larger ones exhibited a diameter of 300-600 nm. In some NEB a second type of NE cells was observed for the first time in an amphibian species: these cells communicated with the air space and exhibited on their surface microvilli and a single modified cilium with a 8 + 1 microtubule arrangement. Their cytoplasm contained two types of DCV: dense core granules with a diameter of 140-260 nm and vesicles 320-700 nm in diameter with a moderately electron dense interior. The NEB were associated with intracorpuscular, sensory nerve terminals morphologically afferent and efferent. By immunocytochemistry, the NE cells revealed the presence of serotonin, met-enkephalin, and leu- enkephalin. A paracrine and chemoreceptor role is proposed for NEB of Ambystoma tigrinum. Journal Article Goniakowskawitalinska, L.;Lauweryns, J. M.;Zaccone, G.;Fasulo, S.;Tagliafierro, G. 1992 Ultrastructure and immunocytochemistry of the neuroepithelial bodies in the lung of the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum (Urodela, Amphibia) Anat Rec 234 3 419-431 Amphibia, urodela, salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum , anatomy, histology, lung, neuroepithelial bodies, neuroendocrine cells Light and electron microscopy of the lungs of Ambystoma tigrinum (Urodela) revealed a relatively complex pattern of the neuroendocrine (NE) cells. In the apical parts of smaller septa single NE cells not associated with nerve fibres were covered and surrounded by pneumocytes. The larger septa possessed small areas of ciliated epithelium, in which the NE cells were grouped in a form of neuroepithelial bodies (NEB) consisting of 3-5 cells and covered by goblet cells. NE cells possessed a large nucleus with patches of condensed chromatin, clear cytoplasm, and membrane-bound vesicles of variable morphology and size, containing an electron dense interior surrounded by a lucent space. The size of these dense core vesicles (DCV) ranged from 70-140 nm, while rarely the larger ones exhibited a diameter of 300-600 nm. In some NEB a second type of NE cells was observed for the first time in an amphibian species: these cells communicated with the air space and exhibited on their surface microvilli and a single modified cilium with a 8 + 1 microtubule arrangement. Their cytoplasm contained two types of DCV: dense core granules with a diameter of 140-260 nm and vesicles 320-700 nm in diameter with a moderately electron dense interior. The NEB were associated with intracorpuscular, sensory nerve terminals morphologically afferent and efferent. By immunocytochemistry, the NE cells revealed the presence of serotonin, met-enkephalin, and leu-enkephalin. A paracrine and chemoreceptor role is proposed for NEB of Ambystoma tigrinum. Journal Article Gonzales-Candelas, F.;Crnobrnja, J.;Kalezic, M.L.;Moya, A. 1992 Gene flow rates in Yugoslavian populations of the smooth newt Triturus vulgaris J. Evol. Biol. 5 481-490 Journal Article Gonzalez, Iris Laudien;Sylvester, James E.;Smith, Temple F.;Stambolian, Dwight;Schmickel, Roy D. 1990 Ribosomal RNA gene sequences and hominoid phylogeny Molecular Biology and Evolution 7 3 203-219 Journal Article Gonzalez Alonso, Arturo 1991 Distribucion geografica de una raza cromosomica del complejo Sceloporus grammicus (Sauria: Phrynosomatidae) en el Este de Mexico Central Boletín de la Sociedad Herpetológica Mexicana 3 1 7-10 Mexico; Scleoporus grammicus; Chromosomal polymorphisms Journal Article Good, David A.;wake, David B. 1992 geographic variation and speciation in the torrent salamanders of the genus Rhyacotriton (Caudata: Rhyacotritonidae) University of California Publications in Zoology 126 1-91 Rhyacotriton; Rhyacotritonidae Journal Article Good, D. A.;Wake., D. B. 1992 Geographic variation and speciation in the torrent salamanders of the genus Rhyacotriton University of California Publications in Zoology 126 1-91 Journal Article Goode, M.;Radcliffe, C. W.;Estep, K.;Odum, A.;Chiszar, D. 1990 Field observations on feeding behavior in an Aruba Island rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus unicolor): strike-induced chemosensory searching and trail following Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 28 4 312-314 Crotalus durissus unicolor, feeding, foraging, trailing, rattl Journal Article Goodlett, Gilbert O.;Goodlett, Glenn C. 1992 Studies of unauthorized off-highway vehicle activity in the Rand Mountains and Fremont Valley, Kern County, California Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 163-187 Journal Article Gooler, D. M.;Feng, A. S. 1992 Temporal coding in the frog auditory midbrain: the influence of duration and rise-fall time on the processing of complex amplitude-modulated stimuli Journal of Neurophysiology 67 1 1-22 Amphibia, Anura, neuroethology, acoustic communication, Edited Book Gopalakrishnakone, P.;Chou, L.M. 1990 Snakes of Medical Importance (Asia-Pacific Region) Singapore National University of Singapore 676 Book Gopalakrishnakone, P.;Chou, L. M.;Aye, Maung Maung;Lim, Francis L. K.;Cheng, Chao Tzee;Keng, Lim Swee;Anantharaman, S. 1990 Snake Bites and Their Treatment Singapore University Press vi, 54 Book Section Gorzula, S.;Paolillo O., A. 1990 La ecologia y estado actual de los Aligatóridos de la Guyana Venezolana Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 37-54 Book Section Gorzula, S.;Usechi, E. 1990 Some new information on the Venezuelan llanos harvests Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8327-0022-1 xvi + 354 pp. 161-166 Journal Article Gotte, Steve W. 1992 Podocnemis vogli Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 537 1-2 Journal Article Gould, W.J.;Geargi, M.E. 1991 Myasis in two box turtles. JAVMA 199 8 1067-1068 reptilia, chelonia, cryptodira, emydidae, emydinae,Terrapene, Sarcophaga cistudinis, parasitology * Journal Article Gould , W.J. , e.a. , 1992 Surgical correction of an intestinal obstruction in a turtle JAVMA 200 5 705-706 reptilia chelonia cryptodira emydidae emydinae ,Trachemys ,anesthesia ,zoletil * Journal Article Gow, Shane M. 1991 Notes on captive breeding of Litoria alboguttata (Anura: Hylidae) Herpetofauna 21 2 34-35 Litoria alboguttata Journal Article Gowen, Ralph 1991 AFH Interview: Howard Lawler Vivarium 2 6 7;30-31;34-35 Journal Article Gowen, Ralph 1991 Howard Lawler: Part 2 Vivarium 3 1 7;27-29 Journal Article Gowen, Ralph 1992 AFH Interview: Bob Johnson Vivarium 4 1 28-34 Journal Article Göbel, T.;Schildger, B.J.;Spörle, H. 1990 Propädeutik und diagnostische Verfahren bei Reptilien Prakt. Tierarzt 71 3 14-25 Reptilia, serpentes, sauria, testudines, pathology, diagnostic vet WI x Journal Article Göbel, T.;Schildger, B. J.;Spörle, H. 1990 The principal diseases of lizards and snakes encountered in veterinary practice. Orig. Ttl: Die haufigsten Erkrankungen bei Echsen und Schlangen in der tierarztlichen Praxis. Praktische Tierarzt 71 10 47-50, 53-54 Reptilia, serpentes, snake, diseases, skin diseases, Digestive system diseases Reprint Vet. Path. Spec. Anim 91/9 Journal Article Göbel, Th.;Spörle, H. 1991 Husbandry related reproductive disorders and diseases in juvenile reptiles Haltungsbedingte Fortpflanzungsstörungen und Jungtiererkrankungen bei Reptilien in Terrarienhaltung. Verh. Ber. Erkrg. Zootiere 33 27-32 Reptilia, pathology, egg-binding, husbandry Akademie Verlag, Berlin Conference Proceedings Göbel, T.;Spörle, H. 1991 Blood collecting technique and selected reference values for the Hermann's Tortoise (Testudo hermanni hermanni) 1 129-134 Conference Proceedings Göbel, T.;Schildger, B.-J.;Göbel, Reinhilde. 1991 Infections by salmonellae in reptiles 1 47-55 In 17.6% of 346 necropsies, salmonellae could be isolated from internal organs. They often grew in pure culture. 28% of te 27 isolates belonged to the serotype Arizona. A wide spectrum of different serotypes of Salmonellae were isolated, but only S. houten, with 8 isolates was frequently revcovered. New serotypes were S.II 56:1v:z39 and S:IV 45:z36,z38:-. Main lesions in infected reptiles were enteritis, abscesses and pneumonia. Many reptiles showed a generalized congestion of internal organs, hepatomegaly, petechial haemorrhages on the serosal surfaces, enteritis and nephritis. Salmonellosis remains still a problem in captive reptiles especially in fresh imported animals and in reptiles living in a poor environment. Journal Article Göbel, T.;al, et 1992 Blood collecting technique and selected reference values for Herman's tortoise (Testudo hermanni hermanni) Tierartzlich. prax. 20 231-234 Reptilia, testudines, Testudo hermanni, diagnosis, hematology, blood chemistry Conference Proceedings GÖBEL, T. 1992 Behandlung der Parasitosen 41-42 Journal Article Göbel, T.;al, et 1992 Blood collecting technique and selected reference values for Hermann's tortoise (Testudo hermanni hermanni) Tierartzlich. prax. 20 231-234 Reptilia, testudines, Testudo hermanni, diagnosis, hematology, blood chemistry Journal Article Grafen, A. 1990 Do animals really recognize kin? Animal Behaviour 39 42-54 Journal Article Graham, Tim 1991 Western rattlesnake ecology at Natural Bridges NM, Utah Park Science 11 4 10-11 crotalus viridis Journal Article Graham, Terry E. 1991 Pseudemys rubriventris Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 510 1-4 Journal Article Graham, T.E., Forsberg, J.E., 1991 Aquatic Oxygen Uptake by Naturally Wintering Wood Turtles Clemmys-Insculpta Copeia 3 836-838 Animal Sciences , Reptilia TE Graham,Worcester State Coll,Dept Nat & Earth Sci,Worcester, MA 01602 Journal Article Graham, T.E.;Forsberg, J.E. 1991 Aquatic Oxygen Uptake by Naturally Wintering Wood Turtles Clemmys-Insculpta Copeia 3 836-838 Animal Sciences , Reptilia Journal Article Graham, T.E.;Graham, A.A. 1992 Metabolism and Behavior of Wintering Common Map Turtles, Graptemys geographica, in Vermont Canadian Field - Naturalist 106 4 517-519 Common Map Turtle; Graptemys-Geographica; Aquatic Gas Exchange; Hibernation; Winter Behavior; Vermont Journal Article Graham, T.E.;Graham, A.A. 1992 Metabolism and behavior of wintering common map turtles Graptemys geographica in Vermont The canadian field Naturalist 106 517-519 Reptilia, testudines, common map turtle, Graptemys geographica physiology, behaviour, wintering, Vermont Reprint Endnote 95/151 Journal Article Gramentz, Dieter 1990 Beobachtungen an der Afrikanischen Weichschildkröte Trionyx triunguis (Forskål, 1775) in der Türkei Herpetofauna 12 67 22-26 Turkey; Trionyx triunguis Journal Article Gramentz, Dieter 1991 Migrationen von Caretta caretta im Mittlmeer Herpetofauna 13 72 20-25 Caretta caretta Journal Article Gramentz, Dieter 1991 Beobachtungen en der Euphrat-Weichschildkröte Trionyx euphraticus (Daudin, 1802) in Ost-Anatolien Salamandra 27 1 1-16 Trionyx euphraticus Journal Article Gramentz, Dieter 1991 Beobachtungen an der Euphrat-Weichschildkröte Trionyx euphraticus (Daudin, 1802) in Ost-Anatolien Salamandra 27 1 1-16 Journal Article Grant, Bruce W.;Dunham, Arthur E. 1990 Elevational covariation in environmental constraints and life histories of the desert lizard Sceloporus merriami Ecology 71 5 1765-1776 activity age at maturity biophysical constraint body size temperature elevational gradient growth rate season reproduction thermal biology Journal Article Grant, Bruce W. 1990 Trade-offs in activity time and physiological performance for thermoregulating desert lizards, Sceloporus merriami Ecology 71 6 2323-2333 activity biophysical constraints body temperature chihuahuan desert operative environmental temperature performance thermal constraints thermoregulation thermal biology Journal Article Grant, Bruce W.;Dunham, Arthur E. 1990 Elevational covariation in environmental constraints and life histories of the desert lizard, Sceloporus merriami Ecology 71 5 1765-1776 canyon lizard, temperature, thermoregulation Book Section Grant, Bruce W.;Tucker, Anton D.;Lovich, Jeffrey E.;Mills, Anthony M.;Dixon, Philip M.;Gibbons, J. Whitfield 1992 The use of coverboards in estimating patterns of reptile and amphibian biodiversity McCullough, D. R. and Barrett, R. H. Wildlife 2001 London Elsevier Science Publications 379-403 surveys sampling popultion estimate density arrays Book Grantsau, Rolf 1991 As Cobras Venenosas do Brasil São Bernardo do Campo Mercedes Benz do Brasil 101 p. Book Grass, Günter 1992 The Call of the Toad New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich 248 Journal Article Graves, B.M. ;Halpern, M.;Friesen, J. L. 1991 Snake aggregation pheromones: source and chemosensory mediation in western ribbon snakes (Thamnophis proximus) J. Comp. Physiol. 105 2 140-144 Journal Article Graybeal, Anna;Queiroz, Kevin De 1992 Inguinal Amplexus in Bufo fastidiosus, with Comments on the Systematics of Bufonid Frogs Journal of Herpetology 26 1 84-87 Journal Article Graybeal, A. ;Queiroz, K. de 1992 Inguinal amplexus in Bufo fastidiosus, with comments on the systematics of bufonid frogs Journal of Herpetology 26 1 84-87 toads, mating Journal Article Greckhamer, Alexander 1992 Bemerkungen über die Zucht des Amerikanischen Laubfrosches Hyla cinerea (Schneider, 1799) Herpetofauna 14 78 17-20 Hyla cinerea Journal Article Green, David M. 1990 Muller's Ratchet and the evolution of supernumerary chromosomes Genome 33 818-824 Journal Article Green, David M.;Tessier, Catherine 1990 Distribution and abundance of Hochstetter's frog, Leiopelma hochstetteri Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 20 3 261-268 Journal Article Green, A. J. 1990 Determinats of chorus participation and the effects of size, weight and competition on advertisement calling in the tungara frog, Physalaemus pustulosus (Leptodactylidae). Animal Behaviour 39 620-638 Amphibia, Leptodactylidae, Physalaemus pustulosus, acoustic communication, Anura, competition, playback, predation, Report Green, David M. 1991 Genetic divergence among populations of spotted frogs, Rana pretiosa complex Book Section Green, David M.;Sessions, Stanley K. 1991 Nomenclature for Chromosomes Amphibian Cytogenetics and Evolution Academic Press 431-432 Journal Article Green, David M. 1991 Cytogenetics of Amphibians and Reptiles Herpetologica 47 3 364-368 Journal Article Green, David M. 1991 Chaos, Fractals and Nonlinear Dynamics in Evolution and Phylogeny Trends in Ecology & Evolution 6 10 333-337 Book Section Green, David M. 1991 Supernumerary chromosomes in amphibians Amphibian cytogenetics and evolution Academic Press, Inc. 333-357 Amphibia, Anura, Caudata, Lissamphibia, karyotype, technique, evolution, cytogenetics, taxonomy, systematics, phylogenetics, chromosome, RNA, DNA Book Section Green, David M. 1992 Fowler's toads (Bufo woodhousei fowleri) at Long Point, Ontario: Changing abundance and implications for conservation Bishop, Christine A. and Pettit, Karen E. Declines in Canadian Amphibian Populations: Designing a National Monitoring Strategy Ottawa, Ontario Canadian Wildlife Service 37-43 Journal Article Greene, Harry W. 1990 A Sound Defense of the Rattlesnake Pacific Discovery 43 4 10-19 Journal Article Greene, H. W. 1990 A sound defense of the rattlesnake: the quintessential western critter Pacific Discovery 43 4 10-19 reptiles, snakes, rattle, defense, sound, behavior Journal Article Greene, Harry W. 1990 A sound defense of the rattlesnake: The quintessential Western critter Pacific Discovery 43 4 10-19 Book Section Greene, Harry W. 1992 The ecological and behavioral context for pitviper evolution Campbell, J. A. and Brodie, E. D., Jr. Biology of the Pit vipers Tyler Texas Selva 107-117 evolution behavior rattle systematics habitat reproduction feeding diet food defense Book Section Greene, Harry W.;Campbell, Jonathan A. 1992 The future of pitvipers Campbell, J. A. and Brodie, E. D., Jr. Biology of the Pit vipers Tyler Texas Selva 421-427 conservation endangered treatened Journal Article Greene, Harry W.;Luke, Claudia A. 1992 Amphibian and Reptile Diversity in the East Mojave Desert Techical Reports. Proceedings of the East Mojave Desert Symposium 7-8 November 1992. University of California, Riverside 10 53-58 Journal Article Greer, Allen 1990 The Peter Rankin Trust Fund for Herpetology Herpetofauna 20 2 15-17 Journal Article Greer, Allen E. 1992 Hyperphalangy in squamates: insight on the reacquisition of primitive character states in limb-reduced lineages Journal of Herpetology 26 3 327-329 evolution reverse Journal Article Greer, Allen E. 1992 Revision of the species previously associated with the Australian scincid lizard Eulamprus tenuis Records of the Australian Museum 44 1 7-19 nov. sp. taxonomy phylogeny key brachysoma sokosoma martini frerei Journal Article Greer, Allen E. 1992 Book Review: Skinks of the Northern Territory Herpetofauna 22 1 39-40 Book Review Journal Article Gregory, Patrick T. 1990 Temperature differences between head and body in garter snakes (Thamnophis) at a denincentral British Columbia Journal of Herpetology 24 3 241-245 cephalization, differential, thermal, behavior Book Grenard, Steve 1991 Handbook of Alligators and Crocodiles Malabar, FL Krieger x, 210 Journal Article Grenard, S. 1992 Archie Carr Reptile & Amphibian Mag. Jan.-Feb. 52-55 Journal Article Greshman, Yoram;Werner, Uri 1990 The expansion of amphibian distribution into the Negev Hardun 5 23-28;82 Amphibian distribution; colonisation; Negev Journal Article Grey, Elaine 1991 Mad about Mojo Vivarium 3 1 30-31 Journal Article Grey, Elaine 1991 Romancing the dragon Vivarium 3 4 34-35 Journal Article Griffith, H. 1990 Miniaturization and elongation in Eumeces (Sauria: Scincidae) Copeia 1990 3 751-758 37, Eumeces, Scincidae, morphology Journal Article Griffiths, R. A. 1991 Competition between common frog, Rana temporaria, and natterjack toad, Bufo calamita, tadpoles: the effect of competitor density and interaction level on tadpole development Oikos 61 187-196 Journal Article Griffiths, R. A.;Edgar, P. W.;Wong., A. L. C. 1991 Interspecific competition in tadpoles: growth inhibition and growth retrieval in natterjack toads, Bufo calamita Journal of Animal Ecology 60 1065-1076 Journal Article Griffiths, R. A.;Denton, J. 1992 Interspecific associations in tadpoles Anim. Behav. 44 1153-1157 Book Section Grigg, G.C. 1991 Central cardiovascular anatomy and function in Crocodilia Lenfant, C.;Millard, R.W.;Hargens, A.R. and Weber, R.E. Physiological Adaptations in Vertebrates: Respiration, Circulation and Metabolism New York Marcel Dekker 339-354 physiology, heart, Journal Article Grillitsch, Heinz;Grillitsch, Britta 1991 Zur Taxonomie und Verbreitung des Feuersalamanders, Salamandra salamandra (LINNAEUS, 1758) (Caudata: Salamandridae), in Griechenland Herpetozoa 4 3/4 133-147 Journal Article Grillitsch, Heinz;Cabela, Antonia 1992 Die Arealgrenzen der Reptilien in Kärnten (Österreich) dargestellt durch den Verlauf ausgewählter klimatischer Iso- und Grenzlinien Herpetozoa 5 1/2 41-49 Journal Article Grillitsch, B. 1992 Notes on the tadpole of Phrynohyas resinifictrix (Goeldi, 1907). Buccopharyngeal and external morphology of a tree hole dwelling larva (Anura, Hylidae). Herpetozoa 5 51-66 Journal Article Grimm, P., Nowitzkigrimm, S.,Weidenmaier, W.,Schumacher, K.A.,Classen, H.G., 1991 In-vivo Monitoring of Corticomedullary Nephrocalcinosis in Rats Using Computerized Tomography Laboratory Animals 25 4 354-359 Animal Sciences HG Classen,Univ Hohenheim,Inst Biol Chem & Nutr,Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol Nutr,D-7000 Stuttgart 70, Fed Rep Ger Journal Article Grimm, P.Nowitzkigrimm, S.Weidenmaier, W.Schumacher, K.A.Classen, H.G. 1991 In-vivo Monitoring of Corticomedullary Nephrocalcinosis in Rats Using Computerized Tomography Laboratory Animals 25 4 354-359 Animal Sciences HG Classen,Univ Hohenheim,Inst Biol Chem & Nutr,Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol Nutr,D-7000 Stuttgart 70, Fed Rep Ger Journal Article Grismer, L. Lee 1990 A new long-nosed snake (Rhinocheilus leconitei) from Isla Cerralvo, Baja California Sur, México Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History 1990 4 1-7 systematics taxonomy Journal Article Grismer, L. Lee 1990 Relationships, taxonomy, and biogeography of the Masticophis lateralis complex in baja California, México Herpetologica 46 1 66-77 barbouri bilineatus aurigulus taeniatus phylogeny Journal Article Grismer, L. Lee 1990 Coleonyx fasciatus Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 463 1-2 Journal Article Grismer, L. Lee 1990 Coleonyx switaki Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 464 1-2 Journal Article Grismer, L. Lee 1990 Masticophis aurigulus Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 499 1-2 Journal Article Grismer, L. L. 1990 Relationships, taxonomy, and biogeography of the Masticophis lateralis complex in Baja California, Mexico Herpetologica 46 1 66-77 reptiles, snakes, comparative, phylogeny Journal Article Grismer, L. L. 1990 The relationships, taxonomy, and geographic variation of the Masticophis lateralis complex (Serpentes: Colubridae) of Baja California, México Herpetologica 46 66-77 Journal Article Grismer, L. L. 1990 A new long nosed snake (Rhinocheilus lecontei) from Isla Cerralvo, Baja California Sur, México Proc. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 4 1-7 Journal Article Grismer, L. Lee 1991 Cladistic relationships of the lizard Eublepharis turcmenicus (Squamata: Eublepharidae) Journal of Herpetology 25 2 251-253 angramainyu macularius hardwickii taxonomy syatematics Journal Article Grismer, L. L. 1991 Cladistic relationships of the lizard genus Eublepharis turcmenicus (Squamata: Eublepharidae) J. Herpetol. 25 251-253 Journal Article Gritis, Paul;Voris, Harold K. 1990 Variability and significance of parietal and ventral scales in the marine snakes of the genus Lapemis (Serpentes: Hydrophiidae), with comments on the occurance of spiny scales in the genus Fieldiana, Zoology 56 1-13 hardwickii curtus Journal Article Gritis, Paul;Marx, Hymen 1990 Variability and significance of parietal and ventral scales in the marine snakes of the genus Lapemis (Serpentes: Hydrophiidae), with comments on the occurence of spiny scales in the genus Fieldiana: Zoology n. ser 56 iv, 1-13 Journal Article Grobman, A. B. 1990 The effect of soil temperature on emergence from hibernation of Terrapene carolina and T. ornata American Midland Naturalist 124 366-371 Reptiles, turtles, temperature, thermal, thermoregulation, hibernation , over wintering behavior, soil, Missouri, Journal Article Grobman, Arnold B. 1991 Does the smooth green snake occur in Missouri? Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science 1991 1-3 Journal Article Grobman, Arnold 1992 On races, clines, and common names in Opheodrys Herpetological Review 23 1 14-15 Journal Article GROFF, J.M.;MUGHANNAM, A.;McDOWELL, T.S.;WONG, A.;DYKSTRA, M.J.;FRYE, F.L.;HEDRIK, R.P. 1991 An epizootic of cutaneous zygomycosis in cultured dwarf African clawed frogs (Hymenochirus curtipes) due to Basidiobolus ranarum J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 29 4 215-223 Amphibia, Anura, clawed forg Hymenorchis curtipes, infection, fungus, skin, Basidiobolus ranarum Affected animals had a slight pallor of the integument but were otherwise grossly unremarkable. Diagnosis was made by microscopic examination. Benzalkonium chloride at 2.0 mg/l was efficacious in controlling the infection. The infection was transmitted by cohabitation of healthy and infected frogs, but not by short-term immersion exposure. Reprint Endnote 93/482 Book Groombridge, Brian 1992 Global Biodiversity: Ststus of the Eareth's Living Resources London Chapman & Hall xx, 1-585 Journal Article Grossmann, P.;und, U.;Grychta 1990 Was kann man bei einem Kieferbruch bei einer Schildkrîte tun? Sauria 12 3 testu,vet,meth PF x Journal Article GRUIA-GRAY, J. ;DESSER, S. 1992 Cytopathological observations and epizootiology of frog erythrocytic virus in bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) J. Wildl. Dis. 28 1 34-41 Amphibia, bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, anemia, Culex irritans, cytopathology, Dessserobdella picta, Forcipomyia fairfaxensis, frog erythrocytic virus, prevalence A 5 yr survey revaled that the prevalence of frog erythrocytic virus (FEV) was significantly higher in juveniles than in adult bullfrogs (R. catesbeiana) in Algonquin Park Ontario (Canada). The prevalence of infection in juveniles declined during May and June and increased in early August, persisting until late September. Tadpoles were susceptible to experimental infection. Experimental data indicate that FEV is neither waterborne, nor transmitted by the oral route. The virus may be transmitted mechanically by the mosquito Culex territans, or the midge Forcipomyia (Lasiohelea) fairfaxensis . Infected erythrocytes were transformed from ellipsoidal to spheroidal cells, some of which contained flattened elongate, trapezoid inclusions. Anemia recorded in heavily infected animals was not attributable to increased osmotic fragility of infected erythrocytes. Reprint Endnote 92/198 Journal Article Grumbles, Janice S.;O'Connor, Michael;Zimmerman, Linda C.;Rostal, David C.;Lance, Valentine A.;Jackintell, Lori 1992 Occurance and treatment of upper respiratory tract disease at the Desert Tortoise Conservation Center, Las Vegas, Nevada Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 38-46 Journal Article Grundke, Frank D.;Grundke, Birgit 1992 Feldherpetologische Beiträge zur Fauna Australiens Herpetofauna 14 79 27-34 Australia Journal Article Grundke, Frank D.;Grundke, Birgit 1992 Feldherpetologische Beiträge zur fauna Australiens. Teil 2: beobachtungen an Varanus varius in New South Wales und Queensland, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der gebänderten Farbphase Herpetofauna 14 80 11-22 Varanus varius Journal Article Grundke, Frank D.;Grundke, Birgit 1992 Feldherpetologische Beiträge zur Fauna Australiens. Teil 3: Zur Kenntnis des Varanus gouldii-Komplexes in Northern Territory und Queensland Herpetofauna 14 81 11-19 varanus gouldii complex; Varanus gouldii; varanus flavirufus Journal Article Gruschwitz, Michael;Lenz, Sigrid;Böhme, Wolfgang 1991 Zur Kenntnis der Herpetofauna von Gambia (Westafrika). Teil 1: Einführung, Froschlurche (Amphibia, Anura), Schildkröten (Reptilia, Chelonia), Krokodile (Crocodylia) und Echsen (Sauria) Herpetofauna 13 74 13-22 Gambia Journal Article Gruschwitz, Michael;Lenz, Sigrid;Böhme, Wolfgang 1991 Zur Kenntnis der herpetofauna von Gambia (Westafrika). Teil 2: Schlangen (Reptilia, Serpentes), herpetofaunistische Bewertung Herpetofauna 13 75 27-34 Gambia Journal Article Gu, Huiqing;Ruan, Rongwen;Zhang, Zhengdong 1992 Electrocardiogram research on the Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis) Asiatic Herpetological Research 4 137-140 china Journal Article Guarino, Fabio Maria 1992 Durata dello sviluppo di Rana italica (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae) e osservazioni sul numero delle serie di cheratodonti per la determinazione del girino Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali - Torino 10 1 179-186 Journal Article Gudynas, Eduardo;Williams, Jorge D. 1992 Chthonerpeton indistinctum Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 531 1-2 Journal Article Guevara, Maria E.;Morales, Victor R. 1991 Nota sobre la composicion agal de la dieta en larvas de Batrachophrynus Peters, 1873 (Anura: Leptodactylidae) del Peru Publ. Mus. Hist. Nat. UNMSM 41 6-7 tadpole, diet, algae Journal Article Guillette, L. J., Jr.;Cree, A.;Gross, T. S. 1990 Endocrinology of oviposition in the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus): I. Plasma steroids and prostaglandins during natural nesting Biol Reprod 43 2 285-9 Plasma concentrations of estradiol, progesterone, prostaglandin (PG) E2 and PGF were measured during three stages of the natural nesting cycle of the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus), a rare New Zealand reptile. Specifically, we tested whether nesting activity in this species is correlated with significant modifications in plasma concentrations of these hormones. Tuatara dig a nest over a period of several nights, oviposit a complete clutch on a single night, and then guard that nest for several nights. We observed no significant changes in mean plasma concentrations of estradiol or progesterone among the different stages of nesting. In contrast, PGE2 was elevated during nest digging and oviposition but declined significantly during nest guarding. Plasma PGF was elevated during nest digging, rose significantly during oviposition, and declined to basal levels during nest guarding. These data indicate that oviposition in reptiles is associated with elevated plasma concentrations of PGs, suggesting that these hormones function in causing oviducal contractions and/or luteolysis. Moreover, these data suggest that the role of PGs in oviducal function may have been conserved throughout evolution of the amniote vertebrates. Journal Article Guillette, L.J., Jr., K. Bjorndal, A. Bolten, T.S. Gross. B.D. Palmer, B.E. Witherington, J.M. Matter 1991 Plasma estradiol-17-beta progesterone prostaglandin F and prostaglandin E2 concentrations during natural oviposition in the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) J. Comp. Endocrinol. 82 121-130 Caretta caretta; oviposition; enzymes Journal Article Guillette, L.J. 1992 Morphology of the reproductive tract in a lizard exhibiting incipient viviparity (Sphenomorphus fragilis) and its implications for the evolution of the reptilian placenta. J. Morphol. 212 163-173 Reptilia, sauria, lizard, Sphenomorphus fragilis, viviparity, placenta The study concentrates on the morphology of the reproductive tract and the corpus luteum of S. fragilis. C. lutea form from ovulated follicles and decrease in diameter as embryonic development progresses. The oviduct is sparcely populated with well developed uterine glands containing secretory granules. Eggs are covered with a relatively thin shell, composed of an inner boundary layer and proteinaceous fibers. A well vascularized uterus and chorioallantoic membrane provide simple placentation. This study has made clear that further research may be directed towards selective forces favoring a loss of shell glands during vitellogenesis. Other species revealing a comparable viviparity should be examined. Journal Article Guinea, M.L. 1990 Notes on sea turtle rookeries on the Arafura Sea Islands of Arnhem Land, Northern Territory Northern Territory Naturalist 12 4-12 ridley; natator; temperature Journal Article Guinea, Michael L. 1991 Rainwater drinking by the sea krait Laticauda colubrina Herpetofauna 21 2 13-14 Laticauda colubrina Journal Article Guix, Juan Carlos 1990 Introdução e colonização de Rana catesbeiana Shaw, 1802 em um pequeno vale no municipio de Suzano (SP), sudeste do Brasil Grupo Estud. Ecol. Ser. Doc. 2 32-34 Journal Article Gumbart, Thomas C.;Sullivan, Kimberly A. 1990 Predation on yellow-eyed junco nestlings by twin-spotted rattlesnakes Southwestern Naturalist 35 3 367-368 Lampropeltis pyromelana Journal Article Gumiel, N.S.;Ramos, L.M.Z.;Fernandez, C.C.;Santiago, P.M.G. 1991 Description of Spinicauda dugesii Sp N (Nematoda, Heterakidae) of Podarcis dugesii (Reptilia, Lacertidae) from Madeira Island Folia Parasitologica 38 2 183-186 Reptilia, sauria, Lacertidae, Podarcis dugesii, infection, helminth, Nematoda, Heterakidae,Spinicauda dugesii sp. n. NS Gumiel,Univ Complutense Madrid,Fac Farm,Dept Parasitol,Madrid 3, Spain Journal Article Gunther, H.;Schulze, F. 1992 Histological Studies in the Occurrence of Campylobacter- Like Shaped Organisms in the Abomasum of Calves J Vet Med B Zbl Vet B Infect 39 10 737-745 The mucosa of the abomasum is a strongly acidic and therefore germpoor, but not entirely germfree environment. Only in isolated areas of the fundic glands zone were straight rods in the foveolas, and even more seldom spiral shaped bacteria could be encountered. They had no relation to the inflammatory infiltrates. On the other hand, Campylobacter-like organisms were more often observed in the pyloric region and, preferably, in a narrow zone following the cutaneous mucosa of the omasum. These organisms appeared to have a different size (1.3 to 2.4 mum length and 0.4 to 0.8 mum width) and they occurred deep inside the glands in an almost pure fashion. Whereas they caused no visible reaction of the tissue in the narrow cardiac zone, their occurrence in the pyloric region was several times connected with neutrophilic-rich infiltration. It ought to be tested, whether Helicobacter are among these Campylobacter-like organisms, which cause a disease leading up to ulcerations in calves similar to gastritis B in humans. Journal Article Guseman, J. L.;Ehrhart, L. M. 1990 Preliminary assessment of a marine turtle population inhabiting the sabellariid reefs off of Indian River County, Florida, with comparisons to a nearby lagoon population Fla. Sci. 53 Suppl. 1 23 Book Section Gutierrez-El Juri, S.E. 1990 Utilization of the musculature of the psectacle caiman (Caiman Crocodilus) as a food resource; its processing Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8327-0022-1 xvi + 354 pp. 167-175 Journal Article Gutiérrez Mayén, Guadalupe;Sánchez Trejo, Rubén 1990 Reparticion de los recursos alimenticios en la comunidad de lacertilios de Cahuacan, Edo. de Mexico Boletín de la Sociedad Herpetológica Mexicana 2 1 3-8 Journal Article Guttman, S. I.;L. A. Weigt, P. E. Moler, R. E. Ashton, Jr.;Mansell, B. W.;Peavy., J. 1990 An electrophoretic analysis of Necturus from the southeastern United States Journal of Herpetology 24 163-175 Book Section Guyer, C. 1990 The herpetofauna of La Selva, Costa Rica Gentry, A. H. Four neotropical rainforests New Haven, CT Yale University Press 371-385 Journal Article Guyer, Craig;Donnelly, Maureen A. 1990 Length-mass relationships among an assemblage of tropical snakes in Costa Rica Journal of Tropical Ecology 6 65-76 Journal Article Guyer, Craig 1991 Orientation and homing behavior as a measure of affinity for the home range in two species of iguanid lizards Amphibia-Reptilia 12 373-384 Phrynosoma douglassi, Sceloporus graciosus Journal Article Guyer, C.;Savage, J. M. 1992 Anole systematics revisited Systematic Biology 41 1 89-110 reptiles, lizards, relationships, anolis, norops, Journal Article Günther, Rainer;Plötner, Jörg 1990 Mating pattern in pure hybrid populations of water frogs, Rana kl. esculenta (Anura, Ranidae) Alytes 8 3-4 90-98 Journal Article Günther, R.;Tetzlaff, I. 1990 Excessive life span in a green iguana,Iguana iguana. Lange Lebensdauer eines Grünen Leguans, Iguana iguana. Zool. Garten 60 6 346-348 Reptilia, sauria, green iguana, Iguana iguana, physiology, life span Journal Article Gwynne, Darryl T. 1990 Testing parental investment and the control of sexual selection in katydids: the operational sex ratio American Naturalist 136 4 474-484 Journal Article Gyllenstein, Ulf;Wharton, Dan;Josefsson, Agneta;Wilson, Allan C. 1991 Paternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA in mice Nature 352 255-357 Journal Article Haagner, G.V.;Morgan, D.R.;Esler, K.J. ;MacMahon, M.L. 1991 Cycloderma frenatum, Zambesi soft-shelled terrapin - reproduction; Geochelone pardalis, Leopard tortoise - diet; Geochelone pardalis, Leopard tortoise - reproduction. J. Herpetol. Assoc. Afr. 39 26-27 Reptilia, testudines, Zambesi soft-shelled terrapin, Cycloderma frenatum, leopard tortoise,Geochelone pardalis, nutrition, food, reproduction. "x" Journal Article Haagner, G. V. 1992 The Natal hinged tortoise Kinixys natalensis: a new record for the Kruger National Park KOEDOE 35 1 129 Kinixys natalensis; distribution Journal Article Haas, A. 1992 Anatomy and function of the buccal pump mechanism in Phyllobates bicolor (Anura: Dendrobatidae) Proc. Second Intern. Symp. Sonderforschungsbereich 230 87-92 Journal Article Haddad, C. F. B. ;Cardoso, A. J.;Castanho, L. M. 1990 Natural hybridization between Bufo ictericus and Bufo crucifer (Amphibia: Anura) Rev. Brasil. Biol. 50 3 739-744 hybrid inviability, abnormality, explosive breeding Journal Article Haddad, C. F. B.;J. P. Pombal, Jr.;Gordo, M. 1990 Foam nesting in a hylid frog (Amphibia, Anura) Journal of Herpetology 24 2 225-226 Hyla rizibilis, evolution, eggs Journal Article Haddad, C. F. B. 1991 Satellite behavior in the neotropical treefrog Hyla minuta Journal of Herpetology 25 2 226-229 Anura, mating tactics Journal Article Haddad, C. F. B.;Cardoso, A. J. 1992 Eleccion del macho por la hembra de Hyla minuta (Amphibia: Anura) Acta Zoologica Lilloana 41 81-91 female mate choice, vocalization, male reproductive success, territoriality, calls, lek mating system Book Section Haddad, C. F. B.;Sazima, I. 1992 Anfibios anuros da Serra do Japi Morellato, L. P. C. Historia natural de Serra do Japi: ecologia e preservacao de um area florestal no sudeste do Brasil 188-236 ampibians, reptiles, accounts Journal Article Haglund, Thomas R.;Buth, Donald G.;Lawson, Robin 1992 Allozyme variation and phylogenetic relationships of Asian, North American, and European Populations of the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus Copeia 1992 2 432-443 Journal Article Haidacher, Susanne;Paill, Wolfgang 1990 Die Knoblauchkröte, Pelobates f. fuscus (LAURENTI, 1768) (Anura: Pelobatidae), in der Steiermark (Österreich). Eine Verbreitungs- und Lebensraumstudie Herpetozoa 3 1/2 3-11 Journal Article Haig, D. 1991 Developmental asynchrony and environmental sex determination in alligators J. theor. Biol. 150 3 373-383 AM, embryology, reproduction, Journal Article Hailman, J. P.;J. N. Layne;Knapp, R. 1991 Notes on aggressive behavior of the gopher tortoise Herpetol. Rev. 22 87-88 Gopherus polyphemus Journal Article Hailman, J.P.;Elowson, M. 1992 Ethogram of the nesting female loggerhead (Caretta caretta) Herpetolgica 48 1 1-30 loggerhead; nesting Book Section Hailu, T. 1990 The method of crocodile hatching adopted in Arba Monch crocodile farm, Ethiopia Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8327-0022-1 xvi + 354 pp. 173-179 Book Section Haire, D.B., III. 1990 The American alligator: Dollars and sense Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8327-0022-1 xvi + 354 pp. 180-185 Book Section Haire, D.B. 1992 Standardized grading and worldwide tagging: implications for trade Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0132-5. 138-148 Journal Article Hairston, Nelson G.;Dillon, Theresa A. 1990 Fluctuating selection and response in a population of freshwater copepods Evolution 44 7 1796-1805 Journal Article Hairston, Nelson G.;Wiley, R. Haven;Smith, Charles K. 1992 The dynamics of two hybrid zones in Appalachian salamanders of the genus Plethodon Evolution 46 4 930-938 disturbance hybrid zone north carolina paleoecology spreading rate jordani glutinosus Journal Article Haley, Ross 1991 Tortoise management by the Nevada Department of Wildlife during 1987 Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 113-115 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Hall, Barry G. 1990 Spontaneous point mutations that occur more often when advantageous than when neutral Genetics 126 5-16 Thesis Hall, P.M. 1990 Demographics of selected crocodilian populations based upon the patterns of harvest, reproduction, and skull morphometry: Case studies for Crocodylus novaeguineae, C porosus, and Alligator mississippiensis 224 Book Section Hall, P.M. 1990 Reproductive demography of a temperate and a tropical crocodilian: morphometry, birth mode, and harvest implications (Abstract) Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0008-6 xvii + 399 pp. 331 Book Section Hall, P.M. 1990 Crocodile skin industry trade statistics for Papua New Guinea, 1969-1980 Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0008-6 xvii + 399 pp. 268-330 Journal Article Hall, P.M. 1990 Harvest patterns of New Guinea (Crocodylus novaeguineae) and Saltwater (C porosus) crocodiles in Papua New Guinea, 1969-1980 Aust. Wildl. Res. 17 261-284 CNV, CPR, utilization, Journal Article Hall, P.M. 1991 Dangerous to Man? A record of an attack by a black caiman in Guyana Herpetol. Review 22 1 9-11 MN, attack, Journal Article Hall, P.M. 1991 Estimation of nesting female crocodilian size from clutch characteristics Corelates of reproductive mode, and harvest implications J. Herpetol. 25 2 133-141 AM, CNV, reproduction, demography, nest,utilization, techniques, Journal Article Hall, J. C.;Feng, A. S. 1991 Temporal processing in the dorsal medullary nucleus of the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens pipiens) Journal of Neurophysiology 66 3 955-973 Amphibia, Anura, neuroethology, Ranidae, Rana pipiens, acoustic communication, Edited Book Hall, Clarence A., Jr. 1991 A Natural History of the White-Inyo Range Eastern California Berkeley University of Califronia Press xviii, 536 p., 95 plates Journal Article Hall, R. J.;Henry, Pfp 1992 Assessing effects of pesticides on amphibians and reptiles - Status and needs Herpetol J 2 3 65-71 Amphibia, reptilia, intoxication, pesticide Growing concern about the decline of certain amphibian populations has led toawareness of problems from pesticides. Testing amphibians and reptiles as a requirement for chemical registration has been proposed but is difficult because of phylogenetic diversity of these groups. Existing information from literature indicates that amphibians are unpredictably more resistant to certain cholinesterase inhibitors, and more sensitive to two chemicals (formalin and 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM)) used in fishery applications than could have been predicted. A single study on one species of lizard (Anolis carolinensis )suggests that reptiles may be close in sensitivity to mammals and birds. Reprint Endnote 93/49 Book Section Hall, P.M.;Hailu, T. 1992 Crocodile skin industry in Ethiopia: Status and conservation prognosis Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0132-5. 149-154 Journal Article Hall, R.J.;Henry, P.F.P. 1992 Assessing effects of pesticides on amphibian and reptiles: Status and needs Herpetological Journal 2 65-71 Ecotoxicology Book Section Haller, R.D. 1990 Crocodile and tilapia farming as part of an integrated aquaculture system: a system description Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0008-6 xvii + 399 pp. 332-359 Book Section Haller, D.T.;Haller, R.D. 1992 A preliminary assessment of the changes in egg parameters and laying performances of individual captive bred Crocodylus niloticus from their first laying season (1983-1992) Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0132-5. 155-167 Book Halliday, Tim;Adler, Kraig 1990 Dieren van de Hele Wereld: Reptielien Vianen Piet Spek 160 Journal Article Hallifax, J. 1990 Florida shrimpers group gives up fight over rule on TEDs' use (Reprinted in) League Fla. Herpetol Soc. Newsl. June 24 Journal Article Halloy, M. 1991 Notas sobre dos malformaciones de una puesta del colubrido Hydrodynastes gigas Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 6 1 8-9 Hydrodynastes gigas Journal Article Halloy, Monique 1992 hatching and rearing a litter of false water cobras, Hydrodynastes gigas, a neotropical colubrid snake Vivarium 4 3 28-29 Hydrodynastes gigas Journal Article Hamley, Tim 1990 An inexpensive force platform for use with small animals: design and application Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29 2 389-395 Journal Article Hammond, Steve 1992 Keping the ark afloat Captive Breeding 1 1 7 Journal Article Han, Kwai Hin;Stuebing, Robert B.;Voris, Harold K. 1991 Population structure and reproduction in the marine snake, Lapemis hardwickii Gray, from the west coast of Sabah Sarawak Museum Journal 42 63 463-475 Edited Book Hand, Suzanne J. 1990 (1995) Care and Handling of Australian Native Animals: Emergency Care and Captive Management Chipping Norton, NSW Surry Beatty & Sons x + 210 Edited Book Hanke, W. 1990 Biology and Physiology of Amphibians Stuttgart, germany Gustav Fischer Verlag xiii + 413 Journal Article Hanken, James;Klymkowsky, Michael W.;Summers, Cliff H.;Seufert, Daniel W.;Ingebrigtsen, Nicole 1992 Cranial ontogeny in the direct-developing frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui (Anura: Leptodactylidae), analyzed using whole-mount immunohistochemistry Journal of Morphology 211 95-118 Amphibia, Anura, osteology, development, direct development, Eleutherodactylus coqui, leptodactylidae, telmatobiinae Journal Article Hanken, James 1992 Development and evolution in amphibians American Scientist 77 336-343 amphibia, anura, eleutherodactylus, development, ontogeny, evolution, thorius, miniturization, hetercrony, direct development Journal Article Hanken, J.;M. W. Klymkowsky, C. H. Summers, D. W. Seufert;Ingebrigtsen., N. 1992 Cranial ontogeny in the direct-developing frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui (Anura: Leptodactylidae), analyzed using whole-mount immunohistochemistry Journal of Morphology 211 95-118 Journal Article Hardenbrook, D. Bradford 1991 Results from the Trout Canyon desert tortoise study plot Clark County, Arizona Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 116-133 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Hardenbrook, D. Bradford 1991 Nevada summary of data on distribution and frequency of desert tortoises with sign of upper respiratory disease syndrome [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 226 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Hardenbrook, D. Bradford 1991 Distribution of upper respiratory tract disease in desert tortoises in the southwest: 1991 synopsis for Nevada Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 320-321 Gopherus agassizii Book Harding, James H.;Holman, J. Alan 1990 Michigan Turtles and Lizards East Lansing Michigan State University 94 Journal Article Harding, James H. 1991 Comments on herpetological collecting: the need for considering life history data in management and regulatory planning Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 26 7 157-159 clemmys guttata insculpta pet trade management Journal Article Harding, Keith A. 1991 The taxonomic status of Hylopsis platycephalus Werner, 1894 and Centrolenella Noble, 1920 (Amphibia: Anura) Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 103 413-418 Book Harding, James H.;Holman, J. Alan 1992 Michigan Frogs, Toads, and Salamanders East Lansing Michigan State University 144 Journal Article Harding, Keith 1992 How to give birth in a nutshell BBC Wildlife 10 8 11 Toads, amphibians, Bufo, South America, Brazil, reproduction, poison dart frog, Brazil nut, tadpoles Journal Article Hardy, Laurence M. 1990 Ficimia Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 471 1-5 Journal Article Hardy, D. L. 1990 Extractors and stun guns: An appraisal of first aid methods for pitviper bite in North America Tucson Herpetological Society Newsletter 3 3 24-29 snakes, reptiles, rattlesnakes Journal Article Hardy, Laurence M.;Raymond, Larry R. 1991 Observations on the activity of the pickerel frog, Rana palustris (Anura: Ranidae), in Northern Louisiana Journal of Herpetology 25 2 220-222 Rana palustris; Louisiana; Activity Journal Article Hardy, Laurence M.;Lucas, M. Cran 1991 A crystalline protein is responsible for dimorphic egg jellies in the spotted salamander, Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw) (Caudata: Ambystomatidae) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 100A 3 653-660 Journal Article Hardy, L. M.;Lucas., M. C. 1991 A crystalline protein is responsible for dimorphic egg jellies in the spotted salamander, Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw)(Caudata: Ambystomatidae). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 100A 653-660 Book Section Hardy, David L. 1992 A review of first aid measures for pitviper bite in North America with an appraisal of Extractor(tm) suction and stun gun electroshock Campbell, J. A. and Brodie, E. D., Jr. Biology of the Pit vipers Tyler Texas Selva 405-414 snakebite treatment Edited Book Hardy, David L. 1992 Collected papers of the Tucson Herpetological Society 1988-1991 Tucson Tucson Herpetological Society xiv, 246 Journal Article Hare, W. A.;Owen, W. G. 1990 Spatial organization of the bipolar cell's receptive field in the retina of the tiger salamander J Physiol (Lond) 421 223-45 Action Potentials/physiology; Ambystoma; Animal; Dark Adaptation/physiology; In Vitro; Kinetics; Mathematics; Photoreceptors/physiology; Retina/cytology/*physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 1. The spatial properties of rods, horizontal cells and bipolar cells were studied by intracellular recording in the isolated, perfused retina of the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum. Low stimulus intensities were used in order to keep cell responses close to, or within, their linear intensity/response range. 2. Spatial properties of bipolar cell receptive fields, measured while perfusing with normal Ringer solution, were compared with those measured during exposure to agents that eliminated the bipolar cells' receptive field surround (RFS). In this way, the spatial properties of the receptive field centre (RFC) and those of the RFS could be characterized independently. 3. To a good approximation, the contribution to the horizontal cell's response of unit area of its receptive field declined exponentially with distance from the centre of the receptive field. The (apparent) length constant describing this decay was 200 microns. The one- dimensional length constant of the horizontal cell syncytium was thus 248 microns. The variation of response amplitude with the radius of a centred circular stimulus was consistent with this finding. 4. This was true also of the RFCs of bipolar cells. The one-dimensional length constant of the RFC of off-centre bipolar cells averaged 124 microns. That of the RFC of on-centre cells averaged 62 microns though values were more variable, the RFCs of some on-centre cells being comparable to those of off-centre cells. These values were independent of the class of photoreceptor driving the bipolar cell. 5. The large size of the RFCs of off-centre cells and many on-centre cells cannot by explained by light scatter within the retina or by voltage spread within the rod syncytium. We proposed that off-centre cells are tightly coupled in a syncytium. On-centre cells, on average, are less tightly coupled. 6. The spatial properties of the bipolar cell's RFS were consistent with the notion that the RFS represents a convolution of the horizontal cell's receptive field and the bipolar cell's RFC. 7. The spatial properties of bipolar cell receptive fields were reconstructed from the measured properties of their RFCs and the measured properties of horizontal cell receptive fields. Under the conditions of our experiments, the bipolar cell's response could be described by a linear difference between a component generated by the RFC and a component generated by the RFS. 8. The spatial filtering characteristics of the bipolar cells were calculated from our data.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) Journal Article Hare, W. A.;Owen, W. G. 1992 Effects of 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid on cells in the distal layers of the tiger salamander's retina J Physiol (Lond) 445 741-57 Aminobutyric Acids/*pharmacology; Animal; Photoreceptors/drug effects; Retina/cytology/*drug effects; Salamandra; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Tissue Culture 1. We studied the effects of 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB) on the response properties of rods, horizontal cells and bipolar cells in the isolated, perfused retina of the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum. A concentration of 100 microM was found to be sufficient to elicit maximal effects. 2. Rods hyperpolarized slightly upon exposure to 100 microM-APB and their response amplitudes were slightly reduced. The amplitude of the cone-generated component of the rod's response to 700 nm light was not significantly affected by APB. 3. Horizontal cells hyperpolarized by 2-5 mV upon exposure to 100 microM-APB. The rod- driven component of the horizontal cell response increased in amplitude while the cone-driven component decreased in amplitude. APB thus causes an increase in voltage gain between rods and horizontal cells and a decrease in cone/horizontal cell gain. These findings can be explained in terms of an APB-induced reduction in transmitter release from the cones. 4. APB at a concentration of 100 microM caused an increase in the length constant of the horizontal cell syncytium. Our analysis shows this to be due primarily to a 50% reduction in the coupling impedance between the cells of the syncytium. 5. The effects of APB on off-centre bipolar cells were qualitatively similar to those on horizontal cells. APB increased the amplitudes of rod-driven responses and reduced those of cone-driven responses. The length constants, both of the receptive field centre and of the surround, were increased and the strength of the surround relative to the centre was reduced by about 20%. 6. APB abolished the depolarizing light responses of the receptive field centres of on-centre bipolar cells. A hyperpolarizing response remained whose spatial properties were similar to those of the receptive field surround. We believe this response to reflect a direct (feedforward) input to on-centre bipolar cells from horizontal cells. Journal Article Harlow, P.;Shine, R. 1992 Food habits and reproductive biology of the pacific island boa (Candoia). J. of Herpetol. 26 1 60-66 Reptilia, serpentes, Boa, Candoia, food, feeding, reproduction > 400 museum specimens of the three Candoia species were measured and dissected. Body shape covaries with habitat use. The heavy bodied C. aspera, is terrestrial, the elongate C. bibroni arboreal, and C. carinata intermediate. Females grow larger than males in all species, and mature at larger sizes. Litter sizes were similar in all three species averaging 15 - 18 young. Only about one thrid of adult females were reproductive in each species, suggesting that reproduction may not occur every day in every female. Journal Article Harlow, Peter;Shine, Richard 1992 Food habits and reproductive biology of the pacific island boas (Candoia) Journal of Hereptology 26 1 60-65 feeding, reproduction, boas, mating Journal Article Harris, Eileen A. 1990 Amphibians host alata worm larvae: they're o'caiman AAZV 313 reptilia/crocodylia/amphibia/anura 220191 WS DW Journal Article Harris, R. N.;Semlitsch, R. D.;Wilbur, H. M.;Fauth, J. E. 1990 Local variation in the genetic basis of paedomorphosis in the salamander Ambystoma talpoideum Evolution 44 6 1588-1603 amphibians, development, salamanders, Journal Article Harris, R. N.;R. D. Semlitsch, H. M. Wilbur;Fauth., J. E. 1990 Local variation in the genetic basis of paedomorphosis in the salamander Ambystoma talpoideum Evolution 44 1588-1603 Journal Article Harrison, P. H. 1990 Induction of locomotion in spinal tadpoles by excitatory amino acids and their agonists Journal of Experimental Zoology 254 13-17 Journal Article Harrison, Julian R. 1992 Desmognathus aeneus Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 534 1-4 Journal Article Harry, J.L.;Williams, K.L.;Briscoe, D.A. 1990 Sex determination in loggerhead turtles: differential expression of two hnRNP proteins Development 109 305-312 loggerhead; tsd Journal Article Harry, J.L.;Briscoe, D.A.;Williams, K.L. 1992 Putting the heat on sex determination Genetica 87 1-6 sex ratio; tsd Journal Article Harshbarger, J.C.;Ippen, R. 1991 In the center for lower animals regeistered tumors from reptiles originating from the Zoo Berlin and the zoor Dresden. (Engl). In der Tumorzentrale für niedere Tiere registrierte Reptilientumore aus dem Tierpark Berlin und dem Zoologischen Garten Dresden 4.Int.Coll.Patho.Ther.Rept.Amph. Bad Nauheim 1 181-190 Reptilia, serpentes, sauria, testudines, pathology, tumor, survey Private library P. Zwart Journal Article Harshbarger, J.C.;Ippen, R. 1991 Reptile neoplasms from the berlin animal part and dresden zoological park in the registry of tumors in lower animals 4.Int.Coll.Patho.Ther.Rept.Amph. Bad Nauheim 181-190 Reptilia, serpentes, sauria, testudines, pathology, tumor, survey Journal Article Harshbarger, J.C.;Ippen, R. 1991 In der Tumorzentrale für niedere Tiere registrierte Reptilientumore aus dem Tierpark Berlin und dem Zoologischen Garten Dresden 4.Int.Coll.Patho.Ther.Rept.Amph. Bad Nauheim 181-190 Reptilia, serpentes, sauria, testudines, pathology, tumor, survey Book Section Harshbarger, J.C. 1991 Sea turtle fibropapilloma cases in the registry of tumors in lower animals Balazs, G.H. and Pooley Research Plan for Marine Turtle Fibropapillomas NOAA Technical Memorandum 156 63-70 fp; papilloma; green; hawksbill Journal Article Hart, Scott;Woodman, A. Peter;Boland, Steve;Bailey, Scott;Frank, Paul;Goodlett, Gilbert O.;Silverman, Dave;Taylor, Dan;Walker, Mike;Wood, Peggy 1992 Results a seven desert tortoise plot surveys and one mortality survey in Arizona, Fall 1991 Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 188 Journal Article Hartenstein, H. R.;Stiffler, D. F. 1990 Renal responses to mesotocin in adult Ambystoma tigrinum and Notophthalmus viridescens Exp Biol 48 6 373-7 Adaptation, Physiological; Amphibia/*physiology; Animal; Diuresis/drug effects; Glomerular Filtration Rate/drug effects; Hypophysectomy/methods; Kidney/*drug effects; Oxytocin/*analogs & derivatives/administration & dosage/pharmacology Renal clearance methods were used to observe responses to the posterior pituitary peptide, mesotocin, by the kidneys of adult Ambystoma tigrinum and Notophthalmus viridescens. Ambystoma tigrinum responded to hypophysectomy with a decrease in urine flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR); however tubular water reabsorption was not affected. Treatment with 5 ng/g mesotocin returned both urine flow and GFR to control levels. Notophthalmus viridescens responded to mesotocin treatment with an increased GFR. Ambystoma tigrinum decreased both plasma [Na+] and [K+] following hypophysectomy, however mesotocin did not reverse these decreases. Urine [Na+] did not change as a result of hypophysectomy alone. This ion increased in urinary concentration following mesotocin treatment of hypophysectomized salamanders. Renal tubular reabsorption of K+ decreased following hypophysectomy; however mesotocin replacement did not reverse this. We consider it unlikely that mesotocin is involved in these tubular responses because of the failure of hypophysectomy and mesotocin replacement to consistently mirror each other. Book Harvey, Paul H.;Pagel, Mark D. 1991 the Comparative Method in Evolutionary Biology Oxford Oxford UP viii, 239 Journal Article Harvey*-Clark, C. 1991 Efficacy of Vercom in the treatment of oxyurid nematodes in Green Iguana (Iguana iguana) Bulletin of the Association of Amphibian and Reptilian Veterinarians 1 1 7-8 reptilia, squamata, sauria, iguanidae, Iguana, infection, helminth, therapy, febental, praziquantel * Journal Article Harvey-Clark, C. 1991 Efficacy of Vercom in the treatment of oxyurid nematodes in Green Iguana (Iguana iguana) Bulletin of the Association of Amphibian and Reptilian Veterinarians 1 1 7-8 reptilia, squamata, sauria, iguanidae, Iguana, infection, helminth, therapy, febental, praziquantel Journal Article Harvey-Clark, C. 1991 Efficacy of Vercom in the treatment of oxyurid nematodes in green iguanas (Iguana iguana) Bulletin of the Association of Amphibian and Reptilian Veterinarians 1 1 7-8 Journal Article Hasegawa, M. 1990 Ecological notes on the introduced population of the snake Amphiesma vibakari on Miyake-jima, the Izu Islands, Japan Natural History Research 1 81-84 reptiles, snakes, ecology, island population Journal Article Hasegawa, M. 1990 Demography of an island population of the lizard, Eumeces okadae, on Miyake-Jim, Izu Islands Researches on Population Ecology 32 1 119-133 reptiles, lizards, scincidae, growth, reproduction, body size, density, survivorship, fecundity, Journal Article Hass, Carla A.;Hedges, S. Blair 1991 Albumin evolution in West Indian frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus (Leptodactylidae): Caribbean biogeography and calibration of the albumin immunological clock Journal of Zoology, London 225 413-426 Eleutherodactylus; West Indies; Albumin; Evolution; Biogeography Journal Article Hass, Carla A.;Hedges, S. Blair 1991 Albumin evolution in West Indian frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus (Leptodactylidae): Caribbean biogeography and a calibration of the albumin immunological clock Journal of Zoology, London 225 413-426 Journal Article Hass, C. A.;Hoffman, M. A.;Densmore, L. D. d;Maxson, L. R. 1992 Crocodilian evolution: insights from immunological data Mol Phylogenet Evol 1 3 193-201 The quantitative immunological technique of microcomplement fixation was used to examine serum albumin evolution among members of the order Crocodylia. The cross-reactivity of the albumin antisera and antigens employed in this study had been examined previously using the qualitative technique of immunodiffusion. The phylogenetic conclusions derived from these two data sets are highly congruent, including support of the families Alligatoridae and Crocodylidae, with the placement of Gavialis as the sister taxon of Tomistoma. Both methods provide similar information on the relative amounts of amino acid sequence divergence between albumin molecules; however, the data obtained from microcomplement fixation comparisons are more discriminating than those derived from immunodiffusion. The estimated divergence times within the Crocodylia derived from the fossil record are examined in light of divergence times predicted by the microcomplement fixation-based albumin clock. The traditional phylogenetic placement of Gavialis outside the remaining extant crocodilians is inconsistent with all molecular data sets and we suggest that a careful reexamination of both the extant and the fossil morphological data is warranted. Journal Article Hass, C.A.;Hoffman, M.A.;Densmore, L.D., III;Maxson, L.R. 1992 Crocodilian evolution: insights from immunological data Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 1 3 193-201 evolution, biochemistry, taxonomy, The quantitative immunological technique of microcomplement fixation was used to examine serum albumin evolution among members of the order Crocodylia. The cross-reactivity of the albumin antisera and antigens employed in this study had been examined previously using the qualitative technique of immunodiffusion. The phylogenetic conclusions derived from these two data sets are highly congruent, including support of the families Alligatoridae and Crocodylidae, with the placement of Gavialis as the sister taxon of Tomistoma. Both methods provide similar information on the relative amounts of amino acid sequence divergence between albumin molecules; however, the data obtained from microcomplement fixation comparisons are more discriminating than those derived from immunodiffusion. The estimated divergence times within the Crocodylia derived from the fossil record are examined in light of divergence times predicted by the microcomplement fixation-based albumin clock. The traditional phylogenetic placement of Gavialis outside the remaining extant crocodilians is inconsistent with all molecular data sets and we suggest that a careful reexamination of both the extant and the fossil morphological data is warranted. Journal Article Hastey, Ed 1991 BLM's commitment to improving desert tortoise habitat in California Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 180-184 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Hastey, Ed 1991 Recent initiatives and accomplishements of the Desertt Tortoise Management Oversight Group (MOG) Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 322-324 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Hauschild, Andree 1992 Haltung und Nachzucht von Egernia inornata (Rosen, 1905) Herpetofauna 14 76 22-26 Egernia inornata Book Hausen, Peter;Riebesell, Metta 1991 The Early Development of Xenopus Laevis [sic]: An Atlas of the Histology Tübingen, Germany Verlag der Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung viii, 1-142 Journal Article Hausfater, Glenn;Gerhardt, H. Carl;klump, Georg M. 1990 Parasites and mate choice in gray treefrogs, Hyla versicolor American Zoologist 30 299-311 Journal Article Hawgood, B. J. 1992 Pioneers of anti-venomous serotherapy: Dr Vital Brazil (1865-1950) Toxicon 30 5-6 573-9 Dr Vital Brazil was a great humanitarian and pioneer of medical science. His main work arose from his concern with poisonous snakebite accidents to labourers working the land. Vital Brazil estimated that, at the beginning of this century, deaths due to crotaline snakebites in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, were nearly 3000 per year, representing a mortality rate of about 25%, the majority being due to bothropic envenomation. After reading a report of Calmette's anti-Naja serum, Vital Brazil raised monovalent serum against the venom of Bothrops jararaca and the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus. In 1989 this led to the first demonstration of the specificity of anti-venomous serum and later, the first production of polyvalent serum for therapeutic use. As Director of the newly founded Institute Butantan in Sao Paulo, Vital Brazil was actively engaged in every aspect of serotherapeutic treatment. This included organizing a unique system of exchanging anti-ophidic serum for snakes as well as a wide-ranging teaching programme. His many outstanding contributions to the fields of immunology, public health, toxinology and herpetology required not only a very high level of observational, deductive and practical ability but also an unswerving vision and sense of duty; this was allied to great administrative skill and exceptional energy. Journal Article Hay, O.P.;Speakman, J.R. 1992 Clutch size for Mediterranean loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) J. Zool. Lond. 226 321-327 Both the number of eggs laid and clutch volume were positively related to female body size. Clutch volume decreased as the season progressed. The inter-nesting interval did not significantly influence the number of eggs laid or clutch volume. Reprint Endnote 92/14 Book Section Hay, O.P. 1992 Assessing the nesting beach fidelity and clutch frequency of sea turtles by satellite tracking I.G. Priede, S.M. Swift Wildlife Telemetry. Remote Monitoring and Tracking of Animals New York, NY Ellis Horwood 203-213 Journal Article Hayashi, Terutake;Matsui, Masafumi;Utsunomiya, Taeko;Tanaka, Satoshi;Ota, Hidetoshi 1992 Allozyme variation in the newt Tyoltotriton andersoni from three islands of the Ryukyu Archipelago Herpetologica 48 178-184 Amphibia, Caudata, Urodela, Tyoltotriton andersoni, geographic variation, genetic variation, electrophoresis, Ryukyu Archipelago Journal Article Hayes, Floyd E. 1990 Comparative escape behavior of adult green frogs (Rana clamitans) and northern leopard frogs (R, pipiens) Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 26 3 81-99 Journal Article Hayes, Graeme C.;Speakman, John R. 1991 Reproductive investment and optium clutch size of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) Journal of Animal Ecology 60 455-462 Journal Article Hayes, William K.;Duvall, David 1991 A field study of prairie rattlesnake predatory strikes Herpetologica 47 1 78-81 Book Section Hayes, William K.;Kaiser, Ivan I.;Duvall, David 1992 The mass of venom expended by prairie rattlesnakes when feeding on rodent prey Campbell, J. A. and Brodie, E. D., Jr. Biology of the Pit vipers Tyler Texas Selva 383-388 crotalus viridis Journal Article Hayes, W. K. 1992 Factors associated with the mass of venom expended by prairie rattlesnakes (Crotalus v. viridis) feeding on mice Toxicon 30 4 449-60 The purpose of this study was to assess through correlation analyses the various factors and consequences associated with the mass of venom injected by prairie rattlesnakes (Crotalus v. viridis) into their natural prey, deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). Fifty-seven predator-prey interactions were studied via slow motion videotape review. The mass of venom expended by snakes during biting was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of whole-animal homogenates. The quantity of venom expended was not related to size of prey; however, the range of mouse sizes (13-31 g) was quite narrow. Multiple bites of the same mouse were not associated with incremental increases in venom expenditure; only about 40% more venom was expended by striking prey a second time. The duration of fang contact and site of fang penetration had no discernible effects on venom expenditure. The site of fang penetration of prey appeared to be random, due to evasive actions of the mice. The components of striking (duration of launch, fang contact, and recoil, respectively) and distance of the strike were correlated and appeared to be influenced by the prey's reaction. After striking and releasing mice, the snakes did not attempt to relocate more quickly those prey which succumbed to venom relatively quickly. Both natural (snakebite) and artificial (syringe) injections indicated that the site of venom injection (e.g. anterior, posterior, muscle, vital organ) has a greater influence on subsequent mobility and survival of mice than the quantity of venom injected. It appears that some behavioral aspects of predation (especially the sequential components of striking) are flexible and responsive to prey reactions, while others (venom expenditure and poststrike immobility) are less subject to modification. Journal Article Hayes-Odum, L. A. 1990 Observations on reproduction and embryonic development in Syrrhophus cystignathoides campi (Anura: Leptodactylidae) Southwest Naturalist 35 358-361 Journal Article Haynes, S.P.;MacKenzie, D.S. 1990 Thyroid hormone binding to serum proteins in sea turtles Am. Zool. 30 4 124A Journal Article Hays, G. C.;Webb, P.I.;Hayes, J. P. ;Priede, I. G.;French, J. 1991 Satellite tracking of a loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta ) in the Mediterranean J. mar. biol. Ass. U. K. 71 743-746 Thesis Hays, G.C. 1991 The physiological ecology of bats and turtles Journal Article Hays, G. C.;Webb, P. I.;Hayes, J. P.;Priede, I. G.;French, J. 1991 Satelite tracking of a loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) in the Mediterranean J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 71 743-746 Journal Article Hays, G. C.;Speakman, J. R. 1991 Reproductive investment and optimum clutch size of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) Journal of Animal Ecology 60 455-462 loggerhead; ecology Journal Article Hays, Graeme C.;Speakman, John R.;Hayes, Jack P. 1992 The pattern of emergence by loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta ) hatchlings on Cephalonia, Greece Herpetologica 48 4 396-401 Journal Article Hays, G.C.;Speakman, J.R. 1992 Clutch size for Mediterranean loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta ). J. Zoology London 226 321-327 Reptilia, testudines, caretta, turtle, physiology, reproduction, eggs Both the number of eggs laid and clutch volume were positively related to female body size. Clutch volume decreased as the season progressed. The inter-nesting interval did not significantly influence the number of eggs laid or clutch volume. Reprint Endnote 92/14 Journal Article Heathcote, R. D.;Chen., A. 1991 Morphogenesis of adrenergic cells in a frog parasympathetic ganglion Journal of Comparative Neurology 308 139-148 Journal Article Heck*hausen- Reinartz, J. 1991 Case Report - Ovariohysterectomy to finish dystocia in a turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans Fallbericht: Ovariohysterektomie zur Behebung der Legenot bei einer Rotwangenschmuckschildkröte, Pseudemys scripta elegans Kleintierpraxis 36 11 653-655 Reptilia, testudines, Trachemys s. elegans, pathology, egg binding, therapy,ovariohysterectomia Reprint Endnote 94/189 J Heckhausen-Reinartz, Kurfürstenstr 16, W-5170 Jülich, Germany Journal Article Heckhausen- Reinartz, J. 1991 Case Report - Ovariohysterectomy to finish dystocia in a turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans Fallbericht: Ovariohysterektomie zur Behebung der Legenot bei einer Rotwangenschmuckschildkröte, Pseudemys scripta elegans Kleintierpraxis 36 11 653-655 Reptilia, testudines, Trachemys s. elegans, pathology, egg binding, therapy,ovariohysterectomia Reprint Endnote 94/189 J Heckhausen-Reinartz, Kurfürstenstr 16, W-5170 Jülich, Germany Journal Article Heckhausenreinartz, J. 1991 Case Report - Ovariohysterectomy to Finish Dystocia in a Turtle, Pseudemys Scripta Elegans Kleintierpraxis 36 11 653-655 J Heckhausenreinartz, Kurfurstenstr 16, W-5170 Julich, Germany Journal Article Hedges, S. Blair;Moberg, Kirk D.;Maxson, Linda R. 1990 Tetrapod phylogeny inferred from 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA sequences and a review of the evidence for Amniote relationships Molecular Biology and Evolution 7 607-633 Amphibian, tetrapod, caecilian, caudata, anura, rRNA, phylogeny, molecular techinques, RFLP, Lissamphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia, crystallin, hemoglobin, histone, immunoglobin, insulin, myoglobin, molecular, sequence data, genes, genetics Journal Article Hedges, S. B.;Moberg, K. D.;Maxson, L. R. 1990 Tetrapod phylogeny inferred from 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA sequences and a review of the evidence for amniote relationships [published erratum appears in Mol Biol Evol 1991 May;8(3):398] [see comments] Mol Biol Evol 7 6 607-33 Animal; Base Sequence; Evolution; Human; Molecular Sequence Data; *Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/*genetics; RNA, Ribosomal, 28S/*genetics; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. The 18S ribosomal RNAs of 21 tetrapods were sequenced and aligned with five published tetrapod sequences. When the coelacanth was used as an outgroup, Lissamphibia (living amphibians) and Amniota (amniotes) were found to be statistically significant monophyletic groups. Although little resolution was obtained among the lissamphibian taxa, the amniote sequences support a sister-group relationship between birds and mammals. Portions of the 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule in 11 tetrapods also were sequenced, although the phylogenetic results were inconclusive. In contrast to previous studies, deletion or down- weighting of base-paired sites were found to have little effect on phylogenetic relationships. Molecular evidence for amniote relationships is reviewed, showing that three genes (beta-hemoglobin, myoglobin, and 18S rRNA) unambiguously support a bird-mammal relationship, compared with one gene (histone H2B) that favors a bird- crocodilian clade. Separate analyses of four other genes (alpha- crystallin A, alpha-hemoglobin, insulin, and 28S rRNA) and a combined analysis of all sequence data are inconclusive, in that different groups are defined in different analyses and none are strongly supported. It is suggested that until sequences become available from a broader array of taxa, the molecular evidence is best evaluated at the level of individual genes, with emphasis placed on those studies with the greatest number of taxa and sites. When this is done, a bird-mammal relationship is most strongly supported. When regarded in combination with the morphological evidence for this association, it must be considered at least as plausible as a bird-crocodilian relationship. Journal Article Hedges, S. B. 1990 Book review: speciation and its consequences Systematic Zoology 39 1 95-96 Journal Article Hedges, S. B.;Moberg, K. D.;Maxson, L. R. 1990 Tetrapod phylogeny inferred from 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA sequences and a review of the evidence for amniote relationships Mol. Biol. Evol. 7 6 607-633 systematics, cladistics, hemoglobin, molecular, Journal Article Hedges, S. B. 1990 A new species of Phrynopus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from Peru Copeia 1990 1 108-112 amphibians, species description, morphology, distribution Journal Article Hedges, S. B.;Burnell, K. L. 1990 The Jamaican radiation of Anolis (Sauria: Iguanidae): An analysis of relationships and biogeography using sequential electrophoresis Caribbean Journal of Science 26 1-2 31-44 Reptiles, lizards, anoles Anolis, electrophoresis, Jamaica, genetic relations, biogeography Journal Article Hedges, S. Blair;Bezy, Robert L.;Maxson, Linda R. 1991 Phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of Xantusiid lizards, inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences Molecular Biology and Evolution 8 6 767-780 xantusia vigilis evolution phylogeny cytochrome b 12s rRNA Journal Article Hedges, S. Blair;Thomas, Richard 1991 The importance of systematic research in the conservation of amphibian and reptile populations Publicación Científica Miscelánea 1 56-61 Journal Article Hedges, S. Blair;Maxson, Linda R. 1991 Pancreatic polypeptide and the sister group of birds Mol. Biol. Evol. 8 6 888-891 Journal Article Hedges, S. Blair;Bezy, Robert L.;Maxon, Linda R. 1991 Phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of Xantusiid lizards, inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences Molecular Biology and Evolution 8 6 767-780 Book Section Hedges, S. B.;Thomas, R. 1991 The importance of systematic research in the conservation of amphibian and reptile populations Moreno, J. A. Status y distribucion de los reptiles y anfibios de la region de Puerto Rico Dept. Nat. Res. P. R. 1 56-61 overcollection myth Journal Article Hedges, S. B.;Thomas, R. 1991 Cryptic species of snakes (Typhlopidae: Typhlops) from the Puerto Rico Bank detected by protein electrophoresis Herpetologica 47 4 448-459 reptiles, snakes, species description, systematics, morphology Journal Article Hedges, S. Blair;Bogart, James P.;Maxson, Linda R. 1992 Ancestry of unisexual salamanders Nature 356 708-710 ambystoma Journal Article Hedges, S. Blair;Kumar, Sudhir;Tamura, Koichiro;Stoneking, Mark 1992 Human origins and analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences Science 255 737-739 Journal Article Hedges, S. Blair;Maxson, Linda R. 1992 18S rRNA sequences and Amniote phylogeny: Reply to Marshall Mol. Biol. Evol. 9 2 374-377 Journal Article Hedges, S. Blair 1992 A reconsideration of two montane species of Eleutherodactylus in Hispaniola (Anura: Leptodactylidae) Caribbean Journal of Science 28 1-2 11-16 Journal Article Hedges, S. Blair 1992 The number of replications needed for accurate estimation of the bootstrap P value in phylogenetic studies Mol. Biol. Evol. 9 2 366-369 Journal Article Hedges, S. B.;Garrido, O. H. 1992 Cuban snakes of the genus Arrhyton: two new species and a reconsideration of A. redimitum Cope Herpetologica 48 2 168-177 reptiles, snakes, West Indies, species description, morphology, distribution Journal Article Hedges, S. B.;Garrido, O. H. 1992 A new species of Tropidophis from Cuba (Serpentes: Tropidophiidae) Copeia 1992 3 820-825 reptiles, snakes, species description, morphology, distribution, Journal Article Hedin, Marshall C.;Sudman, Philip D.;Greenbaum, Ira F.;Sites, Jack W., Jr 1990 Synaptonemal complex analysis of sex chromosome pairing in the common ground skink, Scincella lateralis (Sauria, Scincidae) Copeia 1990 4 1114-1122 Journal Article Hedrick, R. P.;Mcdowell, T. S.;Ahne, W.;Torhy, C.;Dekinkelin, P. 1992 Properties of 3 iridovirus-like agents associated with systemic infections of fish Disease Aquat Org 13 3 203-209 Pisces, infection, virus, iridovirus Three iridovirus-like agents associated with systemic infections in fish were examined by electron microscopy, gel electrophoresis of virion polypeptides and serological cross reactions with hyperimmune rabbit sera. The virus associated with epizootic hematopoietic necrosis (EHN) of redfin perch Perca fluviatilis in Australia, the virus from sheatfish Siluris glanis in Germany and a recently isolated iridovirus-like agent from catfish Ictalurus melas in France shared similar virion morphology and size, number and weight of structural polypeptides and common antigens as shown by cross immunofluorescence tests. The characteristics of these 3 piscine viruses and their striking similarity to frog virus 3, the type strain of the Ranavirus genus in the family Iridoviridae, suggest that they should be grouped into the same genus. The presence of similar agents in fish and amphibians emphasizes the potential adaptation and evolution of serious viral pathogens among these aquatic hosts and further complicates programs aimed at preventing or controlling the spread of fish viruses. Book Heijboer, A. S.;Mark, R. R. P. van der 1990 Terrariumdieren Lisse Zuid Boekprodukties 95 Journal Article Heinen, J. T. 1992 Comparisons of the leaf litter herpetofauna in abandoned cacao plantations and primary rain forest in Costa Rico: some implication for faunal restoration Biotropica 24 3 431-439 reptiles, amphibians, community, abundance, biomass, la selva, diversity, Thesis Heinly, R.W. 1990 Seasonal occurrence and distribution of stranded sea turtles along Texas and southwestern Louisiana coasts Journal Article Heinz, G.H.;Percival, H.F.;Jennings, M.L. 1991 Contaminants in American alligator eggs from Lake Apopka, Lake Griffin, and Lake Okeechobee, Florida Environ. Monit. Assess. 16 3 277-285 AM, biochemistry, reproduction, Journal Article Heinz, G.H.;Percival, H.F.;Jennings, M. 1991 Contaminants in American alligator eggs from Lake Apopka, Lake Griffin, and Lake Okeechobee, Florida Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 16 277-285 Ecotoxicology Book Section Hemley, G.;Caldwell, J. 1990 The crocodile skin trade since 1979 Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 398-412 Journal Article Henen, Brian T. 1991 Lipid storage and reproductive output of female desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 185 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Henen, Brian T. 1991 Egg production and body condition of female desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 227 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Henen, B. T. 1991 Measuring the lipid content of live animals using cyclopropane gas American Journal of Physiology 261 R752-R759 41, cyclopropane, lipids, reptile Journal Article Henen, Brian T. 1992 Desert tortoise diet and dietary deficiencies limiting tortoise egg production at Goffs, California Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 97 Journal Article Henen, Brian T.;Zimmerman, Linda C.;O'Connor, Michael;Spotila, James 1992 Body composition and water flux rates of desert tortoises at the Desert Tortoise Conservation Center, Las Vegas, Nevada Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 95-96 Book Henkel, Friedrich-Wilhelm;Schmidt, Wolfgang 1991 Geckos: Biologie, Haltung und Zucht Stuttgart, Germany Ulmer 224 Geckos Journal Article Hennig, Siegfried 1992 A photo essay from the northeast coast of Madagascar Vivarium 3 6 19-22 Journal Article Henninger, J. M.;Beresford, W. A. 1990 Is it coincidence that iron and melanin coexist in hepatic and other melanomacrophages? Histol Histopathol 5 4 457-9 Alligators and Crocodiles; Animal; Free Radical Scavengers; Histocytochemistry; Iron/*metabolism; Liver/metabolism; Lizards; Macrophages/*metabolism; Melanins/*metabolism; Turtles Use of a Prussian-blue histochemical method shows iron in some but not all hepatic melanomacrophages of turtle, alligator, caiman and anole. The hypothesis prompted is that melanomacrophages in general synthesize melanin to render less noxious free radicals arising from catalysis by the iron. Journal Article Henrickson, B.-I. 1990 Predation on amphibian eggs and tadpoles by common predators in acidified lakes Holarctic Ecology 13 201-206 Journal Article Heppell, S.S.;L.B. Crowder, D.T. Crouse, T.H. Martin 1992 Turtles, TEDS and trawl fisheries: implications from a population model for loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) Bull. Ecol. Soc. Am. 72 2 Suppl. 205 Book Section Herman, T. B.;Scott, F. W. 1992 Assessing the vulnerability of amphibians to climatic warming Bishop, Christine A. and Pettit, Karen E. Declines in Canadian Amphibian Populations: Designing a National Monitoring Strategy Ottawa, Ontario Canadian Wildlife Service 46-49 Journal Article Hernández García, Efraín 1991 Herpetofauna de la Sierra de Taxco, Guerrero, Mexico Boletín de la Sociedad Herpetológica Mexicana 3 1 2-6 Mexico Journal Article Hernández Gómez, José Antonio 1991 Book review: Snakes of the Agkistrodon Complex: A Monographic Review Boletín de la Sociedad Herpetológica Mexicana 3 1 19-20 Book review Journal Article Hernández Mendoza, Julio César 1992 Herpetofauna del Municipio de San Cristobal del las Casas, Chiapas Boletín de la Sociedad Herpetológica Mexicana 4 2 33-40 Chiapas; Mexico Journal Article Hernández V., Max;Rada de M., Delia 1992 Contribucion al conocimiento del genero Mastigodryas (Serpentes: Colubridae) en Venezuela. Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Mastigodryas (Serpentes: Colubridae) in Venezuela Acta Biologica Venezuelica 13 3-4 67-81 Journal Article Hero, J. M. 1990 An illustrated key to tadpoles occurring in the central Amazon rainforest, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil Amazoniana 11 2 201-262 Anura, Amphibia, ecology, taxonomy, morphology, larvae Journal Article Hero, J. M.;Galatti, U. 1990 Characteristics distinguishing Leptodactylus pentadactylus and L. knudseni in the central Amazon rainforest Journal of Herpetology 24 2 226-228 Amphibia, Anura, frog, advertisement calls, calling, vocalization, descriptions, Leptodactylidae Journal Article Hero, J.-M. 1990 An illustrated key to tadpoles occurring in the central Amazona rainforest, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil Amazoniana 11 201-262 Book Hero, Jean-Marc;Littlejohn, Murray;Marantelli, Gerry 1991 Frogwatch Field Guide to Victorian Frogs Victoria Dept. of Conservation & Environment 108 Anura; Australia Book Section Herrero, P.;Arano, B.;Esteban, M. L. 1990 Karyotypic characterization of brown frogs from the Iberian Peninsula (Ranidae: Rana) Olmo, E. Cytogenetics of Amphibians and Reptiles Basel Birkhäuser 135-140 Journal Article Herrmann, Hans-Joachim;Kabisch, Klaus 1990 Die herpetofauna der Insel Sachalin herpetofauna 12 67 6-10 reptiles, Amphibia, Island of Sachalin, Vipera sachalinensis, Lacerta vivipara, Salamandrella keyserlingii, Hyla japonica, Bufo gargarizans, Rana amurensis, chensinensis, ovoviviparity, toads, salamanders, frogs, Caudata Journal Article Herrmann, Hans-Joachim 1990 Zur Form der Grabschwiele von Pelobates syriacus Boettger 1889 Veröffentlichungen Naturhistorisches Museum Schloß Bertholdsburg Schleusingen 5 92 Journal Article Herrmann, Hans-Joachim 1990 Partiell abnorme Dorsalfärbung bei Bombina variegata variegata Veröffentlichungen Naturhistorisches Museum Schloß Bertholdsburg Schleusingen 5 85 Journal Article Herrmann, Hans-Joachim 1990 Über einen Fall des Gähnens bei Bufo gargarizanz Veröffentlichungen Naturhistorisches Museum Schloß Bertholdsburg Schleusingen 5 84 Journal Article Herrmann, Hans-Joachim;Kabisch, Klaus;Pietsch, Werner 1990 Fund einer neuen Varietät von Bufo gargarizanz Cantor 1882 auf Südsachlin Veröffentlichungen Naturhistorisches Museum Schloß Bertholdsburg Schleusingen 5 83-84 Book Herrmann, Hans-Joachim 1991 Froschlurche im Terrarium [Frogs in Captivity] Leipzig Urania 96 Anura; Frogs; Toads Journal Article Herrmann, Hans-Joachim;Kabisch, Klaus 1991 Haltung und Zucht des Grünen Grabfrosches, Pyxicephalus adspersus Tschudi, 1838 Herpetofauna 13 73 13-17 Pyxicephalus adspersus Journal Article Herrmann, Hans-Joachim 1991 Der Kletter-Engmaulfrosch Herpetofauna 13 74 11 Kalophrynus pleurostigma Journal Article Herrmann, Hans-Joachim 1991 Die dorsalen Epithelwarzen von Barburula busuangensis Veröffentlichungen Naturhistorisches Museum Schloß Bertholdsburg Schleusingen 6 108-111 Journal Article Herrmann, Hans-Joachim 1991 Die Mikrostruktur der dorsalen Epithelwarzen von Bufo terrestris (Bonaterre 1789) Veröffentlichungen Naturhistorisches Museum Schloß Bertholdsburg Schleusingen 6 107-108 Journal Article Herrmann, Hans-Joachim 1991 Abnorme Extremitätenausbildung bei Litoria caerulea Veröffentlichungen Naturhistorisches Museum Schloß Bertholdsburg Schleusingen 6 105-107 Journal Article Herrmann, Hans-Joachim 1991 Atmungsaktives Gewebe in der Kloakenregion von aquatilen Gymnophionen (Typhlonectidae)? Veröffentlichungen Naturhistorisches Museum Schloß Bertholdsburg Schleusingen 6 104-105 Journal Article Herrmann, Hans-Joachim;Wendorf, Matthias 1991 Über einen fundort von Rana graeca italica Dubois 1985 Veröffentlichungen Naturhistorisches Museum Schloß Bertholdsburg Schleusingen 6 102-103 Journal Article Herrmann, Hans-Joachim 1991 Zwei bemerkenswerte Fehlpaarungen bei Anuren im Raum Greifswald Veröffentlichungen Naturhistorisches Museum Schloß Bertholdsburg Schleusingen 6 101-102 Journal Article Herrmann, Hans-Joachim 1991 Untersuchungen an der Batrachofauna von Vasilievskoe dei Moskau Veröffentlichungen Naturhistorisches Museum Schloß Bertholdsburg Schleusingen 6 25-29 Journal Article Herrmann, Hans-Joachim;Kabisch, Klaus 1992 Investigations on ranid larvae in Southern Sakhalin Island, Russia Asiatic Herpetological Research 4 68-75 Amphibia, frog, Rana amurensis, chensinensis, tadpoles, Anura, breeding sites, water chemistry, salinity, morphology Journal Article Herron, J.C.;Emmons, L.H.;Cadle, J.E. 1990 Observations on reproduction in the Black caiman, Melanosuchus niger J. Herpetol. 24 3 314-316 MN, reproduction, behavior, nest, egg, egg deposition, Journal Article Herron, Jon C.;Emmons, Louise H.;Cadle, John E. 1990 Observations on reproduction in the black caiman, Melanosuchus niger Journal of Herpetology 24 3 316-317 Journal Article Hersek, M. J.;Owings, D. H.;Hennessy, D. F. 1992 Combat between rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis oreganus) in the field Journal of Herpetology 26 1 105-106 fighting, rattlesnakes, viridis, combat, territoiality Journal Article Herselman, Yolande M.;Moulton, P. Le F. N.;Van Wyk, J. H. 1992 The status of the races of the graceful crag lizard, Pseudocordylus capensis (Sauria: Cordylidae) Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 40 29 filed under Broadley, Donald G. Journal Article Hertz, P. E. 1992 Temperature regulation in Puerto Rican Anolis Lizards: a field test using null hypotheses Ecology 73 4 1404-1417 lizards, basking, operative temp., variation, thermoregulation Journal Article Herzog, H. A., Jr.;Bowers, B. B.;Burghardt, G. M. 1992 Development of antipredator responses in snakes: V. Species differences in ontogenetic trajectories Dev Psychobiol 25 3 199-211 Age Factors; Animal; Animals, Newborn; Behavior, Animal; Comparative Study; Defense Mechanisms; Female; Predatory Behavior/*physiology; Pregnancy; Research Design; Snakes/growth & development/*physiology; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. The ontogeny of antipredator responses in five species of Natricine snakes was examined. In a split-litter experiment, neonates were given a standardized defensive behavior test at 1 and/or 20 days of age. Thamnophis sirtalis and Thamnophis melanogaster showed a significant increase in both striking and fleeing from a threatening stimulus. Thamnophis butleri was not reactive in terms of striking at either age but did flee frequently at both ages. Thamnophis radix showed low rates of striking and high rates of fleeing; only fleeing increased significantly between the two tests. Nerodia rhombifer exhibited moderate rates of both striking and fleeing at both ages with no developmental effects. Subsets of most of these species tested at 40 or 60 days of age found no further developmental changes. Book Heselhaus, Ralf 1992 Poison-Arrow Frogs: Their Natural History and Care in Captivity Sanibel Is., FL Ralph Curtis 112, 16 plates Dendrobates; Phyllobates; Colostethus Journal Article Hess, Nancy E.;Losos, Jonathan B. 1991 Interspecific aggression between Anolis cristatellus and A. gundlachi: Comparison of sympatric and allopatric populations Journal of Herpetology 25 2 256-259 Journal Article Hess, N. E.;Losos, J. B. 1991 Interspecific aggression between Anolis cristatellus and A. gundlachi: comparison of sympatric and allopatric populations Journal of Herpetology 25 2 256-259 reptiles, competition, behavior, Journal Article Heulin, B. 1990 Étude comparative de la membrane coquillère chez les souches ovipare et vivipare du lézard Lacerta vivipara Canadian Journal of Zoology 68 5 1015-1019 39, Lacerta, viviparity, oviparity, shell, egg Journal Article Heulin, B.;Osenegg, K.;Lebouvier, M. 1991 Timing of embryonic development and birth dates in oviparous and viviparous strains of Lacerta vivipara: testing the predictions of an evolutionary hypothesis Acta ‘cologica 12 4 40, Lacerta, viviparity, oviparity, reproduction, development Journal Article Heulin, B.;Arrayago, M. J.;Bea, A.;Brana, F. 1992 Caracteristiques de la coquille des oeufs chez la souche hybride (ovipare x vivipare) du lezard Lacerta vivipara Canadian Journal of Zoology 70 11 2242-2246 reptiles, lizards, viviparity, oviparity, hybrid, eggs, Journal Article Hewavisenthi, S. 1990 Conservation of marine turtles Loris 19 2 73-75 Journal Article Hewingson R.G., e.a. 1991 Towards a differential polymerase chain reaction test for Chlamydia psittaci Veterinary record 128 381-382 diagnosis * Journal Article Hews, D. K. 1990 Examining hypotheses generated by field measures of sexual selection on male lizards, Uta palmeri Evolution 44 8 1956-1966 Reptiles, lizards, field, selection, dimorphism, phenotypic selection, morphology, territory, aggression Journal Article Heyer, W. Ronald;Rand, A. Stanley;Gonçalves da Cruz, Carlos Alberto;Peixoto, Oswald L.;Nelson, Craig E. 1990 Frogs of Boracéia Arquivos de Zoologia 31 4 231-410 Journal Article Heyer, W. Ronald ;Rand, A. Stanley;Cruz, Carlos Alberto Gonçalves da;Peixoto, Oswaldo L.;Nelson, Craig E. 1990 Frogs of Boracéia Arquivos de Zoologia Sao Paulo 31 231-410 Amphibia, anura, Key, species account, Brachycephalidae, Brachycephalus nodoterga, Bufonidae, Bufo crucifer, Bufo ictericus, Dendrophrynicus brevipollicatus, Centrolenidae, Centrolenella eurygnatha, Centrolenella uranoscopa, Hylidae, Gritiziana fillilis, Gritziana ohausi, Hyla albofrenata, Hyla albopunctata, Hyla albosignata, Hyla astartea, Hyla circumdata, Hyla faver, Hyla hylax, Hyla leucopygia, Hyla microps, Hyla minuta, Hyla multilineata, Hyla pardalis, Hyla ploytaenia, Hyla prasina, Hyla senicula, Ololygon brieni, Ololygon crospedospila, Ololygonflavoguttata, Ololygonhayii, Ololygonobtriangulata, Ololygonperpusilla, Ololygonx-signata, Osteocephalus langsdorffii, Phyllomedusa appendiculata, Phyllomedusa cochranae, Sphaenorhynchus orophilus, Leptodactylidae, Adenomera marmorata, Certophrys aurita, Crossodactylus dispar, Crossodactylus gaudichaudii, Cycloramphus boraceiensis, Cycloramphus eleutherodactylus, Cycloramphus semipalmatus, Eleutherodactylus binotatus, Eleutherodactylus guentheri, Eleutherocatylus hoehnei, Eleutherodactylus nigriventris, Eleutherodactylus parvus, Eleutherodactylus randorum, Eleutherodactylus spanios, Hylodes asperus, Hylodes phyllodes, Leptodactylus flavopictus, Leptodatylus fuscus, Leptodactylus ocellatus, Megaelosia goeldii, Paratelmatobius gaigeae, Physalaemus cuvieri, Physalaemus franciscae, Physalaemus maculiventris, Physalaemus olfersi, Proceratophrys boiei, Proceratophrys melanopogon, Thoropa miliaris, Microhylidae, Myersiella microps, Ecology, life history, premating isolating mechanisms, Journal Article Heyer, W. R.;A. S. Rand, C. A. G. Da Cruz, O. L. Peixoto;Nelson., C. E. 1990 Frogs of Boracéia Arq. Zool., Mus. Zool., Univ. São Paulo 31 231-410 Journal Article Heyer, W. Ronald;Hardy, Laura M. 1991 A new species of frog of the Eleutherodactylus lacrimosus assembly from Amazonia, South America (Amphibia: Anura: Leptodactylidae) Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 104 3 436-447 Eleutherodactylus zimmermanae n. sp.; New species; Brazil Journal Article Heyer, W. R.;Hardy, L. M. 1991 A new species of frog of the Eleutherodactylus lacrimosus assembly from Amazonia, South America (Amphibia: Anura: Leptodactylidae) Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 104 3 436-447 15, frog, Eleutherodactylus, Amazon, South America Journal Article Hibma, Merilyn.;Griffin, J.F.T. 1992 The effect of adjuvants on active and apssive immunity in pregnant deer and their offspring Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 31 279-287 Mammalia, artiodactyla, deer, C. elaphus, immunity, passive Evidence was presented that immunisation of deer during pregnancy may be an effective way of reducing morbidity in both mothers and offspring. The polyionic adjuvant, DEAE-dextran, produced the greatest enhancement of both primary and secondary IgG responses to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Offspring suckling from mothers immunised with antigen in diethylaminoethhyl (DEAE) - dextran consequently had higher concentrations of specific antibodies in their serum than other fawns in the experiment. The adjuvants a) Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant (FIA) and b) alum were approximately 20-fold less effective in enhancing antigen-specific IgG than DEA-dextran but induced greater amounts of antigen-specific IgM. Journal Article Hicks, J. W.;White, F. N. 1992 Pulmonary gas exchange during intermittent ventilation in the American alligator Respir. Physiol. 88 1-2 23-36 AM, respiration, metabolism, physiology, The present study characterized pulmonary gas exchange in the American alligator, Alligator mississipiensis during ventilation and apnea at a body temperature (Tb) of 25 degrees C. Pulmonary gas exchange parameters were measured on a breath-by-breath basis utilizing a computer-assisted data acquisition system. In addition, paired blood samples were analyzed from left and right atrium during ventilation and voluntary apneas (1, 2, 5 and 10 min). Measurements of lung PO2 and PCO2 indicated that as apnea progressed, CO2 flux into the lung decreased rapidly while O2 was continuously removed at a constant and steady rate. The reduction in VCO2 resulted in a decrease in R (less than 0.4). Blood gas measurements indicated that the pulmonary arterial-pulmonary venous PCO2 difference, (Ppa-Ppv)CO2 was 4.9 +/- 0.9 mmHg during ventilation, decreased and became negative within 2 min of apnea, reaching -3.9 +/- 0.6 mmHg after 10 min. It is postulated that during apnea the Haldane effect accounts for both the blood gas behavior across the lung and insures a continued CO2 flux into the lung during apnea. Report Highfield, A.C. 1990 Viral epidemics in mediterranean tortoises; distribution of symptoms and mortality statistics by species and origin. A preliminary report and recommendations Journal Article Highfield, A.C. 1990 Notes on skeletal and carapace deformity in captive-bred tortoises, (genus Testudo) related to diet with observations on the use of vitamin and mineral supplements Herptile 15 3 110-113 Reptilia, tesudines, iberian tortoise, Testudo hermanni, Testudo graeca ibera, beeding, nutrition "x" Journal Article Highfield, A.;C;and, J.;Martin 1990 Is there a tortoise Aids in our midst? Tortoise Trust Newsletter Autumn 1990 2 2-9 vet,testu,virus WI x Journal Article Highfield, A. C. 1990 General care of tortoises Tortoise Trust Publication testu,vet,vit,zucht,tech PF x Journal Article Highfield, A. C. 1990 Feeding your tortoise Tortoise Trust Publication testu,vit,vet PF x Journal Article Highfield, A. C. 1990 Observations on dehydration in reptiles Tortoise Trust Newsletter July August 1990 8 8-9 testu,vet WI x Journal Article Highfield, A. C. 1990 Keeping and breeding tortoises in captivity Portishead testu,zucht,vet,vit,tech PF x Journal Article Highfield, Andy 1992 Avoiding problems with box turtles Reptilian 1 2 11-14 Terrapene Journal Article Highfield, Andy 1992 An introduction to the iguanas of the Galapagos Islands Reptilian 1 3 9-11 amblyrhynchus cristatus Journal Article Highfield, A. C. 1992 Protozoan infections in chelonians Tortoise Trust Newsl 1992 3-6 Reptilia, testudines, infection, protozoa Journal Article Highfield, A. C. 1992 New disease problems in Hermann's tortoises? Tortoise Trust Newsl 1992 1 6-7 Reptilia, testudines, tortoise, pathology testu,vet PF x Journal Article Highfield, A. C. 1992 Hermann's tortoise disease - the latest Tortoise Trust Newsl 1992 3 1-2 reptilia, testudiens, tortoise, pathology testu,vet PF x Journal Article Highton, Richard 1991 Molecular phylogeny of Plethodonine salamanders and Hylid Frogs: Statistical analysis of protein comparisons Molecular Biology and Evolution 8 6 796-818 plethodon hyla pseudacris acris anedies Journal Article HILF, M.;WAGNER, R.A.;YU, V.L. 1990 A prospective study of upper airway flora in healthy boid snakes and snakes with pneumonia J. Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 21 3 318-325 Reptilia, serpentes, snake, boa, infection, bacteria, pneumonia, therapy 271190 WS DGB Journal Article HILF, M.;SWANSON, D.;WAGNER, R. 1991 A new dosing schedule for gentamicin in blood pythons (Python curtis): a paharmacokinetic study Res Vet Sci 50 127-130 Reptilia, serpentes, Python curtis, physiology, pharmacodynamics, gentamicin Reprint Endnote 93/428 Journal Article Hillier, Gerald 1991 Implementing tortoise habitat management on public lands in the California desert [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 186 Gopherus agassizii Book Section Hillis, D.M.;Larson, A.;Davis, S.C.;Zimmer, E.A. 1990 Nucleic acids III: sequencing Hillis, D.M. and Moritz, C. Molecular Systematics Sunderland, MA Sinauer Associates, Inc. 318-370 Journal Article Hillis, David M. 1990 A new species of Xenodontine colubrid snake of the genus Synophis from Ecuador and the phylogeny of the genera Synophis and Emmochliophis Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 135 1-9 Synophis calamitus sp. nov.; New species; Emmochliophis Edited Book Hillis, David M.;Moritz, Craig 1990 Molecular Systematics Sunderland, MA Sinauer Associates xvi + 588 Journal Article Hillis, David M.;Dixon, Michael T. 1991 Ribosomal DNA: molecular evolution and phylogenetic inference Quarterly Review of Biology 66 4 411-453 ITS sequence Book Section Hillis, David M. 1991 The phylogeny of Amphibians: Current knowledge and the role of cytogenetics Green, David M. and Session, Stanley K. Amphibian cytogenetics and evolution San Diego Harcourt Brace Jovanovich 7-31 Amphibia, systematics, Lissamphibia, Salamander, Caudata, anurans, caecilians, relationship, Rhinatrematidae, Ichthyophiidae, Scolecomorphidae, Typhlonectidae, Caeciliaidae, Journal Article Hillis, D. M.;Huelsenbeck, J. P. 1992 Signal, noise, and reliability in molecular phylogenetics analysis Journal of Heredity 83 189-195 Journal Article Himstedt, Werner 1991 Zur biologie und larvenentwicklund der thailändischen Blindwühle Ichthyophis kohtaoensis (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Ichthyophiidae) Veröff. Naturhist. Mus. Schleusingen 6 16-24 Thailand caecilians Journal Article Himstedt, Werner 1991 Zur Biologie und larvenentwicklung der thailändischen Blindwühle Ichthyophis kohtaoensis (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Ichthyophiidae) Veröffentlichungen Naturhistorisches Museum Schloß Bertholdsburg Schleusingen 6 16-24 Book Section Hines, T.;Avercrombie, C;Percival, F.;Woodward, C. 1990 Florida alligator: Economics, harvest, and conservation Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 132-142 Book Section Hines, T. 1990 An updated report on alligator management and value-added conservation in Florida Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8327-0022-1 xvi + 354 pp. 186-199 Book Section Hines, T.;Rice, K. 1992 A report on an intial survey effort to assess the status of the black caiman Melanosuchus niger in the Amazonian region of Ecuador Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0132-5. 168-175 Journal Article Hingley, Kevin J. 1990 After the tourists have gone (the agama come out to play) Vivarium 2 4 25-27 Journal Article Hingley, Kevin J. 1992 A case of accidental captive propagation in the Burmese python Python molurus bivittatus, and reticulated python python reticulatus Reptilian 1 3 8 Hybrid; Python molurus bivittatus x Python reticulatus Journal Article Hingley, Kevin 1992 Keeping, breeding and general care and maintenance of the black Mexican kingsnake Reptilian 1 6 25-26 Lampropeltis getula nigritus Journal Article Hingtgen, T. 1992 Gopher tortoise burrow density Fla. Dep. Nat. Resour., Resour. Manage. Notes 4 1 3 Gopherus polyphemus Journal Article Hinton, Thomas G.;Whicker, F. Ward;III, John E. Pinder;Ibrahim, Shawki A. 1992 Comparative kinetics of Ca, Sr and Ra in the freshwater turtle, Trachemys scripta Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 16 25-47 Radionuclide, calcium, radium, strontium, SREL, Trachemys scripta, kinetics, turtle, reptiles Journal Article Hinton, Thomas G.;Whicker, F. Ward;Pinder, John E.;III;Ibrahim, Shawki A. 1992 Comparative kinetics of 47Ca, 85Sr and 226Ra in the freshwater turtle, Trachemys scripta Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 16 25-47 Journal Article Hirth, H.H.;Huber, M.;Frohm, T.;Mala, T. 1992 A natural assemblage of immature green (Chelonia mydas) and hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) turtles on the fringing reef of Wuvulu Island, Papua New Guinea Micronesia 25 2 145-153 green; hawksbill Journal Article Hirvonen, J.;Rytting, J. H.;Paronen, P.;Urtti, A. 1991 Dodecyl N,N-dimethylamino acetate and azone enhance drug penetration across human, snake, and rabbit skin Pharm Res 8 7 933-7 Aged; Animal; Azepines/*pharmacology; Fluorouracil/pharmacokinetics; Glycine/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology; Human; In Vitro; Indomethacin/pharmacokinetics; Permeability; Propranolol/pharmacokinetics; Rabbits; Skin Absorption/*drug effects; Snakes; Species Specificity; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't The effectiveness of the penetration enhancers, dodecyl N,N- dimethylamino acetate (DDAA) and Azone, on pretreated human epidermis for the permeation of model drugs, indomethacin, 5-fluorouracil, and propranolol-HCl, was studied in in vitro diffusion cells. Snakeskin (Elaphe obsoleta) and rabbit pinna skin were compared as possible models for human skin. The drug concentrations were analyzed by HPLC. With all skins and all model drugs, DDAA increased drug permeability at least as well as Azone, and in most cases it was a more effective permeation enhancer. The relative permeation improvements in human skin, snakeskin, and rabbit skin were 10- to 20-, 5- to 50-, and 20- to 120-fold, respectively. Tritiated water served as an indicator of skin condition. Its penetration in the skin samples was independent of the drugs used, and both penetration enhancers significantly increased the flux of tritiated water through all skins. Thus, DDAA and Azone significantly increased the permeation of lipophilic and hydrophilic model compounds. Rabbit pinna skin was a poor model for human skin in vitro, while snakeskin was much closer to human skin in terms of transdermal permeability. In most cases drug permeability decreased in the order rabbit much greater than human greater than or less than snake. Journal Article Hocutt, C H;Loveridge, J.P;Hutton, J.M 1992 Biotelemetry monitoring of translocated Crocodylus niloticus in Lake Ngezi, Zimbabwe Journal of Zoology (London) 226 2 231-242 Journal Article Hofer, Ulrich 1991 Die reptilien des Kantons Bern [The reptiles of Bern, Canton District] Mitteilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bern Neue Folge [New Series] 48 153-200 Anguis fragilis lacerta agilis vivipara podarcis muralis natrix cornella austriaca vipera aspis berus emys orbicularis Journal Article Hofer, D. 1992 Phelsuma sundbergi RENDAHL, 1939 catches fishes, and further observations on the Seychelles.. Phelsuma sundbergi RENDAHL, 1939 erbeutet Fische, nebst weiteren Beobachtungen auf den Seychellen Salamandra 28 2 153-155 Reptilia, sauria, Phelsuma sundbergi , nutrition, food, echsen,behav,vit PF x Journal Article Hoff, K. V. S.;N. Huq, V. A. King;Wassersug., R. J. 1990 The kinematics of larval salamander swimming (Ambystomatidae: Caudata) Canadian Journal of Zoology 67 2756-2761 Journal Article Hoffman, J.;Katz, U. 1991 Tissue osmolytes and body fluid compartments in the toad Bufo viridis under simulated terrestrial conditions Journal of Comparative Physiology B - Biochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology 161 4 433-439 Amphibia, Anura, burrowing toad, Bufo viridis, Physiology, eccication, plasma, volume, osmolarity Reprint Endnote 93/527. U Katz,Technion Israel Inst Technol,Dept Biol,Haifa, Israel Journal Article Hoffmann, J. J.;Vijgen, M.;Smeets, R. E.;Melman, P. G. 1992 Haemostatic effects in vivo after snakebite by the red-necked keelback (Rhabdophis subminiatus) Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 3 4 461-4 We describe a patient who developed a severe coagulopathy after being bitten by a red-necked keelback snake (Rhabdophis subminiatus), a species which is generally considered non-venomous. The patient's blood was incoagulable due to complete depletion of fibrinogen. Comprehensive coagulation studies were performed to identify the mechanism(s) by which the snake toxin caused the coagulopathy. It was found to contain a potent prothrombin activator, probably an activator of protein C and possibly also a factor X activating enzyme. The fibrinolysis was secondary to intravascular fibrin formation; there were no indications for a direct fibrinogenolytic activity in the snake toxin. Remarkably, there was virtually no consumption of antithrombin III, despite extensive thrombin formation; this feature appears to be not uncommon after snake bites, but is still unexplained. Journal Article Hoheisel, G.;Petter, H. 1990 [Efferent projections of "classical" peptidergic neurons of the neurosecretory system of the telencephalon in reptiles (Scincus scincus L. and Chalcides ocellatus Forskal; Lacertilia, Squamata] J Hirnforsch 31 2 201-14 In both species of lacertilian reptiles investigated, the peptidergic hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus project with efferents to the telencephalon, to caudal parts of the brain, and to the spinal cord. The marked system of efferents of the "classic" peptidergic neurosecretory nuclei to the telencephalon was mapped. The unlabeled peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical procedure revealed at the light microscopical level neurophysin- respectively mesotocin- or vasotocin-containing exohypothalamic fibres in the septal area, in subcortical regions (ventral striatum and hypopallium), and in all layers of the cortical areas (medial, dorsal and lateral cortex). Within the different parts of the brain, there seems to be a characteristically quantitative ratio of the mesotocin and vasotocin fibres. The terminals of the exohypothalamic fibres contact perikarya and processes of neurons of the target regions intimately. In a selected area, peptidergic synapses could be demonstrated at the electron microscopical level using an ultrahistochemical method. It is assumed that the nonapeptides mentioned are released from the fibre terminals and then act as neurotransmitters/neuromodulators influencing different brain functions. Book Section Hollands, M. 1990 A preliminary examination of crocodile population trends in Papua New Guinea 1981-1984 Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 219-238 Journal Article Holman, J. Alan 1992 Additional records of Natrix natrix from the British Pleistocene, including the first record of a British cold-stage snake British Herpetological Society Bulletin 7-8 Journal Article Holman, J. Alan 1992 Patterns of herpetological re-occupation of post-glacial Michigan: amphibians and reptiles come home Michigan Academician 24 453-466 Journal Article Holman, J. Alan 1992 Late Quaternary herpetofauna of the central Great Lakes Region, U.S.A. : zoogeographical and paleoecological implications Quaternary Science Reviews 11 345-351 Journal Article Holman, J. Alan 1992 Hyla meridionalis from the Late Pleistocene (last interglacial age: Ipswichian) of Britain British Herpetological Society Bulletin 41 12-14 Journal Article Holman, J. Alan 1992 The Boxgrove, England, Middle Pleistocene herpetofauna: Paleogeographic, evolutionary, stratigraphic, and paleoecological relationships Historical Biology 6 263-279 Journal Article Holman, J. Alan 1992 Herpetofauna of Pleistocene (Ipswichian) deposits at Selsey, West Sussex: The earliest British record of Bufo calamita Herpetological Journal 2 94-98 Journal Article Holomuzski, J. R. 1991 Macrohabitat effects on egg deposition and larval growth, survival and instream dispersal in Ambystoma barbouri. Copeia 1991 687-694 Journal Article Honda, E.;Hirakawa, T.;Nakamura., S. 1992 Tactile and taste sensory maturation in the frog larvae tongue Brain Research 595 74-78 Book Section Honegger, R.;Hunt, R.H. 1990 Breeding crocodiles in zoological gardens outside the species range, with some data on the general situation in European zoos, 1989 Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8327-0022-1 xvi + 354 pp. 200-228 Journal Article Honegger, René E. 1992 Undesirable trends in captive management and conservation of reptiles Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 27 10 207-210 albino mutants captive breeding crotalus atrox elaphe guttata hybrids crocodylus siamensis porosus lampropeltis getula python molurus bivittatus alligator mississippiensis triangulum coluber constrictor Journal Article Hoofien, J. H.;Sivan, N.;Werner, Y. L. 1990 Deletion of Lacerta danordi (Reptilia: Lacertidae) from the Herpetofaunal lists of Petra (Jordan) and Mt. Hermon, with zoogeographical implications Israel Journal of Zoology 37 97-105 Journal Article Hoofien, J. H.;Sivan, N.;Werner, Y. L. 1990 Deletion of Lacerta danfordi (Reptilia: Lacertidae) from the herpetofaunal lists of Petra (Jordan) and Mount Hermon, with zoogeographical implications Israel Journal of Zoology 37 97-105 reptiles, distribution, lizards Journal Article Hoogmoed, Marinus S. 1990 Resurrection of Hyla wavrini Parker (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae), a gladiator frog from northern South America Zool. Med. Leiden 64 6 71-93 Journal Article Hoogmoed, M. S.;Cadle, J. E. 1990 Natural history and distribution of Agalychnis craspedopus (Funkhouser, 1957) (Amphibia: Anura: Hyldae) Zool. Med. Leiden 65 8 129-142 phyllomedusine, Amazonian lowlands, neotropics, reproductive behavior, calling, eggs, clutch size, larvae, tadpoles Journal Article Hoogmoed, Marinus S. 1990 Resurrection of Hyla wavrini Parker (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae), a gladiator from from northern South America Zoologische Mededelingen 64 71-93 Anura, Hylidae, Hyla wavrini, Hyla boans, resurrection, synonymy, call, S. Americae, Venezuela, Brazil, frogs, 9 Journal Article Hoogmoed, M. S.;Avila-Pires, T. C. S. de 1990 New distribution data for Podocnemis erythrocephala (Spix) with remarks on some other turtle taxa (Reptilia: Chelonia: Pelomedusidae) Zoologische Mededelingen 64 21-24 reptiles, turtles, Journal Article Hoogmoed, M. S.;Cadle, J. E. 1990 Natural history and distribution of Agalychnis craspedopus (Funkhouser, 1957) (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae) Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden 65 8 129-142 Journal Article Hoogmoed, Marinus S. 1990 Resurrection of Hyla wavrini (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae), a gladiator frog from northern South America Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden 64 6 71-93 Journal Article Hoogmoed, Marinus S. 1990 Rediscovery of a type of Ceratophrys boiei Wied (Amphibia: Anura: Leptodactylidae) Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden 63 20 267-273 Book Section Hoogmoed, M. S.;Avila-Pires, T. C. S. de 1990 Observations on the herpetofauna of Petit Saut Sinnamary River French Guiana Hallé, F. and Blanc, P. Biologie d'une canopee de foret equatoriale Rapport de Mission Radeau de Cimes Octobre-Novembre 1989, Petit-Saut, Guyane Française 222-228 reptiles, amphibians, Journal Article Hoogmoed, M.S.;Cadle, J.E. 1991 Natural history and distribution of Agalychinis craspedopus (Funkhouser, 1957) (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae) Zoologische Mededelingen 65 129-142 Amphibia, anura, natural history, external morphology, hylidae, phyllomedusine, Amazonian lowlands, neotropics Journal Article Hoogmoed, M. S.;Avila-Pires, T. C. S. 1991 Annoted checklist of the herpetofauna of Petit Saut, Sinnamary River, French Guiana Zool. Med. Leiden 65 53-88 tropics, herpetofauna, tropical Journal Article Hoogmoed, M. S.;Avila-Pires, T. C. S. de 1991 A new species of small Amphisbaena (Reptilia: Amphisbaenia: Amphibaenidae) from Western Amazonian Brazil Bol. Mus. Para. Emilio Goeldi, ser Zool. 7 1 77-94 reptiles, species description, morphology, distribution, Journal Article Hoogmoed, M. S.;Cadle., J. E. 1991 Natural history and distribution of Agalychnis craspedopus (Funkhouser, 957)(Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae) Zool. Med. 65 129-142 Journal Article Hoogmoed, M. S.;Avila-Pires, T. C. S. 1992 Studies on the species of the South American lizard genus Arthrosaura Boulenger (Reptilia: Sauria: Teiidae), with the resurrection of two species Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden 66 35 453-484 Arthrosaura kockii; Arthrosaura reticulata; Arthrosaura tyleri; Arthrosaura versteegii; South America; cis-Andean; Brazil; Guianas; Venezuela; Ecuador; Amazon Basin; Distribution; morphology Journal Article Hoogmoed, M. S.;Cole, C. J.;Ayarzaguena, J. 1992 A new cryptic species of lizard (Sauria: Teiidae: Gymnophthalmus) from Venezuela Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden 66 1 1-18 Gymnophthalmus; Teiidae; biogeography; Guianan region; Venezuela; Gymnophthalmus cryptus sp. nov.; new species Journal Article Hoogmoed, M. S.;Avila-Pires, T. C. S. 1992 Studies on the species of South American lizard genus Arthrosaura Boulenger (Reptilia: Sauria: Teiidae), with the resurrection of two species Zool. Med. Leiden 66 35 453-484 Reptiles, lizards, Arthrosaura versteegii, Pantodactylus tyleri, reticulata, key, morphology, distribution, range, locality Journal Article Hoogmoed, M. S.;Cole, C. J.;Ayarzaguena, J. 1992 A new cryptic species of lizard (Sauria: teiidae: Gymnopthalmus) from Venezuela Zoologische Mededelingen 66 1-18 Reptiles, lizards, species description, distribution, range, biogeography, Guianan region, cryptus Book Section Hope, C.A.;Abercrombie, C.L. 1990 Hunters, hides, dollars and dependency: Economics of wildlife exploitation in Belize Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 143-152 Book Section Hord, L.J.;Jennings, M.;Brunelli, A. 1990 Mercury contamination in Florida alligators Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8327-0022-1 xvi + 354 pp. 229-240 Book Section Horikoshi, Kazuo 1991 Sex ratio of green turtle hatchlings in Tortuguero, Costa Rica Michael, Salmon and Jeannette, Wyneken Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Conservation and Biology NOAA Tech. Mem. NMFS-SEFC-*** 59-60 sex ratio/green/Costa Rica Journal Article Horn, Hans-Georg 1991 Breeding of the lace monitor (Varanus varius) for the 1st time outside of Australia (Reptilia: Sauria: varanidae) Mertensiella 2 168-175 Varanidae; Varanus varius; breeding; ethological observations Journal Article Horn, Hans-Georg;Visser, Gerard Johannes 1991 Basic data on the biology of monitors Mertensiella 2 176-187 Varanidae; Varanus; morphometric data; computerized diagrams Journal Article Horn, Hans-Georg;Sprackland, Robert George 1992 The importance of the contributions of amateurs to herpetology Vivarium 4 1 36-38 Book Horner, Paul 1991 Skinks of the Northern Territory Darwin Northern Territory Museum x, 174 p Journal Article Horrocks, J.A.;Scott, N.M. 1991 Nest site location and nest success in the hawksbill turtle Eretmochelys imbricata in Barbados, West Indies Marine Ecology Progress Series 69 1-8 hawksbill; sex ratio Thesis Horton, M. 1990 Reproductive success of sea turtles nesting on Wabasso Beach, east-central Florida 96 pp. Journal Article Horvich, J.;and, C.;P.;Garbin 1991 Chelonian communique Bull. Chi. Herp. Soc. 26 8 184-187 testu,zucht,vet PF x Journal Article Horvitz, Carol C.;Schemske, Douglas W. 1990 Spatiotemporal variation in insect mutualists of a neotropical herb Ecology 71 3 1085-1097 Journal Article Hoser, Raymond T.;Williams, Chris 1991 Snakes swallowing their own teeth Herpetofauna 21 2 33 Journal Article Hoser, Raymond T. 1991 An aggregation of eastern brown snakes (Pseudonaja textilis) Herpetofauna 21 2 38 Pseudonaja textilis Journal Article Hottmar, Vaclav 1991 Zur Erstnachzucht von Chamaeleolis barbatus Garrido, 1982, im Terrarium mit einer Übersicht über die Gattung Chamaeleolis auf Kuba Herpetofauna 13 73 29-33 Chamaeleolis barbatus; Cuba Journal Article Houck, Lynne D.;Reagan, Nancy L. 1990 Male courtship pheromones increase female receptivity in a plethodontid salamander Animal Behaviour 39 729-734 Journal Article Hovik, Donald C.;Hardenbrook, D. Bradford 1991 Summer and fall activities and movements of the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) in Pahrump Valley, Nevada [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 187 Gopherus agassizii Personal Communication Hovingh, Peter 1990 A brief report of a visit to Zion National Park Journal Article Hovingh, Peter 1992 Avifauna of central Tule Valley, Western Bonneville Basin Great Basin Naturalist 52 3 278-283 Journal Article Howard, Katherine 1992 Little elfins of the night Vivarium 4 2 37 Journal Article Howland, J. M.;Vitt, L. J.;Lopez, P. T. 1990 Life on the edge: The ecology and life history of the tropidurine iguanid lizard Uranoscodon superciliosum Canadian Journal of Zoology 68 1366-1373 reptiles, population, Brazil, tropics, habitat Journal Article Howland, Jeffrey M. 1991 Observations and activities of the naturalist for the Desert Tortoise Natural Area, Kern County, California: 12 March - 12 July, 1989 Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 228-244 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Howland, Jeffrey M. 1992 Life history of Cophosaurus texanus (Sauria: Iguanidae): Environmental correlates and interpopulatonal variation Copeia 1992 No.1 82-93 Journal Article Howland, J. M. 1992 Life history of Cophosaurus texanus (Sauria: Iguanidae): environmental correlates and interpopulational variation Copeia 1992 1 82-93 73, Cophosaurus, life history, reproduction, Texas, desert, lizard Journal Article Howland, Jeffrey M. 1992 Life history of Cophosaurus texanus (Sauria: Iguanidae): Environmental correlates and interpopulational variation Copeia 1992 82-93 Journal Article Hödl, W. 1990 Reproductive diversity in Amazonian lowland frogs Fortschritte der Zoologie 38 41-60 Amphibia, Anura, tropics, surveys, reproductive modes Book Section Hödl, Walter 1990 Reproductive diversity in Amazonian lowland frogs Hanke, W. Biology and Physiology of Amphibians Stuttgart Gustav Fischer 41-60 Journal Article Hödl, Walter 1990 An analysis of foam nest construction in the neotropical frog Physalaemus ephippifer (Leptodactylidae) Copiea 1990 2 547-554 Journal Article Hödl, Walter 1991 Phrynohyas resinifictrix (Hylidae, Anura) - Calling behaviour Wiss Film (Wien) 42 63-70 Journal Article Hödl, Walter 1991 Arboreal oviposition in the neotropical treefrogs Hyla brevifrons and Hyla sarayacuensis (Anura: Hylidae) Wiss Film (Wien) 42 53-62 Journal Article Hödl, Walter 1992 Reproductive behaviour in the neotropical foam-nesting frog Pleurodema diplolistris (Leptodactylidae) Amphibia-Reptilia 13 263-274 Journal Article Hraoui Bloquet, S.;Exbrayat, J. M. 1992 Embryonic development of the digestive tract in Typhlonectes compressicaudus (Dumeril and Bibron, 1841), a viviparous gymnophionan amphibia Annales Des Sciences Naturelles Zoologie Et Biologie Animale 13 1 11-23 Yolk Platelet; Liver; Vitellin An histological study of the digestive tract of Typhlonectes compressicaudus embryos from stages 23 to 33 has shown the evolution of its different parts. The vitellin vesicle which is present at the early stages is completely resorbed at the stage 26. The oesophagial epithelium is initially undifferentiated. At the stage 26, its median and posterior parts are covered with ciliated and mucous cells. At the stage 31, goblet cells are observed in its anterior part. At the earliest stages, the gastric epithelium is constituted of mucous cells, and glands appear after the stage 30. In the intestine we observe a distinction between the stages 23 to 26 with a vitellin vesicle, and the stages 27 to 33 without the vitellin vesicle which is resorbed. At the earliest stages, yolk platelets are observed into the epithelial cells of the anterior part. In the median part, the vitellin vesicle constitutes the venteral epithelium. In the posterior part, appear cells of two different types on the ventral and dorsal walls. At the stage 26, enterocytes and goblet cells appear when the vitellin vesicle is resorbed. A new pluristratified epithelium is observed from the stage 31. In the liver, glycogenic reserves are important at the stage 26. Yolk platelets, erythrocytes, isolated cells and secretions which probably comes from the uterine wall are observed in the pharynx, oesophagus and stomach of the embryos at the stages 26 to 30. At the stages 31 to 33, the whole lumen, from the mouth to the cloaca is full of voluminous masses constituted of yolk platelets and degenerative cells, which suggest embryonic structures. Mouth and cloaca open at the stage 23. The digestive tract of Typhlonectes compressicaudus seems to be functional in the early embryonic stages. It certainly makes an important contribution to the exchanges between the intra-uterine embryos and the mother. Journal Article Huang, C. F.;Sih., A. 1990 Experimental studies on behaviorally mediated, indirect interactions through a shared predator. Ecology 71 1515-1522 Journal Article Huang, C. F.;Sih., A. 1991 Experimental studies of direct and indirect interactions in a three trophic-level stream system Oecologia 85 530-536 Journal Article Huang, C. F.;Sih., A. 1991 An experimental study on the effects of salamander larvae on isopods in stream pools Freshw. Biol. 25 451-459 Journal Article Huang, Meihua;Cao, Yumin;Zhu, Fengxue;Qu, Yunfang 1992 Female reproductive cycle and embrionic development of the Chinese mamushi (Agkistrodon blomhoffii brevicaudus) Asiatic Herpetological Research 4 62-67 reprodction embryonic development Journal Article Huchzer*meyer, F.W.;Huchzermeyer, K.D.A.;Putterill, J.F. 1990 Observations on a field outbreak of pox virus infection in young nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) Tydskr.S.Afr.vet.Ver. 62 1 27-29 Reptilia, crocodylia, Crocodylus niloticus, infection, virus, pox. Reprint Endnote 93/709 Journal Article Huchzer*meyer, K.D.A. 1991 Treatment and control of an outbreak of salmonellosis in hatchling nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) Tydskr.S.Afr.vet.Ver. 62 1 23-25 Reptilia, crocodylia, Crocodylis niloticus, infection, bacteria, salmonella, therapy All (about 2000) crocodiles recieved first injections with kanamycin on alternating days for 8 days(20 mg/kg Bw) Ambient temp. was adjusted at 29 oC. Holding pens were cleaned (scrubbed with 0,1% Teepol) and disinfected with 2 % formalin followed by throrough rinsing before the animals were returned in the pens. at the onset of treatment and subsequently on a daily basis during treatment. Severely affected specimen were isolated and force fed a liquid diet consisting of egg, liver and a mineral and vitamin premix. All animals were vaccinated with an inactivated commercial calf paratyphoid vaccine (0,2 ml per croc.) at the onset of treatment and again one month later. The initial treatment was followed by a 30-week period of in-feed medication with oxytetracycline (to obtain a dose of 75 mg/kg body mass) . All food containing minced meat was heated to 80 oC for a period of 10 min and allowed to cool slowly. Following year`s hatchlings were fed heat treated meat, which they preferred to raw meat. By 3 months post hatching crocs were exceptionally healthy. Reprint Vet. Path. Spec. Anim. 91/215 Journal Article Huchzermeyer, F.W.;Huchzermeyer, K.D.A.;Putterill, J.F. 1990 Observations on a field outbreak of pox virus infection in young nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) Tydskr.S.Afr.vet.Ver. 62 1 27-29 Reptilia, crocodylia, Crocodylus niloticus, infection, virus, pox. Journal Article Huchzermeyer, K.D.A. 1991 Treatment and control of an outbreak of salmonellosis in hatchling nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) Tydskr.S.Afr.vet.Ver. 62 1 23-25 Reptilia, crocodylia, Crocodylis niloticus, infection, bacteria, salmonella, therapy All (about 2000) crocodiles recieved first injections with kanamycin on alternating days for 8 days(20 mg/kg Bw) Ambient temp. was adjusted at 29 oC. Holding pens were cleaned (scrubbed with 0,1% Teepol) and disinfected with 2 % formalin followed by throrough rinsing before the animals were returned in the pens. at the onset of treatment and subsequently on a daily basis during treatment. Severely affected specimen were isolated and force fed a liquid diet consisting of egg, liver and a mineral and vitamin premix. All animals were vaccinated with an inactivated commercial calf paratyphoid vaccine (0,2 ml per croc.) at the onset of treatment and again one month later. The initial treatment was followed by a 30-week period of in-feed medication with oxytetracycline (to obtain a dose of 75 mg/kg body mass) . All food containing minced meat was heated to 80 oC for a period of 10 min and allowed to cool slowly. Following year`s hatchlings were fed heat treated meat, which they preferred to raw meat. By 3 months post hatching crocs were exceptionally healthy Journal Article Huchzermeyer, F. W.;Huchzermeyer, K. D.;Putterill, J. F. 1991 Observations on a field outbreak of pox virus infection in young Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) J S Afr Vet Assoc 62 1 27-9 *Alligators and Crocodiles; Animal; Case Report; Disease Outbreaks/*veterinary; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Poxviridae Infections/microbiology/*veterinary A field outbreak of pox virus infection in juvenile Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus), in which high morbidity and negligible mortality occurred, is described. Histopathological examination of the skin lesions revealed numerous large intracytoplasmic inclusions in the dermis and a very mild dermal inflammatory reaction. Scanning electron microscopical examination of the skin revealed the presence of large numbers of virus particles in the inclusions. Skin lesions persisted for 5 to 6 months. Journal Article Huchzermeyer, K. D. 1991 Treatment and control of an outbreak of salmonellosis in hatchling Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) J S Afr Vet Assoc 62 1 23-5 *Alligators and Crocodiles/microbiology; Animal; Case Report; Disease Outbreaks/*veterinary; Kanamycin/*therapeutic use; Salmonella Infections, Animal/*drug therapy/prevention & control The therapeutic and managemental steps taken to bring a severe outbreak of salmonellosis in Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) under control are described. All the crocodiles were initially given intramuscular injections with kanamycin on alternating days for 8 d, coupled with adjustment of the ambient temperature to 29 degrees C. The holding pens were cleaned and disinfected with 2% formalin at the onset of treatment. Daily scrubbing and disinfection was continued throughout the treatment period. Severely affected crocodiles were separated and force-fed a liquid diet. All crocodiles were vaccinated with an inactivated calf paratyphoid vaccine 10 d after the onset of treatment and again one month later. The initial treatment was followed by a 30- week period of in-feed medication with oxytetracycline. Response to the initial treatment was dramatic, although some mortalities still occurred in the force-fed group for one month. The following year's hatchlings were fed heat-treated meat from first feeding onwards to avoid the possibility of introducing Salmonella spp. via the feed. Book Section Huchzermeyer, F.W.;Penrith, M.-L. 1992 Crocodilian riddles Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0132-5. 177-182 Book Section Huchzermeyer, F.W.;Verster, A.;Putterill, J.F. 1992 Parasites of captive and farmed crocodiles in South Africa Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0132-5. 176 Journal Article Hudelson, S.;Hudelson, P. 1992 Case report of Gentamycin toxicity in a captive common Boa (Boa constrictor) The Vivarium 3 5 24-26 serp,vet,bakt PF x Journal Article Hudleson, Stormy;Hudleson, Paul 1992 Case report of Gentamicin toxicity in a captive common boa (Boa constrictor) Vivarium 3 5 24-26 Boa constrictor; Gentamicin toxicity Book Section Hudson, Richard R. 1990 Gene genealogies and the coalescent process Futuyma, D. and Antonovics, J. Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology Oxford University Press 7 1-44 Journal Article Huey, Raymond B.;Dunham, Arthur E.;Overall, Karen L.;Newman, Robert A. 1990 Variation in locomotor performance in demographically known populations of the lizard Sceloporus merriami Physiological Zoology 63 5 845-872 Journal Article Hughes, G. 1990 Captive breeding of black-headed pythons (Aspidites melanocephalus) Herpetofauna 20 2 5-6 Aspidites melanocephalus Journal Article Hulse, Arthur C. 1992 Dipsosaurus, D. dorsalis Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 542 1-6 Journal Article Hung, Silas SO;M, Groff Joseph;B, Lutes Paul;F, Kofi Fynn-Aikins; 1990 Hepatic and intestinal histology of juvenile white sturgeon fed different carbohydrates. Aquaculture 87 3/4 349-360 carbohydrate metabolism/culture/propagation/diets/digestive system/histology/liver/nutrition/physiology/warmwater Book Section Hunt, R.H. 1990 A surveillance method for monitoring alligator nests Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8327-0022-1 xvi + 354 pp. 241-249 Book Section Hunt, R.H. 1990 Aggressive behavior of adult alligators, Alligator mississippiensis, toward subadults in Okefenokee swamp Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0008-6 xvii + 399 pp. 360-372 Journal Article Hunt, R.H.;Ogden, J.J. 1991 Selected aspects of the nesting ecology of American alligators in the Okefenokee swamp J. Herpetol. 25 4 448-453 AM, nest, reproduction, ecology, Journal Article Hunt, R. H.;Ogden, J. J. 1991 Selected aspects of the nesting ecology of American alligators in Okefenokee Swamp Journal of Herpetology 24 4 448-453 33, Alligator, nesting, Okefenokee Journal Article Hunt, T.L.;Gilchrist, S. 1991 Preliminary survey of commensals associated with Caretta caretta Am. Zool. 31 5 124A Book Section Hunt, R.H.;Tamarack, J. 1992 Cox lagoon: A preserve for Crocodylus moreletii in Belize? Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0132-5. 183-193 Journal Article Hutchinson, M. N. 1990 The generic classification of the Australian terrestrial elapid snakes Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29 2 397-405 Book Hutchinson, J.;Simmonds, M. 1991 A review of the effects of pollution on marine turtles Greenpeace International Journal Article Hutchinson, J.;Simmonds, M. 1992 Escalation of threats to marine turtles Oryx 26 2 95-102 conservation; loggerhead; green Journal Article Hutchison, J.H. 1991 Early Kinosterninae (Reptilia: Testudines) and their phylogenetic significance J. Vertebrate Paleo. 11 2 145-167 Book Section Hutchison, V. H.;Dupre, R. K. 1992 Thermoregulation Burggren, M. E. Feder and W. Environmental physiology of the Amphibia Chicago Univ. of Chicago Press 206-249 Amphibian, physiology, temperature, thermoregulation Journal Article Hutson, J.C. 1992 Development of Cytoplasmic Digitations Between Leydig Cells and Testicular Macrophages of the Rat Cell and Tissue Research 267 2 385-389 FOLLICLE-STIMULATING-HORMONE, INTERSTITIAL-TISSUE, FINE-STRUCTURE, FC-RECEPTORS, LYMPH-NODE, ULTRASTRUCTURE, CULTURE, TESTIS JC Hutson, Texas Tech Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Cell Biol & Anat, Lubbock, TX 79430 Book Section Hutton, J.M. 1990 Crocodile exploitation in southern-central Africa Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0008-6 xvii + 399 pp. 385-394 Book Section Hutton, J.M. 1990 Recent developments in crocodile conservation and management in east, central and southern Africa, and the contribution of the IUCN/SSC Crocodile Specialist Group Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0008-6 xvii + 399 pp. 373-384 Book Section Hutton, J.M.;Behra, O. 1992 Conservation strategy for crocodilians in Africa Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0132-5. 197-200 Book Section Hutton, J.M. 1992 Humane killing of crocodilians Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0132-5. 194-196 Journal Article Ibarra-Vidal, H.;Ortiz, J. C. 1990 Nuevos registros y amplicacion de la distribucion geografica de algunas tortugas marinas en Chile Bol. Soc. Biol. Concepcion. Chile 61 149-151 reptiles, turtles, distribution, Journal Article Ibrahim, R. H.;Platt, J. E. 1991 Reduced calcium and inhibition of protein kinase C mimic the enhancement of ornithine decarboxylase activity of prolactin in Ambystoma tigrinum tissues J Exp Zool 260 2 202-9 Ambystoma; Animal; Calcium/*metabolism; Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology; Edetic Acid/pharmacology; In Vitro; Liver/metabolism; Ornithine Decarboxylase/*metabolism; Prolactin/*physiology; Protein Kinase C/*antagonists & inhibitors; Skin/metabolism; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't We previously reported that prolactin (PRL) could increase the activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in liver slices taken from larval tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum). This action of the hormone was inhibited by oxytocin (OT), the calcium ionophore A23187, and diacyglycerol (DG) and was duplicated by 10 microM verapamil (VML), a calcium channel blocker. Here, we expand these results to show that 1) a higher dose of VML (50 microM) produces an additive effect with PRL; 2) addition of small amounts of calcium (0.1 mM) to the liver culture medium blocks PRL action; 3) neither nifedipine (NIF), a different type of calcium channel blocker, nor EDTA alter PRL action; and 4) gossypol, a reported inhibitor of protein kinase C, mimics PRL action. Additionally, we show that PRL increases ODC activity in tiger salamander tail skin in vitro, a tissue previously demonstrated to be a PRL target tissue in this species. The same set of treatments which we have shown to modify PRL effects on ODC in liver slices affects PRL action in the tail skin in a parallel manner. Thus, the mechanism whereby PRL enhances ODC activity appears to be the same in both these tissues. These results are discussed in conjunction with the findings from similar studies using mammalian tissues in an attempt to assess the current picture of the mechanism of PRL action and the possible role of inositol phospholipid turnover, calcium, and protein kinase C in the action of this hormone. Journal Article Ikai, A.;Kikuchi, M.;Nishigai, M. 1990 Internal structure of ovomacroglobulin studied by electron microscopy J Biol Chem 265 14 8280-4 alpha-Macroglobulins; *Alligators and Crocodiles; Animal; Chymotrypsin; Comparative Study; Dithiothreitol; Human; *Macroglobulins; Macromolecular Systems; *Microscopy, Electron; Phthalic Anhydrides; *Protease Inhibitors; Protein Conformation; *Reptiles; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't As a model for the molecular structure of proteins belonging to the alpha 2-macroglobulin family, ovomacroglobulin of reptilian origin was studied by electron microscopy in the original tetrameric form as well as in the dissociated forms into half- and quarter molecules. The following aspects of the molecular internal structure which had previously not been known for the homologous human alpha 2- macroglobulin or chicken ovomacroglobulin were revealed. First, the negatively stained tetrameric native protein gave an appearance of a collection of four semi-circular strings placed on the four corners of a molecule. They were connected to each other in the center of a molecule through a set of globular domains which formed a cross-figured subunit contact region. Second, two kinds of active half-molecules prepared either by the reduction of intersubunit disulfide bonds or by the disruption of noncovalent subunit interface had similarly elongated forms having semi-circular units on the two ends, indicating quasi- equivalent subunit arrangement in the two kinds of half-molecules. We thus concluded that the structure of native ovomacroglobulin can be represented by four circular strings each equipped with an extra domain to form the central intersubunit contact region. The results may also be adapted to the internal structure of human alpha 2-macroglobulin because it was sometimes possible to observe similar ring-like internal structure in the human protein. Edited Book Imamura, C. K. 1992 Brown Tree Snake (Boiga irregularis Reader's Guide Honolulu Pacific Basin Development Council 38 Journal Article Ineich, Ivan;Bauer, Aaron M. 1991 Nouvelles données sur la date d'arrivée du premier serpent terrestre en Nouvelle Calédonie Bull. Soc. Herp. Fr. 59 49-50 Ramphotyphlops braminus New Caladonia Journal Article Ineich, I.;Tellier, J. M. 1992 A Supralabial Gland with an External Aperture in the Genus Echis (Reptilia, Viperidae), a Unique Case Among Snakes (in french) (with abridged English version) C R Acad Sci [iii] 315 2 49-53 Reptilia, serpentes, viperidae, Echis carinatus, anatomy, supralabial gland An external aperture was located on the lower half of the last supralabial scale. Histologic examination will be carried out in future. The gland is restricted to members of the genus Echis and id consideres as indicative for the monophyly of the genus. Journal Article Ineich, Ivan;Ota, Hidetoshi 1992 Additional remarks on the unisexual-bisexual complex of the gecko, Lepidodactylus lugubris, in Takapoto Atol, French Polynesia Bulletin of the College of Science, University of the Ryukyus 53 31-39 Journal Article Ineich, Ivan 1992 La parthenogenese chez les Gekkonidae (Reptilia, Lacertilia): Origine et evolution Bulletin de la société Zoologique de France 117 3 253-266 Journal Article Inger, Robert F. 1990 Current herpetology in east Asia Copeia 1990 3 902-903 Book Inger, Robert F. 1990 The Systematics and Zoogeography of the Amphibia of Borneo Sabah Lun Hing Trading Co. 402 Journal Article Inger, R. F.;Tan., F. L. 1990 Recently discovered and newly assigned frog larvae (Ranidae and Rhacophoridae) from Borneo Raffles Bull. Zool. 38 3-9 Journal Article Inger, R. F.;Wassersug., R. J. 1990 A centrolenid-like anuran larvae from southeast Asia Zool. Sci. 7 557-561 Journal Article Inger, Robert F.;Zhao, Ermi;Schaffer, H. Bradley;Wu, Guanfu 1990 Report on a collection of amphibians and reptiles from Sichuan, China Fieldiana - Zoology 58 1-24 Journal Article Inger, Robert F. ;Stuebing, Robert B. 1991 A new species of frog of the genus Leptobrachella Smith (Anura: Pelobatidae), with a key to the species from Borneo Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 39 99-103 Amphibia, anura, Megophryidae, Megophryinae, pelobatidae, Leptobrachella baluensis, Leptobrachella parva, Leptobrachella palmata, Leptobrachella serasanae, Leptobrachella mjobergi, Leptobrachella brevicrus, new species, species description, key, Borneo Journal Article Inger, Robert F.;Stuebing, Robert B. 1992 The Montane Amphibian Fauna of Northwestern Borneo Malayan Nature Journal 46 41-51 Amphibian, anura, Mount Kinabalu, ecology, distribution, communities, Ranidae, Ansonia, Philautus, Rhacophoridae, Rhacophorus, conservation, Sinsuran, Crocker Range, Mt. Lumaku, Mt. Mulu, Amlops, Bufo, Calluella, Chaperina, Kalophrynus, Leptobrachella brevicrus, Leptobrachella mjobergi, Leptobrachella parva, Leptobrachium montanum, Leptolalax gracilis, Leptolalax dringi, Leptophryne, Megophrys baluensis, Megophrys nasuta, Metaphrynella, Mecrizalus, Mecrohyla, Nyctixalus, Occidozyga, Phrynoglossus, Pedostibes, Philautus, Pelophyryne, Polypedates, Rana, Rhacophorus, Staurois, Amolops, Ansonia, kalophrynus, Leptobrachella, montane, Megophryidae, Megophryinae, Leptobrachium, Journal Article Inger, R. F. 1992 A bimodal feeding system in a stream-dwelling larva of Rhacophorus from Borneo Copeia 3 887-890 tadpoles, Anura, Amphibia, southeast Asia, feeding Journal Article Inger, R. F. 1992 Variation of apomorphic characters in stream-dwelling tadpoles of the bufonid genus Ansonia (Amphibia, Anura) Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 105 225-237 Journal Article Ingerman, R. L. 1992 Maternal-fetal oxygen transfer in lower vertebrates American Zoologist 32 322-330 Journal Article Ingermann, R.L. 1992 Maternal-Fetal Oxygen Transfer in Lower Vertebrates Am Zool 32 2 322-330 SNAKE THAMNOPHIS-ELEGANS; BLOOD; AFFINITY; HEMOGLOBIN; 2,3-DIPHOSPHOGLYCERATE; TRANSPORT; PREGNANCY; EMBRYOS; CELLS; GAS Journal Article Ingersol, C. A.;R. F. Wilkinson, C. L. Peterson;Ingersol., R. H. 1991 Histology of the reproductive organs of Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (Caudata: Cryptobranchidae) in Missouri Southwest Naturalist 36 60-66 Journal Article Ingram, G. J. 1990 Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Proceedings of the Australian Bicentennial Herpetological Society 29 2 ii + 299-540 Journal Article Ingram, Glen J.;Covacevich, J. A. 1990 Tropidonotus mairii vs. Bufo marinus Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29 2 396 Journal Article Ingram, Glen J.;Czechura, Gregory V. 1990 Four new species of striped skinks from Queensland Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29 2 407-410 Ctenotus nullum n. sp.; Ctenotus hypatia n. sp.; Ctenotus terrareginae n. sp.; Ctenotus aphrodite n. sp. Edited Book Ingram, Glen J. 1990 Proceedings of the Australian Bicentennial Herpetological Society 29(2) Memiors of the Queensland Museum ii, 299-540 Edited Book Ingram, Glen J.;Raven, Robert J. 1991 An Atlas of Queensland's Frogs, Reptiles, Birds & Mammals Brisbane, QLD Queensland Museum 391 Journal Article Inokuchi, T.;Kobayashi, K. I.;Horiuchi., S. 1991 Acid proteinases of the fore-gut in metamorphosing tadpoles of Rana catesbeiana Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 99B 653-662 Journal Article Iordanskii, N. N. 1991 Jaw musculature and the problem of phylogenetic relations of the Lissamphibia Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 70 1 50-62 Anura; Urodela; Apoda; First Dorsal Constrictor; Jaw Adductor; Larva Structure of the muscles supplied by the V and VII nerves is considered in the Anura, Urodela and Apoda. Derivatives of the 1st dorsal constrictor and the jaw adductors show significant resemblances in the Anura and Urodela. That argues in favour of close phylogenetical relations of these groups. Jaw muscles of the Apoda reveal combination of the primitive features and specific specializations. Relations of the jaw adductors to the main branches of the V nerve way considerably in the different species and even in the different specimens of certain species of the Anura. The specific position of the mandibular branch of V nerve in the Anura is determined by peculiarities of the specialized jaw apparatus in larvae. This character is not valid for homologization of jaw adductors. The homologies and nomenclature of jaw muscles in the Anura are re-considered. Only the articular adductor is homologues to the posterior adductor, while the long adductor is homologues to the m. pseudotemporalis superficialis of the Urodela. Book Iordansky, N. N. 1990 [Evolution of Complex Adaptations: Jaw Apparatus of Amphibians and Reptiles] Moscow Nauka 312 Journal Article Ireland, Patrick H. 1991 A simplified fluorescent marking technique for identification of terrestrial salamanders Herpetological Review 22 1 21-22 dye marking Journal Article Ireland, P. H. 1991 Separate effects of acid-derived anions and cations on growth in larval salamanders of Ambystoma maculatum Copeia 1991 132-137 Book Isabekova, S. B. 1990 [Thermobiology of Reptiles] Alma-Ata 144 Journal Article Isabekova, S. B.;Karjagina, N. M.;Muntina, D. U. 1991 About the role of the adrenergic regulation in the resistance of Agrionemys horsfieldi (Reptilia, Testudinae) to hyperthermia Herpetological Researches 1 130-138 Agrionemys horsfieldi; Testudo horsfieldi; Adrenal gland Journal Article Ishizuya-Oka, A.;Shimozawa., A. 1990 Changes in lectin-binding pattern in the digestive tract of Xenopus laevis during metamorphosis. II. Small intestine. Journal of Morphology 205 9-15 Journal Article Iverson, John B. 1990 Kinosternon alamosae Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 460 1-3 Journal Article Iverson, John B.;Graham, Terry E. 1990 Geographic variation in the redbelly turtle, Pseudemys rubiventris (Reptilia: Testudines) Annals of Carnegie Museum 59 1 1-13 Geographic variation; Pseudemys rubiventris Journal Article Iverson, J. B.;Graham, T. E. 1990 Geographic variation in the redbelly turtle, Pseudemys rubriventris (Reptilia: Testudines) Annals of Carnegie Museum 59 1 1-13 reptiles, morphology, Journal Article Iverson, J. B. 1990 Nesting and parental care in the mud turtle, Kinosternon flavescens Canadian Journal of Zoology 68 230-233 reptiles, reproduction, behavior, Journal Article Iverson, J. B. 1990 Kinosternon alamosae Berry and Legler Alamos mud turtle Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 460 1-3 reptiles, distribution, description, account Journal Article Iverson, J. B. 1990 Sex ratios in snakes: a cautionary note Copeia 1990 2 571-573 reptiles, Journal Article Iverson, J.B. 1990 Patterns of survivorship in turtles (order Testudines) Canadian Journal of Zoology 69 385-391 survivorship Journal Article Iverson, John B. 1991 Phylogenetic hypotheses for the evolution of modern Kinosternine turtles Herpetological Monographs 5 1-27 Journal Article Iverson, J. B. 1991 Phylogenetic hypothesis for the evolution of modern Kinosternine turtles Herpetological Monographs 5 1-27 reptiles, taxonomy, Journal Article Iverson, J. B.;Barthelmess, E. L.;Smith, G. R.;deRivera, C. E. 1991 Growth and reproduction in the mud turtle Kinosternon hirtipes in Chihuahua, Mexico Journal of Herpetology 25 1 64-72 reptiles, dimorphism, clutch size, body size, eggs, relative clutch mass Journal Article Iverson, J. B. 1991 Patterns of survivorship in turtles (order Testudines) Canadian Journal of Zoology 69 385-391 reptiles, demography, comparative, review Journal Article Iverson, J.B. 1991 Phylogenetic hypotheses for the evolution of modern kinosternine turtles Herpetol. Monogr. 5 1-27 Journal Article Iverson, J.B. 1991 Life History and Demography of the Yellow Mud Turtle, Kinosternon flavescens Herpetologica 47 4 373-395 Book Iverson, John 1992 A Revised Checklist With Distribution Maps of the Turtles of the World Richmond, IN John B. Iverson 363 Book Iverson, John B. 1992 A Revised Checklist with Distribution Maps of the Turtles of the World Richmond, IN Privately Published 363 Journal Article Iverson, John B. 1992 Correlates of reproductive output in turtles (Order Testudines) Herpetological Monographs 6 25-42 Journal Article Iverson, J. B. 1992 Species richness maps of the freshwater and terrestrial turtles of the world Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 88 1-18 12, turtles, species richness, geographic, distribution Book Iverson, J.B. 1992 A revised checklist with distribution maps of the turtles of the world Richmond, IN Earlham College (privately printed) Journal Article Iverson, J.B. 1992 Correlates of reproductive output in turtles (order Testudines) Herpetoloical Monographs 6 25-42 Reproductive Journal Article Iwasaki, Shin-ichi 1992 Fine structure of the dorsal epithelium of the tongue of the freshwater turtle, Geoclemys reevisii (Chelonia, Emydae) J. Morphol. 211 125-135 Reptilia, testudines, Emydinae,turtle, Geoclemys reevisii, anatomy, histology, EM, tongue Reprint Endnote 94/182 Journal Article Jackson, O. 1990 Diagnosis and treatment of diseases in captive chelonians Testudo 3 2 9-17 testu,vet,vit,meth WP,PF x Journal Article Jackson, J.F. 1990 Evidence for chemosensor-mediated predator avoidance in musk turtles Copeia 1990 2 557-560 Sternotherus Journal Article Jackson, D. R. 1991 Life history notes: Trionyx ferox (Florida softshell). Reproduction Herpetol. Rev. 22 56 Apalone ferox Journal Article Jackson, D.R. 1991 Multiple clutches and nesting behavior in the Gulf Coast box turtle Fla. Sci. 19 14-16 Terrapene carolina major Journal Article Jacobsen, N. H. G. 1990 The herpetofauna and other creatures Fauna & Flora (South Africa) 47 22-26 Book Section Jacobsen, T.;Kushlan, J.A. 1990 Alligator nest flooding in the southern Everglades: a methodology for management Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 153-166 Journal Article Jacobsen, N. H. G. 1992 The status of Agama aculeata armata Peters 1854, (Reptilia: Agamidae) J. Herpetol. Assoc. Afr. 41 30-34 Transvaal, reptiles, lizards, taxonomy Journal Article Jacobsen, N. H. G. 1992 New Lygodactylus taxa (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) from the Transvaal Bonn. zool. Beitr. 43 4 527-542 reptiles, lizards, description, morphology Journal Article Jacobson, E.R.;Telford, S.R. 1990 Chlamydial and Poxvirus in fections of circulating monocytes of a flap -necked chameleon (Chamaeleo dilepis) J. Wildlife dis. 26 4 572-577 Reptilia, sauria, Chamaeleonidae, Ch. dilepis, infection, virus, pox, bacteria, chlamydia Blood-films revaled intracytoplasmic inclusions within monocytes. A chameleon euthanized in a terminal stage showed either one or both types of inclusions in the monocytes and in macrophages of the liver and spleen. TEm showed a pox-like virus and chlamydia. Reprint Vet. Path Spec. Anim. 90/215 Conference Proceedings Jacobson, E.R.;Gaskin, J.M. 1990 Clinicopathologic investigation on an upper respiratory disease of free-ranging desert tortoises, Xerobates agassizii "x" Journal Article JACOBSON, E.R.;GARDINER, C.H. 1990 Adeno-like virus in esophageal and tracheal mucosa of a Jackson's chameleon (Chameleo jacksoni) Vet. Pathol. 27 210-212 Reptilia, sauria, chameleonidae, Jackson's chameleon, infection, virus, adenovirus Histopath. revealed proliferation of the epithelial ling, with eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions. EM demonstrated an adenovirus. Reprint Vet. Path. Spec. Anim. 90/70 Journal Article Jacobson, E.R.;Telford, S.R. 1990 Chlamydial and Poxvirus infections of circulating monocytes of a flap -necked chameleon (Chamaeleo dilepis) J. Wildlife dis. 26 4 572-577 Reptilia, sauria, Chamaeleonidae, Ch. dilepis, infection, virus, pox, bacteria, chlamydia Blood-films revaled intracytoplasmic inclusions within monocytes. A chameleon euthanized in a terminal stage showed either one or both types of inclusions in the monocytes and in macrophages of the liver and spleen. TEm showed a pox-like virus and chlamydia. Journal Article Jacobson, Elliot R.;Gaskin, J. M.;Brown, M. B.;Harris, R. K.;Gardiner, C. H.;LaPointe, J. L.;Adams, H. P.;Reggiardo, C. 1991 Chronic upper respiratory tract disease of free-ranging desert tortoises (Xerobates agassizii) Journal of wildlife Diseases 27 2 296-316 gopherus URDS Journal Article Jacobson, Elliott R. 1991 Shell necrosis in the desert tortoise population at Chuckwalla Bench, Riverside County California [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 325 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Jacobson, Elliott R.;Wronski, Thomas J. 1991 Health assessment of tortoises [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 326 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Jacobson, Elliott R.;Gaskin, Jack M. 1991 Clinicopathologic investigations on an upper respiratory disease of free-ranging desert tortoises, Gopherus agassizii [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 188 Gopherus agassizii Conference Proceedings Jacobson, E.R. 1991 Upper respiratory disease in tortoises 68-69 In 1988 desert tortoises (X. agassizzii) were found in their habitat in California U.S.A. showing upper espiratory tract disease(URTD). 42% of 468 live tortoises showed signs. 17 Animals were examined and revealed Mycoplasma sp in the nose. The infection has possibly been introduced in the wild. Journal Article JACOBSON, E.R.;HOMER, B.;ADAMS, W. 1991 Endocarditis and congestive heart failure in a Burmese python (Python molurus bivittatus) J. Zoo & Wildl. Med. 22 2 245-248 Reptilia, serpentes, snake, python, infection, therapy, gentamycin, gout, Salmonella arizona, Corynebacterium Journal Article JACOBSON, E.R.;GASKIN, J.M.;FLANAGAN, J.P.;ODUM, R.A. 1991 Antibody responses of western diamondback rattlesnakees (Crotalus atrox) to inactivated ophidian paramyxovirus vaccines J. Zoo & Wildl. Med. 22 2 184-190 reptilia, squamata, serpentes, viperidae, crotalinae, Crotalus, infection, virus, paramyxovirus, immunology, vaccination Reprint Endnote 93/414 Journal Article Jacobson, E.R.;Buergelt, C.;Williams, B.;Harris, R.K. 1991 Herpesvirus in cutaneous fibropapillomas of the green turtle Chelonia mydas Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 12 1 1-6 Reptilia, testudines, green turtle, Chelonia mydas, infection, virus, herpes, ER Jacobson,Univ Florida,Coll Vet Med,Gainesville, FL 32610 Journal Article Jacobson, E.R., Buergelt, C.,Williams, B.,Harris, R.K., 1991 Herpesvirus in Cutaneous Fibropapillomas of the Green Turtle Chelonia-Mydas Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 12 1 1-6 NORTHERN AUSTRALIA, MARINE TURTLES, INFECTION, DISEASES ER Jacobson,Univ Florida,Coll Vet Med,Gainesville, FL 32610 Journal Article Jacobson, E.R.;Buergelt, C., Williams, B.,Harris, R.K., 1991 Herpesvirus in Cutaneous Fibropapillomas of the Green Turtle Chelonia-Mydas Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 12 1 1-6 NORTHERN AUSTRALIA, MARINE TURTLES, INFECTION, DISEASES ER Jacobson,Univ Florida,Coll Vet Med,Gainesville, FL 32610 Book Section Jacobson, Elliott R.;Gaskin, Jack M. 1992 Paramyxovirus infection of viperid snakes Campbell, J. A. and Brodie, E. D., Jr. Biology of the Pit vipers Tyler Texas Selva 415-419 disease Report Jacobson, Elliott 1992 The desert tortoise and upper respiratory tract disease Journal Article Jacobson, Elliott R.;Collins, Bobby R.;Fuerst, Isabella M.;Brown, Mary B.;Klein, Paul A.;Harris, Richard K. 1992 Clinicopathic evaluations on desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) with upper respiratory tract disease Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 47 Journal Article Jacobson, E.R.;Schumacher, J.;Green, M. 1992 Field and clinical techniques for sampling and handling blood for hematologic and selected biochemical determinations in the Desert tortoise, Xerobates agassizii. Copeia 1992 1 237-241 Reptilia, testudines, Xerobates agassizii, blood, collection, puncture, biochemistry Journal Article JACOBSON, E. R.;GASKIN, J. M.;WELLS, S.;BOWLER, K.;SCHUMACHER, J. 1992 Epizootic of ophidian paramyxovirus in a zoological collection - pathological, microbiological, and serological findings J Zoo Wildlife Med 23 3 318-327 Reptilia, serpentes, snake, infection, virus, paramyxovirus, serology, pathology During an epizootic in a zoological collection, 26 of 42 viperid and nonviperid snakes that were necropsied had pathological findings consistent with ophidian paramyoxvirus (OPMV) infection. Clinical sips of illness included regurgitation, mucoid stools, and signs of central nervous system disease; no sips of respiratory disease were observed. At necropsy, gross abnormalities were primarily limited to the lungs and livers. Lungs were often hemorrhagic and consolidated and contained exudate. In the livers, white nodules were seen diffusely on the surface and throughout the parenchyma. Major microscopic findings included a proliferative interstitial pneumonia, pyogranulomatous hepatitis and/or hepatic necrosis, and loss of pancreatic cytoarchitecture. Microbiological isolates from lungs and livers of dead snakes consisted primarily of gram- negative organisms, with Pseudomonas spp., Morganella morganii, and Salmonella arizonae most frequently cultured. Ophidian paramyxovirus was isolated from tissues of five snakes, and a serological survey of 31 snakes over a 1-yr period identified 12 with OPMV titers > 1 : 10. In those snakes with initially high antibodies, titers declined to lower values over a 3-4-mo period. Book Jacobson, Elliott 1992 The desert tortoise and upper respiratory tract disease BLM-CA-PT-93-004-6840 Bureau of Land Management 4 gopherus agassizi disease Book Section Jaeger, Robert G. 1990 Territorial salamanders evaluate size and chitinous content of arthropod prey Hughes, Roger N. Behavioural Mechanisms of Food Selection London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Berlin Heidelberg New York Springer-Verlag 111-126 territorial, salamanders, chitinous, arthropod, behavior, food selection Journal Article Jaeger, R. G. 1991 Diet diversity and clutch size of aquatic and terrestrial salamanders Oecologia 48 190-193 Journal Article Jahoda, J.C. 1990 Observations on a population of black caimans (Melanosuchus niger) in Amazonian Ecuador Vida Silvestre Neotropical 2 2 79-81 MN, ecology, Journal Article Jain, S.;Roper, S. D. 1991 Immunocytochemistry of gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, serotonin, and histamine in Necturus taste buds J Comp Neurol 307 4 675-82 Animal; Glutamates/*analysis; GABA/*analysis; Histamine/*analysis; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Necturus maculosus; Serotonin/*analysis; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Taste Buds/*chemistry Little information is currently available about which neurotransmitters are involved in signal processing in the peripheral sensory organs of taste, taste buds. Synaptic contacts between taste cells and sensory axons have long been known to exist, but what substances are active at these synapses is not known. Our objective in this study was to test for the presence of the neurotransmitter candidates, GABA, glutamate, serotonin, and histamine in taste buds of Necturus maculosus. Light microscopic immunocytochemical techniques were used to investigate the location of these substances in taste buds and surrounding epithelium. GABA and glutamate were detected in nerve fibers that innervate the taste buds, and, to a substantially lesser extent, in fine, varicose axons that penetrated the surrounding nontaste epithelium. Serotonin immunostaining was strong in basal cells in frog taste discs but was only faintly detected in Necturus taste buds. Histamine was not detected at all in taste buds. We conclude that amino acid neurotransmission may be involved in taste mechanisms and that monoamines may also play a role in chemosensory transduction in the taste bud. On the basis of our inability to detect histamine with immunocytochemical techniques, we conclude that this substance is unlikely to be a major neurotransmitter in Necturus taste buds. Journal Article Jakob, W.;W., Tscherner;F., Dathe 1990 Lungparasites in snakes Lungenparasitose bei Schlangen Verh.ber. Erkrg. Zootiere 32 255-260 Reptilia, serpentes, infetion, helminth, mite, lung Journal Article James, Greg;Franke, Joe 1990 Herpetoculturists, the pet industry, and the fate of the bioshpere Vivarium 2 4 5-6 Journal Article James, A. M.;Oliver, J. Jr 1990 Feeding and host preference of immature Ixodes dammini, I. scapularis, and I. pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 27 3 313-315 Mammalia, aves, reptilia, Eumeces laticeps, E. fasciatus, infection, ectoparasite, acari, ixodidae, I. dammini; I. scapularis; I. pacificus; A comparative study of feeding and host preference was made among immatures of I. dammini, I. scapularis and I. pacificus, using white laboratory mice, lizards (Eumeces laticeps and E. fasciatus) and chickens (3-4 day old) as hosts. Larval feeding of each species when placed on hosts was greater (P < 0.05) on mice than on chickens and lizards and higher on lizards than on chickens (P < 0.05). When larvae of the 3 species were given a choice between mouse and lizard and mouse and chicken, they preferred mice. When given a choice between lizard and chicken, no significant difference in host preference was seen. Nymphs of I. dammini, I. scapularis and I. pacificus displayed no statistical difference in feeding ability between mice and lizards when placed on these hosts, but more ticks fed on mice and lizards than on chickens. Nymphs of all 3 species also showed no preference between mice and lizards but preferred either of these hosts to chickens (however, no statistical difference was found between mice and chickens for I. dammini nymphs or between lizards and chickens for I. pacificus nymphs). Journal Article James, Craig D.;Losos, Jonathan B. 1991 Diet and reproductive biology of the Australian sand-swimming lizards, Eremiascincus (Scincidae) Wildl. Res. 18 641-654 Journal Article James, C.D.;Losos, J.B. 1991 Diet and reproductive biology of the Australian sand-swimming lizards, Eremiascincus (Scincidae) Wildlife Research 18 6 641-654 Reptilia, sauria, Eremiascincus, propagation, physiology, diet, dimorphism A range of invertabrate species is eaten with beetles, grasshoppers and spiders making most of the prey. Vertebrate prey, lizards are energetically important, but rarely obtained. Reprint Endnote 93/713, CD James, CSIRO, Div Wildlife & Ecol, POB 84, Lyneham, Act 2602, Australia Journal Article James, C.D. 1991 Annual variation in reproductive cycles of scincid lizards (Ctenotus) in central Australia Copeia 3 744-760 Reptilia, Sauria, scincus,Ctenotus, physiology, reproduction, cycle Reprint Endnote 93/506, CD James, CSIRO,Div Wildlife & Ecol,POB 84,Lyneham,Act 2602, Australia Journal Article James, C. D. 1991 Temporal variation in diets and trophic partitioning by coexisting lizards (Ctenotus: Scincidae) in central Australia Oecologia 85:553-561 lizard, diet, resource partitioning, ecology, community Journal Article James, C. D. 1991 Growth rates and ages at maturity of sympatric scincid lizards (Ctenotus) in central Australia Journal of Herpetology 25 3 284-295 reptiles, body size, reproduction, Journal Article James, Craig D.;Losos, Jonathan B.;King, Dennis R. 1992 Reproductive biology and diets of goannas (Reptilia: Varanidae) from Australia Journal of Herpetology 26 2 128-136 Journal Article James, C. D.;Losos, J. B.;King, D. R. 1992 Reproductive Biology and Diets of Goannas (Reptilia, Varanidae) from Australia J Herpetol 26 2 128-136 Reptilia, sauria, varanidae, diet, nutrition, reproduction, biology, physiology Observations were made on 386 preserved museum specimens of nine species. Most species from seasonal tropical area had enlarged testes in the dry season and females with oviductal eggs were collected at the end of the dry and the beginning of the wet season. However, three species seemed to be exceptions to this trend. An extended reproductive season occurred in V. storri. Reproductive activity late in the wet season occurred in V. semiremex and V. kingorum. Clutch sizes ranged from 1-7 eggs. Most species had generalized diets with lizards and othopterans being the most important prey items. Large bodied species specialized on vertebrate prey. V. semiremex ate mostly aquatic prey. CD James, CSIRO, Div Wildlife & Ecol, POB 84, Lyneham, Act 2602, Australia Journal Article Jansen, A. 1992 Diseases of amphibia Archeopterix veterinaris 1 33-39 amphibia, urodela, ,salamandridae, ambystomidae, anura, ranidae, bufonidae, apoda, diseases, pathology, survey * Journal Article Janssens, P. A.;Grigg, J. A. 1992 Hormones regulating hepatic glycogenolysis in 2 Chelonians use cyclic AMP, and not Ca2+, as intracellular messenger Gen Comp Endocrinol 88 1 117-127 Reptilia, testudines, physiology, liver, phosphorylase, calcium, glycogenolysis, adrenergic receptor Journal Article Janzen, F. J.;Paukstis, G. L. 1991 Environmental sex determination in reptiles: ecology, evolution, and experimental design Q Rev Biol 66 2 149-79 Sex-determining mechanisms in reptiles can be divided into two convenient classifications: genotypic (GSD) and environmental (ESD). While a number of types of GSD have been identified in a wide variety of reptilian taxa, the expression of ESD in the form of temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) in three of the five major reptilian lineages has drawn considerable attention to this area of research. Increasing interest in sex-determining mechanisms in reptiles has resulted in many data, but much of this information is scattered throughout the literature and consequently difficult to interpret. It is known, however, that distinct sex chromosomes are absent in the tuatara and crocodilians, rare in amphisbaenians (worm lizards) and turtles, and common in lizards and snakes (but less than 20% of all species of living reptiles have been karyotyped). With less than 2 percent of all reptilian species examined, TSD apparently is absent in the tuatara, amphisbaenians and snakes; rare in lizards, frequent in turtles, and ubiquitous in crocodilians. Despite considerable inter- and intraspecific variation in the threshold temperature (temperature producing a 1:1 sex ratio) of gonadal sex determination, this variation cannot confidently be assigned a genetic basis owing to uncontrolled environmental factors or to differences in experimental protocol among studies. Laboratory studies have identified the critical period of development during which gonadal sex determination occurs for at least a dozen species. There are striking similarities in this period among the major taxa with TSD. Examination of TSD in the field indicates that sex ratios of hatchlings are affected by location of the nests, because some nests produce both sexes whereas the majority produce only one sex. Still, more information is needed on how TSD operates under natural conditions in order to fully understand its ecological and conservation implications. TSD may be the ancestral sex-determining condition in reptiles, but this result remains tentative. Physiological investigations of TSD have clarified the roles of steroid hormones, various enzymes, and H-Y antigen in sexual differentiation, whereas molecular studies have identified several plausible candidates for sex-determining genes in species with TSD. This area of research promises to elucidate the mechanism of TSD in reptiles and will have obvious implications for understanding the basis of sex determination in other vertebrates. Experimental and comparative investigations of the potential adaptive significance of TSD appear equally promising, although much work remains to be performed. The distribution of TSD within and among the major reptilian lineages may be related to the life span of individuals of a species and to the biogeography of these species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) Journal Article Janzen, Fredric J.;Paukstis, Gary 1991 Environmental sex determination in reptiles: Ecology, evolution, and experimental design The Quarterly Review of Biology 66 2 149-179 Journal Article Janzen, F. J.;Paukstis, G. L. 1991 Environmental sex determination in reptiles: ecology, evolution, and experimental designs Quarterly Review of Biology 66 2 149-179 tsd; review; reptiles Journal Article Janzen, F. J.;Paukstis, G. L. 1991 A preliminary test of the adaptive significance of environmental sex determination in reptiles Evolution 45 2 435-440 tsd; sex ratio Journal Article Janzen, Frederick J. 1992 Heritable variation for sex ratio under environmental sex determination in the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) Genetics 131 155-161 Journal Article Jar, S.K.;Bustard, H.R. 1990 Results of a pilot saltwater crocodile Crocodylus porosus Schneider restocking in Bhitarkanika Wildlife Santuary, Orissa J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 87 2 195-200 CPR, management, movement, Journal Article Jarchow, James L. 1992 A retrospective study of upper respiratory disease of captive desert tortoises in Arizona Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 48-52 Journal Article Jarchow, J. 1992 Eye problems in chelonians Tortoise Trust Newsl 1992 1 1-5 Reptilia, testudines, pathology, eye testu,vet,vit,bakt,meth PF x Journal Article Jayne, Bruce C.;Bennett, Albert F. 1990 Selection on locomotor performance capacity in a natural population of garter snakes Evolution 44 5 1204-1229 Journal Article Jayne, Bruce C.;Bennett, Albert F.;Lauder, George 1990 Muscle recruitment during terrestrial locomotion: how speed and temperature affect fibretypeuse in a lizard Journal of Experimental Biology 152 101-128 muscle, savanah monitor, Varanus exanthematicus, locomotion Journal Article Jayne, Bruce C.;Davis, James D. 1991 Kinematics and performance capacity for the concertina locomotion of a snake (Coluber constrictor) Journal of Experimental Biology 156 539-556 Book Section Jelden, D. 1990 A new marking system for leather products manufactured from skins of CITES protected reptile species Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0008-6 xvii + 399 pp. 395-399 Book Section Jelden, D. 1990 Appropriate solutions for the uninterupted marking of crocodilians, their skins and leather products Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8327-0022-1 xvi + 354 pp. 250-267 Book Section Jelden, D. 1992 Effects of new international controls on the crocodilian skin industry - an update of recent CITES recommendations Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0132-5. 201-206 Book Section Jelden, D.;Messel, H. 1992 Summary Report of the Crocodile Specialist Group Review Committee on Crocodile Management in Thailand, 2 - 4 November 1992 Crocodile Conservation Action. A Special Publication of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union. Gland, Switzerland. 71-77 Journal Article Jenkins, Robert W. G.;Forbes, Malcolm A. 1990 Elements in the process of recovery by Crocodylus porosus (Reptilia: Crocodilidae) in the East Alligator River and associated wetlands Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29 2 411-420 Journal Article Jennings, Mark R. 1990 Petrosaurus Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 494 1-2 Journal Article Jennings, Mark R. 1990 Petrosaurus thalassinus Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 495 1-3 Journal Article Jennings, Mark R. 1990 Petrosaurus mearnsi Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 495 1-2 Journal Article Jennings, M.L.;David, D.N.;Portier, K.M. 1991 Effect of marking techniques on growth and survivorship of hatchling alligators Wildl. Soc. Bull. 19 2 204-207 AM, techniques, Personal Communication Jennings, Randy D.;Riddle, Brett R. 1992 The status of leopard frogs (Rana pipiens complex) along the Virgin River of Arizona, Nevada, and Utah Journal Article Jennings, W. Bryan;Fontenot, Clifford L., Jr. 1992 Observations on the feeding behavior of desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) at the Desert Tortoise Research Natural Area, Kern County, California Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 69-81 Journal Article Jennings, Mark R. 1992 Comments on the proposed conservation of the specific name of Anniella pulchra Gray, 1852 and designation of a neotype (Reptilia, Squamata) Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 49 3 234-235 Journal Article Jennions, M. D.;Backwell, P. R. Y. 1992 Chorus size influences on the anti-predator response of a Neotropical frog Anim. Behav. 44 990-992 Journal Article Jennsen, Thomas A. 1990 Anolis cooki Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 488 1-2 Journal Article Jiang, X. C.;Inouchi, J.;Wang, D.;Halpern, M. 1990 Purification and characterization of a chemoattractant from electric shock-induced earthworm secretion, its receptor binding, and signal transduction through the vomeronasal system of garter snakes J Biol Chem 265 15 8736-44 Amino Acids/analysis; Animal; Chemotactic Factors/isolation & purification/pharmacology/*secretion; Chromatography, Gel; Electric Stimulation; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Glycoproteins/isolation & purification/pharmacology/*secretion; In Vitro; Kinetics; Molecular Weight; Nasal Septum/drug effects/*physiology; Oligochaeta/metabolism/*physiology; Receptors, Cell Surface/*physiology; *Signal Transduction; Snakes/*physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Following shocks with low voltage electric current, earthworms, Lumbricus terrestris, secrete a yellow mucus that has alarm properties for conspecifics and chemoattractive properties for garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis. A proteinaceous chemoattractant for garter snakes has been isolated and purified to homogeneity from such secretions by means of permeation chromatography and semipreparative nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified protein is highly attractive to garter snakes; it loses its activity after proteolytic digestion. It is a glycoprotein consisting of a single polypeptide chain with an NH2-terminal alanine. This chemoattractant has a minimum molecular mass of 15.4 kDa calculated from its amino acid and carbohydrate contents and an apparent molecular mass of about 20 kDa as estimated from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It has a pI of about 4.0, and it binds wheat germ agglutinin but not concanavalin A. This chemoattractant shows a protein to carbohydrate ratio of 2.0 +/- 0.08 (n = 5) and a ratio of total sugar to amino sugar of 1.9 +/- 0.08 (n = 3). The sequence of its NH2- terminal 15 amino acid residues has been determined. Studies were also conducted on the chemosignal transduction through the vomeronasal sensory system of the garter snake. Dot blot analysis showed that the purified chemoattractant bound to snake vomeronasal sensory epithelial membrane fractions. It did not bind to membrane extracts of the nonsensory epithelium of the vomeronasal mushroom body. The chemoattractant also bound specifically to vomeronasal sensory epithelial membrane in a reversible and saturable fashion with Kd and Bmax values of about 0.3 microM and 0.4 nmol/mg of protein, respectively. In electrophysiological studies, the chemoattractant applied to the vomeronasal epithelium caused an increase in firing rate of individual neurons in the accessory olfactory bulb of garter snakes, the projection site for vomeronasal neurons. The present results are the first clear biochemical and electrophysiological evidence for a vomeronasal epithelium response to a purified nonvolatile odorant, and this makes the garter snake vomeronasal system ideal for studying the mechanisms of chemosignal transduction. Journal Article Jiang, T.;Holley., A. 1992 Morphological variations among output neurons of the olfactory bulb in the frog (Rana ridibunda) Journal of Comparative Neurology 320 86-96 Edited Book Jiang, Jao-ming 1992 A Collection of Papers on Herpetology Chengdu Sichuan Sci. Technol. Publ. House (3), (2), 157 pages, 6 folding tables Book Section Joanen, T.;McNease, L.;Perry, G.;Richard, D. 1990 Louisiana's alligator management program Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 175-187 Book Section Joanen, T.;McNease, L. 1990 The effects of a severe winter freeze on wild alligators in Louisiana Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0009-4 iv + 380 pp. 21-32 Book Section Joanen, T.;McNease, L. 1990 Classification and population status of the American alligator Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0009-4 iv + 380 pp. 11-20 Book Section Joanen, T.;McNease, L. 1990 Alligator farming programs in Louisiana Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0009-4 iv + 380 pp. 1-10 Book Section Joanen, T.;McNease, L.;Ashley, D. 1990 Production Volume and trends in the USA Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8327-0022-1 xvi + 354 pp. 276-285 Book Section Joanen, T.;McNease, L. 1990 Alligator farm design in Louisiana, Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8327-0022-1 xvi + 354 pp. 268-275 Book Section Joanen, T.;McNease, L. 1992 Sequence of nesting, clutch size, and hatch rate for alligators in southwest Louisiana Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0132-5. 207-221 Journal Article Joger, Ulrich 1991 Are the varanoidea the sister group of the snakes? - Biochemical data Mertensiella 2 188-194 Varanoidea; Serpentes; Iguania; Phylogeny; DNA-hybridization; Albumin immunology Journal Article Joger, U. 1991 A Molecular Phylogeny of Agamid Lizards Copeia 3 616-622 Animal Sciences , Reptilia , Sauria , U Joger, Hessisches Landesmuseum, Friedenspl 1, D-6100 Darmstadt, Fed Rep Ger Book Section Joger, Ulrich;Herrmann, Hans-Werner;Nilson, Göran 1992 Molecular phylogeny and systematics of viperine snakes II. A revision of the Vipera ursinii complex Korsós, Z. and Kiss, I. Proceedings of the 6th Ordinary General Meeting of the Societas Europaea Herpetologica 19-23 August 1991, Budapest, Hungary Budapest Hungarian Natural History Museum 239-244 Journal Article John-Alder, H. B.;Morin., P. J. 1990 Effects of larval density on jumping ability and stamina in newly metamorphosed Bufo woodhousii fowleri Copeia 1990 856-860 Journal Article Johnson, Jerry D. 1990 Biogeographic aspects of the herpetofauna of the central depression of Chiapas, Mexico, with comments on surrounding areas Southwestern Naturalist 35 3 268-278 Lampropeltis triangulum Journal Article Johnson, P. 1990 Feeding snakes - getting off to a good start Herptile 15 2 65-69 serp,vit PF x Journal Article Johnson, Steve 1991 The desert tortoise: Land aquisition and listing - 1987 Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 11-12 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Johnson, J.H. 1991 Anesthesia, analgesia and euthanasia of reptiles and amphibians. Proc. Am. Ass. Zoo Vets. 132-138 Reptilia, Amphibia, narcosis, anesthesia, euthanasia, MS-222, tricain methanesulfonate Journal Article Johnson, C. A. 1991 Management of snakebite [see comments] Am Fam Physician 44 1 174-80 Patients who have been or may have been bitten by a snake should receive prompt and careful clinical and laboratory evaluation. Fang marks, pain and swelling are characteristic of pit viper envenomation. Although no therapy is universally accepted, a number of treatment plans appear to be effective. If envenomation has occurred, intravenous administration of antivenin and/or surgical excision or incision should be carried out without delay. Prompt transferral to a medical facility is the most appropriate first-aid measure. If transportation is unduly delayed, immediate linear incision and suction may be of value. Journal Article Johnson, L. M. 1991 Growth and development of larval northern cricket frogs (Acris crepitans) in relation to phytoplankton abundance Freshw. Biol. 25 51-59 Book Section Johnson, Bob 1992 Habitat loss and declining amphibian populations Bishop, Christine A. and Pettit, Karen E. Declines in Canadian Amphibian Populations: Designing a National Monitoring Strategy Ottawa, Ontario Canadian Wildlife Service 71-75 Journal Article Johnson, K. E.;Darribere, T.;Boucaut, J. C. 1992 Ambystoma maculatum gastrulae have an oriented, fibronectin-containing extracellular matrix J Exp Zool 261 4 458-71 Ambystoma; Animal; Cell Adhesion; Cell Movement; Extracellular Matrix/metabolism/*physiology/ultrastructure; Fibronectins/*metabolism; Gastrula/*cytology/ultrastructure; Mesoderm/physiology; Photomicrography; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. During early development of the urodele Ambystoma maculatum, the appearance and distribution of fibronectin-containing fibrillar extracellular materials were studied by immunocytochemistry. Fibronectin (FN) first appears in the early blastula (stage 7) as thin punctate fibrils on the cell surface concentrated in the marginal zone. In late blastula (stage 9), thin fibrils are found throughout the blastocoel roof. Early gastrulae (stage 10) have numerous fibrils and multifibrillar strands concentrated in the dorsal lip region and oriented preferentially along a line parallel to the dorsal lip-animal pole axis. There is a striking increase in the amount of FN fibrils during the rest of gastrulation. This FN-containing network can be transferred to plastic substrata with preservation of the preferential orientation observed in vivo. Dorsal marginal zone explants placed on such conditioned substrata show polarized outgrowth toward the animal pole region of conditioned areas when placed on the dorsal lip side or the ventral marginal zone side of conditioned substrata. This outgrowth occurs symmetrically on bovine plasma FN-coated substrata, is prevented by Fab' fragments of antibodies to FN but fails to occur on laminin coated substrata. When migrating mesodermal cells from early gastrulae are cultured on substrata conditioned by deposition of the fibrillar matrix, these cells exhibit striking contact inhibition of locomotion, a phenomenon that may explain dispersal of migrating mesodermal cells across the blastocoel roof. When leading edges of mesodermal cells collide, cells abruptly change direction. When leading edges collide with trailing edges, the trailing edges detach from the substratum and cells move apart in the direction of the leading edge. Journal Article Johnston, L. M. 1991 Growth and development of larval northern cricket frogs (Acris crepitans) in relation to phytoplankton abundance Freshw. Biol. 25 51-59 Journal Article Joly, Pierre 1991 Variation in size and fecundity between neighbouring populations in the common frog, Rana temporaria Alytes 9 3 79-88 body size demographics Journal Article Joly, Pierre 1992 The amphibian fauna of the French Upper-Rhône floodplain. The Lavours marsh and Jons sector Alytes 10 4 117-129 Rana esculenta triturus helveticus dalmatina bufo calamita hyla arborea pelydytes punctatus bombina variegata alpestris temporaria ridibunda Journal Article Jones, P. 1990 A record of predation on Nephrurus levis by Pseudonaja nuchalis Herpetofauna 20 2 15-16 Nephrurus levis; Pseudonaja nuchalis; Predation Journal Article Jones, Lawrence L. C.;Bury, R. Bruce;Corn, Paul Stephen 1990 Field observation of the development of a clutch of Pacific giant salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus) eggs Northwest Naturalist 71 93-94 Journal Article Jones, D.;Hayes-Odum, L. 1990 Alligator mississippiensis (American alligator) Behavior Herpetol. Rev. 21 59-60 AM, food, behavior, Journal Article Jones, C.;Franz, R. 1990 Use of gopher tortoise burrows by Florida mice (Podomys floridanus) in Putnam County, Florida Fla. Sci. 18 45-51 Gopherus polyphemus Journal Article Jones, P. 1990 Greek sea turtle campaign Mar. Pollut. Bull. 21 11 501 Journal Article Jones, L. L. C.;Bury, R. B.;Corn., P. S. 1990 Field observation of the development of a clutch of Pacific giant salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus) eggs Northwestern Naturalist 71 93-94 Journal Article Jones, Bruce 1991 The proposed apex project: A threat to the Arrow Canyon-Coyote tortoise population [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 189 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Jones, Peter 1991 A record of Diplodactylus conspicillatus in New South Wales Herpetofauna 21 2 20-22 Diplodactylus conspicillatus; Distribution Journal Article Jones, Hugh I. 1991 Speciation, distribution and host specificity of gastric nematodes in Australian Varanid lizards Mertensiella 2 195-203 Abbreviata; varanus; Australian nematodes; Speciation Journal Article Jones, R. G. 1991 Ambystoma texanum (smallmouth salamander). Albinism Herpetological Review 22 4 128-129 Journal Article Jones, H.I. 1992 Gastrointestinal Nematodes in the Lizard Genera Tiliqua and Cyclodomorphus (Scincidae) in Western-Australia Australian Journal of Zoology 40 2 115-126 Reptilia, sauria, Lizard, Tiliqua, Cyclodomorphus, infection, helminth, Nematode, Gastrointestinal HI Jones, Univ Western Australia, Dept Zool, Nedlands, Wa 6010, Australia Journal Article Jones, T. R.;Collins, J. P. 1992 Analysis of a hybrid zone between subspecies of the tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) in central New Mexico, USA Journal of Evolutionary Biology 5 375-402 amphibians, mosaic hybridization, allozymes, New Mexico Journal Article Jones, W. 1992 Armadillos eat turtle eggs Fla. Dep. Nat. Resour., Resour. Manage. Notes 4 1 10 Journal Article Jones, T. R.;Collins., J. P. 1992 Analysis of a hybrid zone between subspecies of the tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) in central New Mexico Journal of Experimental Biology 5 375-402 Journal Article JOORIS, R. 1990 Bacterial infections and treatment with antibiotics in snakes, a recent vision (part 3) Litteratura serpentium engl. ed. 4-17 serp,vet,bakt PF,WI x Journal Article Jorgensen, C. B. 1992 Effect of Breeding State, Moulting, Dehydration, Exposure to Saturated Atmosphere, and Arginine Vasotocin on Cutaneous Water Permeability in the Toad Bufo-bufo Gen Comp Endocrinol 88 1 50-61 Amphibia, anura, toad, Bufo bufo, physiology, water balance, skin, permeability The neurohypophysial hormone arginine vasotocin (AVT) is supposed to play a central role in amphibian water balance. Cutaneous water permeability was high during breeding, moulting and terrestrial acclimation. Increased water permeability status correlated with decreased responsiveness to AVT. It is suggested that AVT increase the cutaneous water permeability by insertion of water channels in the apical membrane of epidermal cells. Journal Article Journal 1991 Sauria (E). 1 2 1-31 Journal Article Journal 1991-1999 Bulletin of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians 1-9 Journal Article Joyner, Michele A.;Germano, David J. 1991 Desert tortoises of the Piute Valley - 1987 Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 13-21 capture recapture Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Joyner, Michele A.;Morafka, David J. 1991 Juvenile tortoises, Part II: Strategies for assessing ecological needs and preferences for neonatal desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizii [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 246 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Joyner-Griffith, Michele 1991 Egg production and hatchling success in the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 327 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Jørgensen, M. B.;Gerhardt, H. C. 1991 Directional hearing in the gray tree frog Hyla versicolor: eardrum vibrations and phonotaxis J. Comp. Physiol A 169 177-183 Anfíbios, Anuros, Hylidae, comunicación acústica, selección sexual, playback, Hyla versicolor Journal Article Jubb, T.F. 1992 A thiamine responsive nervous disease in saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) Vet. Rec. 131 15 347-348 CPR, biochemistry, nervous, disease, Journal Article Juhasz, A.;Ahne, W. 1992 Physicochemical properties and cytopathogenicity of an adenovirus-like agent isolated from a corn snake (Elaphe guttata) Arch. virol. 130 429-439 Reptilia, serpentes, corn snake,Elaphe guttata, infection, virus, adenovirus Reprint Endnote 93/630 Journal Article Jukofsky, Diane 1990 Costa Rica... Still a safe haven for sea turtles Lacsa's World 5 5 18-22 Journal Article Juliano, Steven A.;Lawton, John H. 1990 The relationship between competition and morphology. II. Experiments on co-occurring dyticid beetles Journal of Animal Ecology 59 831-848 Journal Article Junge, R. E.;Fischer, J. R.;Dubey, J. P. 1992 Fatal disseminated toxoplasmosis in a captive Cuvier gazelle (Gazella cuvieri). J Zoo Wildlife Med 23 3 342-345 Mammalia, artiodactyla, gazelle, Gazella cuvieri, infection, protozoa, apicomplexa, toxoplasmosis, tachyzoites, T. gondii, pathology, liver, lung, lymph node, Toxoplasma gondii was identified in an adult male Cuvier's gazelle (Gazella cuvieri). Predominant lesions were hepatic necrosis, pneumonia, and necrosis in adrenal glands and lymph nodes. Numerous tachyzoites were identified in lesions. The diagnosis was confirmed by staining of organisms in tissue sections with anti-T. gondii serum in an immunohistochemical test. Journal Article Jungfer, Karl-Heinz;Boehme, Wolfgang 1991 The backpack strategy fo parental care in frogs, with notes on froglet carrying in Stefania evansi (Boulenger, 1904) (Anura: Hylidae: Hemiphractinae) Revue F. Aquariol. 18 91-96 Ataro River, Guyana Journal Article Jungnickel, Jens 1990 Daten zur Fortpflanzung der Rotbauch-Spitzkopfschildkröte, Emydura australis subglosa, in Gefangenschaft Herpetofauna 12 68 11-14 Emydura australis subglosa; reproduction Journal Article Jungnickel, Jens;Sommerland, Ralf;Trutnau, Ludwig 1991 Einige biologische Daten zur Kenntnis des Leistenkrokodils Crocodylus porosus Schneider, 1801 Herpetofauna 13 71 27-34 Crocodylus porosus Journal Article Juterbock, J. E. 1990 Variation in larval growth and metamorphosis in the salamander Desmognathus fuscus Herpetologica 46 291-303 Journal Article Juvik, James O. 1991 Collapsing ecosystems and tortoise conservation in the third world: Problems and priorities in Madagascar [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 328 Book Kabisch, Klaus 1990 Wörterbuch der herpetologie [Dictionary of Herpetology] Jena, germany Gustax Fischer Verlag 477 Journal Article Kabisch, Klaus;Halliday, Timothy R.;Herrmann, Hans-Joachim 1990 Bibliographie des Teichmolches Triturus vulgaris Linne 1758 Veröffentlichungen Naturhistorisches Museum Schloß Bertholdsburg Schleusingen 5 68-82 Journal Article Kabisch, Klaus;Herrmann, Hans-Joachim 1991 Untersuchungen zur Nahrung von Bufo gargarizans Cantor 1842 in Südsachlin Veröffentlichungen Naturhistorisches Museum Schloß Bertholdsburg Schleusingen 6 9-11 Journal Article Kaleck, Georg 1990 Ausrottung von Amphibien durch den fang durch Menschen Natur- und Tierschultz in Dortmund 5 1 10-16 Journal Article Kalezic, M.L.;Dzukic, G. 1990 Evidence for Paedomorphosis in the Crested Newt (Triturus cristatus Complex) from Yugoslavia Bulletin of Natural History Museum 45 127-132 Journal Article Kalezic, M.L.;Dzukic, G.;Stamenkovic, S.;Crnobrnja, J. 1990 Morphometrics of the Crested Newt (Triturus cristatus Complex) from Yugoslavia: Relevance for Taxonomy Arh. biol. Nauka 42 17-37 Journal Article Kalezic, M.L.;Dzukic, G.;Tvrtkovic, N. 1990 Newts (Triturus, Salamandridae, Urodela) of the Bukovica and Ravni Kotari Regions Spixiana 13 329-338 Journal Article Kalezic, M. L.;Crnobrnja, J.;Dorovic, A.;Dzukic, G. 1992 Sexual size difference in Triturus newts: geographical variation in Yugoslav populations Alytes 10 2 63-80 vulgaris cristatus alpestris Journal Article KALVIG, B.A.;MAGGIOPRICE, L.;TSUJI, J.;GIDDENS, W.E. 1991 Salmonellosis in laboratory-housed iguanid lizards (Sceloporus spp.) J. Wildl. Dis. 27 4 551-556 Reptilia, sauria, Iguanidae, Sceloporus malachiticus, infection, bacteria, salmonella It was postulated that the lizards were inapparent carriers of Salmonella spp. at the tie of capture and, as a result of stress, developed active overwhelming infection. Reprint Endnote 93/678 BA Kalvig, Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Comparat Med, Seattle, WA 98195 Journal Article Kalvig, B.A. ;e.a. 1992 Salmonellosis in laboratory-housed iguanid lizards (Sceloporus spp.) Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 23 1 128 reptilia, squamata, sauria, iguanidae, Sceloporus, bacteriology, Salmonella, review * Thesis Kam, Y-C 1992 Environmental influences on the critical oxygen tension, water balance, metabolism, and growth of reptile embryos (Alligator mississippiensis, Caretta caretta, Pseudemys nelsoni, Elaphe obsoleta quadrivittata, Sceloporus undulatus undulatus) Journal Article Kammel, Werner 1992 Zur Situation der Wiesenotter, Vipera ursinii rakosiensis (Mehely, 1894) (Squamata: Serpentes: Viperidae), in Niederösterreich Herpetozoa 5 1/2 3-11 Journal Article Kamprath, U. 1990 Nachzucht der Venezuela-Schmuckschildkröte Chrysemys scripta (ornata) chichiriviche Sauria 1990 11 11-14 testu,zucht,vet PF x Journal Article Kamprath, U. 1990 Nachzucht der Venezuela-Schmuckschildkrîte Chrysemys scripta (ornata) chichiriviche Sauria 1990 11 11-14 testu,zucht,vet PF x Journal Article Kamstra, James 1991 Rediscovery of the northern dusky salamander, Desmognathus f. fuscus, in Ontario Canadian Field-Naturalist 105 4 561-563 Journal Article Kanamadi, Ravishankar Dundappa;Hiremath, Channayya Rajshekar;Schneider, Hans 1992 Vocalization and breeding period in the south Indian tropical frog Rana crassa (Jerdon) Zoologischer Anzeiger 228 26-31 Amphibia, Anura, Rana crassa, call, reproduction, India Journal Article Kantz, H. 1990 Ein Darmvorfall bei Terrapene carolina carolina Sauria 12 2 vet,testu PF x Journal Article Kanui, T.;Mwendia, C.;Aulie, A.;Wanyoike, M. 1991 Effects of temperature on growth, food uptake and retention time of juvenile Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 99A 3 453-356 CNL, temperature, growth, food, Journal Article Kanui, T. I.;Hole, K. 1992 Morphine and pethidine antinociception in the crocodile J Vet Pharmacol Ther 15 1 101-3 Alligators and Crocodiles/*physiology; Analgesia/*veterinary; Analysis of Variance; Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Injections, Intraperitoneal/veterinary; Meperidine/administration & dosage/*pharmacology/pharmacokinetics; Morphine/administration & dosage/*pharmacology/pharmacokinetics; Nociceptors/*drug effects; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Journal Article Kaplan, R. H. 1992 Greater maternal investment can decrease offspring survival in the frog Bombina orientalis Ecology 73 280-288 Journal Article Kar, Sudakar K;Bustard, H Robert 1991 Rehabilitation of saltwater crocodiles Crocodylus porosus Schneider in the Bhitarkanika wildlife sanctuary, Orissa Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 88 3 395-399 Book Section Kar, S.K. 1992 Conservation, research and management of estuarine crocodiles Crocodylus porosus Schneider in Bhitarkania Wildlife Sanctuary: Orissa: India during the last 17 years Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0132-5. 222-242 Personal Communication Kardong, Kenneth V.;Lavin Murcio, Pablo A. 1992 Venom delivery of snakes as high-pressure and low-pressure systems Journal Article Kardong, Kenneth V. 1992 Proximate factors affecting guidance of the rattlesnake strike Zool. Jb. Anat. 122 233-244 Journal Article Karila, P.;Holmgren, S.;Gibbens, I.L.;Grigg, G.C.;Franklin, C.E.;Axelsson, M.;Fritsche, R.;Nilsson, S. 1992 Innervation of the foramen Panizzae sphincter and the aortic anastomosis in the crocodile, Crocodylus porosus Regul. Pept. 39 2-3 272 CPR, anatomy, heart, Journal Article Karl, Alice E. 1991 Investigations of the desert tortoise at the California Department of Health Services' proposed low-level radioactive waste facility site in Ward Valley, California [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 190 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Karl, S. A.;Bowen, B. W.;Avise, J. C. 1992 Global population genetic structure and male-mediated gene flow in the green turtle (Chelonia mydas): RFLP analyses of analymous nuclear loci Genetics 131 163-173 genetics/population biology/green Journal Article Karns, D. R. 1992 Effects of acidic bog habitats on amphibian reproduction in a northern Minnesota peatland Journal of Herpetology 26 401-412 Journal Article Kasparek, M.;Kinzelbach, R. 1991 Distribution and bionomics of the Nile soft-shelled turtle, Trionyx triunguis, in the eastern Mediterranean Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Zoologie 78 137-159 conservation Journal Article Kats, L. B.;Sih., A. 1992 Oviposition site selection and avoidance oish by streamside salamanders (Ambystoma barbouri) Copeia 1992 468-473 Journal Article Kats, L. B.;Elliott, S. A.;Currens., J. 1992 Intraspecific oophagy in stream-breeding California newts (Taricha torosa) Herpetological Review 23 7-8 Journal Article Kaufman, Nancy 1991 Potential impacts of the proposed Ft. Irwin expansion on desert tortoise populations and habitat [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 191 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Kaufmann, John H. 1991 The social behavior of wood turtles, Clemmys insculpta, in central Pennsylvania [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 192 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Kawabata, M., Nishida, T., 1991 A Preliminary Note on the Intestinal Parasites of Wild Chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania Primates 32 2 275-278 Animal Sciences , Mammalia , Primates , Zoo , Nematodes M Kawabata, Nihon Univ, Sch Med, 30-1 Ohyaguchi, Itabashi Ku, Tokyo 173, Japan Journal Article Kawabata, M.Nishida, T. 1991 A Preliminary Note on the Intestinal Parasites of Wild Chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania Primates 32 2 275-278 Animal Sciences , Mammalia , Primates , Zoo , Nematodes M Kawabata, Nihon Univ, Sch Med, 30-1 Ohyaguchi, Itabashi Ku, Tokyo 173, Japan Journal Article Kawamura, S. 1992 Light-Sensitivity Modulating Protein in Frog Rods Photochem Photobiol 56 6 1173-1180 CYCLIC-GMP PHOSPHODIESTERASE; CALCIUM-BINDING PROTEIN; OUTER SEGMENT; GUANYLATE-CYCLASE; RETINAL RODS; ACTIVATED PHOSPHODIESTERASE; PHOTORECEPTOR-MEMBRANES; PLASMA-MEMBRANE; ADAPTATION; DEACTIVATION Journal Article Kawata, A.;Oishi, T.;Fukada, Y.;Shichida, Y.;Yoshizawa, T. 1992 Photoreceptor Cell Types in the Retina of Various Vertebrate Species - Immunocytochemistry with Antibodies Against Rhodopsin and Iodopsin Photochem Photobiol 56 6 1157 CONE VISUAL PIGMENTS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; GROUND-SQUIRREL; ANATOMICAL EVIDENCE; CHICKEN RETINA; TURTLE RETINA; OIL DROPLETS; ROD; LOCALIZATION Journal Article Kearney, Michael;Mirtschin, Peter 1992 Some records of cat predation on snakes Herpetofauna 22 1 36 Predation Journal Article Kehr, A. I.;Williams, J. D. 1990 Larvas de anuros de la Republica Argentina Cuademos de Herpetologia, Serie Monografias 2 December 1-44 Amphibia, Anura, larvae, development, tadpoles, methods, preservation, collection, stages Journal Article Kehr, A. I.;Adema, E. O. 1990 Body growth and statistical analysis of age class-frequency of Bufo arenarum tadpoles in natural conditions Neotropica 36 96 67-81 Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae, larvae, development, metamorphosis Journal Article Kehr, A. I.;Basso, N. G. 1990 Description of the tadpole of Lysapsus limellus (Anura: Pseudidae) and some considerations on its biology Copeia 2 573-575 Amphibia, larvae, tail tip polymorphism, predation, antipredator function, morphology Journal Article Kehr, A. I.;Basso., N. G. 1990 Description of the tadpole of Lysapsus limellus (Anura, Pseudidae) and some considerations on its biology Copeia 1990 573-575 Journal Article Kehr, A. I.;Adema., E. O. 1990 Crecimento corporal y analises estadistico de la frequencia por clases de edades de los estadios larvales de Bufo arenarum en condiciones naturales Neotrópica 36 67-81 Journal Article Kehr, A. I.;Williams., J. D. 1990 Larvas de anuros de la Republica Argentina Cuadernos de Herpetología Monogr. 2 1-44 Journal Article Kehr, Arturo I.;Schnack, Juan A. 1991 Predator-prey relationship between giant water bugs (Belostoma oxyurum) and larval anurans (Bufo arenarum) Alytes 9 3 61-69 invertebrate, insect, Argentina, development, stages, size, density, predation rate, Amphibia, Anura, toad, Bufonidae Journal Article Kehr, A. I. 1992 Disposicion de las masas de huevos y estados larvales en una poblacion de Hyla pulchella pulchella (Anura: Hylidae) Acta Zool. Lilloana 41 135-142 population, tadpoles, larvae, stages, development, egg masses, dispersion, Amphibia, Anura Journal Article Kehr, A. I.;Basso, N. 1992 Consideraciones sobre la estructura de edades, supervivencia y tiempo de metamorfosis en los estados larvales de Hyla pulchella pulchella (Anura: Hylidae) Acta Zool. Lilloana 41 125-133 metamorphosis, larval stages, larvae, tadpoles, development, population structure, survivorship, predation, Amphibia, frog Thesis KEIL, R. 1990 Beitrag zur Organtopographie und den wesentlichen Erkrankungen bei ungiftigen Schlangen der Familien Boidae, Colubridae und Xenopeltidae Journal Article Keiser, Edmund D., Jr 1991 Bibliography of the genus Oxybelis Wagler (Serpentes: Colubridae) Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 1991 86 1-45 index aeneus argenteus boulengeri brevirostris fulgidus Journal Article Keller, R.;Jansa, S. 1992 Xenopus Gastrulation Without a Blastocoel Roof Develop Dynam 195 3 162-176 Gastrulation; Mesoderm; Morphogenesis; Xenopus; Amphibian; AMPHIBIAN GASTRULATION; CELL REARRANGEMENT; PROSPECTIVE AREAS; MARGINAL ZONE; BOTTLE CELLS; LAEVIS; EXTENSION; INTERCALATION; NEURULATION; MOVEMENTS Book Section Kelly, H. 1992 The reproductive performance of captive bred Nile crocodiles Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0132-5. 243-249 Journal Article Kennett, R.M.;Georges, A. 1990 Habitat utilization and its relationship to growth and reproduction of the eastern long-necked turtle, Chelodina longicollis (Testudinata: Chelidae), from Australia Herpetologica 46 1 22-33 habitat, growth, reproduction Journal Article Kennett, R.;Georges, A. 1990 Habitat utilization and its relationship to growth and reproduction of the eastern long-necked turtle, Chelodina longicollis (Testudinata: Chelidae) from Australia Herpetologica 46 1 22-33 egg; temperature; tsd Journal Article Kennett, R. 1992 A new trap design for catching freshwater turtles Wildlife Res 19 4 443-445 Reptilia, testudines, capture, trap, design, bait Unlike conventional hoop traps used to catch freshwater turtles, this new design is largely escape-proof. Attracted by bait, turtles enter via a conventional funnel-shaped entrance and exit into a second compartment through a no-return swing door. In comparison with a conventional hoop trap, this new design substantially improved capture rates and reduced labour hours involved in checking traps. Traps are collapsible and can be erected on site. Journal Article Kennett, R.;Georges, A.;Thomas, K.;Georges, T.C. 1992 Distribution of the long-necked freshwater turtle Chelodina novaeguineae and new information on its ecology Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 32 1 179-182 tsd; temperature; egg Journal Article Kenny, D.;Cambre, R.C. 1992 Indications and technique for the surgical removal of the avian yolk sac. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 23 1 55-61 Aves, struthioformes, anseriformes, yolk sac, anesthesia, surgery Candidates for surgery showed one ore more of the following signs: swollen abdomen, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, inability to stand or walk, inappetence, weight loss, failure to grow. Diagnostic tests included: abdominal palpation and radiography. A doughy abdominal mass was usually palpable. Radiographs demonstrated an enlarged mass, displacing the abdominal viscera in a cranial direction. Seven of 10 chicks survived yolk sac removal. The incision is made circumferential to the navel and extended laterally to both sides. The yolk sac ie exteriorated and the connection with the intestine ligated and cut. Journal Article Keogh, J. Scott 1992 The fox snake (Elaphe vulpina): the "other" ratsnake Vivarium 4 2 23-24 Elaphe vulpina Journal Article Kephart, Susan R. 1990 Starch gel electrophoresis of plant isozymes: A comparative analysis of techniques Amer. J. Bot. 77 5 693-712 Journal Article Keqin, G. 1991 New teiid lizards from the Upper Cretaceous Oldman formation (Judithian) of southeastern Cretaceous record of Teiids Annals of Carnegie Museum 60 2 145-162 reptiles, lizards, Lacertilia, Teiidae, fossils, paleontology, evolution, teeth Book Section Kercheval, D.R.;Little, P. 1990 Comparative growth rates of young alligators utilizing rations of plant and/or animal origins Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8327-0022-1 xvi + 354 pp. 286-312 Journal Article Kerrigan, K. R. 1991 Venomous snakebite in eastern Ecuador Am J Trop Med Hyg 44 1 93-9 Treatment outcome of 294 hospitalized victims of snakebite injuries in Eastern Ecuador are reported, documenting high rates of morbidity and mortality. One or more major complications occurred in 25% of patients. Complications included blood loss severe enough to require transfusion (29 patients), abscess (26 patients), intracranial hemorrhage (15 patients) and major tissue loss (10 patients). Sixteen patients died, yielding a mortality rate of 5.4%. Death resulted from intracranial hemorrhage in 12 patients and from sequelae of hypovolemic shock in 4 patients. Journal Article Kerrigan, K. R. 1992 Bacteriology of snakebite abscess Trop Doct 22 4 158-60 Thirty-eight cases of abscess secondary to pit viper envenomation are reviewed. The incidence of abscess formation was 9%. Results of aerobic cultures revealed growth of enteric, coliform organisms in 22 of 25 isolates obtained from previously unopened abscesses. Clinical evidence for co-existent anaerobic infection is presented. No cases of tetanus were encountered. Clinical and laboratory findings of patients in the study are correlated with a review of bacteriologic investigations of the oral flora of venomous snakes. Use of antibiotics effective against aerobic coliforms and histotoxic anaerobic organisms for prophylaxis and/or treatment of infectious complications of pit viper envenomation are recommended. Journal Article Khan, M. S. 1990 The impact of human activities on the status and distribution of amphibians in Pakistan Hamadryad 15 21-24 Pakistan; Human impact Journal Article Khan, M. Sharif;Tasnim, Rashida 1990 A field guide to the identification of herps of Pakistan. Part II. Chelonia Biological Society of Pakistan Monograph 15 1-15 Journal Article Khan, Paul A.;Liversage, Richard Albert 1990 Ultrastructureal comparison between regenerating and developing hindlimbs of Xenopus laevis tadpoles Growth, Development & Aging 54 173-181 Journal Article Khan, M. S. 1991 New additions to the herpetofauna of Pakistan Hamadryad 16 48-49 Pakistan Journal Article Khosatzky, L. I. 1991 A double monsters of reptiles Herpetological Researches 1 164-170 teratology; Bicephalic; dicephalic; bifurcation Journal Article Kim, H. G.;Miller, R. F. 1992 Physiological and morphological correlations of horizontal cells in the mudpuppy retina J Neurophysiol 67 4 829-40 Animal; Axons/physiology/ultrastructure; Darkness; Electroretinography; Evoked Potentials; Horseradish Peroxidase; In Vitro; Necturus; Photic Stimulation; Photoreceptors/cytology/physiology; Retina/*cytology/*physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Time Factors; Visual Fields 1. Horizontal cells (HCs) of the mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus) retina were physiologically characterized with the use of intracellular recordings in a superfused, dark-adapted, retina-eyecup preparation. 2. Physiological analysis included an evaluation of rod versus cone input and a determination of the receptive field size with the use of a displaced slit of light. 3. The morphology of HCs was established through intracellular staining with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and Lucifer yellow mixed in a single electrode. 4. Three types of horizontal cells were identified, each associated with a distinct morphology. Physiological subtypes included luminosity (L) and chromaticity (C) cells. Morphological diversities included single axon- bearing, multiple axon-bearing and, nonaxon-bearing cells. All C-type HCs lacked axons. 5. Approximately 90% of HCs encountered in this study were L-type cells, which received sign-conserving inputs from both rods and cones. These cell types contained one or more long axons that often stretched greater than 500 microns. This group was morphologically diverse, particularly with respect to variations in the number of axons, but we were unable to correlate this diversity with any unique set of physiological properties. 6. Several C-type HCs were identified (n = 8). These cells depolarized to a low-intensity, short-wavelength (SW) stimulus, whereas they hyperpolarized to high-intensity, long- wavelength stimuli. Morphologically, these cells were axonless (n = 4), with relatively small dendritic fields. 7. A third group of HCs were classified as "short wavelength preferring" HCs (n = 7). These cells responded better to a SW stimulus at all intensity levels. They were thus dissimilar to the common L-type HCs, which showed an apparent rod to cone transition as the stimulus intensity increased, suggestive of a shift from rod to cone preference. Morphologically, these cells were axonless (n = 2), but had broader dendritic fields than the C-type HCs. 8. Our observations indicate that the horizontal cell population of the mudpuppy retina is considerably more complex than previously supposed. The existence of both axon-bearing and axonless HCs, which could be correlated with L- and C-type physiology, implies that HCs may support more than one function in outer retina processing. Journal Article Kimwele, C.N.;Kanui, T.I.;Aulie, A. 1992 Effects of recombinant human growth hormone on anorexic Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 102 3 553-557 CNL, farm, growth, endocrinology, 1. Eleven-month-old Nile crocodiles with poor appetite and retarded growth were injected with 0.325 micrograms/g recombinant human growth hormone (hGH) twice a week for 4 weeks. 2. The treated animals had a mean intake per meal of 29.8 g/kg, while the controls ate only 2.8 g/kg. 3. The treated group gained 8.1% of their initial body weight, while the controls lost 6.3%. 4. During 4 weeks of treatment the body and head length increased by 3.93 and 1.29%, respectively, while no linear growth took place in the controls. 5. The treated group had higher contents of skeletal muscle protein and liver glycogen than the control group. 6. In conclusion, recombinant hGH induces appetite and growth in anorexic crocodiles. Journal Article King, Michael B.;Duvall, David 1990 Prairie rattlesnake seasonal migrations: episodes of movement, vernal foraging and sex differences Animal Behaviour 39 924-935 crotalus viridis Book Section King, F.W.;Espinal, M.;Cerrato, C.A. 1990 Distribution and status of the Crocodilians of Honduruas Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8327-0022-1 xvi + 354 pp. 313-354 Book Section King, Max 1990 Chromosomal and immunogenetic data: a new perspective on the origin of Australia's reptiles Olmo, E. Cytogenetics of Amphibians and Reptiles Basel Birkhäuser 153-180 Journal Article King, Dennis 1991 The effect of body size on the ecology of Varanid lizards Mertensiella 2 204-210 Varanus; body size; ecology; foraging strategy; reproduction Journal Article King, Dennis;King, Max;Baverstock, Peter 1991 A new phylogeny of the Varanidae Mertensiella 2 211-219 Varanidae; Varanus; phylogeny; micro-complement fixation; karyotypes Journal Article King, Max 1991 Amphibia Copeia 4 1147-1167 Edited Book King, F. Wayne 1991 Crianza de Cocodrilos: Información de la Literatura Científica Gland, Switzerland IUCN - The World Conservation Union ii + 134 Journal Article Kirk, James J. 1991 Batrachoseps wrighti Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 506 1-3 Journal Article Kirschner, A.;Seuffer, H.;Kirchhauser, J. 1991 Preliminary recommendations for the care of reptiles and amphibians by traders and private persons Vorläufige Empfehlungen zur Haltung von Reptilien und Amphibien bei Händlern und Privatpersonen Tierärztl. Umschau 46 213-222 Reptiles, Amphibia, husbandry, feeding, management Reprint Endnote 93/442 Journal Article KIRSCHNER, A.;SEUFER, H.;KIRCHHAUSER, J. 1991 Vorläufige Empfehlungen zur Haltung von Reptilien und Amphibien bei Händlern und Privatpersonen Tierärztl Umschau 46 213-222 Reptilia, serpentes, sauria, testudines, management Reprint Endnote 93/442 Journal Article Kirschner, A.;SEUFER, H.;KIRCHHAUSER, J. 1991 Vorläufige Empfehlungen zur Haltung von Reptilien und Amphibien bei Händlern und Privatpersonen Tierärztl Umschau 46 213-222 Reptilia, serpentes, sauria, testudines, management Reprint Endnote 93/442 Journal Article Kiseleva, E. I. 1992 Amino acid sensitivity in tadpoles of the spadefoot toad Pelobates fuscus J. Evol. Biochem.Physiol. 28 527-530 Journal Article Kiviluoto, T.;Paimela, H.;Mustonen, H.;Kivilaakso, E. 1990 Intracellular pH in isolated Necturus antral mucosa exposed to luminal acid Gastroenterology 98 4 901-8 Amiloride/pharmacology; Animal; Bicarbonates/metabolism; Carrier Proteins/metabolism; Gastric Acid/*metabolism; Gastric Mucosa/drug effects/*metabolism; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Necturus maculosus; Pyloric Antrum; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; SITS/pharmacology Regulation of intracellular pH in gastric epithelial surface cells exposed to luminal acid was investigated in isolated Necturus antral mucosa using microelectrode technique. Exposure of the mucosa to luminal pH 2 acidified intracellular pH from 7.21 +/- 0.01 to 6.95 +/- 0.04 (N = 50). Removal of Na+ from the perfusates or addition of amiloride (1 mM) to serosal perfusate (containing HCO3-) had no influence on intracellular pH during exposure to pH 2 (N = 6), but removal of HCO3-/CO2 from or addition of 4, acetamido-4- isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2-disulfonic acid (0.5 mM) to the serosal perfusate (containing Na+) acidified intracellular pH from 7.02 +/- 0.03 to 6.45 +/- 0.15 (p less than 0.01, N = 10) and from 6.97 +/- 0.06 to 6.58 +/- 0.26 (p less than 0.01, N = 6), respectively, in 15 min. In tissues exposed to mucosal pH 6, epithelial surface pH was about 1.3 pH units higher than pH of the mucosal bulk solution. Removal of Cl-/HCO3- from the serosal perfusate acidified epithelial surface pH by about 0.5 pH units (p less than 0.01, N = 6), suggesting that serosal HCO3- sustains intracellular pH, at least in part, by generating an alkaline buffer layer at the epithelial surface. In the absence of HCO3-/CO2, a stable intracellular pH was obtained when the tissue was exposed to mucosal pH 2.7, but in this situation intracellular pH was sensitive to Na+ removal or amiloride addition, intracellular pH decreasing from 7.00 +/- 0.07 to 6.48 +/- 0.10 (p less than 0.01, N = 6) and from 6.86 +/- 0.06 to 6.32 +/- 0.01 (p less than 0.01, N = 7), respectively, in 15 min. The data suggest that in gastric epithelium exposed to luminal acid, physiological intracellular pH is primarily maintained by the buffer action of serosal HCO3- transported to the epithelial surface to impede the entry of luminal H+ into mucosal tissue. Removal of the sheltering HCO3- unmasks a second line, Na(+)-dependent and amiloride- sensitive intracellular pH regulatory mechanism, presumably a Na+/H+ antiport. Journal Article Kiviluoto, T.;Paimela, H.;Mustonen, H.;Kivilaakso, E. 1991 Exogenous surface-active phospholipid protects Necturus gastric mucosa against luminal acid and barrier-breaking agents Gastroenterology 100 1 38-46 Animal; Aspirin/pharmacology; Ethanol/pharmacology; Gastric Acid; Gastric Mucosa/*drug effects/physiology; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration/drug effects; In Vitro; Membrane Potentials/drug effects; Necturus maculosus; Phospholipids/*pharmacology; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Surface-Active Agents/*pharmacology; Taurocholic Acid/pharmacology The nature of the protective action of exogenous surface-active phospholipid on gastric mucosa was studied in isolated Necturus antral mucosa by measuring intracellular pH and intraepithelial potentials and resistances with a microelectrode technique. Exposure of the antral mucosa to luminal pH 2 acidified intracellular pH in surface epithelial cells by 0.6-0.3 pH units. A 20-minute pretreatment with exogenous (pulmonary) surfactanlike phospholipid completely abolished this effect. Obviously, phospholipid protected the mucosa against intracellular acidosis by decreasing the apical cell membrane conductance to H+ (and other ions), because it increased apical cell membrane resistance by +108% and total transcellular resistance by +86% but had no significant effects on paracellular or total transepithelial resistances. In mucosas exposed to three barrier-breaking agents, 10 mmol/L acetylsalicylic acid, 20% (vol/vol) ethanol, and 10 mmol/L taurocholate, at acid luminal perfusate (pH 2.0-2.5), a profound intracellular acidification of 0.9-1.3 pH units/15 min occurred. Pretreatment of the tissue with phospholipid significantly opposed intracellular acidification, but the modulatory influences on the changes in intraepithelial potentials or resistances were less conspicuous and mostly insignificant. Journal Article Kivit, R. 1992 Experiences in keeping and breeding the green tree python (Chondropython viridis). Ervaringen bij het houden en kweken van de Groene boompython (Chondropython viridis) Lacerta 50 5 163-170 Reptilia, serpentes, tree python. Chondropython viridis, management, breeding, propagation serp,zucht,vet PF x Journal Article Klappenbach, M. A.;Langone, J. A. 1992 Lista sistematica y sinonimica de los anfibios del Uruguay Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural 8 163-222 systematics, amphibians, synonymic list Journal Article Klein, Paul A.;Fuerst, Isabella M. 1992 Immunological competence in the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) and its relationship to the development of upper respiratory tract disease Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 53 Journal Article Klemens, M. W. 1990 Can ninja turtles help Newsday Turtles, reptiles, conservation, Journal Article Klemens, Michael W. 1991 The IUCN/Tortoise and Freshwater Turtles Specialist Group (IUCN/TFTSG) conservation action plan: report on the first year's progress [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 329 Gopherus agassizii Book Klemens, Michael W. 1991 Checklist of the Amphibians and Reptiles of Connecticut with notes on uncommon species Hartford, CT Connecticut Dept. of Environmental Protection 24 Journal Article Klemens, Michael W. 1992 Building conservation partnerships to consrve turtles Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 189 Journal Article Klemens, Michael W.;Cook, Robert P.;Hayes, David J. 1992 Herpetofauna of Roosevelt-Vanderbilt National Historic Sites, Hyde Park, New York, with emphasis on Blanding's turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) National Park Service Technical Report NPS/NAROSS/NRTR-92/08 v, 1-34 Journal Article Klingenberg, Roger J. 1991 Egg-binding in colubrid snakes Vivarium 3 2 32-35 Journal Article Klöppel, G.;R., Wicker 1990 Narcosis in 1-1 Schlegel's gavial (Tomistoma schlegeli) Narkose bei 1,1 Sunda-Gavial (Tomistoma schlegeli) Verh. ber. Erkrg. Zootiere 32 315-316 Reptilia, sauria, Schlegel's Gavial Tomistoma schlegeli, anesthesia, ketamin. Ketamin-HCl was used in a dosage of 15 mg/kg bw. Kinetin was added to accelerate resorption from the site of injection. Reprint Endnote 93/703 Journal Article Kluge, Arnold G. 1990 Species as historical individuals Biology and Philosophy 5 417-431 species concept Journal Article Kluge, Arnold G. 1990 On the special treatment of fossils and taxonomic burden: A response to Loconte Cladistics 6 191-193 Journal Article Kluge, A. G. 1990 On the special treatment of fossils and taxonomic burden: a response to Loconte Cladistics 6 191-193 phylogenetics, taxonomy, fossils Journal Article Kluge, Arnold G. 1991 Boine snake phylogeny and research cycles Miscellaneous publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 178 1-58 systematics Journal Article Kluge, Arnold G. 1991 Checklist of gekkonoid lizards Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 1991 85 1-35 index geckos Personal Communication Kluge, Arnold G. 1992 Species versus subspecies: Historcal individuals versus convenience classes Book Section Klump, G. M.;Gerhardt, H. C. 1992 Mechanisms and function of call-timing in male-male interactions in frogs McGregor, P. K. Playback and Studies of Animal Communication New York Plenum 153-174 acoustic communication, Amphibia, Anura, calls-timing, Hylidae, phonotaxis, sexual selection, Edited Book Klymkowsky, M.W.;Hanken, J. 1991 Whole-mount staining of Xenopus and other vertebrates 36 staining techniques, histology, pipids, anura, amphibia, Journal Article Klymkowsky, M. W.;Hanken., J. 1991 Whole-mount staining of Xenopus and other vertebrates Meth. Cell Biol. 36 419-441 Conference Proceedings Knight, Alec;Mindell, David P. 1992 Front-fanged venom systems evolved more than once in snakes Book Section Knight, Alec;Densmore, llewellyn D., III;Rael, Eppie D. 1992 Molecular systematics of the Agkistrodon complex Campbell, J. A. and Brodie, E. D., Jr. Biology of the Pit vipers Tyler Texas Selva 49-69 evolution systematics calloselasma deinagkistrodon hypnale crotalus sistrurus vipera gloydius DNA PCR Journal Article Knol, B.W. 1991 Sress and the endocrine hypothalamus - pituary - testis system: a review. The veterinary quarterly 13 2 104-114 * Journal Article Knowles, T. W.;Weigl, P. D. 1990 Thermal dependence of Anuran burst locomotor performance Copeia 1990 3 796-802 frog, jump, performance, temperature Journal Article Knowles, Craig J.;Berry, Kristin H. 1991 Relative abundance and distribution of the common raven in the deserts of southern California and Nevada, fall 1988 through summer 1989 [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 247 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Knowles, Craig J.;Knowles, Pamela R.;Berry, Kristin H. 1991 A survey for ill desert tortoises in and near the Desert Tortoise Natural Area during spring 1989 [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 248 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Knowles, Pamela R.;Knowles, Craig J.;Gulash, Peter 1991 A review of phase I desert tortoise surveys conducted by Western Technologies Inc., in Clark County, Nevada [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 249 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Knowles, Craig J.;Knowles, Pamela R.;Gulash, Peter 1991 Population parameters of desert tortoises removed from two sites in the Las Vegas Valley Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 330-336 Gopherus agassizii relocation conservation Journal Article Knowles, D.;Maryan, B.;Browne-Cooper, R. 1991 The role of the amateur herpetologist in Western Australian Herpetofauna 21 1 1-4 Journal Article Kofron, Christopher P. 1990 The reproductive cycle of the nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) Journal of Zoology, London 221 477-488 Crocodylus niloticus; reproductive cycle Journal Article Kofron, Christopher P 1990 The reproductive cycle of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) Journal of Zoology (London) 221 477-488 Journal Article Kofron, Christopher P. 1990 Female reproductive cycle of the African snail-eating snake, Duberria lutrix Amphibia-Reptilia 11 15-21 Journal Article Kofron, Christopher P. 1990 Systematics of neotropical gastropod-eating snakes: the dimidiata group of the genus Sibon, with comments on the nebulata group Amphibia-Reptilia 11 207-223 Journal Article Kofron, C.P. 1991 Courtship and mating of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) Amphib.-Rept. 12 39-48 CNL, courtship, behavior, vocal, repro CNL courtship in the wild. Aggregations in a drying pool - didn't aggregater when water was flowing. Court in early morning next to basking area. Female initiation of courtship. Bubbles, geysering, slamming heads, "making ripples". Describes postures, including head profiles. Related snout lifting to smelling gular region. Courting in groups, including female-female courtship. Mating venter-venter, and female on top, as well as normal. Journal Article Kofron, Christopher P. 1991 Aspects of ecology of the threatened ringed sawback turtle, Grapemys oculifera Amphibia-Reptilia 12 161-168 Journal Article Kofron, Christopher P 1992 Status and habitats of the three African crocodiles in Liberia Journal of Tropical Ecology 8 3 265-273 Journal Article Kofron, Christopher P.;Schmitt, C. Gregory 1992 Death-feigning in a West African tree frog Amphibia-Reptilia 13 405-407 Book Section Kohno, Sei-ichi;Ikebe, Chikako;Kuro-o, Masaki 1990 Banding karyotypes and phylogenetic relationships of Hynobiidae from Japan and Korea Olmo, E. Cytogenetics of Amphibians and Reptiles Basel Birkhäuser 47-60 Book Section Kohno, Sei-ichi;Kuro-o, Masaki;Ikebe, Chikako 1991 Cytogenetics and evolution of hynobiid salamanders Amphibian cytogenetics and evolution Academic Press, Inc. 67-88 Amphibia, Urodela, Hynobiidae, Lissamphibia, Batrachuperus, Hynobius, Salamandrella, Onychodactylus, Ranodon, karyotype, technique, evolution, cytogenetics, taxonomy, systematics, phylogenetics, chromosome, RNA Journal Article Komazawa, S.;Iki, H.;Ohmura, M.;Tsutsui, S.;Fujiwara, K. 1991 Comparative studies on distribution and fine morphology of the intestinal Peyer patches in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) and mice Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 53 5 899-904 Mammalia, rodentia, mouse, Mongolian gerbils,Meriones unguiculatus, anatomy, intestine, Peyer patches S Komazawa, Nihon Univ, Sch Vet Med, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa 252, Japan Journal Article Konopka, L. M.;Merriam, L. A.;Hardwick, J. C.;Parsons, R. L. 1992 Aminergic and peptidergic elements and actions in a cardiac parasympathetic ganglion Can J Physiol Pharmacol 70 Suppl S32-43 Animal; Biogenic Monoamines/*physiology; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/pharmacology; Electrophysiology; Ganglia, Parasympathetic/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Heart/*innervation; Immunohistochemistry; In Vitro; Membrane Potentials/drug effects; Necturus maculosus; Neurons/physiology; Neuropeptides/*physiology; Peptides/pharmacology; Serotonin/physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Correlated histochemical, immunocytochemical, and electrophysiological experiments have been undertaken to identify putative neurotransmitter- neuromodulator substances in cells and fibers in the parasympathetic cardiac ganglion of the mudpuppy, Necturus maculosus, and to determine the action of these agents on the properties of the parasympathetic postganglionic neurons. The mudpuppy cardiac ganglion contains two neuron types: large parasympathetic postganglionic neurons and smaller intrinsic neurons initially identified as small intensely fluorescent cells. We have shown that the postganglionic neurons contain both acetylcholine and a galanin-like neuropeptide. Also, we have demonstrated that the intrinsic neurons contain a number of different biogenic amines such as dopamine and serotonin, as well as neuropeptides including a substance P-like peptide and a galanin-like peptide. The results of these studies indicate that the anatomical and histochemical organization of the mudpuppy cardiac ganglion is more complex than that seen in other amphibians and is very similar to that found in most mammalian species. Previously, we showed that galanin has actions that make it of interest as a potential inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mudpuppy cardiac ganglion. Galanin hyperpolarizes and decreases membrane excitability in most parasympathetic neurons. Here we show that galanin initiates membrane hyperpolarization by activating a voltage- and time-dependent potassium conductance. We also present the initial results of ongoing studies which indicate that calcitonin gene-related peptide can depolarize some of the parasympathetic neurons as well as evidence that serotonin initiates depolarization in many parasympathetic neurons. This serotonin-induced depolarization consists of an initial transient depolarization followed by a longer, more slowly developing depolarization. Action potential activity is stimulated during the initial period of depolarization, but depressed during the later, slow depolarization. The results of these electrophysiological experiments suggest that many of the bioactive substances that have been identified in the different cells and nerve fibers within the cardiac ganglion affect the excitability of the postganglionic neurons. In conclusion, we suggest that the results of the studies summarized in this review demonstrate that the cardiac ganglion in the mudpuppy is not simply a relay station. Rather, the cardiac ganglion has a complex organization and exhibits a diversity of physiological responses, indicating that it very likely is another site of integration for control of cardiac function. Book Section Koonz, William 1992 Amphibians in Manitoba Bishop, Christine A. and Pettit, Karen E. Declines in Canadian Amphibian Populations: Designing a National Monitoring Strategy Ottawa, Ontario Canadian Wildlife Service 19-20 Journal Article Kordikova, E.G. 1991 Iskopayemyye tryokhkogotnyye cherepakhi Kazakhstana Avtoref. kand. geol.-mineral. nauk., Tblisi 1-16 Trionychidae; palaeontology; fossils Journal Article Korky, John K.;Webb, Robert G. 1991 Geographic variation in larvae of mountain treefrogs of the Hyla eximia group (Anura: Hylidae) Bulletin of the New Jersey Academy of Science 36 2 7-12 Journal Article Korky, J. K.;Webb., R. G. 1991 Geographic variation in larvae of mountain treefrogs of the Hyla eximia group (Anura: Hylidae) Bull. New Jersey Acad. Sci. 36 7-12 Journal Article Korky, John K.;Webb, Robert G. 1992 A redescription of the larvae of Rana montezumae (Anura: Ranidae) Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 28 2 53-64 Journal Article Korobov, V. N.;Nazarenko, V. I.;Radomskii, N. F.;Starodub, N. F. 1992 [Comparative analysis of the spatial organization of myoglobins I Hydrophobicity profiles] Ukr Biokhim Zh 64 2 22-6 Alligators and Crocodiles; Animal; Comparative Study; English Abstract; Human; Mitochondria/*metabolism; Mollusca; Myoglobin/*chemistry; Oxygen/*metabolism; *Phylogeny; Protein Conformation; Rodentia; Water; Whales Hydrophobicity profiles of myoglobins in the animal species far remote in the evolutionary series are considerably similar. A complete coincidence as to the arrangement of hydrophobic zones along the polypeptide chain in myoglobins of the compared species (from a man to mollusc) is revealed at the beginning of alpha-helix of B-segment and in the area corresponding to a cluster which embodies a heme- bound water molecule, distal histidine E7 being directed to this cluster. The mollusc myoglobin with two absent (as compared to myoglobins of other species) hydrophobic sites differs in the profile of hydrophobicity most of all. It is supposed that hydrophobic nuclei forming the heme circumference create a globule "skeleton" thus pre-setting general spatial structure of the myoglobin molecule, which is very significant for its functional activity. Journal Article Korpelainen, H. 1990 Sex ratios and conditions required for environmental sex determination in animals Biological Reviews 65 147-184 sex ratio; tsd Edited Book Korsós, Zoltán;Kiss, I. 1992 Proceedings of the 6th Ordinary general Meeting of the Societas Europaea Herpetologica Budapest Hungarian Natural History Museum 534 p. Journal Article Kosova, L. V.;Pikulik, M. M.;Yefimov, V. M.;Galaktionov, Yu. K. 1992 Intraspecific variability of morphometric characters of moor frog Rana arvalis (Anura, ranidae) of Byelorussia Zoologichesky Zhurnal 71 4 34-44 Journal Article Kotler, B. P.;Blaustein, L.;Brown, J. S. 1992 Predator Facilitation - The Combined Effect of Snakes and Owls on the Foraging Behavior of Gerbils Ann Zool Fenn 29 4 199-206 Predator facilitation occurs when prey face two or more predator species and cannot forage and be safe from both types of predators simultaneously: avoiding one predator necessarily leads to increased exposure to the other. Two species of coexisting gerbils (Gerbillus allenbyi and G. pyramidum) which coexist in sandy habitats in the Negev Desert, Israel may face such conflicting demands from vipers and owls. We tested this by subjecting the gerbils to the presence of snakes and owls in a factorial experiment carried out in a large aviary. We also manipulated illumination and microhabitat, two factors which affect the risk of predation. Gerbils responded to owls by reducing foraging activity, avoiding the open microhabitat, and exploiting resource patches less intensively. Also, G. pyramidum showed a significant light x snake x owl interaction indicative of predator facilitation: the gerbils avoided the open entirely when faced with lights and owls, but increased their exposure to owls if vipers were also present. The fangs of die snakes are driving the gerbils into the talons of the owls. Such facilitation may affect the foraging behavior, species interactions, and community structure of the gerbils. Journal Article Kotze, S.H.;Vandermerwe, N.J.;Vanaswegen, G.;Smith, G.A. 1992 A Light Microscopical Study of the Intestinal Tract of the Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus, Laurenti 1768) Onderstepoort J Vet Res 59 4 249-252 Journal Article Kotzé, S.H.;Van-der-Merwe, N J.;Van-Aswegen, G.;Smith, G.A. 1992 A light microscopical study of the intestinal tract of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus, Laurenti 1768) Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 59 4 249-252 CNL, anatomy, food, Although the histology of the intestinal tract of Crocodylus niloticus is touched on in overall studies on reptilian intestinal tract, a more comprehensive light microscopical study on this area is lacking. Specimens for histological examination were taken from the duodenum, the jejunum, the ileum and the rectum. The data obtained revealed that the mucosa is thrown into folds and simple, slightly branched tubular intestinal glands. The mucosal folds diminished in height and eventually disappeared upon reaching the ileorectal junction. The epithelium covering the folds and crypts was of the simple columnar type. Clear marginal cells, goblet cells and argentaffin cells were observed throughout the intestinal tract. No Paneth cells were seen in this study. The lamina propria was rich in lymphocytic infiltrations while the muscularis mucosa consisted mainly of an outer longitudinal layer, the inner circular layer being rudimentary or absent. The submucosa was extremely narrow, and the circular and longitudinal layers of the tunica muscularis contained distinct layers of dense fibrous connective tissue. The histology of the intestinal tract of C. niloticus is shown to be in line with the situation in crocodilians and also exhibits a resemblance to that of carnivorous mammals. Book Kovalenko, E.E. 1992 [Anomalies of the Vertebral Column of the tailess amphibians] St. Petersburg St. Petersburg University Press 142 Anomoalies; Vertebrae; Anura Book Kovalenko, E.E. 1992 Anomalies of the Vertebral Column of the tailess amphibians St. Petersburg St. Petersburg University Press 142 Journal Article Köhler, G. 1991 Species specific feeding and nutritional diseases in green iguanas Artgerechte Ernährung und ernährungsbedingte Erkrankungen des Grünen Leguans Iguana Rundschr 2 1991 16-17 Reptilia, sauria, iguana, nutrition, feeding, diseases, osteodystrophy echsen,vit,vet PF x Journal Article Köhler, G. 1991 The green iguana, management, breeding, diseases, observations in the wild Der Grüne Leguan. Pflege, Zucht, Erkrankungen und Freilandbeobachtungen Hanau (Verlag Gunther Köhler) Reptilia, sauria, green iguana, breeding, management, diseases, behaviour echsen,zucht,vet WI x Journal Article Köhler, Gunther 1992 Growth of the green iguana (Iguana iguana) in the first 18 months of life in captivity Iguana Times 1 4 6-8 Journal Article Köhler, Gunther 1992 Lizard letters [salmonellosis] Iguana Times 1 6 14-15 cyclura nubila lewisi Journal Article Köhler, G. 1992 Unsymmetric related congenital defects (Duplicitas incompleta) inSceloporus cyanogenys. Asymmetrische zusammenhängende Doppelmißbildung (Duplicitas incompleta) bei Sceloporus cyanogenys Iguana Rundschr 2 33-34 Reptilia, sauria, Sceloporus cyanogenys, pathology, congenital defect echsen,vet,histo PF x Journal Article Köhler, G. 1992 The importance of Entamoeba invadens in the cohabitation of lizards or snakes with tortoises Die Bedeutung von Entamoeba invadens bei der Vergesellschaftung von Echsen oder Schlangen mit Schildkröten Sauria 14 4 31-34 Reptilia, serpentes, sauria, testudines, infection, protoizoa, Entamoba invadens, epidemiology vet,proto,serp,echsen,testu PF x Journal Article Köhler, G. 1992 Species-relevant feeding and diseases caused by deficient feeding in green iguanas (Iguana iguana) (Germ.) Artgerechte Ernährung und ernährungsbedingte Erkrankungen des Grünen Leguans, Iguana iguana (LINNAEUS 1758) Sauria 14 1 3-8 Reptilia, sauria, green iguana, feeding, food, deficiencies echsen,vit,vet,chem,oeko PF x Journal Article Köhler, G. 1992 Stone in te urinary bladder of the black iguana Ctenosaura similis Blasenstein bei einem Schwarzen Leguan, Ctenosaura similis Iguana Rundschr 2 1992 35-39 Reptilia, sauria, black iguana Ctenosaura similis, pathology, urinary bladder, stone echsen,vet PF x Journal Article Köppl, Christine;Manley, Geoffrey A. 1990 Peripheral auditory processing in the bobtail lizard Tiliqua rugosa. II. Tonotopic organization and innervation pattern of the basilar papilla Journal of Comparative Physiology 167A 101-112 Journal Article Köppl, Christine;Manley, Geoffrey A. 1990 Peripheral auditory processing in the bobtail lizard Tiliqua rugosa. III. Patterns of spontaneous and tone-evoked nerve fibre activity Journal of Comparative Physiology 167A 113-127 Journal Article Köppl, Christine;Manley, Geoffrey A.;Johnstone, Brian M. 1990 Peripheral auditory processing in the bobtail lizard Tiliqua rugosa. V. Seasonal effects of anaesthesia Journal of Comparative Physiology 167A 139-144 Book Section Köppl, Christine;Manley, Geoffrey A. 1992 Functional consequences of morphological trends in the evolution of lizard hearing organs Webster, D. B.;Fay, R. R. and Popper, A. N. The Evolutionary Biology of Hearing New York Springer Verlag 489-509 Journal Article Kraus, Fred;Miyamoto, Michael M. 1990 Mitochondrial genotype of a unisexual salamander of hybrid origin is unrelated to either of its nuclear haplotypes Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 87 2235-2238 Journal Article Kraus, F.;Miyamoto, M. M. 1990 Mitochondrial genotype of a unisexual salamander of hybrid origin is unrelated to either of its nuclear haplotypes [published erratum appears in Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990 May;87(10):4022] Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87 6 2235-8 Ambystoma/*genetics/physiology; Animal; Cell Nucleus/physiology; DNA/*genetics; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics; Female; Genotype; Male; Phenotype; Phylogeny; Reproduction; Restriction Mapping; Species Specificity; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. We examined mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), enzyme, and morphological variation among 17 unisexual Ambystoma of hybrid origin. Electrophoretic comparison of diagnostic enzymes indicates that these unisexuals are triploid with two nuclear genomes from the bisexual species Ambystoma laterale and one from Ambystoma jeffersonianum; however, according to restriction analysis, the mtDNAs of these specimens derive from a third species, Ambystoma texanum. This unusual situation is apparently due to a partially independent segregation event in an ancestor of these unisexuals. This situation highlights the potential importance of molecules with different inheritance patterns in elucidating complex cases of reticulate evolution. Journal Article Kraus, F.;P. K. Ducey, P. Moler;Miyamoto., M. M. 1991 Two new triparental unisexual Ambystoma from Ohio and Michigan Herpetologica 47 429-439 Journal Article Krebs, Uwe 1991 Ethology and learning: from observation to semi-natural experiment Mertensiella 2 220-232 varanidae; ethology; learning; seminatural experiments; ingestion behavior; Varanus dumerilii; Learning specificity Journal Article Kreutz, Rolf 1990 Vorsicht im Umgang mit Lioheterodon madagascariensis! Herpetofauna 12 65 9 Lioheterodon madagascarensis Journal Article Kriebel, R. M.;Angel, A.;Parsons, R. L. 1991 Biogenic amine localization in cardiac ganglion intrinsic neurons: electron microscopic histochemistry of SIF cells Brain Res Bull 27 2 175-9 Animal; Biogenic Amines/*metabolism; Chromates; Fluorescence; Ganglia/cytology/*metabolism; Heart Conduction System/cytology/*metabolism; Histocytochemistry; Microscopy, Electron; Necturus; Neurons/*metabolism/physiology/ultrastructure; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Synapses/ultrastructure; Tissue Distribution The parasympathetic cardiac ganglion in the mudpuppy, N. maculosus, contains postganglionic nerve cells and intrinsic neurons, many of which are small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells. Several bioactive substances have been localized in the intrinsic nerve cells which may have integrative effects at synapses within the ganglion. Ganglionic intrinsic neurons can be identified electron microscopically by the presence of numerous cytoplasmic granular vesicles 80-120 nm in diameter. Throughout the ganglion there are bundles of unmyelinated fibers some of which are filled with granular and agranular vesicles and axosomatic terminals with similar vesicles synapsing on principal parasympathetic nerve cells. To understand the aminergic contribution to ganglionic synaptic circuitry the chromaffin reaction was used. The intrinsic neurons (i.e., SIF cells) were readily identified by their characteristic intracellular granule population. All intrinsic nerve cells identified showed granules which were positively labelled by the chromaffin reaction. Granular vesicles in synaptic profiles on principal cells (P cells) were also labelled indicating a direct aminergic synaptic innervation to these cells. The cell bodies of intrinsic neurons, ensheathed with supportive glial-like cellular processes, rarely received synapses. Elemental microanalysis was used to verify the chromium content of the electron dense product within the granular vesicles. These studies demonstrated direct aminergic synaptic input to at least a subpopulation of principal parasympathetic cells in the cardiac ganglion of mudpuppy. Journal Article Krone, Andreas 1992 Erfahrungen mit dem Einsatz von Lichtfallen für den Nachweis von Amphibien Rana 6 158-161 Funnel trap; Survey Journal Article KRUGER, J.;BASSON, L.;AS, J.G. van 1991 Redescription of Trichodina xenopodos Fantham, 1924 (Ciliophora: Peritricha), a urinary bladder parasite of Xenopus laevis laevis, Daudin, 1802, with notes on transmission Systematic Parasitol. 19 43-50 Amphibia, anura, Xenopus laevis, infection, Trichodina, pathology, urinary bladder Concerning the transmission of the parasite, experiments revealed that the trichodinoids can survive for a short period in water outside the urinary bladder. During amplexus male and female remain closely associated for an extended period, at which time the infection from one host to the other may be possible. Reprint Vet. Path. Spec. anim. 91/273 Journal Article Krupa, James J. 1990 Bufo cognatus Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 457 1-8 Journal Article Krupa, James J. 1990 Advertisement call variation in the Great Plains toad Copeia 1990 3 884-886 Journal Article Krzysik, Anthony J.;Woodman, A. Peter 1991 Six years of Army training activities and the desert tortoise Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 337-368 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Kubokawa, K. 1991 Changes in Specific Gonadotropin Binding Sites in the Liver During Metamorphosis in the Bullfrog, Rana-Catesbeiana Zoological Science 8 4 759-765 Animal Sciences K Kubokawa, Waseda Univ, Sch Educ, Dept Biol, Tokyo 16950, Japan Journal Article Kuchling, G.;Dejose, J.P.;Burbidge, A.A.;Bradshaw, S.D. 1992 Beyond captive breeding: the western swamp tortoise Int. Zoo Yb. 31 37-41 Captive, breeding Journal Article Kudrna, P. 1992 [The snake Elaphe vulpina in the terrarium.] Akvarium Terarium 35 6 25-26 Journal Article Kuhn, Joachim 1992 Die Erdkröte Bufo bufo bufo in einer Wildflußaue Herpetofauna 14 80 25-33 Bufo bufo Journal Article Kumar, S., Yadav, C.L., 1991 Comparative Efficacy of Ivermectin, Fenbendazloe and Levamisole Against Gastrointestinal Nematodiasis in Camels Indian Veterinary Journal 68 8 787-789 Veterinary Medicine , Animal Health , Nematoda , Mammalia , Camelidae , Therapy S Kumar,Haryana Agr Univ,Dept Vet Parasitol,Hissar 125004,Haryana, India Journal Article Kumar, S.Yadav, C.L. 1991 Comparative Efficacy of Ivermectin, Fenbendazloe and Levamisole Against Gastrointestinal Nematodiasis in Camels Indian Veterinary Journal 68 8 787-789 Veterinary Medicine , Animal Health , Nematoda , Mammalia , Camelidae , Therapy S Kumar,Haryana Agr Univ,Dept Vet Parasitol,Hissar 125004,Haryana, India Journal Article Kumar, Satish 1992 Indian monitor (Varanus bengalensis) feeding on a blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) kill Hamadryad 17 48 Varanus bengalensis Book Section Kupriyanova, Larissa A. 1990 Cytogenetic studies in lacertid lizards Ohlmo Cytogenetics of Amphibians and Reptiles Birkhauser Verlag Basel 241-245 Book Section Kupriyanova, L. 1990 Cytogenetic studies in lacertid lizards Olmo, E. Cytogenetics of Amphibians and Reptiles Basel Birkhäuser 241-245 Journal Article Kusano, Tamotsu;Toda, Mitsuhiko;Fukuyama, Kinji 1991 Testes size and breeding systems in Japanese anurans with special reference to large testes in the treefrog, Rhacophorus arboreus (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae) Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 29 27-31 sperm competition, multi-male breeding Book Section Kushlan, J.A.;Mazzotti, F.J. 1990 Population biology and status of the American crocodile in south Florida Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 188-194 Journal Article Kushlan, J.A.;Jacobsen, T. 1990 Environmental variability and the reproductive success of Everglades alligators J. Herpetol. 24 2 176-184 AM, habitat, reproduction, nest, FL Journal Article Kutenkov, A. P. 1991 The state of Rana temporaria (Amphibia, Ranidae) populations in the northern perifery of area Herpetological Researches 1 54-60 Rana temporaria Journal Article Kutka, F. J.;Bachmann., M. D. 1990 Acid sensitivity and water chemistry correlates of amphibian breeding ponds in northern Wisconsin, USA. Hydrobiologia 208 153-160 Journal Article Kuzmin, Sergius L. 1990 Trophic niche overlap in syntopic postmetamorphic amphibians of the Carpathian Mountains (Ukraine: Soviet Union) Herpetozoa 3 1/2 13-24 Journal Article Kuzmin, Sergius L. 1991 Feeding of the salamander Ranodon sibiricus Alytes 9 4 135-143 ontogenesis Journal Article Kuzmin, Sergius L. 1992 Feeding ecology of the Caucasian Salamander (Mertensiella caucasica), with comments on life history Asiatic Herpetological Research 4 123-131 salamandridae caucasus mountains georgia feeding larvae electivity Book Kuzmin, S. L. 1992 Trophology of Caudata: Ecological and Evolutionary aspects Moscow Nauka Publishing House 168 Book Kuzmin, Sergius L. 1992 [Trophology of tailed amphibians] Moscow Hayka 168 Book Kuzmin, Sergius L. 1992 [Trophology of Caudata: Ecological and Evolutionary Aspects] Moscow Nauka 168 Journal Article Kwantes, L. J. 1992 Surgical correction of cystic urolithiasis in an iguana Can Vet J 33 11 752-753 Reptilia, sauria, green iguana, Iguana iguana, surgery, bladder, stone, therapy, urine, calculus Journal Article La Marca, Enrique 1991 Descripcion de un genero nuevo de ranas (Amphibia: Dendrobatidae) de la Cordillera De Merida, Venezuela Anuario De Investigacion? 39-41 Journal Article La Marca, E. 1991 Population changes in Atelopus species of the cordillera de Mérida, Venezuela Herpetological Review 22 4 125-128 DAP, Atelopus, Venezuela Book La Marca, Enrique 1992 Caudernos Geograficos: Catalogo Taxonomico Biogeografico Y Bibliografico de Las Ranas de Venezuela Merida, Venezuela Universidad de Los Andes 197 catalog, taxonomy, biogreograohical, bibliographies, frogs, ranas, Venezuela Book La Marca, Enrique 1992 Catálogo Taxonómico, Biogeográfico y Bibliográfico de las Ranas de Venezuela Mérida Universidad de los Andes 197 p. Journal Article Laan, Ronald;Verboom, Ben 1990 Effects of pool size and isolation on amphibian communities Biological Conservation 54 251-262 Journal Article Lacki, Michael J.;Hummer, Joseph W.;Webster, Harold J. 1992 Mine-damage treatment wetland as habitat for herpetofaunal wildlife Environmental Management 16 4 513-520 rana clamitans palustris hyla crucifer catesbeiana reclamation species richness versicolor pseudacris triseriata bufo americana woodhousei woodousii notophtalmus viridescens desmognathus fuscus eurycea longicauda plethodon glutinosus coluber constrictor diadophis puntatus elaphe obsoleta heterodon platyrhinos nerodia sipedon thamnophis sauritus sirtalis sceloporus undulatus terrapene carolina Journal Article Ladds, P. W.;Sims, L. D. 1990 Diseases of young captive crocodiles in Papua New Guinea Aust. Vet. J. 67 9 323-330 CPR, CNV, farm, disease, To identify causes of mortality in young captive crocodiles, detailed necropsy and laboratory examination was done on 54 (30 Crocodylus porosus, 22 C. novaeguineae, 2 of unrecorded species). Although multiple infections often confounded interpretation it was concluded that the major infectious diseases, of approximately equal importance, were coccidiosis, bacterial septicaemia with Gram-negative organisms, and metazoan parasitism including ascariasis and pentastomiasis. A range of other lesions and agents was recognised, including keratitis, enteritis of unknown aetiology, non-suppurative encephalitis, traumatic peritonitis and trematodes located in renal tubules, gut and blood vessels. Some crocodiles in poor condition had only mild lesions associated with metazoan parasites and the cause of death or illness could not be clearly determined, although it was considered likely that adaptation failure was a contributing factor. Journal Article Lading, Engkamat Ak;Stuebing, Robert B.;Voris, Harold K. 1991 A population size estimate of the yellow-lipped sea Krait, Laticauda colubrina, on Kalampunian Damit Island, Malaysia Copeia 1991 4 1139-1142 Journal Article LaDuke, Thomas C. 1991 The fossil snakes of Pit 91, Rancho la Brea, California Contributions in Science 424 1-28 Edited Book Lageuex, C.J. 1991 Economic analysis of sea turtle eggs in a coastal community on the Pacific coast of Honduras Chicago University of Chicago Press 136-144 conservation; ridley Journal Article Lago, Paul K. 1991 A survey of arthropods associated with gopher tortoise burrows in Mississippi Ent. News 102 1 1-13 gopherus polyphemus symbiosis Journal Article Lahanas, P. N.;Savage, J. M. 1992 A new species of caecilian from the Peninsula de Osa of Costa Rica Copeia 1992 3 703-708 OSCAECILIA OSAE new species; OSCAECILIA new record; DESCRIPTION; MORPHOLOGY; ZOOGEOGRAPHY A new species of caecilian, Oscaecilia osae, is described from the Peninsula de Osa, Costa Rica. A combination of characters, including a high primary annuli count (232), absence of secondary annuli, and presence of scales in the primary annuli over much of the body distinguishes it from all other Oscaecilia, oscaecilia osae represents the first record of the genus from Costa Rica and brings the recognized caecilian fauna of tropical Mexico, Central America, and Panama to 11 species. Journal Article Lake, James A. 1991 Tracing orgins with molecular sequences: metazoan and eukaryotic beginnings TIBS 16 February 46-50 Journal Article Lamar, W. W. 1992 Book Review: Biology of the Pitvipers Vivarium 4 1 20-21;34 Book Review Journal Article Lamb, Trip;Novak, James M.;Mahoney, Diane L. 1990 Morphological asymmetry and interspecific hybridization: A case study using hylid frogs Journal of Evolutionary Biology 3 295-309 hyla cinerea gratiosa Journal Article Lamb, Trip;Novak, James M.;Mahoney, Diane L. 1990 Morphological asymmetry and interspecific hybridization: a case study using hylid frogs J. Evol. Biol. 3 295-309 Journal Article Lamb, Trip;Novak, James M.;Mahoney, Diane L. 1990 Morphological asymmetry and interspecific hybridization: A case study using hylid frogs. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 3 295-309 Amphibia, Hyla cinerea, Hyla gratiosa, hybrid, morphology, genetic variation, evolution, divergence, population genetics Journal Article Lamb, T.;Lovich, J. 1990 Morphometric validation of the striped mud turtle (Kinosternon baurii) in the Carolinas and Virginia Copeia 1990 3 613-618 reptiles, morphology, color, Journal Article Lamb, Trip;Bickham, John W.;Gibbons, J. Whitfield;Smolen, Michael J.;McDowell, Susan 1991 Genetic damage in a population of slider turtles (Trachemys scripta ) inhabiting a radioactive reservior Arch. Environ. Cantam. Toxicol. 20 138-142 Journal Article Lamb, T.;Bickham, J. W.;Gibbons, J. W.;Smolen, M. J.;McDowell, S. 1991 Genetic damage in a population of slider turtles (Trachemys scripta) inhabiting a radioactive reservoir Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 20 138-142 reptiles, DNA Journal Article Lamberti, G. A.;S. V. Gregory, C. P. Hawkins, R. C. Wildman, L. R. Ashkenas;Denicola., D. M. 1992 Plant-herbivore interactions in streams near Mt. St. Helens. Freshw. Biol. 27 237-247 Journal Article Lambiris, Angelo J. L. 1992 Laryneal and Buccopharyngeal morphology as adjuncts in Anuran taxonomy: preliminary remarks on natal frogs Proceedings of the 2nd Herpetologists Association of Africa Symposium 40 9-10 Amphibia, anura, larvae, mouth parts, laryngeal morphology, Bufo pusillus, Bufo poweri, Bufo cruciger, Breviceps maculatus, Rana umbraculata, Cacosternum striatum Journal Article Lamborot, M.;Ortiz, J. C. 1990 Liolaemus pseudolemnicatus, a new species of lizard from north Chico Chile (Sauria: Tropiduridae) Gayana Zool. 54 3-4 135-142 reptiles, species description, morphology, cryptic species Journal Article Lampel, Ilan 1990 Field observation in the area of Nablus on two species of snakes: Syrian Black snake (Coluber jugularis) and Arabian rear-fanged snake (Malpolon monspessulanus) Hardun 5 7-21;83 Coluber jugularis; Malpolon monspessulanus; activity patterns; habitat Journal Article Lance, V.A.;Bogart, M.A. 1991 Tamoxifen 'sex reverses' alligator embryos at male producing temperature, but is an anti-estrogen in female hatchlings Experimentia 47 263-266 AM, biochemistry, reproduction, temperature, Journal Article Lance, V. A.;Bogart, M. H. 1992 Disruption of ovarian development in alligator embryos treated with an aromatase inhibitor Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 86 1 59-71 AM, embryology, biochemistry, reproduction, TSD, endocrinology, It has been suggested that sex differentiation in vertebrates is steroid hormone dependent, that estrogens play a critical role in ovarian differentiation, and that male sex differentiation will occur in the absence of estrogens. Using the model of the alligator in which sex can be manipulated by incubation conditions (eggs incubated at a constant temperature of 30 degrees produce 100% females, and at 33 degrees produce 100% males), a series of experiments using antiestrogens, antiandrogen, estradiol-17 beta, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and aromatase inhibitors were performed. Test substances were injected into alligator eggs prior to gonadal sex differentiation and the eggs were incubated at male or female temperatures until just before expected date of hatching. Gonads were excised and the sex was verified histologically. Control embryos injected with vehicle produced the expected sex: females at 30 degrees and males at 33 degrees. Estradiol in eggs at 33 degrees (male temperature) produced 100% females and did not alter female development in eggs at 30 degrees. Antiandrogen, DHT, and a steroid antiestrogen had no discernible effect in either the 30 degrees or the 33 degrees eggs at the doses tested. The aromatase inhibitors aminoglutethimide and 4-hydroxyandrostenedione caused a moderate disruption of ovarian development and had no apparent effect on testicular development. The nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor, Ciba Geigy 16949A, caused inhibition of ovarian development in all treated embryos. The Mullerian ducts did not appear to be affected by this treatment, or by any of the other treatments, and the gonads did not appear masculinized. We conclude that estrogen appears to be necessary for normal ovarian development, but that inhibition of estrogen synthesis alone is insufficient to cause masculinization. Likewise, exogenous androgens appear unable to masculinize embryonic gonads. The evidence suggests that testicular differentiation in amniote vertebrates is dependent on factors other than androgens or level of estrogens. Journal Article Lang, Mathias;Böhme, Wolfgang 1991 Remarks on a hyoid abnormality in Varanus bengalensis nebulosus (Gray, 1831) Mertensiella 2 233-239 Varanus bengalensis; hyobranchial skeleton; abnormality Journal Article Lang, M. 1992 A review of techniques for marking snakes Smithsonian herpetological Information Service 90 1-19 7, snake, mark, technique Journal Article Langerwerf, B.G.A. 1991 A large scale breeding facility in Alabama. Brit. Herpetol. Soc. Bull. 36 43-46 Reptilia, sauria, propagation, management Reprint Endnote 93/708 Journal Article Langone, J. A. 1990 Revalidacion de Hyla uruguaya Schmidt, 1944 (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae) Comunicaciones Zoologicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo 12 172 1-9 frog, morphology, systematics Journal Article Langone, J. 1992 Comentarios sobre algunos taxa asignados al género Scinax Wagler, 1830 (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae) Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 8 1 Scinax Journal Article Lanser, S.;Mottice, S.;Newcomb-Gayman, P.;Nicols, C. R. 1992 Lizard-associated salmonellosis-Utah JAMA 268 11 1396 Varanus exanthematicus Book Section Larriera, A. 1990 A program of monitoring and recovering of Caiman's populations in Argentina with the aim of management Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8327-0023-X vi + 345 pp. 1-5 Book Section Larriera, A.;Inta/Magic, C. 1992 A program of monitoring and recovering of wild populations of caimans in Argentina with the aim of management the second year Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0132-5. 261-269 Book Section Larriera, A.;del Barco, D.;Imhof, A.;von Finck, C. 1992 Environmental variables and its incidence on Caiman latirostris counts Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0132-5. 256-260 Book Section Larriera, A. 1992 The experimental breeding station of Caiman latirostris at Sata Fe City, Argentina (1991/92) Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0132-5. 250-255 Book Section Larsen, R.E.;Verdade, L.M.;Meirelles, C.F.;Lavorenti, A. 1992 Broad-nosed caiman (Caiman latirostris) semen collection, evaluation, and maintenance in diluents Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0132-5. 270-276 Journal Article Larson, Allan 1991 A molecular perspective on the evolutionary relationships of the salamander familes Evolutionary Biology 25 211-277 caudata urodela Journal Article Larson, Allan 1991 A molecular perspective on the evolutionary relationships of the salamander families Evolutionary Biology 25 211-277 Journal Article Larson-Prior, L. J.;Cruce., W. L. R. 1992 The red nucleus and mesencephalic tegmentum in a ranid amphibian: a cytotechtonic and HRP connectional study Brain Behav. Evol. 40 273-286 Journal Article LaRue, Edward L., Jr 1992 Distribution of desert tortoise sign adjacent to highway 395, San Bernardino County, California Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 190-204 Journal Article Lasansky, A. 1992 Properties of depolarizing bipolar cell responses to central illumination in salamander retinal slices Brain Res 576 2 181-96 Ambystoma; Animal; Electrophysiology/methods; Evoked Potentials/radiation effects; In Vitro; Light; Membrane Potentials/radiation effects; Photic Stimulation; Retina/*physiology/radiation effects; Time Factors The voltage and current responses of depolarizing bipolar cells to central illumination were studied by means of whole-cell recording in retinal slices of the larval tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum. To stabilize the responses, it was necessary to limit exchanges between the cytosol and the solution in the patch pipette by reducing the diameter of the pipette tip opening. The current-voltage relationship of the cell membrane in darkness displayed a strong outward rectification, and the inward current evoked by light could be consistently reversed by depolarization only when tetraethylammonium was added to the pipette solution. As a result of the membrane non- linearity, increases in the intensity of bright lights caused relatively smaller amplitude increases in the voltage than in the current responses and the latter had a proportionally smaller after- effect. With larger pipette tip openings, the cytosol equilibrated with the pipette filling solution. Under these conditions the light-evoked responses gradually became slower and acquired an on-off pattern, their final amplitude and polarity being determined by the ratio of the chloride concentrations on each side of the cell membrane. This finding is interpreted as revealing the existence of two response components: a chloride-dependent on-off increase in conductance and a faster depolarizing input that was lost through diffusional exchange. Addition of GTP and ATP to the electrode filling solution had a stabilizing effect on the labile component, whether or not cyclic GMP was also included. Observations on the magnitude of the conductance changes and on diphasic reversals indicate that the labile response component, presumably representing direct input from photoreceptors, is caused by an increase in conductance. The resulting inward current was still present at a low intracellular chloride concentration and may be assumed, therefore, to be carried by a cation influx. Book Latifi, Mahmoud 1991 The Snakes of Iran St. Louis, MO SSAR viii + 159 + 24 plates Book Latifi, Mahmoud 1991 The Snakes of Iran St. Louis, MO SSAR viii, 159 p., 24 plates Journal Article Lauder, G.V.;Prendergast, T. 1992 Kinematics of aquatic prey capture in the snapping turtle. J. exp. Biol. 164 55-78 Reptilia, Testudines, Snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina, feeding, prey capture, nutrition Feedings on fish were accomplished in 78 ms, with peak head extension velocities of 152.5 cm s-1. Worm feedings lasted 98 ms, with with peak head extension velocities of 54 cm s-1. Different statistical analyses demonstrated significant differences in kinematic patterns between fish and earthworm feedings Chelydra is predominantly a "ram-feeder" without any appreciable negative pressures generated during the strike. Journal Article Laurent, R. F.;Lavilla, E. O. 1990 Information complémentaire sur les Telmatobius (Leptodactylidae) de El Moreno (Jujuy, Argentine). [Complementary information on the Telmatobius (Leptodactylidae) from El Moreno (Jujuy, Argentina)] Alytes 8 3-4 105-106 jelskii platycephalus chreso-synonomy Journal Article Laurent, L.;S. Nouira, A. Jeudy de Grissac, M.N. Bradai 1990 Les tortues marines de Tunisie: premi\`eres donn\'ees Bull. Soc. Herp. Fr. 53 1-17 Journal Article Laurent, L. 1990 L'origine des tortues caouannes, Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758) de M\'editerran\'ee occidentale Rapp. Comm. int. Mer M\'edit. 32 1 240 Journal Article Laurent, L. 1990 Les tortues marines en Alg\'erie et au Maroc (M\'editerran\'ee) Bull. Soc. Herp. Fr. 55 1-23 Journal Article Laurent, L. 1991 Les tortues marines de c\^otes Francaises M\'editerran\'eennes continentales Faune de Provence (C.E.E.P.) 12 76-90 Journal Article Laurent, R. F. 1992 On some overlooked species of the genus Liolaemus Wiegmann (Reptilia Tropiduridae) from Peru Breviora 494 1-33 Journal Article Laurent, Raymond F. 1992 On some overlooked species of the genus Liolaemus Weigmann (Reptilia Tropiduridae) from Peru Breviora 494 1-33 Journal Article Laurent, L.;J. Clobert, J. Lescure 1992 The demografic [sic] modeling of the Mediterranean loggerhead sea turtle population: first results Rapp. Comm. int. Mer M\'edit. 33 300 Book Section Laurent, L.;Lescure, J. 1992 The status of marine turtles in the Gulf of Gab\`es (South Tunisia) Z. Kosos, I. Kiss Proc. 6th Gen. Ord. Mtg. S.E.H. Budapest, Hungary 293-295 Journal Article Laurent*-Winter, C.;Gavaud, J. 1992 Effects of thermal acclimation on seasonal accumulation of an apolipoprotein A-I-like molecule in a cold-adapted lizard Can J Zool 70 9 1729-1736 Reptilia, sauria, lizard, Lacerta vivipara, physiology, hibernation, lipid movement Using two-dimensional electrophoresis on total extracts of ovary, liver, and muscle of a cold-adapted lizard, Lacerta vivipara, we investigated the effects of cold at the protein level during autumn and winter. The major phenomenon observed was an accumulation in tissue of an apolipoprotein A-I-like molecule which displayed the same electrophoretic pattern as that previously described in human serum and peripheral tissues (isoform number, charge, apparent molecular mass). However, we detected the isoforms I4, I5, and I6 in all the lizard tissues examined, and two additional more acidic forms (I7, I8), which might come from proteolysis of the basic components. In this study. we report that the accumulation and distribution of the apolipoprotein A-I- like isoforms differ according to thermal acclimation, season, and the particular organ. These findings strongly suggest that significant movements of lipids are involved in the ectothermic hibernation process. Journal Article Laurent-Winter, Christine;Gavaud, Jacqueline 1992 Effects of thermal acclimation on seasonal accumulation of an apolipoprotein A-I-like molecule in a cold-adapted lizard Can. J. Zool. 70 1729-1736 Journal Article Laurin, G.;Green, D. M. 1990 Spring emergence and male chorus behaviour in Fowler's toad, Bufo woodhousii fowleri, at Long Point, Ontario Canadian Field-Naturalist 104 3 429-434 breeding behavior, searching, vocalization Journal Article Lavazza A. e.a. 1990 Rod-shaped virus-like particles in intestinal contents of three avian species Veterinary Record 126 581 210690 MDL DGB Vogels 102 Journal Article Lavilla, Esteban O. 1990 The tadpole of Hyla nana (Anura: Hylidae) Journal of Herpetology 24 207-209 tadpole, Hyla nana, Anura, Hylidae Journal Article Lavilla, E. O. 1991 Condrocraneo y esqueleto visceral en larvas de Cycloramphus stejnegeri (Leptodactylidae) Amphibia-Reptilia 12 33-38 condrocraneo, Cycloramphus stejnegeri, Leptodactylidae Journal Article Lavilla, E. O.;Langone., J. A. 1991 Ontogenetic changes in spiracular and proctodeal tube orientation in Elachistocleis bicolor (Anura: Microhylidae) Journal of Herpetology 25 119-121 Journal Article Lavilla, E. O. 1991 Condrocáneo y esqueleto visceral en larvas de Cycloramphus stejnegeri (Leptodactylidae) Amphibia-Reptilia 12 33-38 Journal Article Lavilla, E. O.;Lobo, F. 1992 Osteological notes on Hylorina sylvatica (Anura: Leptodactylidae) Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali - Torino 10 1 209-216 Journal Article Lavilla, E. O. 1992 Estructura del condrocraneo y esqueleto visceral de larvas de Alsodes barrioi (Anura: Leptodactylidae) Acta Zoologica Lilloana XLII 13-17 condrocraneo, Alsodes barrioi, Anura, Leptodactylidae Journal Article Lavilla, E. O.;Fabrezi, M. 1992 Anatomia craneal de larvas de Lepidobatrachus llanensis y Ceratophrys cranwelli (Anura: leptodactylidae) Acta Zoologica Lilloana XLII 5-11 anatomia, craneal, Lepidobatrachus llanensis, Ceratophrys cranwelli, Anura, Leptodactylidae Journal Article Lavilla, E.O. 1992 The tadpole of Dermatonotus muelleri (Anura: Microhylidae) Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali 10 63-71 Journal Article Lavilla, E. O.;Fabrezi., M. 1992 Anatomia craneal de larvas de Lepidobatrachus llanensis y Ceratophrys cranwelli (Anura: Leptodactylidae) Acta Zool. Lilloana 42 5-11 Journal Article Lavilla, E. O. 1992 Estructura del condrocráneo y esqueleto visceral de larvas de Alsodes barrioi (Anura: Leptodactylidae) Acta Zool. Lilloana 42 13-17 Journal Article Law, Bradley S. 1990 Notes on the importance of water to water skinks (Eulamprus quoyii) Herpetofauna 20 1 28-29 Eulamprus quoyii Journal Article Lawson, Robin;Lieb, Carl S. 1990 Variation and hybridization in Elaphe bairdi (Serpentes: Colubridae) Journal of Herpetology 24 3 280-292 Journal Article Lawson, Robin;Frank, Philip G.;Martin, David L. 1991 A new gecko to the United States herpetofauna, with notes on geckoes of the Florida Keys Herpetological Review 22 1 11-12 Journal Article Lawson, Robin;Meier, Albert J.;Frank, Phillip G.;Moler, Paul E. 1991 Allozyme variation and systematics of the Nerodia fasciata-Nerodia clarkii complex of water snakes (Serpentes: Colubridae) Copeia 1991 3 638-659 Journal Article Lawton, M. P. 1990 Reproductive problems in reptiles Rephiberary Testudines, propagation, pathology testu,vet PF x Journal Article Lawton, M.P.C.;Cooper, J.E. 1991 Salmonella in terrapins Veterinary record 127 Reptilia, testudines, infection, bacteria, salmonella letter to editor * Journal Article Layne, Jack R.;Lee, Richard E.;Huang, Janet L. 1990 Inoculation triggers freezing at high subzero temperatures in a freeze-tolerant frog(Ranasylvatica) and insect (Eurosta solidaginis) Canadian Journal of Zoology 68 506-510 freeze, ice, anurans, insects, cryobiology, overwintering Journal Article Layne, J. R.;Lee, R. E.;Huang, J. L. 1990 Inoculation triggers freezing at high subzero temperatures in a freeze-tolerant frog (Rana sylvatica) and insect (Eurosta solidaginis) Canadian Journal of Zoology 68 506-510 freeze, tolerance, frogs, insects Journal Article Layne, J.R.;First, M.C. 1991 Resumption of physiological functions in the wood frog (Rana sylvatica ) after freezing American Journal of Physiology 261 1 R134-R137 Amphibia, anura, wood frog, Rana sylvatica, Physiology Freeze tolerance, muscle contraction, heart rate, breathing, thawing rate Reprint vet. Path. Spec. anim 91/286. JR Layne,Nazareth Coll,Dept Biol,4245 E Ave,Rochester, NY 14618 Journal Article Layne, Jack R. 1991 External Ice triggers freezing in freeze-tolerant forgs at temperatures above theirsupercoolingpoint Journal of Herpetology 25 1 129-130 freeze, ice, anurans, calorimetry, cryobiology, overwintering Journal Article Layne, J. R.;Lee, R. E. 1991 The importance of body tissue composition to calorimetric assessments of ice content in whole animals Journal of Thermal Biology 16 61-64 calorimetry, crybiology, freeze tolerance, frogs, ice content, tissue, tissue composition Journal Article Lazcano-Barrero, Marco A. 1992 Bolitoglossa mulleri Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 533 1-2 Journal Article Lazell, James;Lu, Wenhua 1990 Four remarkable reptiles from South China Sea islands, Hong Kong Territory Asiatic Herpetological Research 3 64-66 distribution dibamus bourreti typhlops albiceps dendrelaphis pictus ahaetulla prasina Journal Article Lazell, James 1992 Taxonomic tyranny and the exoteric Herpetological Review 23 1 14 Journal Article Lazell, James D., Jr 1992 New flying lizards and predictive biogeography of two Asian Archipelagos Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 152 9 475-505 Journal Article Lázár, G. Y.;Z. S. Liposits, P. Tóth, S. L. Trasti, J. L. Maderdrut;Merchenthaler., I. 1991 Distribution of galanin-like immunoreactivity in the brain of Rana esculenta and Xenopus laevis Journal of Comparative Neurology 310 45-67 Journal Article le Serrec, Gwenola 1992 France's frog consumption Reptilian 1 2 9-10 Journal Article Leach, M.W.;Nichols, D.K.;Hartsell, W.;Togerson, R.W. 1991 Radiation therapy of malignant chromatophoroma in a yellow rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta quadrivittata) J. Zoo & Wildl. Med. 22 2 241-244 reptilia, squamata, serpentes, colubridae, Elaphe Pathology, tumor, chromatophora * Journal Article Leberg, Paul L. 1990 Influence of genetic variability on population growth: implications for conservation Journal of Fish Biology 37 (Supplement A) 193-195 Journal Article LeBreton, Matthew 1990 Reproductive notes on the eastern blue-tongue lizard Tiliqua scincoides (White 1790) Herpetofauna 20 1 30-32 Tiliqua scincoides; Reproduction Book LeBuff, Charles R. 1990 The Loggerhead Turtle in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico Sanibel, FL Caretta Research xx + 216 Journal Article Lee, Julian C. 1990 Creatures of the Maya Natural History 1990 January 44-51 tucatan mexico Journal Article Lee, J. C. 1990 Sources of extraneous variation in the study of meristic characters: The effect of size and of inter-observer variability Systematic Zoology 39 1 31-39 morphology, variation, lizard, reptiles, Anolis sagrei, precision, scales Journal Article Lee, J. C. 1990 A review of "Middle American Herpetology: A Bibliographic Checklist" by J. Villa, L. D. Wilson, J. D. Johnson, Univ. of Missouri Press, 1988 The Quarterly Review of Biology 65 235 textbook review, taxonomy, herpetofauna, reptiles, Amphibia Journal Article Lee, J. C. 1990 Book review: middle america herpetology: a bibliographic checklist Quarterly Review of Biology 65 234-235 Journal Article Lee, W.K., Fujisawa, T.,Kawamura, S.,Itoh, K.,Mitsuoka, T., 1991 Isolation and Identification of Clostridia from the Intestine of Laboratory Animals Laboratory Animals 25 1 9-15 COLITIS/ PERFRINGENS/ DIARRHEA/ HAMSTERS/ BACTERIA WK Lee/Univ Tokyo/Fac Agr/Dept Biomed Sci/Bunkyo Ku/Tokyo 113, Japan Journal Article Lee, W.K.Fujisawa, T.Kawamura, S.Itoh, K.Mitsuoka, T. 1991 Isolation and Identification of Clostridia from the Intestine of Laboratory Animals Laboratory Animals 25 1 9-15 COLITIS/ PERFRINGENS/ DIARRHEA/ HAMSTERS/ BACTERIA WK Lee/Univ Tokyo/Fac Agr/Dept Biomed Sci/Bunkyo Ku/Tokyo 113, Japan Journal Article Lee, Richard E.;Costanzo, Jon P.;Davidson, Evelyn C.;Layne, Jack R. 1992 Dynamics of Body Water during Freezing and Thawing in a Freeze-Tolerant Frog (Rana Sylvatica ) J. therm. Biol. 17 4/5 263-266 Journal Article Lee, Michael S.;Jamieson, Barrie G. M. 1992 The ultrastructure of the spermatozoa of three species of myobatrachid frogs (Anura, Amphbia) with phylogenetic consideration Acta Zoologica 73 213-222 Amphibia, anura, reproduction, gonads, sperm, morphology, phylogeny, systematics, Discoglossoidea, Ascaphidae, Leiopelmatidae, discoglossidae, pipoidea, pipidae, xenopus, pelobaoidea, pelobatidae, megophrys, scaphiopus, pelodytidae, pelodytes, Bufonoidea, myobatrachidae, leptodactylidae, bufonidae, rhinodermatidae, hylidae, microhyloidea, ranoidea, rnaidae, rhacophoridae, lemnodynastes, mixophyes, neobatrachus, batrachyla, telmatobius, telmatobufo, eupsophus hylorina, caudiverbera, pleurodema, bufo nectophrynoides, rhinoderma, hyla, pachymedusa, hyperoliidae, rhacophoridae, pyxicephalus, rana, chiromantis, rhacophorus Book Lehrer, John 1990 Turtles and Tortoises New York Mallard Press 128 Book Lehrer, J. 1990 Turtles and tortoises New York, NY Mallard Press Journal Article Leja, Michael 1990 Buchbesprechung: Crocodile Farm Samutprakarn Thailand Herpetofauna 12 69 28 Book Review Journal Article Lele, Subhash;Richtsmeier, Joan T. 1990 Stastical models in morphometrics: are they realistic? Systematic Zoology 39 1 60-69 Book Section Lello, J.V. 1992 Predicting belly width of Crocodylus niloticus from total length and/or total mass Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0132-5. 285 Book Section Lello, J.V. 1992 Establishment, crocodile farming methods, hatchling production and hide production of Crocodylus niloticus, at Crocworld, South Africa 1984 to 1992 Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0132-5. 277-284 Journal Article Lema, Thales de 1990 Anomalias na Escamacao de duas especies de Elaphomorphus da America do Sul Meridional (Serpentes: Colubridae: Elapomorphinae) Acta Biologica Leopeoldensia 12 2 339-358 Journal Article Lema, Thales de;Sarmento Ferreira, Maria Tereza 1990 Contribuição ao conhecimento dos testudines do Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil) - Lista sistemática comentada (Reptilia) Acta Biologica Leopoldensia 12 1 125-164 Journal Article Lema, Thales de 1991 Rede nacional de nucleos de ofiologia - Renno Veritas 36 144 623-627 Journal Article Lema, Thales de 1992 A politica de ofidismo do Brasil Acta zool. Lilloana. 41 63-65 Journal Article Lema, Thales de;Hofstadler Deiqus, Clarice 1992 Contribuicao ao conhecimento da "Cobra espada d'Agua", Ptychophis flavovirgatus Gomes, (Serpentes, Colubridae, Xenodontinae, Tachymenini) Comun. Mus. Cienc. PUCRS, ser. zool. 5 6 55-83 Journal Article Lema, Thales de 1992 Presenca de Elapomorphus quinquelineatus (Raddi) no wxtremo-sul do Brasil e a ocorrencia de rara anomalia (Serpentes, Colubridae, Xenodontinae, Elapomorphini) Comun. Mus. Cienc. PUCRS, ser. zool. 5 1 1-7 Journal Article Lemos-Espinal, J. A.;Ballinger, R. E. 1992 Observations on the tolerance to freezing by the lizard, Sceloporus grammicus from Iztaccihuatl Volcano, Mexico Herpetologica Review 23 1 8-9 reptiles, lizards, freeze tolerance, cold, temperature, thermal, Journal Article Leptien, Rolf;Zilger, Hans Jürgen 1991 A rare gecko, Bunopus spatalurus hajarensis Arnold 1980 Sauria (E) 1 2 23-25 Journal Article Lescure, Jean 1990 André-Marie Constant Duméril, Père de l'Herpétologie Bulletin de la Société Herpétologique de France 56 13-21 Journal Article Lescure, Jean;Escarra, Jean-Jacques 1990 Publications Herpétologiques d'A.M.C. Duméril Bulletin de la Société Herpétologique de France 56 23-26 Journal Article Lescure, Jean 1990 Rapport de la Commission de Protection (1989-1990) Bulletin de la Société Herpétologique de France 56 78-80 Journal Article Lescure, Jean;Cei, José M. 1991 L'espèce-type du genre Phymaturus Gravenhorst, 1838 (Reptilia, Sauria) Bollettino del Museo regionale di Scienze naturali - Torino 9 1 173-175 Phymaturus palluma; Callopistes palluma; Teius oculatus; Teius teyou; taxonomy; Phymaturus flagellifer; Centrura flagellifer Journal Article Leslie, James F. 1990 Geographical and genetic structure of life-history variation in milkweed bugs (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Oncopeltis) Evolution 44 2 295-304 Journal Article Lessa, Enrique P.;Wake, Marvalee H. 1992 Morphometric analysis of the skull of Dermophis mexicanus (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 106 1-15 Journal Article Lessa, E. P.;Wake, M. H. 1992 Morphometric analysis of the skull of Dermophis mexicanus (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) Zoological Journal of The Linnean Society 106 1 1-15 Allometric Growth; Body Size; Age; Statistics The levels of integration, patterns of allometric growth and size-related differences in skull dimensions of the caecilian Dermophis mexicanus were investigated by means of univariate, bivariate and multivariate statistics. The analyses indicate that (1) most but not all measurements of the skull are more variable in adults than in juveniles; (2) growth is allometric and results in changes in shape between juveniles and adults; (3) there is a high level of integration of all variables by general size; and (4) homologous paired measurements show concordant allometric trends and are integrated beyond the sole effect of general size. These analyses provide baseline data, a set of hypotheses and a methodological framework for comparative studies of patterns of variation and integration among caecilians and among other vertebrates. Journal Article Lessios, H. A. 1990 Adaptation and phylogeny as determinants of eggs size in echinoderms from the two sides of the Isthmus of Panama American Naturalist 135 1 1-13 Journal Article Letcher, B. 1992 Intracoelomic use of tricaine methanesulfonate for anesthesia of bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) and leopard frogs(Rana pipiens) Zoo Biol 11 243-251 Amphibia, anura, ranidae, R. catesbeiana, R. pipiens, anesthesia, Tricaine methanosulfonate, MS222, intracelomic MS222 at dosages of 100, 250 and 400 mg/kg i.p., rapidly induced tranquilization or anesthesia. Effects were minimal ate 50 mg/kg. R. pipiens attained a greater depth of anesthesia and remained longer under anesthesia than R. catesbeiana. Dosages of less than 250 mg/kg are recommended for R.pipiens since variable mortality was noted with higher dosages. Injections did not cause gross or histolohically visible lesion. In regard of intraspecific variance, use with caution is advised. Journal Article LETCHER, J.;GLADE, M 1992 Efficacy of ivermectin as an anthelmintic in leopard frogs J. Am. Vet. Med. Assn. 200 4 537-538 amphibia, anura, ranidae, Rana, nematodes, dosage * Reprint Endnote 93/464 Journal Article Leu, U. 1992 Nutrition and digestion in tortoises Die Ernährung und Verdauung der Schildkröte Sigs Info 1992 2 10-11 Reptilia, testudines, tortioise, food, feeding, digestion testu,vit PF x Journal Article Levell, John P. 1992 Eradicating snake mites: a brief history with report of another method Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 27 10 205-206 treatment Journal Article Levell, J. P. 1992 Eradicating snake mites: A brief history with the report of another method Bull. Chi. Herp. Soc. 27 10 205-206 serp,vet,paras PF x Edited Book Leviton, Alan E.;Anderson, Steven C.;Adler, Kraig;Minton, Sherman A. 1992 Handbook to Middle East Amphibians and Reptiles St. Louis, MO SSAR 264 Middle East Book Levy, Charles 1991 Endangered Species: Crocodiles and Alligators Secaucus, NJ Chartwell Books 128 Journal Article Leyden, David F.;Birkett, Jon R.;Banks, Chris B. 1990 Review of an unsuccessful breeding of black-headed pythons (Aspidites melanocephalus) at Melbourne Zoo Herpetofauna 20 2 23-27 Aspidites melanocephalus Book Section Li, Shushen;Fei, Liang;Ye, Changyuan 1990 The cytogenetic study of eight Pelobatid toad species belonging to two genera of Scutiger and Oreolalax in China (Pelobatidae, Anura) Olmo, E. Cytogenetics of Amphibians and Reptiles Basel Birkhäuser 113-127 Edited Book Li, Feng;Fan, Su-qin 1991 Studies on the Animals in Xinjiang Beijing Science Press iv, 134 Journal Article Liang, Fei;Changyuan, Ye 1992 Study on the phylogenetic relationship between species of Scutiger genus in Qinghai-Xizang plateau (Amphibian: Pelobatidae) Acta Herpetologica Sinica 27-39 Amphibia, anura, Megophryidae, Megophryinae, Scutiger, China, India, phylogeny, systematics, Scutiger ningshanensis, Scutiger liupanensis, Scutiger pingwuensis, Scutiger chintingensis, Scutiger boulengeri, Scutiger maculatus, Scutiger nyingchiensis, Scutiger sikkimensis, Scutiger nepalensis, Scutiger occidentalis, Scutiger mammatus, Scutiger brevipes, Scutiger tuberculatus, Scutiger muliensis, Scutiger gongshanensis, Scutiger adungensis, Aelurophryne, China, morphology, distribution, speciation Journal Article Licht, L. E.;Bogart, J. P. 1990 Courtship behavior of Ambystoma texanum on Pelee Island, Ontario Journal Of Herpetology 24 4 450-452 Journal Article Licht, L. E.;Bogart, J. P. 1990 Comparative rates of oxygen consumption and water loss in diploid and polyploid salamanders (genus Ambystoma) Comparative Biochemistry And Physiology A Comparative Physiology 97 4 569-572 Journal Article Licht, Lawrence E. 1991 Habitat selection of Rana pipiens and Rana sylvatica during exposure to warm and cold temperatures American Midland Naturalist 125 259-268 physiology Journal Article Licht, P.;Denver, R.J.;Pavgi, S.;Herrera, B. 1991 Seasonality in plasma thyroxine binding in turtles Journal of Experimental Zoology 260 1 59-65 Reptilia, testudines, turtle, physiology, thyroid P Licht, Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 Journal Article Licht, P.;Denver, R.J.;Herrera, B.E. 1991 Comparative survey of blood thyroxine binding proteins in turtles Journal of Experimental Zoology 259 1 43-52 Reptilia, testudines, turtle, physiology, thyroid, endocrinology P Licht, Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 Journal Article Licht, Lawrence E.;Lowcock, Leslie A. 1991 Genome size and metabolic rate in salamanders Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 100B 1 83-92 Journal Article Licht, L. E.;Sever, D. 1992 Cloacal anatomy of metamorphosed and neotenic salamanders Can. J. Zool. 69 2230-2233 Amphibia, urodela, newt, salamander,Ambystoma gracile, anatomy, histlogy, cloaca. neoteny, polyploidy Some individuals remain neotenic and retain larval characters in non-reproductive tissues. The cloacal anatomy of metamorphosed neotenic individuals of both sexes was examined to determine to what degree the larval state is reflected in reproductive structures. No difference in anatomy or onset of development of cloacal glands existed between metamorphosed and neotenic salamanders. One autotriploid male showed few signs of cloacal gland development despite well-developed somatic growth, which supports the hypothesis of delayed maturity of sterility in male polyploid salamanders. Journal Article Licht, L. E. 1992 The effect oood level on growth rate and frequency of metamorphosis and paedomorphosis in Ambystoma gracile Canadian Journal of Zoology 70 87-93 Journal Article Lichtenbelt, W.D. van 1992 Digestion in an ectothermic herbivore, the Green Iguana (Iguana iguana) - Effect of food composition and body temperature Physiol Zool 65 3 649-673 Reptilia, sauria, green iguana, I. iguana, digestion, food, temperature Mean selected daytime body temperatures were 35°C-36.4°C. Mean apparent dry matter digestibility (DDM) varied from 30% - 84.2%, depending on the kind of food. Mean DDM and digestible energy were significantly inversely related to the cell wall components lignin and cutin. A series of temperature experiments revealed that an increase in body temperature induced a significant curvilinear decrease of the transit time from 10 down to 3 days. Dry matter digestibility however, was not affected by a change in body temperature. Journal Article Lieb, Carl S. 1990 Eumeces tetragrammus Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 492 1-4 Journal Article Lieb, Carl S. 1991 Dendrophidion vinitor Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 520 1-2 Journal Article Lieb, Carl S. 1991 Dendrophidion nuchale Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 520 1-2 Journal Article Lieb, Carl S. 1991 Dendrophidion paucicarinatum Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 521 1-2 Journal Article Lieber, R.L.;Brown, C.G. 1992 Sarcomere Length-Joint Angle Relationships of 7 Frog Hindlimb Muscles Acta Anat 145 4 289-295 Skeletal Muscle; Sarcomere Length; Length-Tension Relationship; Joint Torque; Sarcomerogenesis; Myofibrillogenesis; Moment Arm; MOMENT-ARM; TENDON; MODEL; KNEE; HIP; LEG Journal Article Liem, Karel F. 1991 Toward a new morphology: pluralism in research and education American Zoology 31 759-767 Thesis Light, R.P. 1992 Orientation of hatchling loggerhead sea turtles in response to the inclination of the magnetic field Journal Article Lilley, Gary 1992 Marine turtle trade in Benoa, Bali, Indonesia Reptilian 1 2 32-34 Journal Article Lilley, J. G. 1992 Venomous snake handling in captivity and field Reptilian 1 3 32-34 Journal Article Lilley, Gary 1992 The plight of the tortoise in North Africa Reptilian 1 5 25-26 Testudo graeca Journal Article Lillywhite, Harvey B. 1991 The biology and conservation of acrochordid snakes Hamadryad 16 1-9 Acrochordus; Conservation Book Section Lillywhite, Harvey B.;Smits, Allan W. 1992 The cardiovascular adaptation of viperid snakes Campbell, J. A. and Brodie, E. D., Jr. Biology of the Pit vipers Tyler Texas Selva 143-153 evolution ecology habitat blood pressure anatomy physiology Book Lim, Kelvin K. P.;Lim, Francis L. K. 1992 A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Singapore Singapore Singapore Science Centre 160 Journal Article Lima, Steven L.;Dill, Lawrence M. 1990 Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus Canadian Journal of Zoology 68 619-640 Journal Article Lima, A. P. 1992 The tadpole of Leptodactylus riveroi Heyer and Pyburn, 1983 (Anura: Leptodactylidae) Journal of Herpetology 26 1 91-93 Brazil, behavior, habitat, morphology Journal Article Limpus, C.J.;Miller, J.D. 1990 The use of measured scutes of hawksbill turtles, Eretmochelys imbricata, in the management of the tortoiseshell (bekko) trade Australian Wildlife Research 17 633-639 hawksbill Book Section Limpus, C.J. 1991 Marine turtles Baker, R.R. Fantastic Journeys. The Marvels of Animal Migration London Merehurst Ltd. 138-147 Book Limpus, C.J.;Miller, J.D.;Gyuris, E.;Parmenter, J. 1991 The green turtle, Chelonia mydas, population of Raine Island and the northern Great Barrier Reef: 1843-1989. Raine Island Corporation, Australian Department of Science and Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service green; nest Journal Article Limpus, C.J.;J.D. Miller, C.J. Parmenter, D. Reimer, N. MaLachlan, R. Webb 1992 Migration of green (Chelonia mydas) and loggerhead (Caretta caretta) turtles to and from eastern Australian rookeries Wildl. Res. 19 347-358 Journal Article Limpus, C.J.;Reimer, D. 1992 Observations on first breeding by a loggerhead turtle Mar. Turtle Newsl. 56 1-2 Journal Article Limpus, C.J. 1992 Estimation of tag loss in marine turtle research Wildl. Res. 19 457-469 Journal Article Limpus, C.J. 1992 The hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata, in Queensland: population structure within a Southern Great Barrier Reef feeding ground Wildlife Research 19 489-506 hawksbill; sex ratio Journal Article Limpus, C. J.;Miller, J.D.;Parmenter, C.J.;Reimer, D.;McLachlan, N.;Webb, R. 1992 Migration of green (Chelonia mydas) and loggerhead (Carreta carreta) turtles to and from eastern Australian rookeries Wildlife Research 19 347-358 green; loggerhead Edited Book Lin, Yao-Sung;Chang, Kun-Hsiung 1991 Proceedings of the First international Symposium on Wildlife Conservation, Republic of China. Held at Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China 25-29 March 1991 Taipei Council of Agriculture, ROC vi, 1-339 Edited Book Lin, Yao-Sung;Chang, Kun-Hsiung 1991 Proceedings of the First international Symposium on Wildlive Conservation, Republic of China. Held at Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China 25-29 March 1991 Taipei Council of Agriculture, ROC vi, 1-339 Book Linder, Allan D.;Ficher, Edson 1991 The Amphibians and Reptiles of Idaho Pocatello, ID Idaho State University Press 78 Journal Article Liner, E. A.;Chaney, A. H. 1990 Sceloporus torquatus mikeprestoni; Rhadinaea montana Herp review 21 1 22-24 Journal Article Liner, E. A.;Chaney, A. H. 1990 Tantilla rubra rubra: arboreality Herp review 21 1 Journal Article Liner, E. A. 1990 A long lived record of an Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta Bull. Chi. Herp. Soc. 25 3 50 Journal Article Liner, E. A.;Chaney, A. H.;Dixon, J. R.;Scudday, J. F. 1990 Thamnophis crytopsis pulchrilatus Herp Review 21 2 42 Journal Article Liner, E. A. 1991 Mexico Bound II Gulf Coast Herpetological Society Newsletter 1 2 4-8 Journal Article Liner, E. A. 1991 Mexico Bound Gulf Coast Herpetological Society Newsletter 12-15 Journal Article Liner, Ernest A. 1992 Bibliography and scientific name index to amphibians and reptiles in the publications of the Biological Society of Washington Bulletin 1-8, 1918-1988 and Proceedings 1-100, 1882-1987 Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 1992 92 1-68 index Journal Article Liner, Ernst A. 1992 Thamnophis exsul Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 549 1-2 Journal Article Liner, Ernest A.;Dixon, James R. 1992 A new species of the Sceloporus scalaris group from Cerro Pena Nevada, Nuevo Leon, Mexico (Sauria: Iguanidae) Texas Journal of Science 44 4 421-427 Sceloporus chaneyi n. sp.; new species; Mexico Journal Article Liner, E. A. 1992 Bibliography and scientific name index to amphibians and reptiles in the publications of the Biological Society of Washington Bulletin 1-8, 1918-1988 and proceedings 1-100, 1882-1987 Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 92 1-68 authors, herpetology Journal Article Liner, E. A. 1992 Mexico Bound IV Gulf Coast Herpetological Society Newsletter 13 1 5-7 Journal Article Liner, E. A. 1992 Mexico Bound III Gulf Coast Herpetological Society Newsletter 2 1 12-21 Journal Article Liner, E. A. 1992 Book Review: A social history of the American Alligator Copeia 1992 3 930-931 Journal Article Liner, E. A. 1992 Bibliography and scientific name index to amphibians and reptiles in the publications of the Biological Society of Washington Bulletin 1-8, 1918-1988 and Proceedings 1-100, 1882-1987 Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 92 1-68 literature, reptiles, amphibians Journal Article Liner, Ernest A. 1995 Bibliography and scientific name index to amphibians and reptiles of the the Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Sciences volumes 1-95, 1872-1992 Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 104 1-59 Bibliography Journal Article Lintermans, M. 1992 Predation on Eulamprus tympanum by rainbow trout Herpetofauna 22 1 34-35 Predation; Eulamprus tympanum Journal Article Lipa, J. J.;Triggiani, O. 1992 A Newly Recorded Neogregarine (Protozoa, Apicomplexa), Parasite in Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) and Bumble Bees (Bombus spp) Apidologie 23 6 533-536 A new infectious disease of Apis mellifera, Bombus hortorum and B terrestris is reported to be caused by a parasitic protozoan belonging to the order Neogregarinida. The disease can be diagnosed based on the presence of characteristic navicular spores measuring 11.4-14.4 x 3.6-5.4 mum. Infection level in host populations was low but since this parasite was found in host insects in Finland and Italy, it evidently has a wide distribution in Europe. Journal Article Litchfield, Linda 1990 Long live the Galapagos Tortoise Zoo Life 1 4 14-15 Book Section Little, P.L. 1990 Exogenous vitamin C for captive propagated alligators Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8327-0023-X vi + 345 pp. 6-19 Journal Article Livermore, Beth 1992 Amphibian alarm: Just where have all the frogs gone? Smithsonian 23 7 113-120 amphibian decline Journal Article Liversage, Richard Albert;Khan, Paul A. 1990 Ultrastructure of Xenopus laevis forelimbs: effects of denervation and delayed amputation Canadian Journal of Zoology 68 1 53-62 Journal Article Liversage, Richard Albert;Schotté, Oscar E. 1992 Effects of amputation through primary forelimb regenerates and delayed denervation of the secondary blastemata on the continuation of regeneration in adult newts Monographs in Developmental Biology 23 73-84 triton Journal Article Lizana, Miguel;Pérez-Mellado, Valentín;Ciudad, María José 1990 Analysis of the structure of an amphibian community in the Central System of Spain Herpetol. J. 1 435-446 Rana Iberica, Rana perezi, Discoglossus galganoi, Alytes obstetricans, Hyla arborea, Bufo bufo, Bufo calamita, Salamandra salamandra, Triturus boscai, Triturus marmoratus, Journal Article Lloyd, M. L. 1990 Reptilian dystocias review-causes, prevention, management and comments on the synthetic hormone vasotocin Am. Ass. Zoo vets annu. meet. 290-296 reptilia, squamata, sauria serpentes, chelonia, dystocia, therapy, calcium, arginin vasotocin, AVT By indentyfying the most common causes such as malnutrition, inadequate nesting site, as well as other less common causes, many dystocias may be circumvented. Being aware of the premonitory signs and effective diagnostic tools, treatment can be initiated promptly and effectively Efficient resoltutions can be accomplished. Arginine vasotocin (AVT) use can avoid invasive surgical procedures in many cases and thereby increase success rate overall. Dose AVT 0.01 - 1.0 µg/kg BW. preferably i.v, event. i.p. 220191 WS DW Journal Article Lloyd, M. 1992 Vasotocin-The Reptilian Alternative to Oxytocin? Association of Reptilian Amphibian Veterinarians Bulletin 2 1 5 Reptilia, testudines, sauria, serpentes, pathology, egg binding, therapy, vasotocin Journal Article Lloyd Mark Lynn 1990 Reptilian dystocias review-causes, prevention, management and comments on the synthetic hormone vasotocin AAZV 290-296 *reptilia/squamata serpentes, chelonia 220191 WS DW Journal Article Lobo, F. 1991 Descripcion de la larva de Pseudopaludicola mystacalis (Anura: Leptodactylidae) Boletin de la Asociacion Herpetologica Argentina 7 2 22-24 morphology, frog, comparisons, falcipes, Brazil, larvae, tadpoles Book Section Lobo, Anelio Aguayo;Sarti-M., Laura;López-S., carlos 1992 Reseña del VI Encuentro Interunviersitario sobre Tortugas Marinas Benabib, Miriam and Sarti, Laura Memorias del VI Encuentro Interuniversitario Sobre Tortugas Marinas Mexico City Sociedad Herpetologica Mexicana 1 93-96 Sea turtles; Mexico Journal Article Lobo, Fernando 1992 Distribución y lista de localidades de Pseudopaludicola (Anura: Leptodactylidae) en la República Argentina Cuadernos de Herpetologia 7 5 30-37 Journal Article Lockwood, S.F.;Holland, B.S.;Bickham, J.W.;Hanks, B.G.;Bull, J.J. 1991 Intraspecific genome size variation in a turtle (Trachemys scripta) exhibiting temperature-dependent sex determination Can. J. Zool. 69 9 2306-2310 Reptilia, testudines, Trachemys elegans, Physiology, DNA, nucleus, evolution FLOW-CYTOMETRY, MICROSERIS-DOUGLASII, BIGELOVII ASTERACEAE, CHICKEN SF Lockwood, Texas A&M Univ Syst, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 Journal Article Lockwood, S.F., Holland, B.S.,Bickham, J.W.,Hanks, B.G.,Bull, J.J.,, 1991 Intraspecific Genome Size Variation in a Turtle (Trachemys-Scripta) Exhibiting Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination Canadian Journal of Zoology - Journal Canadien de Zoologie 69 9 2306-2310 NUCLEAR-DNA CONTENT, FLOW-CYTOMETRY, MICROSERIS-DOUGLASII, BIGELOVII ASTERACEAE, INTERNAL REFERENCE, EMYDID TURTLES, EVOLUTION, REPTILES, CHICKEN SF Lockwood, Texas A&M Univ Syst, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 Journal Article Lockwood, S.F.;Holland, B.S., Bickham, J.W.,Hanks, B.G.,Bull, J.J.,, 1991 Intraspecific Genome Size Variation in a Turtle (Trachemys-Scripta) Exhibiting Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination Canadian Journal of Zoology - Journal Canadien de Zoologie 69 9 2306-2310 NUCLEAR-DNA CONTENT, FLOW-CYTOMETRY, MICROSERIS-DOUGLASII, BIGELOVII ASTERACEAE, INTERNAL REFERENCE, EMYDID TURTLES, EVOLUTION, REPTILES, CHICKEN SF Lockwood, Texas A&M Univ Syst, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 Journal Article Lohmann, K. J.;Salmon, M.;Wyneken, J. 1990 Functional autonomy of land and sea orientation systems in sea turtle hatchlings Biological Bulletin 179 October 214-218 leatherback/green/orientation Journal Article Lohmann, K.J. 1991 Magnetic orientation by hatchling loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) J. Exp. Biol. 155 37-49 Journal Article Lohmann, Kenneth J.;Fittinghoff Lohmann, Catherine M. 1992 Orientation to oceanic waves by Green Turtle hatchlings Journal of Experimental Biology 171 1-13 Journal Article Lohmann, K. J. 1992 How sea turtles navigate Scientific American January 100-106 orientation/loggerhead/migration Journal Article Lohmann, K. J.;Lohmann, C. M. F. 1992 Orientation to oceanic waves by green turtle hatchlings Journal of Experimental Biology 171 1-13 green; orientation Journal Article Loll, Jerry R. 1992 Hatching colubrid snake eggs Captive Breeding 1 1 4-6;29 Elaphe guttata guttata; Lampropeltis getula californiae Journal Article Lombard, R.E.;Sumida, S.S. 1992 Recent Progress in Understanding Early Tetrapods - Invited Review Am Zool 32 6 609-622 PHOLIDERPETON-SCUTIGERUM HUXLEY; GREERERPETON-BURKEMORANI ROMER; CENTRAL NEW-MEXICO; LEPOSPONDYL AMPHIBIANS; CUTLER FORMATION; COAL MEASURES; EVOLUTION; LIMB; VERTEBRATES; ORIGIN Journal Article Londos, Pamela L.;Brooks, Ronald J. 1990 Time course of temperature acclimation of locomotory performance in the toad,Bufowoodhousei woodhousei Copeia 1990 3 827-835 jump, toad, acclimation, performance, thermal biology Journal Article LOOMIS, R.M.;ROBERTS, W.G.;WELDY, S.;BERNS, M.W. 1991 Treatment of tumors in snakes with photodynamic therapy. 4. Int. Coll. Path. & Med. Rept. Amph. Bad Nauheim 27-29.9. 191-203 Reptilia, serpentes, pathology, tumor, therapy, photodynamics Conference Proceedings LOOMIS, M. R.;ROBERTS, W. G.;WELDY, S.;BERNS, M. W. 1991 Treatment of tumors in snakes with photodynamic therapy 191-203 Journal Article Lopes, H. R.;Rocha, C. F. D.;Abe, A. S. 1991 Constriction behavior in snakes: Is there a side dominance Rev. Brasil. Biol. 51 4 853-856 reptiles, snakes, subjugation of prey, variable behavior, Boa, Epicrates, boidae Journal Article Lopez, P. T.;Narins, P. M. 1991 Mate choice in the neotropical frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui Animal Behaviour 41 5 757-772 Eleutherodactylus coqui, advertisement call, Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae, phonotaxis, sexual selection, Conference Proceedings Lopez, Thomas J. 1992 Relationships among new world colubrine snake inferred by mitochondrial DNA sequence comparisons Journal Article Lopezgarcia, C.;Molowny, A.;Martinezguijarro, F. J.;Blascoibanez, J. M.;Delaiglesia, Jal;Bernabeu, A.;Garciaverdugo, J. M. 1992 Lesion and regeneration in the medial cerebral cortex of lizards Histol Histopathol 7 4 725-746 Reptilia, sauria, lizard, anatomy, physiology, cerebrum, cortex, regeneration The cerebral cortex of Squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) may be regarded as an archicortex or <>. In lizards, one cortical area, the medial cortex, may be considered as a true <> on grounds of its anatomy, connectivity and cyto- chemo- architectonics of its main zinc-rich axonal projection. Moreover, its late ontogenesis and postnatal development support this view. In normal conditions, it shows delayed postnatal neurogenesis and growth during the lizard's life span. Remnant neuroblasts in the medial cortical ependyma of adult lizards seasonally proliferate. The late-produced immature neurocytes migrate to the medial cortex cell layer where they differentiate and give off zinc-containing axons directed to the rest of cortical areas. This results in a continuous growth of the medial cortex and its zinc- rich axonal projection. Perhaps the most important characteristic of the lizard medial cortex is that it can regenerate after having been almost completely destroyed. Recent experiments in our laboratory have shown that chemical lesion of its neurons (up to 95%) results in a cascade of events; first, those related with massive neuronal death and axonal-dendritic retraction and, secondly, those related with a triggered neuroblast proliferation and subsequent neo-histogenesis, and the regeneration of an almost new medial cortex that shows itself undistinguishable from a normal undamaged one. This is the only report to our knowledge that an amniote central nervous centre may regenerate by new neuron production and neo-histogenesis. Perhaps the medial cortex of lizards may be used as a model for neuronal regeneration and/or transplant experiments in mammals or even in primates. Journal Article Losos, Jonathan B. 1990 Thermal sensitivity of sprinting and clinging performance in the Tokay gecko (Gekko gecko) Asiatic Herpetological Research 3 54-59 optimal performance sensitivity Journal Article Losos, Jonathan B. 1990 The evolution of form and function: morphology and locomotor performance in West Indian Anolis lizards Evolution 44 5 1189-1203 Journal Article Losos, J. B. 1990 The evolution of form and function: Morphology and locomotor performance in West Indian Anolis lizards Evolution 44 5 1189-1203 Reptiles, lizards, Anolis, anoles, evolution, morphology, locomotor performance, Caribbean, size, sprint speed Journal Article Losos, J. B. 1990 A phylogenetic analysis of character displacement in Caribbean Anolis lizards Evolution 44 3 558-569 Reptiles, lizards, Anolis, anoles, phylogenetic, character displacement, Caribbean Journal Article Losos, J. B.;Gannon, M. R.;Pfeiffer, W. J.;Waide, R. B. 1990 Notes on the ecology and behavior of Anolis cuvieri (Lacertilia: Iguanidae) in Puerto Rico Caribbean Journal of Science 25 1-2 65-66 reptiles, lizards, movement Journal Article Losos, J. B. 1990 Concordant evolution of locomotor behaviour, display rate and morphology in Anolis lizards Animal Behavior 39 879-890 Reptiles, lizards, Anolis, anoles, locomotor behavior, display rate, morphology, Caribbean, evolution Journal Article Losos, J. B.;Andrews, R. M.;Sexton, O. J.;Schuler, A. L. 1991 Behavior, ecology, and locomotor performance of the giant anole, Anolis frenatus Caribbean Journal of Science 27 3-4 173-179 reptiles, ecomorph, sprint, body size, home range, dimorphism Journal Article Losos, J. B. 1992 The evolution of convergent structure in Caribbean Anolis communities Systematic Biology 41 4 403-420 reptiles, lizards, character displacement, community assembly, ecomorphology, niche, null model, phylogeny Journal Article Lotz, L. 1990 Die Spinnekop se Spyskaart CULNA 39 4-5 Journal Article Louis, Edward;e.a. 1990 The Galapagos tortoise:taxonomic relationships among subspecies AAZV 16-18 Reptilia, testudines, Geochelone elephantopus, DNA identification 041290 DW DGB Journal Article Louis, Edward 1990 The Galapagos tortoise:taxonomic relationships among subspecies AAZV 16-18 *reptilia/geochelone elephantopus/turtle/*DNA identification 041290 DW DGB Journal Article Louis Edward e.a. 1990 The Galapagos tortoise:taxonomic relationships among subspecies AAZV 16-18 *reptilia/geochelone elephantopus/turtle/*DNA identification 041290 DW DGB Journal Article Loumont, Catherine 1992 Les amphibiens de São Tomé et Principe: révision systématique, cris nuptiaux et caryotypes. [The amphibians of Sao Tome and Principe: systematic revision, mating calls and karyotypes] Alytes 10 2 37-62 schistometopum ephele thomense phrynobatrachus dispar ptychadena newtoni leptopelis palmatus nesionixalus hyperolius concolor thomensis molleri Journal Article Loumont, C. 1992 The amphibians of Sao Tome and Principe: Systematic revision, mating calls and karyotypes Alytes 10 2 37-62 Schistometopum Thomense; Schistometopum Sphele; Leptopelis Palmatus; Ptichadena Newtoni; Phrynobatrachus Dispar; Nesionixalus Molleri; Nesionixalus Thomensis; Speciation; Morphology; Call; Chromosomal Diversity; Evolution; Gulf Of Guinea Two species of gymnophiones (Schistometopum thomense, S. ephele) and five species of anurans (Leptopelis palmatus, Ptichadena newtoni, Phyrnobatrachus dispar, Nesionixalus molleri, N. thomensis) are endemic of the islands in the Gulf of Guinea. They provide evidence that speciation affected morphology and calls but that chromosomal diversification was low. Although variations in chromosome morphology were observed, the caryotypes are not strongly divergent between the insular species and their closest relatives on the continent. Journal Article Lovejoy, D. A.;Fischer, W. H.;Parker, D. B.;McRory, J. E.;Park, M.;Lance, V.;Swanson, P.;Rivier, J. E.;Sherwood, N. M. 1991 Primary structure of two forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from brains of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) Regul. Pept. 33 2 105-116 AM, endocrinology, Two forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) have been purified from brains of the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis, using reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The concentration of total GnRH was 8.8 ng/g of frozen brain tissue or 21.1 ng per brain. The amino acid sequence of each form of GnRH was determined using automated Edman degradation. The presence of the N- terminal pGlu residue was established by digestion studies with bovine pyroglutamyl aminopeptidase and coelution with synthetic forms of the native peptide. The primary structure of alligator GnRH I is pGlu-His- Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Gln-Pro-Gly-NH2 and alligator GnRH II is pGlu-His- Trp-Ser-His-Gly-Trp-Tyr-Pro-Gly-NH2. Book Section Loveridge, J.P.;Hutton, J.M.;Lippai, C. 1992 Trends in nest numbers and clutch sizes of Crocodylus niloticus at four localities on Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0132-5. 286-293 Journal Article Lovich, Jeffrey E.;Gibbons, J. Whitfield 1990 Age at maturity in fluences adult sex ratio in the turtle Malaclemys terrapin Okios 59 126-134 Journal Article Lovich, Jeffrey E. 1990 Spring movement patterns of two radio-tagged male spotted turtles Brimleyana 16 67-71 clemmys guttata Journal Article Lovich, Jeffrey E. 1990 Gaping behavior in basking eastern painted turtles Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 64 2 78-80 chrysemys picta Journal Article Lovich, Jeffrey E.;Ernst, Carl H.;McBreen, John F. 1990 Growth, maturity, and sexual dimorphism in the wood turtle, Clemmys insculpta Canadian Journal of Zoology 68 672-677 Journal Article Lovich, J. E.;Garstka, W. R.;Cooper, W. E., Jr. 1990 Female participation in courtship behavior of the turtle Trachemys scripta Journal of Herpetology 24 4 422-424 Reptiles, turtles, reproduction, courtship, behavior, copulation, females, sex Journal Article Lovich, J. E. 1990 Gaping behavior in basking eastern painted turtles. Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Sciences 64 2 78-90 Chrysemys picta, basking, behavior, gaping, thermoregulation, social, aggression, SREL, turtles, reptiles Journal Article Lovich, Jeffrey E.;Gibbons, J. Whitfield 1990 Age at maturity influences adult sex ratio in the turtle Malaclemys terrapin. Oikos 59 126-134 Sex ratios, maturity, Malaclemys terrapin, turtles, SREL, reptiles Journal Article Lovich, Jeffrey E.;Garstka, William R.;Cooper, William E. 1990 Female participation in courtship behavior of the turtle Trachemys s. scripta Journal of Herpetology 24 422-424 Journal Article Lovich, Jeffrey E.;Gibbons, J. Whitfield 1990 Age at maturity influences adult sex ratio in the turtle Malaclemys terrapin Oikos 59 126-134 Journal Article Lovich, Jeff 1990 Spring movement patterns of two radio-tagged male spotted turtles Brimleyana 16 67-71 Journal Article Lovich, Jeffrey E.;Ernst, Carl H.;McBreen, John F. 1990 Growth, maturity, and dimorphism in the wood turtle, Clemmys insculpta Canadian Journal of Zoology 68 672-677 Journal Article Lovich, J. E.;Gibbons, J. W. 1990 Age at maturity influences adult sex-ratio in the turtle Malaclemys terrapin Oikos 59 126-134 maturity, sex-ratio, turtle, Malaclemys terrapin, baised sex ratios, diamonback terrapin Journal Article Lovich, J. E.;Garstka, W. R.;Cooper, W. E.;Jr. 1990 Female participation in courtship behavior of the turtle Trachemys scripta Journal of Herpetology 24 4 422-424 Reptiles, turtles, reproduction, courtship, behavior, copulation, females, sex Journal Article Lovich, J.E.;Laemmerzahl, A.F.;Ernst, C.H.;Mcbreen, J.F. 1991 Relationships among turtles of the genus Clemmys (Reptilia, Testudines, Emydidae) as suggested by plastron scute morphology Zoologica Scripta 20 4 425-429 Reptilia, testudines, Clemmys; anatomy, systematics, Reprint Endnote 94/36. JE Lovich,US Dept Interior, Bur Land Management, Calif Desert Dist Off,6221 Box Springs Blvd, Riverside, CA 92507 Journal Article Lovich, Jeffrey E.;Tucker, Anton D.;Kling, David E.;Gibbons, J. Whitfield;Zimmerman, Timothy D. 1991 Behavior of hatchling diamondback terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin) relaesed in a South Carolina salt marsh Herpetological Review 22 3 81-83 Reptiles, turtles, Malaclemys terrapin, SREL, behavior, hatchlings Journal Article Lovich, J. E.;Laemmerzahl, A. F.;Ernst, C. H.;McBreen, J. F. 1991 Relationships among turtles of the genus Clemmys (Reptilia, Testudines, Emydidae) as suggested by plastron scute morphology Zoologica Scripta 20 4 425-429 reptiles, turtles, morphology, relations Journal Article Lovich, J. E.;Tucker, A. D.;Kling, D. E.;Gibbons, J. W.;Zimmerman, T. D. 1991 Behvior of hatchling diamonback terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin) Released in a south Carolina salt marsh Herpetology Review 22 3 81-83 behavior, diamonback terrapin, Malaclemys terrapin, south carolina , salt marsh, reproduction Journal Article Lovich, Jeffrey E.;Tucker, Anton;D.;Kling, David E.;Gibbons, J. Whitfield;Zimmerman, Timothy D. 1991 Behavior of hatchling diamondback terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin) released in a South Carolina salt marsh Herpetological Review 22 81-83 Journal Article Lovich, Jeffrey E.;Gibbons, J. Whitfield 1992 A review of techniques for quantifying sexual size dimorphism Growth, Development & Aging 56 269-281 index Journal Article Lovich, Jeffrey E.;McCoy, C. J. 1992 Review of the Graptemys pulchra group (Reptilia: Testudines: Emydidae), with descriptions of two new species Annals of Caregie Museum 61 4 293-315 barbouri ernsti gibbonsi systematic taxonomy Journal Article Lovich, Jeffery E. 1992 Natural recovery rates of desert tortoise habitat from antropogenic effects Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 205 Journal Article Lovich, J. E.;McCoy, C. J. 1992 Review of the Graptemys pulchra group (Reptilia: Testudines: Emydidae) with descriptions of the two new species Annals of the Carnegie Museum 61 4 293-315 Reptiles, turtles, species description, review, ernsti, gibbonsi, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, distribution, range Journal Article Lovich, Jeffrey E.;McCoy, C.J. 1992 Review of the Graptemys pulchra group (reptilia: testudines: emydidae), with descriptions of two new species Annals of Carnegie Museum 61 293-315 Journal Article Lovich, Jeffrey E.;Herman, Dennis W.;Fahey, Kenneth M. 1992 Seasonal activity and movements of bog turtles (Clemmys muhlenbergii) in North Carolina Copeia 1992 1107-1111 Journal Article Low, Jim 1991 Kings of North American snakes Lampropeltis Retile and Amphibian Magazine August 27-33 Mimmicry Journal Article Lowcock, Leslie A.;Licht, Lawrence E. 1990 Natural autotriploidy in salamanders Genome 33 14.2-14.7 + 1 table + 1 figure Journal Article Lowcock, L. A.;Murphy, R. W. 1990 Seed dispersal via amphibian vectors: Passive transport of bur-marigold, Bidens cernua, Achenes by migrating salamanders, genus Ambystoma The Canadian Field-Naturalist 104 298-300 pea clam, Pisidium adamsi, blue-spotted salamander, yellow-spotted salamander, breeding migration, plant dispersal, Ambystoma maculatum, laterale-jefferonianum complex, Amphibia, Caudata Journal Article Lowcock, L. A.;Griffith, H.;Murphy., R. W. 1991 The Ambystoma laterale-jeffersonianum complex in central Ontario: ploidy structure, sex ratio, and breeding dynamics in a bisexual-unisexual community. Copeia 1991 87-105 Journal Article Lowcock, L.A.;Bogart, J.P. 1992 Electrophoretic Identification of the Marbled Salamander, Ambystoma opacum, on Kelleys Island, Lake Erie Can Field-Natur 106 2 196-199 Marbled Salamander; Ambystoma-Opacum; Kelleys Island; Erie Islands; Electrophoresis; Larval Identification; Biogeography Journal Article Lowcock, L. A.;Griffith, H.;Murphy., R. W. 1992 Size in relation to sex, hybridity, ploidy, and breeding dynamics in central Ontario populations of the Ambystoma laterale-jeffersonianum complex. Journal of Herpetology 26 46-53 Journal Article Lowe, C. H. 1990 Are we killing the desert tortoise with love, science and management? In: Proc. 1st Int. Symp. Turtles & Tortoises: Conservation and captive husbandry. Orange Reptilia, testudines, ecology, conservation testu,oeko,namerika,syst,vet PF x Book Section Lowe, D.W.;J.R. Matthews, C.J. Moseley (eds.) 1990 [Caretta account] D.W. Lowe, J.R. Matthews, C.J. Moseley The official World Wildlife Fund guide to endangered species of North America Washington, D.C. Beacham Publ. Inc. 2 721-723 Journal Article Lowe, G.;Gold, G. H. 1991 The spatial distributions of odorant sensitivity and odorant-induced currents in salamander olfactory receptor cells J Physiol (Lond) 442 147-68 Ambystoma/*physiology; Animal; Cilia/physiology; Membrane Potentials/*physiology; Odors; Reaction Time/physiology; Receptors, Sensory/*physiology; Smell/*physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 1. Suction electrode and whole-cell recording were used to record membrane currents from defined regions of solitary olfactory receptor cells from Ambystoma tigrinum. 2. Under whole-cell current clamp, stimulation of cells with odorants activated an inward current in the cilia, an outward current in the soma, and induced a membrane depolarization. Clamping the membrane potential at its resting value of -70 mV increased the inward ciliary current 5- to 10-fold and abolished the outward somatic current. 3. Local odorant stimulation was accomplished by ejecting an odorant solution into a steady flow of Ringer solution. A suction electrode was used to immobilize a cell in the flow and to record the odorant-induced somatic current. The amplitude of the odorant response increased approximately linearly with the length of cilia exposed to the stimulus, but was independent of the length of dendrite exposed to the stimulus, indicating that odorant sensitivity is predominantly localized to the cilia. 4. The latencies of responses recorded under flow did not vary with the region of the cilia which was exposed to the stimulus. Also, the magnitude of the inward ciliary current activated by odorants was equal to that of the whole-cell current recorded under voltage clamp. These observations indicate that the odorant-induced inward current is predominantly localized to the ciliary membrane. 5. Under whole-cell current clamp, local application of a high-K+ solution generated an outward somatic current when applied to the dendrite, but had no effect when applied to the cilia. This indicates that the density of the resting K+ conductance is lower in the ciliary membrane than in the dendritic membrane. 6. The results above are consistent with the hypothesis that all components of the transduction mechanism are uniformly distributed within the cilia, and that the cilia are electrotonically compact, even during an odorant-induced conductance increase. Journal Article Lowe, Charles H. 1992 Desert tortoise climate and disease Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 206 Journal Article Ludwig, D.;Rowe., L. 1990 Life history strategies for energy gain and predator avoidance under time constraints American Naturalist 135 686-707 Journal Article Ludwig;Trutnau 1991 Breeding the california mountain kingsnake Tropical Fish Hobbyist 1191 October 122-128 lampropeltis zonata Journal Article Lue, Kuang-Yang;Chen, Szu-Lung;Chang, Wei-Sah 1992 Notes on the reptiles collected from the offshore islets of Penghu Archipelago Journal of the Taiwan Museum 45 1 15-18 hemidactylus bowringii hemidactylus frenatus takydromus stejnegeri eumeces elegans ramphotyphlops braminus Journal Article Luiselli, L.;Rugiero, L. 1991 Food niche partitioning by water snakes (genus Natrix) at a freshwater environment in Central Italy Journal of Freshwater Ecology 6 4 439-444 niche, competition, food Journal Article Luke, Claudia 1991 A population model for the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 250-262 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Lumeij, J.T.;Koppe, A 1992 Anesthesia in reptiles Part 1 Anaesthesie bij reptielen Deel 1 Dier en Arts 7 235-239 Reptilia, sauria, testudines, serpentes, anesthesia, survey Reprint Endnote 93/686 Journal Article Lumeij, J.T.;Koppe, A 1992 Anesthesia in reptiles Part 2 Anaesthesie bij reptielen Deel 2 Dier en Arts 7 235-239 Reptilia, sauria, testudines, serpentes, anesthesia, survey Reprint Endnote 93/687 Journal Article Lundberg, Frank 1990 First World Congress of Herpetology: United for conserving the resources of the world Vivarium 2 4 7;14;30-31 Journal Article Lunney, Daniel;Eby, Peggy;O'Connell, Michael 1991 Effects of logging, fire and drought on three species of lizards in Mumbulla State Forest on the south coast of New South Wales Australian Journal of Ecology 16 33-46 fire Journal Article Lutcavage, M.;Lutz, P.L. 1991 Voluntary diving metabolism and ventilation in the loggerhead sea turtle J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 147 287-296 Journal Article Lutcavage, M.E.;Bushnell, P. G.;Jones, D.R. 1992 Oxygen stores and aerobic metabolism in the leatherback sea turtle Canadian Journal of Zoology 70 348-351 leatherback; physiology Journal Article Lutter*schmidt, W.I.;Reinert, H.K. 1990 The effect of ingested transmitters upon the temperature preference of the northern Water snake, Nerodia s. sipedon Herpetologica 46 1 39-42 Reptilia, serpentes, northern Water snake, Nerodia s. sipedon, identification, transmitter ingestion, temperature, preference Reprint Endnote 94/45 Journal Article Lutterschmidt, W.I.;Reinert, H.K. 1990 The effect of ingested transmitters upon the temperature preference of the northern Water snake, Nerodia s. sipedon Herpetologica 46 1 39-42 Reptilia, serpentes, northern Water snake, Nerodia s. sipedon, identification, transmitter ingestion, temperature, preference Journal Article Lutterschmidt, W. I.;Reinert, H. K. 1990 The effect of ingested transmitters upon the temperature preference of the Northern Water Snake, Nerodia s. sipedon Herpetologica 46 1 39-42 transmitters, effect, affects, temperature, nerodia, eat Journal Article Lutterschmidt, W. I. 1991 An improved laboratory apparatus for examining thermal preferences of reptiles Herpetological Review 22 3 92-94 thermal preference, gradient Book Section Luxmoore, R.A.;Barzdo, J.G.;Vroad, S.R.;Jones, D.A. 1990 A world survey of crocodilian farming Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 413-433 Edited Book Luxmoore, R. A. 1992 Directory of Crocodilian Farming Operations Cambridge, UK IUCN 341 Crocodlilians; Crocodile farming Journal Article Lynch, John D.;Burrowes, Patricia A. 1990 The frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus (family Leptodactylidae) at the La Planada Reserve in Southwestern Colombia with descriptions of eight new species Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 136 1-31 Eleutherodactylus; Eleutherodactylus apiculatus sp. nov.; New species; Colombia; Eleutherodactylus hectus sp. nov.; Eleutherodactylus laticlaavius sp. nov.; Eleutherodactylus ocellatus sp. nov.; Eleutherodactylus scolodiscus sp. nov.; Eleutherodactylus siopelus sp. nov.; Eleutherodactylus sulculus sp. nov.; Eleutherodactylus verecundus sp. nov. Journal Article Lynch, John D.;Burrowes, Patricia A. 1990 The frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus (Family Leptodactylidae) at the La Planada Reserve in southwestern Colombia with descriptions of eight new species Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History the University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas 136 1-31 Amphibia, Anura, Sminthillus, Syrrhophus, Tomodactylus, ecology, habitat, altitude, gradient, Eleutherodactylus apiculatus, Eleutherodactylus hectus, Eleutherodactylus laticlavius, Eleutherodactylus ocellatus, Eleutherodactylus scolodiscus, Eleutherodactylus siopelus, Eleutherodactylus sulculus, Eleutherodactylus verecundus Journal Article Lynch, J. D.;Renjifo, J. M. 1990 Two new toads (Bufonidae: Rhamphophryne) from the northern Andes of Colombia Journal of Herpetology 24 4 364-371 Amphibia, Anura, new species, Rhamphorphryne tenrec, truebae, morphology, description Journal Article Lynch, J. D. 1990 A new large species of streamside Eleutherodactylus from western Colombia (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) Herpetologica 46 2 135-142 Amphibia, Anura, rugulosus, cheiroplethus, systematics, description, osteology, taxonomy, morphology, frog Journal Article Lynch, J. D. 1990 A new ocellated frog (Centrolenidae) from western Colombia Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 103 1 35-38 new species, Amphibia, Anura, description, cloud forest, Centrolenella ignota, anomala Journal Article Lynch, J. D. 1991 A review of "The Reptiles and Amphibians of the Cimeron National Grasslands, Morton County, Kansas" by J. T. Collins and S. L. Collins, U. S. Forest Service, 1991 Prairie Nat. 23 4 239 Amphibia, book review Journal Article Lynch, J. D. 1991 A review of "Frogs of Boraceia" by W. R. Heyer, A. S. Rand, A. G. Cruz, O. L. Peixoto, C. E. Nelson, Museu de Zoologica, Universidade de Sao Paulo Brasil, 1990 Copeia 2 533-534 book review, Amphibia, Anura, Brazil, South America Journal Article Lynch, J. D. 1991 A review of "The frogs of Zimbabwe" by A. J. L. Lambris, Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Italy, 1989 Herp Review 22 4 137-138 Amphibia, Anura, book review, Africa Journal Article Lynch, J. D. 1991 New diminutive Eleutherodactylus from the Cordillera Central of Colombia (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) Journal of Herpetology 25 3 344-352 Amphibia, Anura, frog, cloud forest, new species, description, distribution, taxonomy, uranobates, maculosus, scoloblepharus, morphology Journal Article Lynch, J. D. 1991 Three replacement names for preoccupied names in the genus Eleutherodactylus (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) Copeia 4 1138-1139 Anura, frog, nomenclature, taxonomy Journal Article Lynch, John D. 1992 Distribution and variation in a Colombian frog, Eleutherodactylus erythropleura (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 27 211-226 Amphibia, anura, leptodactylidae, eleutherodactylus erythropleura, polymorphism, distribution, colombia, Journal Article Lynch, J. D. 1992 A new species of Eleutherodactylus (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) from western Colombia with cranial co-ossification Copeia 3 826-831 Anura, bellona, cloud forests, morphology, osteology Journal Article Lynch, J. D. 1992 A new species of leptodactylid frog (Eleutherodactylus) from southwestern Colombia Herpetologica 48 3 347-350 Leptodactylidae, Andes, taxonomy, Anura, Amphibia, frog, osteology, morphology Journal Article Lynch, J. D. 1992 Two new species of Eleutherodactylus from southwestern Colombia and proposal of a new species group (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) Journal of Herpetology 26 1 53-59 Anura, frogs, cloud forests, rainforests, new species, hybotragus, jaimei, distribution, osteology, morphology Journal Article Lynn, Lloyd Mark 1990 Reptilian dystocias review-causes, prevention, management and comments on the synthetic hormone vasotocin AAZV 290-296 *reptilia/squamata serpentes, chelonia 220191 WS DW Journal Article M'Closkey, R. T.;Deslippe, R. J.;Szpak, C. P.;Baia, K. A. 1990 Ecological correlates of the variable mating system of an iguanid lizard Oikos 59 63-69 reptiles, reproduction, Urosaurus, Arizona, Journal Article M., René Márquez 1990 Sea Turtles of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Sea Turtle Species Known to Date Fao Species Catalogue 11 125 iv + 1-81 Journal Article Maas, M. C. 1991 Enamel structure and microwear: an experimental study of the response of enamel to shearing force Am J Phys Anthropol 85 1 31-49 Alligators and Crocodileacids, 3 alpha,7 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholestane- 26-oic acid and 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestane- 26-oic acid is described. A Radial-Pak microBondapak C18 reversed-phase cartridge was used for the separations and elutions were carried out with acetonitrile-water-methanol-acetic acid mixtures. All eight diastereoisomeric compounds showed baseline separation when up The anisotropic fracturing and differential wear properties of enamel microstructure represent factors that can obscure the predictive relationship between dental microwear and diet. To assess the impact of enamel structure on microwear, this in vitro experimental study examines the relative contributions to wear of three factors: 1) species differences in microstructure, 2) direction of shearing force relative to enamel prisms and crystallites, and 3) size of abrasive particles. Teeth of Lemur, Ovis, Homo, and Crocodylus, representing, respectively, the structural categories of prismatic patterns 1, 2, and 3 and nonprismatic enamel, were abraded by shearing forces (forces having a component directed parallel to abraded surfaces) and examined by scanning electron microscopy. Striation width increased with particle size for nonprismatic, but not for prismatic, specimens. Direction of shear relative to prism and crystallite orientation had a significant influence on striation width in only some prismatic enamels. The different responses of prismatic and nonprismatic enamels to abrasion reflect the influence of structure, but at the level of organization of crystallites rather than prisms per se. Such interactions explain in part the inability of striation width to discriminate among animals with different dietary habits. Heteroscedasticity and deviations from normality also may confound parametric analyses of microwear variables. Variation in crystallite orientation in prismatic enamels may contribute to optimal dental function through the property of differential wear in functionally distinct regions of teeth. Journal Article Mable, B. K.;Rye, L. A. 1992 Developmental abnormalities in triploid hybrids between tetraploid and diploid tree frogs (genus Hyla) Can J Zool 70 10 2072-2076 Amphibia, anura, frog, Hyla versicolor, Hyla cinerea, crossing, hybridization, development, eye Crosses between tetraploid female grey tree frogs, Hyla versicolor, and diploid males of the same genus may provide information on developmental differences between the parental species. Crosses with Hyla cinerea males in 1988 produced a large number of vigorous offspring, but abnormalities in eye development indicated some incompatibility of the parental genomes. The degree of eye development of the hybrids varied, ranging from completely absent to fully functional. Repetition of this cross combination in 1989 resulted in similar variation in eye formation. Histological sections through developing eyes indicated that the abnormalities may be related to improper formation of the cornea, improper orientation of the lens, or lack of lens induction. This may reflect differences in the timing of development between the two parental species. Journal Article Mabry, Catherine M.;Christiansen, James L. 1991 The activity and breeding cycle of Scaphiopus bombifrons in Iowa Journal of Herpetology 25 116-119 Amphibia, Anura, Scaphiopus bombifrons, growth, life cycle, Iowa Journal Article Mabry, C. M.;Christiansen., J. L. 1991 The activity and breeding cycle of Scaphiopus bombifrons in Iowa Journal of Herpetology 25 116-119 Edited Book MacDonald, D. W.;Müller-Schwarze, D.;Natynczuk, S. E. 1990 Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 5 Oxford Oxford UP xxiv, 659 Book Section MacGregor, Herbert C. 1990 Newts and two studies in molecular cytogenetics Olmo, E. Cytogenetics of Amphibians and Reptiles Basel Birkhäuser 61-83 Book Macinnis, Peter 1992 Frog-Watch: The Frog Watch Users' Guide Sydney Australian Museum 26 Australia Journal Article MacKay, W. P.;S. J. Loring, T. M. Frost;Whitford., W. G. 1990 Population dynamics of a playa community in the Chihuahuan Desert Southwest Naturalist 35 393-402 Journal Article Mader, Douglas R. 1990 Metabolic bone disease in captive reptiles Vivarium 2 4 12-13 Metabolic bone disease Journal Article Mader, Douglas R. 1990 Egg retention in reptiles Vivarium 2 5 13-14;22-23 Conference Proceedings MADER, R.M. 1990 A clinical approach to antibiotic therapy in reptiles. 115-137 Book Section Mader, Douglas R. 1991 Antibiotic therapy Frye, F. L. Reptile Care: An atlas of diseases and treatments Neptune City, NJ TFH 2 621-634 Journal Article Mader, Douglas R. 1991 Cryptosporidiosis Vivarium 2 6 14-15 Cryptosporidiosis Journal Article Mader, Douglas 1991 Vomiting and regurgitation in reptiles Vivarium 3 2 11-13 Journal Article Mader, Douglas R. 1991 Treatment of a broken leg in an Asian water dragon (Physignathus cocincinus) with and electric bone stimulator Vivarium 3 4 11-13 Journal Article Mader, Douglas 1992 Shell repair in turtles and tortoises Vivarium 4 1 9-12 Journal Article Mader, Douglas 1992 Surgery in turtles and tortoises Vivarium 4 2 9-11 Journal Article Mader, D. R. 1992 Shell repair in turtles and tortoises The Vivarium 4 1 9-12 Reptilia, testudines, pathology, shell, trauma, anesthesia testu,vet,meth PF x Journal Article MADER, D.R. 1992 Intravenous catheters North Am. Vet. Conf. Proc. Manual 6 699-700 Reptilia, sauria, surgery, anesthesia Journal Article Mader, D. R. 1992 Treatment of a broken leg in an Asian Water Dragon (Physignathus cocincinus) with an electric bone stimulator The Vivarium 3 4 11-13 Reptilia, sauria, water dragon, Physignathus cocincinus, fracture, therapy, electric bone stimulator vet,meth,echsen PF x Journal Article Madsen, Thomas;Shine, Richard;Loman, jon;Håkansson, Thomas 1992 Why do female adders copulate so frequently? Nature 355 440-441 vipera berus Journal Article Madsen, Thomas;Shine, Richard 1992 A rapid, sexually selected shift in mean body size in a population of snakes Evolution 46 4 1220-1224 Book Maeda, Norio;Matsui, Masafumi 1990 Frogs and Toads of Japan Tokyo Bun-ichi Sogo Shuppan 207 Anura; Japan Journal Article Magnusson, Wiliam E. 1990 Crocs, cows and colleagues on Cobourg Peninsula Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 25 6 97-100 essay Book Section Magnusson, W.E. 1990 The peculiarities of crocodilian population dynamics and their possible importance in management strategies Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 434-442 Book Section Magnusson, W.E.;Hero, J.-M. 1990 Diagnosis of sex of live hatchling Paleosuchus trigonatus by direct observation of the gonads Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0009-4 iv + 380 pp. 33-37 Journal Article Magnusson, W.E.;Lima, A.P.;Hero, J.;Sanaiotti, T.M;Yamakoshi, M. 1990 Paleosuchus trigonatus nests: Sources of heat and embryo sex ratios J. Herpetol. 24 4 397-400 PAL, nest, temperature, embryology, size, Journal Article Magnusson, W.E.;Lima, A.P. 1991 The ecology of a cryptic predator, Paleosuchus trigonatus, in a tropical rainforest J. Herpetol. 25 1 41-48 PP, ecology, habit, range, movement, demography, South America Journal Article Magnusson, W. E.;Hero, J. 1991 Predation and the evolution of complex oviposition behaviour in Amazon rainforest frogs Oecologia 86 310-318 Anura, eggs, palatability, terrestrial, predators Journal Article Magnusson, W. E.;Hero., J.-M. 1991 Predation and the evolution of complex oviposition behaviour in Amazon rainforest frogs Oecologia 86 310-318 Journal Article Magnusson, William E. 1992 Paleosuchus Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 553 1-4 Journal Article Magnusson, William E. 1992 Paleosuchus palpebrosus Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 554 1-2 Journal Article Magnusson, William E. 1992 Paleosuchus trigonatus Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 555 1-3 Book Section Mago de Pérez, Y. 1990 Convención sobre el Comercio Internacional de Expecies Amenazadas de Flora y Fauna (CITES), su aplicación en relacion a los crocodílidos en Venezuela Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 5-7 Journal Article Maguire, Michael 1990 Accidental cannibalism in Childrens pythons (Liasis maculosus) Herpetofauna 20 1 33 Liasis maculosus; Cannibalism Journal Article Mahan, J. T.;Donaldson, D. J. 1992 Divalent cations and extracellular matrix receptor function during newt epidermal cell migration J Cell Sci 101 Pt 1 173-81 Animal; Calcium/pharmacology; Cell Movement; Collagen; Comparative Study; Fibrinogen; Fibronectins; Intercellular Junctions/*drug effects; Keratinocytes/*drug effects/metabolism; Magnesium/pharmacology; Male; Manganese/pharmacology; Notophthalmus viridescens; Receptors, Cell Surface/*drug effects/physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Tissue Culture Skin explants were placed in plastic dishes coated with fibronectin (FN), fibrinogen (FGN) or collagen. Explants were cultured for 16 h in serum-free medium containing calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), or in medium containing either Ca-only, Mg-only or manganese (Mn)-only. In Ca/Mg, migrating keratinocytes on all test substrata produced a sheet of contiguous cells that formed a robust halo around each explant. When Ca was the only divalent cation added, the halos in FN- and FGN-coated dishes were approximately 70-80% as large as in Ca/Mg. On collagen, however, the halos were significantly smaller than on the other two substrata. This substratum-specific response in Ca-only suggests that migration on collagen is fundamentally different than migration on FN and FGN. Halos as large or larger than those in Ca/Mg formed on all three substrata in Mg-only. In this case, the halos were not in the form of a sheet of contiguous cells, but were composed of dissociated cells that had migrated from the explant. Individual cells likewise migrated from explants cultured in medium containing Mn-only; however, these halos were never as large as in Mg-only. Thus, while exogenous Ca appears to be an absolute requirement for maintenance of cell-cell connections, the cell-substratum interactions that lead to migration can utilize either Ca, Mg or, to a lesser extent, Mn. Additionally we found that migration on the generally nonpermissive protein, BSA, was not improved by the presence of Mn.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Journal Article Mahasandana, S.;Jintakune, P. 1990 The species of green pit viper in Bangkok Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 21 2 225-30 Reptilia, serpentes, viperidae, intoxication, envenomation, public health The aims of this study were to delineate the species of Green pit viper and clinical patterns in Bangkok areas. This study was a blind independent comparison. Among 188 Green pit vipers collected only two species, i.e. Trimeresurus albolabris and T. macrops were found. There were no differences in snake sizes and in clinical patterns of snake bite. The majority of the clinical cases (90.1%) was classified as of mild degree of severity and severe envenomation was observed only in T. albolabris victims. The ratio between T. albolabris and T. macrops victims in Bangkok residents was 1.7:1 but the ratio was reversed in Thonburi residents. Journal Article Mainka S.A., e.a. 1990 Reproductive and hormonal changes during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) Zoo Biology 9 411-419 Elephas ,estrogen, progesteron, sniff test, blood, urine * Journal Article Makinde, M O;Alemu, P 1991 Erythrocyte membrane osmotic haematological values of captive Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) Zimbabwe Veterinary Journal 22 4 119-125 Journal Article Malan, G.;Branch, W. R. 1992 Predation on tent tortoise and leopard tortoise hatchlings by the pale chanting goshawk in the Little Karoo South African Journal of Zoology 27 1 33-35 Journal Article Malhotra, A.;Thorpe, R. S. 1991 Microgeographic variation in Anolis oculatus, on the island of Dominica, West Indies Journal of Evolutionary Biology 4 321-335 evolution, anole, polychrotidae, morphology, ecology, carribean Journal Article Malhotra, A.;Thorp, R. S. 1991 Experimental detection of rapid evolutionary response in natural lizard populations Nature 353 347-348 lizard. ecomorphology, morphology, body size, body shape, central america, anolis, anole Journal Article Malhotra, Anita;Thorpe, Roger S. 1992 Anolis oculatus Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 540 1-4 Journal Article Malkmus, Rudolf 1990 Reptilien und Amphibien aus der Serra de Montemuro/Portugal Herpetofauna 12 68 15-20 Portugal Journal Article Malkmus, Rudolf 1991 Naturjunde Ausflüge um Mértola, Südportugal Natur und Museum 121 2 37-49 Portugal Journal Article Malkmus, Rudolf 1991 Zur Herpetofauna des oberen Liwago, Mt. Kinabalu/Nordborneo Herpetofauna 13 72 26-34 Mt. Kinabalu; Borneo Journal Article Malkmus, Rudolf 1991 Die Bogenfingergeckos der Gattung Cyrtodactylus am Mt. Kinabalus/Nordborneo Herpetofauna 13 74 6-10 Cyrtodactylus; Mt. Kinabalu; Borneo Journal Article Malkmus, Rudolf 1991 Naturkundliche Ausflüge um Mértola, Südportugal Natur und Museum 121 2 37-49 Journal Article Malkmus, Rudolf;Kunkel, Michael 1992 Amphibien und Reptilien aus dem Leuser Nationalpark/Nordsumatra Herpetofauna 14 76 27-34 Sumatra Journal Article Mallinson, J. 1991 Stranded juvenile loggerheads in the United Kingdom Mar. Turtle Newsl. 54 14-16 Journal Article Malvin, G. M.;Riedel., C. 1990 Autonomic regulation of cutaneous vascular resistance in the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana Journal of Experimental Biology 152 425-439 Journal Article Manahan, D.T. 1990 Adaptations by invertebrate larvae for nutrient acquisition from seawater American Zoologist 30 147-160 Journal Article Mancera, J. M.;Fernandez, Llebrez P.;Perez, Figares Jm 1990 [Immunocytochemical study of the hypophyseal neural lobe of Natrix maura in dehydration] Rev Esp Fisiol 46 2 183-9 The influence of the dehydration treatment on the hypophysial neural lobe of the water snake Natrix maura, has been investigated. Whereas control animals stayed in fresh water, experimental snakes were immersed in a hypertonic solution of sodium chloride (35%) for 48 h. All specimens were fixed by vascular perfusion with Bouin fluid and the pituitaries embedded in paraffin. The sections were stained through histochemical procedures and immunocytochemistry by means of antisera against bovine neurophysins, vasotocin and mesotocin. The intensity of the immunoreaction was measured by microdensitometry. The osmotic stress significantly decreases the amount of stainable neurosecretory material in the neural lobe as well as the immunoreactivity to antineurophysin and antivasotocin sera. Contrariwise, there is no clear decrease in the immunoreactivity to antimesotocin serum. These results suggest that the osmotic stress in Natrix maura elicited an increase in the release of vasotocin. Book Section Mancino, G. 1990 Cytogenetics and chromosome speciation in European newts of the genus Triturus Olmo, E. Cytogenetics of Amphibians and Reptiles Basel Birkhäuser 85-111 Book Section Mancino, Giorgio 1991 Evolutionary cytogenetics of newts of the genus Triturus as revealed using monoclonal antibodies Amphibian cytogenetics and evolution Academic Press, Inc. 197-215 Amphibia, Urodela, Lissamphibia, Triturus, Paleotriton, Mesotriton, Neotriton, karyotype, technique, evolution, cytogenetics, taxonomy, systematics, phylogenetics, chromosome, RNA, DNA, monoclonal antibody Journal Article Mangano, Francesco T.;Fukuzawa, Toshihiko;Johnson, Warren C.;Bagnara, Joseph T. 1992 Intrinsic pigment cell stimulating activity in the skin of the leopard frog, Rana pipiens The Journal of Experimental Zoology 263 112-118 Anura, Ranidae, Rana pipiens, integument, skin pigments, color pattern, 98 Journal Article Manjarrez, Javier 1992 Dieta durante el verano en una poblacion de la lagartija Sceloporus torquatus torquatus Boletín de la Sociedad Herpetológica Mexicana 4 1 6-9 Diet; Sceloporus torquatus Book Manley, Geoffrey A. 1990 Peripheral Hearing Mechanisms in Reptiles and Birds Berlin Springer-Verlag xii, 288 p. Journal Article Manley, Geoffrey A.;Köppl, Christine;Johnstone, Brian M. 1990 Peripheral auditory processing in the bobtail lizard Tiliqua rugosa. I. Frequency tuning of auditory-nerve fibres Journal of Comparative Physiology 167A 89-99 Journal Article Manley, Geoffrey A.;Yates, Graeme K.;Köppl, Christine;Johnstone, Brian M. 1990 Peripheral auditory processing in the bobtail lizard Tiliqua rugosa. IV. Phase locking of auditory-nerve fibre Journal of Comparative Physiology 167A 129-138 Journal Article Manley, Geoffrey A.;Köppl, Christine 1992 A quantitative comparison of peripheral tuning measures: primary afferent tuning curves versus suppression tuning curves of spontaneous and distortion-product otoacoustic emissions Advances in Biosciences 83 151-158 Journal Article Manning, Alan 1991 Notes on the nesting, incubation and hatching of the southern angle-headed dragon, Hypsilurus spinipes (Squamata: Agamidae) Herpetofauna 21 2 15-19 Hypsilurus spinipes; Nesting; Incubation Journal Article Manning, Alan;Ehmann, Harald 1991 A study of the activity and behaviour of the southern angle-headed dragon using the spool tracking technigue Herpetofauna 21 1 5-16 Hypsilurus spinipes; Tracking; Spool Tracking; Movement Book Section Manolis, S.C.;Webb, G.J.W. 1990 Crocodile management and research in the Northern Territory: 1987-88 Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0009-4 iv + 380 pp. 38-68 Journal Article Manolis, S.C.;Webb, G.J.;Pinch, D.;Melville, L.;Hollis, G. 1991 Salmonella in captive crocodiles (Crocodylus johnstoni and C porosus) Aust. Vet. J. 68 3 102-105 CJ, CPR, disease, The prevalence of salmonellas in captive Crocodylus porosus and C. johnstoni was investigated at 2 Northern Territory crocodile farms. Similar proportions of each species at one farm (20.0 and 27.8% for C. porosus and C. johnstoni, respectively) carried salmonellas, but at the other farm there was a significant difference between the 2 species (81.0 and 5.0%, respectively). Procedures for the slaughter of crocodiles and processing of crocodile flesh for human consumption are outlined and discussed from the viewpoint of minimising salmonella contamination. The prevalence of salmonellas on flesh for human consumption (16.0% of carcases) was higher than that reported for beef and mutton, but lower than that for poultry products (Murrell 1986). Serotypes most often isolated from cloacai and faecal swabs were S. cerro, S. singapore, S. enteritidis and S. arizonae. Of the 10 serotypes isolated from processed carcases, S. singapore was most frequently isolated (33.3% of serotypes identified). Journal Article Manwaring, Nathan 1992 An easy to manage and prolific ground gecko (Paroedura pictus) from Madagascar Vivarium 4 2 18-22 Paroedura pictus Journal Article Manweiler, S. A.;Lane, R. S.;Block, W. M.;Morrison, M. L. 1990 Survey of birds and lizards for ixodid ticks (Acari) and spirochetal infection in northern California. Journal of Medical Entomology 27 6 1011-1015 Reptilia, squamata, sauria, aves, , ectoparasites, cari-; Ixodidae; Wild-birds; Spirochaetaceae-; Lyme-disease; Zoonoses-; Ecology-; Surveys-; Parulidae-; Emberizidae-; Ixodes-pacificus; Vermivora-celata; Passerina-amoena; Spizella-passerina; Sceloporus-occidentalis; Borrelia-burgdorferi; Vectors-; California-; A total of 138 birds (24 species) was captured in an oak woodland between December 1988 and June 1989 at the University of California, Sierra Foothill Range Field Station, Yuba County, California. Ticks were not found on 71 birds captured between December 1988 and March 1989. Five subadult Ixodes pacificus were removed from 3 of 67 birds caught between April and June 1989. These 3 birds, an orange-crowned warbler (Vermivora celata), a lazuli bunting (Passerina amoena) and a chipping sparrow (Spizella passerina), represented new host records for I. pacificus in California. Tissues from 2 ticks and thick blood films prepared from 126 birds tested negative for spirochaetes by direct immunofluorescence (DI). A total of 172 larval and 197 nymphal I. pacificus was removed from 15 of 16 western fence lizards (Sceloporus occidentalis) caught between April and June 1989 in the same location as were birds. Thick blood films prepared from all 16 lizards and tissue smears from 334 of the ticks (143 larvae and 191 nymphs) were DI test-negative for spirochaetes. One (1.1%) of 93 adults of I. pacificus collected at the bird-lizard capture site in February 1989 was infected with spirochaetes that resembled Borrelia burgdorferi. Journal Article Manweiler, S. A.;Lane, R. S.;Tempelis, C. H. 1992 The Western Fence Lizard Sceloporus occidentalis - Evidence of Field Exposure to Borrelia burgdorferi in Relation to Infestation by Ixodes pacificus (Acari, Ixodidae) Am J Trop Med Hyg 47 3 328-336 Reptilia, sauria, Western fence lizard, Sceloporus occidentalis, infection, spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, epidemiology The role of the Western fence lizard Sceloporus occidentalis in the enzootiology of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi was evaluated in Hopland and Ukiah areas of Mendocino County, California. In 1989, half of 74 lizards collected monthly from April to October at Hopland were infested by the immature western black-legged tick Ixodes pacificus at a mean intensity of 6.0 ticks per lizard. The prevalence of infestation of lizards by immature I. pacificus (36 of 73) at Ukiah was similar, but the mean intensity (12.9) was approximately twice as great. Overall, zero of 223 larvae and 2 (0.6%) of 330 nymphs from both sites were found to contain spirochetes by direct immunofluorescence. Larval and nymphal I. pacificus fit the negative binomial distribution in spring, and the prevalence and abundance of these stages were significantly greater in spring than in summer at both sites. Spirochetes were not visualized in thick blood films prepared from 133 lizards from both localities. Plasma antibodies against B. burgdorferi were detected in seven of 10 experimentally inoculated lizards, in five (8%) of 63 lizards from Hopland, and in 10 (14%) of 70 lizards from Ukiah. Adult lizards had a significantly greater tick burden and sero-positivity rate than juvenile lizards only at Ukiah. In 1991, efforts to detect and culture spirochetes from the blood of 21 wild-caught lizards and from the tissues of 189 associated ticks that fed xenodiagnostically on them were unsuccessful. We conclude that some lizards are exposed to spirochetes during the annual activity period of immature I. pacificus, but that S. occidentalis is much more important as a host of immature ticks than as a source of spirochetal infection for such ticks. Book Section Marais, J.;Smith, G.A. 1990 Establishing performance criteria for Crocodylus niloticus reared for skin production in southern Africa Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0009-4 iv + 380 pp. 69-75 Journal Article Marais, Johan;Smith, G A 1990 The care of Crocodylus niloticus eggs and hatchlings Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa no. 38 49-50 Journal Article Marais, Johan;Pooley, Tony 1991 The Nile crocodile: What if its future? African Wildlife 45 6 306-309 Book Marais, Johan 1992 A Complete Guide to the Snakes of Southern Africa London Blandford xi + 208 Book Section Marais, J.;Smith, G.A. 1992 Commercial crocodile production - a case study Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0132-5. 294-301 Journal Article Marion, Preest R.;Brust, Douglas G.;Wygoda, Mark L. 1992 Cutaneous water loss and the effects of temperature and hydration state on aerobic metabolism of canyon treefrogs, Hyla arenicolor Herpetologica 48 2 210-219 water, temperature, frogs, metabolism, Hylidae Book Markel, Ronald G. 1990 Kingsnakes and Milk Snakes Neptune City TFH Publications 144 Lampropeltis distribution fossil captivity care feeding alterna calligaster getulus getula mexicana pyromelana ruthveni triangulum zonata bacteria parasites disease treatment occipitolineata rhombomaculata californiae floridana goini holbrooki brooksi conjuncta nitida niger nigritus splendida stricticeps greeri leonis thayeri infralabialis knoblochi woodini abnorma amaura andesiana annulata arcifera blanchardi campelli celaenops conanti dixoni elapsoides gaigeae gentilis hondurensis temporalis virginiana micropholis multistrata nelsoni oligozona polyzona sinaloae smithi stuarti syspila taylori agalma herrerae multicincta multifasciata parviruba pulchra Book Marken Lichtenbelt, Wouter van 1991 Energetics of the green iguana Iguana iguana in a semi-arid environment Groningen, The Netherlands Rijksuniversiteit Groningen 171 Journal Article Markley, H. Robert 1992 The giant vipers of Africa in the wild and in captivity Vivarium 4 1 22-27 Journal Article Marks, S.K.;et.al. 1990 Hematology and serum chemistry of the Radiated tortoise (Testudo radiata). J. of zoo and wildlife med. 21(3) 342-344 *reptilia/*blood 271190 WS DGB Journal Article Marks S.K.e.a. 1990 Hematology and serum chemistry of the Radiated tortoise (Testudo radiata). J. of zoo and wildlife med. 21(3) 342-344 *reptilia/*blood 271190 WS DGB Journal Article Marler, C.;A;and, M.;C.;Moore 1991 Supplementary feeding compensates for testosterone induced costs of aggression in male mountain spiny lizards, Sceloporus jarrovi Anim. Behav. 1991 209 209-219 echsen,physiol,behav,vit PF x Journal Article Marler, C.A.;Moore, M.C. 1991 Supplementary feeding compensates for testosterone induced costs of aggression in male mountain spiny lizards, Sceloporus jarrovi Anim. Behav. 1991 209 209-219 echsen,physiol,behav,vit PF x Journal Article Marmie, W., Kuhn, S.,Chiszar, D., 1990 Behavior of captive-raised rattlesnakes =Crotalus enyo= as a function of rearing conditions Zoo Biology 9 3 241-246 reptilia squamata serpentes viperidae crotalinae, Crotalus enyo, captivity, behavior, reproduction NOD-bestandTG Journal Article Marmie, W.;Kuhn, S.;Chiszar, D. 1990 Behavior of captive-raised rattlesnakes, Crotalus enyo, as a function of rearing conditions Zoo Biology 9 3 241-246 reptilia squamata serpentes viperidae crotalinae, Crotalus enyo, captivity, behavior, reproduction NOD-bestandTG Journal Article Marmie, William;Kuhn, Shaine;Chiszar, David 1990 Behavior of captive-raised rattlesnakes (Crotalus enyo) as a function of rearing conditions Zoo Biology 9 241-246 captivity, husbandry, chemosensory searching Journal Article Marques, O. A. V.;Puorto, G. 1991 Padrões cromáticos, distribuição e possível mimetismo e Erythrolamprus aesculapii (Serpentes, Colubridae) Memoirs de Instituto Butantan 53 1 127-134 25, mimicry, coral snake, Erythrolamprus, South America, Brazil Journal Article Marquet, P. O.;Bozinovic, F.;Medel, R. G.;Werner, Y L.;Jaksic, F. M. 1990 Ecology of Garthia gaudichaudi, a gecko endemic to the semiarid region of Chile Journal of Herpetology 24 4 431-434 reptiles, lizards, diet, morphology, temperature, thermal Journal Article Marquez, M.R. 1990 Sea Turtles of the World FAO Species Catalogue 11 81pp turtle Journal Article Mars, M.;Hadley, G. P.;Aitchison, J. M. 1991 Direct intracompartmental pressure measurement in the management of snakebites in children S Afr Med J 80 5 227-8 Snakebite remains a source of considerable morbidity in Natal. Despite the availability of specific and polyvalent antivenins, the regional effects of envenomation and inappropriate first-aid result in significant, potentially avoidable, disability--particularly in children. Direct measurement of intracompartmental pressure has been used as an adjunct to clinical assessment of the child with a swollen limb following snakebite in order to diagnose compartment syndrome. Initial encouraging results in 9 patients suggest that, in this difficult clinical situation, such measurements may have an important role in patient assessment. Journal Article Marshall, C. H.;Doyle, L. S.;Kaplan., R. H. 1990 Intraspecific and sex-specific oophagy in a salamander and a frog: reproductive convergence of Taricha torosa and Bombina orientalis Herpetologica 46 395-399 Journal Article Martens, Harald;Kock, Dieter 1991 (1990) Erstnachweise für drei Gecko-Gattungen in Syrien (Reptilia: Sauria: Gekkonidae) Senckenbergiana Biologica 71 1/3 15-21 Journal Article Martens, Harald 1992 Froschlurche aus Papua-Neuguinea Herpetofauna 14 79 18-24 New Guinea Journal Article Martens, Harald;Kock, Dieter 1992 The desert monitor, Varanus griseus (Daudin 1803), in Syria (Reptilia: Sauria: varanidae) Senckenbergiana Biologica 72 1/3 7-11 Journal Article Martin, Thomas R.;Conn, David Bruce 1990 The pathogenicity, localization, and cyst structure of echinostomatid metacercariae (Trematoda) infecting the kidneys of the frogs Rana clamitans and Rana pipiens Journal of Parasitology 76 414-419 Digenea, Amphibia, Anura, Echinostoma trivolvis, Rana clamitans and Rana pipiens, New York Journal Article Martin, James 1990 The engaging habits of chameleons suggest mirth more than menace Smithsonian 1990 June 44-53 Book Section Martin, William H. 1992 Phenology of the timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) in an unglaciated section of the Appalacian Mountains Campbell, J. A. and Brodie, E. D., Jr. Biology of the Pit vipers Tyler Texas Selva 259-277 ecology seasonal activity reproduction fecundity Book Martin, James 1992 Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons New York Facts on File 176 Chameleons Journal Article Martin, Donald S.;Desser, Sherwin S.;Werner, J. Kirwin 1992 Allozyme comparison and infectivity of cultured stages of Trypanosoma fallisi from southern Ontario and a trypanosome of toads from northern Michigan Journal of Parasitology 78 1083-1086 Protozoa, Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae, Trypanosoma fallisi, electrophoresis, genetic variation, Canada, Ontario, Michigan Journal Article Martin, J.;Salvador, A. 1992 Tail loss consequences on habitat use by the Iberian rock lizard, Lacerta monticola Oikos 65 328-333 Reptiles, lizards, tail loss, caudal autotomy, behavior, habitat use, reproduction Book Martin, James 1992 Chameleons: Nature's Masters of Disguise London Blandford xvi, 176 Chameleons Journal Article Martinez, I.;R. Alvarez, J. M. Maiega;Herraez., M. P. 1990 Estudio preliminar de los factores que afectan al desarrollo embrionarioi de Rana perezi en cautividad Actas III Congreso Nac. Acuicult. 621-629 Journal Article Martinez, I.;Alvarez, R.;Herraez., I. 1992 Skeletal malformations in hatchery reared Rana perezi tadpoles Anatomical Record 233 314-320 Journal Article Martins, M.;Haddad, C. F. B. 1990 On the identity of Dendrobates quinquevittatus (Anura: Dendrobatidae) Mem. Inst. Butantan 52 2 53-56 taxonomy, Amphibia, frog Journal Article Martins, M.;Haddad, C. F. B. 1990 On the identity of Dendrobates quinquevittatus (Anura: Bendrobatidae) Memorium of the Institute of Butantan 52 53-56 taxonomy, amphibia, Dendrobatidae, Dendrobates quinquevittatus Journal Article Martins, M.;Moreira, G. 1991 The nest and the tadpole of Hyla wavrini, Parker (Amphibia, Anura) Memorium of the Institute of Butantan 53 197-204 Amphibia, Hyla wavrini, reproduction Journal Article Martins, M. 1991 The lizards of Balbina, Central Amazonia, Brazil: a qualitative analysis of resource utilization Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 26 3 179-190 reptiles, community, activty, diet, food, comparative, assemblage Journal Article Martín, José;López, Pilar 1990 Amphibians and repriles as prey of birds in southwestern Europe Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 1990 82 1-43 index predators Journal Article Martín, J. 1990 Amphibians and reptiles as prey of birds in southwestern Europe Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 82 1-43 55, amphibians,, reptiles, prey, predators, birds, diet Journal Article Martín, José;López, Pilar 1990 Amphibians and reptiles as prey of birds in southwestern Europe Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 1990 82 1-43 index predators Journal Article Martori, R.;Acosta, J. C. 1990 Ecología de una población de teius oculatus (Sauria: Teiidae) de REio Cuarto (Córdoba). I. Estructura poblacional y crecimiento individual Cuadernos de Herpetología 5 3 15-18 Teius oculatus Journal Article Martori, R.;Acosta, J. C. 1990 Ecologia de una poblacion de Teius oculatus (Sauria: Teiidae) de Rio Cuarto (Cordoba). I - estructura poblacional y crecimiento individual Cuadernos de Herpetologia 5 3 15-18 30, Teiidae, Teius, South America, lizard, ecology Journal Article Martori, R.;Avila, L. J. 1992 Confirmación de la presencia de Hyla pulchella para la provincia de Córdoba (Argentina) Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 8 1 4-5 Hyla pulchella Journal Article Martz, W. 1992 Plants with a reputation against snakebite Toxicon 30 10 1131-42 Many plants are recommended in traditional medicine as active against various effects of snakebite. Few attempts have been made to investigate the veracity of these assertions in controlled experiments. Several workers, mainly Oriental, have investigated the reputation of such plants by performing in vitro and in vivo experiments in order to demonstrate whether there was any protective effect, using drugs or mixtures of drugs prepared using traditional formulae. In some studies, these extracts were administered to mice before or after treatment with different elapid or crotalid venoms. Other papers deal with selected compounds isolated from Schumanniophyton magnificum, Eclipta prostrata or Aristolochia shimadai, and their capacity to inhibit phospholipase A2 or other enzymes (e.g. ATPase) or for physiological and biochemical properties (such as effects on uterine tone or the protection of mitochondrial membranes). Japanese workers have described the antihaemorrhagic effect of persimmon tannin from Diospyros kaki. Atropine has been attributed a life-prolonging effect after black mamba venom treatment. Prolonged survival was also observed after pretreatment with extracts of Diodia scandens and Andrographis paniculata. Some authors have found little or no beneficial effects. The papers collected so far show that there are no systematic investigations in this field. Journal Article Maryan, Brad 1992 A natural history note on the dragon Tympanocryptis butleri Herpetofauna 22 1 35 Tympanocryptis butleri Journal Article Masden, T.;Shine, R. 1992 Sexual competition among brother may influence offspring sex ratio in snakes Evolution 46 5 1549-1552 sex ratio; snake Journal Article Masden, T.;Shine, R.;Loman, J.;Hakansson, T. 1992 Why do female adders copulate so frequently? Nature 355 440-441 sex ratio Journal Article Mason, R. T. ;Gutzke, W. H. N. 1990 Sex recognition in the leopard gecko, Eublepharis macularius (Sauria: Gekkonidae) possible mediation by skin-derived semiochemicals J. Chem. Ecol. 16 1 27-36 Journal Article Mason, R. T. ;Jones, T. H.;Fales, H. M.;Pannell, L. K. ;Crews, D. 1990 Characterization, synthesis, and behavioral responses to sex attractiveness pheromones of red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) J. Chem. Ecol. 16 7 2353-2369 Journal Article Massod Parveez, U.;Bhatta, G. K.;Nadkarni, V. B. 1992 Interrenal of a female gymnophione amphibian, Ichthyophis beddomei, during the annual reproductive cycle Journal of Morphology 211 2 201-206 Adrenocortical Cell; Chromaffin Cell; 3 Beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase; 17 Beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase; Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Sudanophilic Lipid; Seasonality The interrenal (adrenal) of Ichthyophis beddomei lies on the ventral side of the kidney, distributed in four zones. It is separated from the renal tissue by a thin layer of connective tissue and contains both adrenocortical and chromaffin cells. Adrenocortical tissue constitutes a major portion of the interrenal islets; the chromaffin tissue consists of a few cells located at the peripheries of the interrenal islets. Histochemical studies demonstrate the presence of DELTA-53-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, and sudanophilic lipids in the adrenocortical tissue, suggesting its steroidogenic potential. Annual histometric and histochemical studies show two peaks of interrenal activity: during the breeding phase of the reproductive cycle (January and February) and during the season of heavy monsoon rains (June and July) in the postbreeding phase. Journal Article Matsuda, Brent 1992 Colombian rainbow boa birth at Vancouver aquarium Captive Breeding 1 1 8-11 Epicrates cenchria maurus; Epicrates c. cenchria Journal Article Matsui, Masafumi;Sato, Takanori;Tanabe, Shingo;Hayashi, Terutake 1992 Local population differentiation in Hynobius retardatus from Hokkaido: an electrophoretic analysis (Caudata: Hynobiidae) Zoological Science 9 193-198 Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobius retardatus, electrophoresis, genetic variation, morphology, ecology, Japan Journal Article Matthews, H.R. 1992 The Role of Cytoplasmic Calcium in Photoreceptor Light Adaptation J Physiology-Paris 86 1-3 147-155 Photoreceptor; Calcium; Light Adaptation; ROD OUTER SEGMENTS; SALAMANDER RETINAL RODS; CYCLIC-GMP CASCADE; VERTEBRATE PHOTORECEPTORS; GUANYLATE-CYCLASE; SENSITIVITY REGULATION; BUFFERS; PHOTOTRANSDUCTION; SODIUM; CELLS Book Mattison, Chris 1991 Keeping and Breeding Lizards London Blandford 224 Book Mattison, Chris 1991 A-Z of Snake Keeping New York Sterling 143 Book Mattison, Chris 1992 The Care of Reptiles and Amphibians in Captivity London Blandford 317 Journal Article Mautz, W. J.;Daniels, C. B.;Bennett, A. F. 1992 Thermal dependence of locomotion and aggression in a Xantusid lizard Herpetologica 48 271-279 defensive behavior, locomotion, dependency, Xantusia Journal Article Mayer, Werner;Richter, Klaus 1990 Die Wüstenrenner-Eidechsen Namibias - Vorkommen, Pflege und Zucht Herpetofauna 12 66 21-30 Pedioplanis; Meroles; Aporosaura; Heliobolus; Namibia Book Mayer, Richard 1992 Europäische Landschildkroten: Leben - Haltung - Zucht Kempten, Germany Agrar Verlag Allgäu 128 Testudo hermanni; Testudo graeca; Testudo marginata; Agrionemys horsfieldi Journal Article Mazzotti, Stefano 1992 Indagini eco-zoogeografiche sull'erpetofauna dell'Emilia-Romagna (Amphibia, Reptilia) Bollettino del Museo regionale di Scienze naturali - Torino 10 1 73-87 Zoogeography; Emilia-Romagna Region Journal Article Mägdefrau, Helmut;Mägdefrau, Karin;Schlüter, Andreas 1991 Herpetologische Daten vom Guaiquinima-Tepui, Venezuela Herpetofauna 13 70 13-26 Venezuela Journal Article Mägdefrau, Karin 1991 Haltung, Verhaltensbeobachtungen und Zuchtversuche von Draco spilopterus (Wiegmann, 1834) Herpetofauna 13 74 29-34 Draco spilopterus Journal Article Mägdefrau, Helmut 1991 Rufe, Paarung und Eiablage bei einer Froschart der Gattung Stefania (Rivero, 1966) Herpetofauna 13 75 7-13 Stefania; reproduction Journal Article Mägdefrau, Karin 1992 Preliminary observations on the behavior and captive management of the flying dragon (Draco spilopterus Wiegmann, 1834) Vivarium 4 1 13-15 Draco spilopterus Journal Article Márquez, Rafael;Tejedo, Miguel 1990 Size-based mating pattern in the tree-frog Hyla arborea Herpetologica 46 2 172-178 Anura, Amphibia, Size, sexual selection, acoustic communication, satellite, advertisement call Journal Article Márquez, Rafael;Verrell, Paul 1991 The courtship and mating of the Iberian midwife toad, Alytes cisternasii (Amphibia, Anura, Discoglossidae) Journal of Zoology of London 225 125-139 advertisement call, sexual selection, acoustic communication, behavior, Alytes cisternasii Amphibia, Anura, Discoglossidae Journal Article Márquez, Rafael 1992 Terrestrial paternal care and short breeding seasons: Reproductive phenology of the midwife toads Alytes obstetricans and A. cisternasii Holartic Ecology 15 279-288 Alytes obstetricans and A. cisternasii, Amphibia, Anura Discoglossidae, male Parental care Journal Article Márquez M., René 1990 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 11. Sea Turtles of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of sea turtle species known to date FAO Fisheries Synopsis 11 125 iv, 1-81 Journal Article McAllister, C. T.;Upton, S. J.;McCaskill, L. D. 1990 Three new species of Eimeria (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from Apalone spinifera pallidus (Testudines: Trionychidae) in Texas, with a redescription of E. amydae J Parasitol 76 4 481-6 Three new species of Eimeria are described from pallid spiny softshells, Apalone spinifera pallidus, collected in north-central Texas. Oocysts of Eimeria spinifera n. sp. were found in the feces of 3/9 (33%) turtles and are subspheroid, ellipsoid, or pear-shaped, 16.3 x 14.0 (14-19 x 12-18) microns, with a thin, single-layered wall; shape index 1.2 (1.1-1.3). A micropyle is absent, but an oocyst residuum is present; polar granule present in 16% of the oocysts. Sporocysts are elongate-ovoid, 10.3 x 5.2 (8-12 x 5-6) microns, each with a Stieda body bearing short filaments. Oocysts of Eimeria apalone n. sp. were found in 5/9 (56%) turtles and are ellipsoid, elongate pear-shaped, or subspheroid, 16.8 x 13.2 (12-19 x 10-16) microns, with a thin, single-layered wall; shape index 1.3 (1.0-1.5). A micropyle, oocyst residuum, and polar granule are absent. Sporocysts are elongate-ovoid, 11.3 x 6.2 (9-14 x 5-7) microns, each with a prominent Stieda body. Oocysts of Eimeria pallidus n. sp. were found in 4/9 (44%) A. s. pallidus and are spheroid or subspheroid, 23.4 x 21.6 (18-27 x 17-25) microns, with a thin, single-layered wall; shape index 1.1 (1.0-1.3). A micropyle is absent, but an oocyst residuum is present; polar granule present in 20% of the oocysts. Sporocysts are elongate-ovoid, 14.3 x 6.2 (13-17 x 6-7) microns, each with a Stieda body and short filaments. In addition to the new species, 3 previously described eimerians, including Eimeria amydae Roudabush, 1937, which is redescribed, were also found. Journal Article McAllister, C.T.;Upton, S.J. 1990 The coccidia (Apicomplexa, Eimeriidae) of Crocodylia, with descriptions of 2 new species from Alligator mississippiensis (Reptilia, Alligatoridae) from Texas J. Parasitol. 76 3 332-336 AM, parasites, Journal Article McAllister, C. T. 1991 Protozoan, helminth, and arthropod parasites of the spotted chorus frog, Pseudacris clarkii (Anura: Hylidae), from North-central Texas. Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington 58 1 51-56 Reptilia, sauria, Psodarcis clarkii, amphibia, anura, hylidae, infection, Cestoda, Nematoda, Myxozoa, Nyctotherus cordiformis, Sarcomastigophora, Ciliophora, Cylindrotaenia americana; , Cosmocercoides variabilis, Hexamita intestinalis, Tritrichomonasaugusta, Opalina, Myxidium serotinum; Hannemania Thirty-nine juvenile and adult P. clarkii were collected from 3 counties of north-central Texas, USA, between May 1986 and April 1988, and in March 1990, and examined for parasites. Thirty-three were infected with 1 or more parasites, including the protozoa Hexamita intestinalis (in 33), Tritrichomonas augusta (in 33), Opalina sp. (in 17), Nyctotherus cordiformis (in 2) and Myxidium serotinum (in 23), the cestode Cylindrotaenia americana (in 3), the nematode Cosmocercoides variabilis (in 2), and larval intradermal mites, Hannemania sp. (in 11). All represent new host records. In addition, a summary of the 36 species of amphibians and reptiles reported to be hosts of Cylindrotaenia americana is presented. Journal Article Mcallister, C.T.;Cordes, J.E.;Conn, D.B.;Singleton, J.;Walker, J.M. 1991 Helminth parasites of unisexual and bisexual whiptail lizards (Teiidae) in North-America . 5. Mesocestoides sp. Tetrathyridia (Cestoidea, Cyclophyllidea) from 4 Species of Cnemidophorus J. Wildl. Dis. 27 3 494-497 Reptilia, sauria, Cnemidophorus, infection, helminth, Cestode Reprint Vet. Path. Spec. Anim 91/253. CT Mcallister,Vet Adm Med Ctr,Renal Metab Lab 151-G,4500 S Lancaster Rd,Dallas, TX 75216 Journal Article Mcallister, C.T.;Cordes, J.E.;Conn, D.B.;Singleton, J.;Walker, J.M. 1991 Helminth parasites of unisexual and bisexual whiptail lizards (Teiidae) in North-America . 7. The six-lined racerunner, Cnemidophorus sexlineatus Journal of Wildlife Diseases 27 3 494-497 Reptilia, sauria, Teiidae, Cnemidophorus sexlineatus, infection, helminth, Cestode, nematode Reprint Endnote 93/707. CT Mcallister,Vet Adm Med Ctr,Renal Metab Lab 151-G,4500 S Lancaster Rd,Dallas, TX 75216 Journal Article McAllister, C. T.;Upton, S. J.;Killebrew, F. C. 1991 Coccidian parasites (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) of Graptemys caglei and Graptemys versa (Testudines: Emydidae) from Texas J Parasitol 77 3 500-1 Nineteen map turtles, Graptemys caglei and Graptemys versa were collected from the Guadalupe and Colorado River watersheds of south-central Texas and examined for coccidial parasites. Thirteen of the 19 turtles (68%), including 11 of 16 (69%) G. caglei and 2 of 3 (67%) G. versa, were infected with at least 1 coccidian. Five Eimeria spp. (E. chrysemydis, E. graptemydos, E. lutotestudinis, E. pseudogeographica, and E. trachemydis) were harbored by G. caglei, and 2 eimerians (E. graptemydos and E. mitraria) infected G. versa. This represents new host records for these previously described coccidians and is the first time parasites have been documented in turtles of both species. Journal Article McAllister, C. T.;Upton, S. J.;Trauth, S. E. 1991 A new species of coccidian (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the prairie racerunner, Cnemidophorus sexlineatus viridis (Sauria: Teiidae), in Arkansas J Parasitol 77 6 910-3 Feces from 26 prairie racerunners, Cnemidophorus sexlineatus viridis Lowe, 1966, from Arkansas, were examined for coccidian parasites. One of these was found to be infected with oocysts of an undescribed eimerian, which is described herein as new. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria sexlineatus n. sp. were cylindrical, 30.4 x 17.1 (28-32 x 16-19) microns, with a shape index (length/width) of 1.8 (1.6-2.0). A micropyle and oocyst residuum were absent but 1 (to several) polar granule(s) was present. Sporocysts were ellipsoidal, 10.7 x 8.5 (9.6-11.2 x 8.0-8.8) microns, with a shape index of 1.3 (1.2-1.4). A sporocyst residuum was present but Stieda, substieda, and parastieda bodies were absent. Sporozoites were elongate, 13.2 x 2.7 microns (12.0-14.4 x 2.4-3.2) in situ, containing a single, spherical posterior refractile body. Oocysts and endogenous developmental stages were found within the gall bladder epithelium of the infected lizard. This represents the first time a coccidian has been reported from a North American whiptail lizard. Journal Article McAllister, C. T.;Trauth, S. E.;Conn, D. B. 1991 Helminth parasites of unisexual and bisexual whiptail lizards (Teiidae) in North America. VII. The six-lined racerunner, Cnemidophorus sexlineatus The Texas Journal of Science 43 4 391-397 reptiles, Arkansas, cestodes, nematodes Journal Article McAllister, C.T;Upton, S.J. 1992 A new species of Eimeria (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from Pseudemys texana (Testudines: Emydidae), from North-Central Texas Texas J. Sci 44 1 37-41 Reptilia, testudines, emydidae, Pseudemys texana, infection, protozoa, apicomplexa, Eimeria sp. Reprint Endnote 94/181 Journal Article McAllister, C. T.;Freed, P. S.;Freed, Deborah. A. 1992 Ophiotaenia ophiodex and Ophidascaris sp in a spotted night adder (Causus maculatus) from Cameroon, West-Africa J Wildlife Dis 28 4 641-642 Reptilia, serpentes, adder, Causus maculatus, cestode, nematode, Ophidascaris A new host and geographic locality record is reported for a proteocephalid cestode (Ophiotaenia ophiodex) and an ascarid nematode (Ophidascaris sp.) recovered from a spotted night adder (Causus maculatus) from Cameroon, West Africa. Journal Article McAllister, C. T.;Freed, P. S.;Freed, D. A. 1992 Ophiotaenia ophiodex and Ophidascaris sp. in a spotted night adder (Causus maculatus) from Cameroon, West Africa Journal of Wildlife Diseases 28 4 641-642 parasites, cestodes, ascarid nematode, Cestoidea, Viperidae, snake, Reptilia Journal Article McAllister, C. T.;Riley, J.;Freed, P. S.;Freed, D. A. 1992 Raillietiella (Pentastomida: Cephalobaenida) from a Malagasy chameleon, Chamaeleo verrucosus (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae), from Madagascar The Texas Journal of Science 44 4 492-493 parasites, reptiles, nematodes Journal Article McAllister, C. T.;Freed, P. S. 1992 Larval Abbreviata sp. (Spirurida: Physalopteridae) in introduced Rio Grande chirping frogs, Syrrhophus cystignathoides campi (Anura: Leptodactylidae), from Houston, Texas The Texas Journal of Science 44 3 359-361 parasites, frogs, Amphibia Book Section McAlpine, Donald F. 1992 The status of New Brunswick amphibian populations Bishop, Christine A. and Pettit, Karen E. Declines in Canadian Amphibian Populations: Designing a National Monitoring Strategy Ottawa, Ontario Canadian Wildlife Service 26-29 Book Section McArthur, E. Durant;Sanderson, Stewart C. 1992 A comparison between xeroriparian and upland vegetation of Beaver Dam Slope, Utah as desert tortoise habitat Clary, W. P.;McCarthur, E. D.;Bedunah, D. and Wambolt, C. L. Procceddings - Symposium on Ecology and Management of Riparian Shrub Communities Ogden, Utah Intermountain Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 25-31 Book Section McArthur, E. Durrant;Anderson, Stewart C. 1992 A comparison between Xeroriparian and upland vegetation of Beaver Dam Slope, Utah as Desert Tortoise Habitat Clary, W.P.;McArthur, E.D.;Bedunah, D. and Wambolt, C.L. Proceedings - Symposium on ecology and Management of Riparian Shrub Communities Ogden, UT Intermountain Research Station, Forest Service 25-31 Journal Article McBride, D. W., Jr.;Roper, S. D. 1991 Ca(2+)-dependent chloride conductance in Necturus taste cells J Membr Biol 124 1 85-93 Action Potentials/drug effects/physiology; Animal; Biological Transport/drug effects/physiology; Calcium/*pharmacology; Chlorides/*pharmacokinetics; Electric Conductivity/drug effects/physiology; Ion Channels/drug effects/physiology; Microelectrodes; Necturus maculosus/*physiology; Potassium Channels/drug effects/physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Taste Buds/*cytology/drug effects/physiology; Tetraethylammonium Compounds/pharmacology; Tongue/*cytology/drug effects/physiology This report describes the occurrence and localization of a Ca(2+)- dependent chloride conductance in taste cells of Necturus maculosus. Lingual epithelium from Necturus was removed with blunt dissection and mounted in a modified Ussing chamber which allowed individual taste cells to be impaled with intracellular micropipettes. Solutions in the mucosal and serosal chambers could be changed independently and the properties of apical and basolateral membranes tested separately. Action potentials in taste cells, elicited by brief depolarizing current pulses passed through the intracellular recording microelectrode, provided an accurate description of whether voltage- dependent conductances had been blocked or unmasked by the experimental conditions. We found that Ca2+ influx during the action potential triggers a prolonged depolarization due to Ca(2+)-dependent conductance changes, particularly in the presence of TEA to block repolarizing K+ currents. This afterdepolarization could last up to 7 sec and is due, in part, to a Ca(2+)-dependent Cl- conductance. Other Ca(2+)-dependent channels such as Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels or nonselective cation channels may also contribute to the afterpotential. Calcium-dependent conductance channels were situated on apical and basolateral membranes of the taste cells. We speculate that Ca(2+)-dependent Cl- channels may play a role in discriminating chloride salts from salts of other anions and may help shape receptor cell responses elicited by taste stimuli. Journal Article McCarron, Dan 1992 Wyoming adopts AFH guidelines for the keeping of large boid snakes in schools Vivarium 4 1 4-5 Book McCarthy, Colin 1991 Eyewitness books: Reptile New York Knopf 64 Journal Article McCartney, Chris 1990 Breeding of West African dwarf crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis tetraspis) at the Port Elizabeth Snake Park Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa no. 38 44-47 Journal Article McCord, William P.;Iverson, John B. 1992 A new species of Ocadia (Testudines: Bataguridae) from Hainan Island, China Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 105 1 13-18 Journal Article McCoy, C. J.;Vogt, Richard C. 1990 Graptemys geographica Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 484 1-4 Journal Article McCoy, C. J. 1990 Additions to the herpetofauna of Belize, Central America Caribbean Journal of Science 26 3-4 164-166 Journal Article McCoy, C. J. 1990 Book review: The venemous reptiles of Latin America Herpetologica 46 2 245-247 Journal Article McCoy, C. J.;Vogt, R. C. 1990 Graptemys geographica (Le Sueur) Map turtle Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 484 1-4 reptiles, turtle, account, distribution Journal Article McCoy, Clarence J. 1990 Book review: The Venomous Reptiles of Latin America Herpetologica 46 2 245-247 Journal Article McCoy, C. J. 1991 Pennsylvania: the historical perspective Pennsylvania Angler 4-7 Reptiles, amphibians, herpetology, history, Pennsylvania Book Section McCoy, C. J.;Censky, Ellen J. 1992 Biology of the Yucatan hognosed pitviper, Porthidium yucatanicum Campbell, J. A. and Brodie, E. D., Jr. Biology of the Pit vipers Tyler Texas Selva 217-222 food diet feeding reproduction growth Journal Article McCoy, C. J. 1992 Credit where credit is due: a plea to authors and editors Herp Review 23 3 77 essay Journal Article McCoy, C. J.;Vogt, R. C. 1992 Graptemys kohnii in the Pearl River: an alternative explanation Herp Review 23 1 28 Reptiles, turtles, distribution, range, Mississippi, population Journal Article McCoy, C. J. 1992 Rediscovery of the mud salamander (Pseudotriton montanus, Amphibia, Plethodontidae) in Pennsylvania, with restriction of th type locality Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 66 2 92-93 Amphibians, salamanders, distribution, locality Journal Article McCoy, Clarence J. 1992 Rediscovery of the mud salamander (Pseudotriton montanus, Amphibia, Plethodontidae) in Pennsylvania, with restriction of the type-locality Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 66 2 92-93 Journal Article McCoy, Clarence J. 1992 Bibliography of Pennsylvania herpetology 1987-1991 Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 66 2 94-96 Journal Article McCraine, J. R. 1990 Nerodia erythrogaster(forster) plainbelly water snake Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 500.1-500.8 natural history, Nerodia erythrogaster, plainbelly water snake, Journal Article McCranie, James R. 1990 Nerodia erythrogaster Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 500 1-8 Journal Article McCranie, J. R.;Wilson, L. D. 1990 Annottated checklist to the herpetofauna of the pine-oak woodlands of the Sierra Occidental, Mexico Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 84 1-16 54, Mexico, herps, reptiles, amphibians, checklist Journal Article McCranie, James R. 1991 Crotalus intermedius Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 519 1-4 Journal Article McCranie, James R.;Wilson, Larry David 1991 Rhadinaea kinkelini Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 523 1-2 Journal Article McCranie, James R.;Wilson, Larry David 1991 Rhadinaea montecristi Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 524 1-2 Journal Article McCranie, J. R.;Wilson, L. D. 1992 Rhadinaea godmani Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 546 1-3 Edited Book McCullough, Dale R.;Narrett, Geginald H. 1992 Wildlife 2001: Populations London Elsevier Applied Science xvi, 1-1163 amphibians reptiles monitering techniaues methods management Book Section McDaniel, J.;Hord, L. 1990 Specialized equipment and techniques used in alligator management and research Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8327-0023-X vi + 345 pp. 20-38 Journal Article McDevitt, D. S.;Brahma, S. K. 1990 Ontogeny and localization of alpha A- and alpha B-crystallins during regeneration of the eye lens [letter] Exp Eye Res 51 5 625-30 Animal; Antibodies; Crystallins/*analysis/immunology; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Lens, Crystalline/*chemistry; Notophthalmus viridescens; Regeneration/*physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Journal Article McDiarmid, Roy W.;Altig, Ronald 1990 Description of a bufonid and two hylid tadpoles from western Ecuador Alytes 8 2 51-60 Anura, Bufonidae, Hylidae, Bufo haematiticus, Trachycephalus jordani, and Ololygon sugillata, tadpoles, description, S. America, Ecuador, 299 Journal Article McDiarmid, Roy W.;Folke, Suzanne H. 1991 Tantilla bocourti Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 526 1-3 Book Section McDiarmid, Roy W. 1992 Standard methods for measuring and monitoring biological diversity af amphibians Bishop, Christine A. and Pettit, Karen E. Declines in Canadian Amphibian Populations: Designing a National Monitoring Strategy Ottawa, Ontario Canadian Wildlife Service 80-81 Book Section McDiarmid, Roy W.;Scott, David E.;Tucker, Anton D. 1992 Field Research Panel Schaeffer, D. O.;Kleinow, K. M. and Krulisch, L. The Care and Use of Amphibians, Reptiles and Fish in Research Bethesda, MD Scientists Center for Animal Welfare 53-61 Journal Article McDiarmid, Roy W. 1992 Systematic statys of the San Luis Potosí black-headed snake, Tantilla deviatrix Barbour (Colubridae) Southwestern Naturalist 37 3 303-307 Book Section McDiarmid, Roy W.;Scott, David E.;Tucker, Anton D. 1992 The Care and Use of Amphibians, Reptiles and Fish in Research: Field Research Panel: Amphibians Schaeffer, D. O.;Kleinow, K. M. and Krulisch, L. The Care and Use of Amphibians, Reptiles and Fish in Research Bethesda, MD Scientists Center for Animal Welfare 53-61 Journal Article McDiarmid, Roy W. 1992 Systematic status of the San Luis Potosí black-headed snake, Tantilla deviatrix Barbour (Colubridae) Southwestern Naturalist 37 3 303-307 Journal Article McDowell, W. T. 1992 An observation on the hatching season of Eurycea longicauda Bulletin Of The Chicago Herpetological Society 27 150 Book McEachern, Michael J. 1991 A Color Guide to Corn Snakes Captive Bred in the United States Lakeside, California Advanced Vivarium Series 48 Book McEachern, Michael J. 1991 Keeping and Breeding Corn Snakes Lakeside, California Advanced Vivarium Series 60 Journal Article McFarlen, J. 1991 Commonly occurring reptilian intestinal parasites Proc. Am. Assoc. Zoo Vet 120-127 Reptilia, testudines, infection, helminth, survey vet,paras Fernl x Journal Article McFetridge, D.;Burrell, R. 1991 Some observations on the blood and intestinal parasites of snakes in South Australia Herpetofauna 21 2 25-27 Parasites Journal Article McGehee, A.M. 1990 Effects of moisture on eggs and hatchlings of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) Herpetologica 46 3 251-258 loggerhead Journal Article McKeever, S.;French, F. E. 1991 Corethrella (Diptera: Corethrellidae) of eastern North America: Laboratory life history and field responses to anuran calls Annals of the Entomological Society of America 84 5 493-497 insects, invertebrates, auditory responses, frogs, Hyla gratiosa, cinerea, Hylidae, calling, calls, flies Journal Article McKeon, T. W.;Parsons, R. L. 1990 Galanin immunoreactivity in the mudpuppy cardiac ganglion J Auton Nerv Syst 31 2 135-40 Animal; Ganglia/cytology/*metabolism; Ganglia, Parasympathetic/cytology/metabolism; Heart Conduction System/cytology/*metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Necturus/*metabolism; Nerve Fibers/metabolism; Neurons/metabolism; Neuropeptides/metabolism; Peptides/*metabolism; Reference Values; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Vagotomy The source of galanin-immunoreactive fibers in the cardiac ganglion and on cardiac muscle in mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus) has been determined utilizing immunohistochemical techniques. The galanin-immunoreactive fibers are not processes of afferent fibers originating in either the rostral four dorsal root ganglia or vagal sensory ganglia. Following colchicine treatment, all of the postganglionic parasympathetic neurons and a subpopulation of the small intrinsic neurons in the cardiac ganglion exhibit galanin immunoreactivity. The majority of the galanin- immunoreactive fibers that form complexes on the parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are derived from galanin-immunoreactive small intrinsic neurons, although some of these connections may represent collateral processes from other parasympathetic postganglionic neurons. All of the galanin-immunoreactive processes that innervate cardiac muscle are derived from postganglionic parasympathetic neurons in the cardiac ganglion. Journal Article McKeon, T. W.;Parsons, R. L. 1991 Microtubule-associated protein-2 and neurofilament immunoreactivity in neurons and small, intensely fluorescent cells of an amphibian cardiac ganglion Neuroscience 45 1 241-54 Animal; Axons/chemistry; Biological Markers; Blotting, Western; Comparative Study; Cytoskeletal Proteins/analysis; Dendrites; Ganglia, Parasympathetic/*cytology/physiology; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/*analysis; Necturus/*anatomy & histology; Nerve Degeneration; Neurofilament Proteins/*analysis; Neurons/*chemistry; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Vagotomy The localization of two cytoskeletal proteins was analysed in the cell bodies and processes of ganglionic neurons and small, intensely fluorescent cells of the parasympathetic cardiac ganglion of Necturus maculosus (mudpuppy). Antibodies against microtubule-associated protein- 2 and against the highly phosphorylated isoforms of high and middle molecular weight neurofilament subunits were used as somatodendritic and axonal markers, respectively. The ganglionic neurons, which usually have only one major process, and small, intensely fluorescent cells, which have several processes, showed distinctly different staining patterns with the two antibodies. In control and denervated ganglia, the ganglionic cell bodies and several hundred micrometers of the proximal processes were labeled with the antibody against microtubule- associated protein-2, whereas small, intensely fluorescent cells and processes showed a paucity of immunoreactivity. The neurofilament antibody labeled numerous axons in the ganglion but did not label the proximal part of the postganglionic process or small, intensely fluorescent cell processes. Denervation resulted in the presence of phosphorylated neurofilament subunit immunoreactivity in the soma and proximal process of the ganglionic neuron. These data suggest that (i) small, intensely fluorescent cells and ganglionic neurons in the mudpuppy cardiac ganglion contain distinctly different cytoskeletal proteins, (ii) the proximal part of postganglionic "axons" contains dendrite-like and not axon-like cytoskeletal proteins, and (iii) deafferentation promotes the localization of phosphorylated forms of neurofilament subunits in the soma and proximal process of parasympathetic ganglionic neurons. Journal Article McKeown, Sean 1991 Book Review: International Zoo Yearbook, Volume 28 (Reptiles & Amphibians) Vivarium 3 1 14;38 Book Review Journal Article McKeown, Sean 1992 Keeping and breeding tortoises Vivarium 3 6 7-11 Journal Article McKim, Jenifer 1991 Slaughter of 18 iguanas reported on Mona Island Iguana Times 1 3 1-2 cyclura cornuta stejnegeri Journal Article McLean, Patricia E.;Aardahl, Jeffrey B. 1991 Bureau of Land Management plans and action for managing desert tortoise habitat in a portion of the western Mojave Desert, California Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 22-25 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article McLean, Patricia E.;Aardahl, Jeffrey B. 1991 Status and management plan dicisions for the Desert Tortoise Natural Area Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 134-136 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article McLister, J. D.;Lamond, W. 1991 A wolf spider, Hogna helluo, feeding on a blue-spotted salamander, Ambystoma laterale Canadian Field Naturalist 105 4 574-575 Journal Article McWilliams, S. R. 1992 Courtship behavior of the small-mouthed salamander (Ambystoma texanum): the effects of conspecific males on male mating tactics Behaviour 121 1-2 1-19 Journal Article Medel, R. G.;Marquet, P. A.;Fox, S. F.;Jaksic, F. M. 1990 Depredacion sobre lagartijas en Chile central: importancia relativa de atributos ecologicos y morphologicos Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 63 261-266 reptiles, lizards, morphology, ecology, predation, microhabitat, body size, abundance Journal Article Medina, L.;Smeets, W. J. 1991 Comparative aspects of the basal ganglia-tectal pathways in reptiles J Comp Neurol 308 4 614-29 Animal; Basal Ganglia/*anatomy & histology; Comparative Study; Enkephalins/analysis; Neural Pathways/anatomy & histology; Psychomotor Performance; Reptiles/*anatomy & histology; Superior Colliculus/*anatomy & histology; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't To determine how the basal ganglia in reptiles may influence visuomotor behavior, the connections from the basal ganglia to the tectum of the midbrain were studied in several species of reptiles. Immunohistochemical studies by means of antibodies against Leu- enkephalin (LENK) as well as experimental hodological studies with anterograde (PHA-L) and retrograde (HRP, Fluorogold, Cholera toxin) tracers were carried out. The results indicate that within the class of Reptilia, two different patterns occur: one in which information from the basal ganglia is relayed to the tectum via the substantia nigra as well as via a pretectal, enkephalinergic cell group, and another one in which only the ventral route, via the substantia nigra, is present. The former pattern is found in turtles, crocodiles, and the lacertid lizards Podarcis and Gallotia, and the latter pattern in the gekkonid lizards Gekko and Eublepharis, in Varanus, and in the snakes Python and Thamnophis. The presence or absence of the pretectal relay center is reflected in the laminar distribution of LENK immunoreactivity in the tectum. The apparent lack of a pretectal relay in nocturnal gekkonids and in snakes underlines the hypothesis (Reiner et al., '84: T.I.N.S. 7:320-325) that a de-emphasis of visual-basal ganglia mechanisms has occurred during the evolution of ancestral reptiles to modern mammals. Book Section Medina Padilla, G. 1990 La Administración de Fauna Silvestre en Venezuela Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 1-4 Journal Article Meffe, G.K. 1992 Techno-arrogance and halfway technologies: salmon hatcheries on the Pacific coast of North America Conservation Biology 6 3 350-354 conservation Journal Article Meier, Harald 1990 Ein problematischer gecko im Indischen Ozean: Phelsuma borbonica agalegae Cheke, 1975 Herpetofauna 12 69 22-26 Phelsuma borbonica agalegae; Agalega Island; Indian Ocean Journal Article Meik, Jesse 1991 The Great Basin rattlesnake of Utah Crotalus viridis lutosus unpublished Journal Article Mekisic, A. P.;Wardill, J. R. 1992 Crocodile attacks in the Northern Territory of Australia Med. J. Aust. 157 11-12 751-754 CPR, attack, Australia OBJECTIVE: To examine crocodile attacks in the Northern Territory with particular reference to risk factors, range of injuries, microorganisms isolated from wounds, and surgical management; and to make recommendations for optimal treatment. DESIGN AND SETTING: The case notes of patients treated at the Royal Darwin Hospital within the last decade were reviewed retrospectively. Autopsy and newspaper reports for the same period were also reviewed. RESULTS: There were 16 reported crocodile attacks in Northern Territory waters from June 1981 to June 1991. Four of these were fatal. Most attacks resulted from swimming or wading in shallow water (13/16). Half the victims were known to be affected by alcohol. The majority of attacks occurred in failing light or at night (10/16). Injuries in survivors ranged from minor lacerations and puncture wounds to major abdominal, chest and limb trauma. Death in fatal attacks was caused by transection of the torso or decapitation. Microorganisms isolated from wound swabs included Pseudomonas, Enterococcus, Aeromonas and Clostridium species. CONCLUSIONS: Most attacks in this series could have been prevented by taking adequate precautions. The treatment of crocodile injuries must include (i) adequate wound cultures, (ii) antitetanus prophylaxis, (iii) meticulous wound debridement, (iv) appropriate broad spectrum prophylactic antibiotics and (v) allowing healing by secondary intention or delayed primary closure where appropriate. Journal Article Melcer, Ted;Chiszar, David;Smith, Hobart M. 1990 Strike-induced chemical preferences in rattlesnakes: role of chemical cues arising fromthediet of prey Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 26 1 1-4 strike, smell, taste, rattlesnakes, Crotalus viridis Journal Article Melinek, R.;Mirolli, M. 1992 Histochemical study of the heart of the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) Anat Rec 233 1 13-7 Ambystoma mexicanum; Amines/*analysis; Animal; Catecholamines/analysis; Chromatography, Liquid; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Histocytochemistry; Myocardium/*chemistry/*cytology; Norepinephrine/*analysis; Pericardium/chemistry/cytology; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase/*analysis; Substance P/*analysis We have investigated the presence of cells containing monoamines, substance P, and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in the heart and in the pericardial wall of a urodele amphibian, the axolotl. Fibers containing substance P-like immunoreactivity were present in the heart but not in the pericardial wall. Also present in the heart were small branched cells, which stained metachromatically with toluidine blue. Similar cells were found in the peritoneum and were tentatively identified as mast cells. NSE-immunoreactive fibers were found both in the heart and in the pericardial wall. Small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells of the pericardial wall contained a high concentration of norepinephrine but no other monoamines, substance P, or NSE. Comparison with data available for the mudpuppy, Necturus maculosus, a closely related amphibian species, suggests that the innervation of the heart in the axolotl is substantially different. Journal Article Mendelson, Joseph R., III;Jennings, W. Bryan 1992 Shifts in relative abundance of snakes in a desert grassland Journal of Herpetology 26 1 38-45 thamnophis marcianus crotalus atrox scutulatus road cruising sampling survey Journal Article Mendelson, J. R., III;Jennings, W. B. 1992 Shifts in the relative abundance of snakes in a desert grassland Journal of Herpetology 26 1 38-45 Reptiles, snakes, Arizona, distribution, diversity, abundance, New Mexico, range Journal Article Mendelson, J. R., III 1992 Frequency of tail breakage in Coniophanes fissidens (Serpentes: Colubridae) Herpetologica 48 4 448-455 Reptiles, snakes, tail break frequency, autotomy, predation, tail loss, Central America, Guatemals, Mexico Journal Article Mendelson, J. R.;lll 1992 Frequency of tail breakage in Coniophanes fissidenes (Serpentes: Colubridae) Herpetologica 48 4 448-455 Central America, colubridae, Coniophanes, tail breakage, tail autotomy Journal Article Mendelson, Joseph R.;Jennings, W. Bryan 1992 Shifts in relative abundance of snakes in a desert grassland Journal of Hereptology 26 1 38-45 snakes, Crotalus, desert, abundances, habitat, grassland, road cruising Journal Article Mendez de la Cruz, F R.;Ortiz, M. Feria;Cuellar, O.;Wright, J. W.;Vuilleumier 1992 Geographic variation of reproductive traits in a Mexican vivparous lizard Sceloporus torquatus Isogenicity in the unisexual lizard Cnemidophorus velox Some reflections about speciation in birds C. R. Soc. Biogeogr. 68 4 137-160 reptiles, reproduction, Journal Article Mendonca, M. T.;Crews, D. 1990 Mating-induced ovarian recrudescence in the red-sided garter snake Journal of Comparative Physiology B 166 629-632 reptiles, snakes, Thamnophis, reproduction, copulatory stimuli, proximate cues, neuroendocrine reflex Journal Article Mensi, Paola;Lattes, Aldo;Macario, Biancamaria;Salvidio, Sebastiano 1992 Taxonomy and evolution of European brown frogs Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 104 293-311 Journal Article Mensi, Paola;Lattes, Aldo;Macario, Biancamaria;Salvidio, Sebastiano;Giacoma, Cristina;Balletto, Emilio 1992 Taxonomy and evolution of European brown frogs Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 104 293-311 Journal Article Menzies, R.A.;Kushlan, J.A. 1991 Genetic variation in populations of the American crocodile J. Herpetol. 25 3 357-361 CA, genetics, Journal Article Merchant-Larios, H.;Villalpando, I. 1990 Effect of temperature on gonadal sex differentiation in the sea turtle Lepidochelys olivacea: an organ culture study Journal of Experimental Zoology 254 327-331 tsd; ridley Journal Article Merli, Jim 1991 Ontogenetic color change in the emerald tree boa, Corallus caninus Vivarium 3 4 19-21 Corallus caninus Journal Article Merli, Jim 1992 Nesting habits of the northern pinesnake (Pituophis m. melanoleucus) Vivarium 4 1 16-19 Nesting behavior; Pituophis melanoleucus Book Section Messel, H.;Vorlicek, G.C.;Wells, A.G.;Green, W.J.;Onley, I.C. 1990 Status of Crocodylus porosus, July 1984, in the tidal waterways of the Alligator region and in the Adeliade River system of northern Australia: recovery under way Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 307-348 Book Section Messel, H.;Vorlicek, G.C.;Green, W.J.;Onley, I.C. 1990 Crocodylus porosus - A ten year overview: th epopulation model and importance of "dry wet" season and status, management and recovery Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 239-306 Book Section Messel, H.;Vorlicek, G.C.;Green, W.J.;Onley, I.C. 1990 Resurvey of the saltwater crocodile population in the tidal waterways of Port Musgrave, Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Australia, August 1987 Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0009-4 iv + 380 pp. 76-121 Book Section Messel, H.;King, F.W. 1990 The status of Crocodylus porosus in the Solomon Islands Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8327-0023-X vi + 345 pp. 39-69 Journal Article Messel, H. 1990 Can sustained yield utilization of wildlife help conservation? Crocodile Specialist Newsletter 9 3 2-4 utilization; croc Book Section Messel, H.;King, F.W. 1992 Survey of the crocodile populations of the Republic of Palau, Caroline Islands, Pacific Ocean, 8-24 June 1991: A report to the Government of the Repulbic of Palau Koror, Palau Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 1. ISBN 2-8317-0132-5. 302-351 Book Section Messel, H.;King, F.W. 1992 Survey and plan for recovery of the Crocodile population of the Republic of Vanuatu, Southwestern Pacific Ocean and a project for the sustainable use of wildlife resources based at Port Patterson on Vanua Lava, Banks Islands, in the Banks-Torres Conservation Region A report to the Government of the Republic of Vanuatu, Port Vila, Vanuata Crocodile Conservation Action. A Special Publication of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union. Gland, Switzerland. 102-128 Book Section Messel, H.;King, F.W.;Webb, G.;Ross, C.A. 1992 Summary report on the workshop on the prospects and future strategy of crocodile conservation of the two species (Crocodylusa mindorensis, Crocodylus porosus) occurring in the Philippines Crocodile Conservation Action. A Special Publication of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union. Gland, Switzerland. 98-101 Book Section Messel, H.;King, F.W. 1992 Conservation and sustainable use of Caiman yacare in Paraguay A report to the Government of Paraguay Crocodile Conservation Action. A Special Publication of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union. Gland, Switzerland. 78-97 Book Section Messel, H.;Jelden, D.;Hemley, G. 1992 Summary report of the Crocodile Specialist Growup Review Committee on Crocodile Management in Indonesia, 5 - 12 November 1992 Crocodile Conservation Action. A Special Publication of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union. Gland, Switzerland. 55-70 Journal Article Mesure, M., Chevalier, M.,Depeiges, A.,Faure, J.,Dufaure, J.P., 1991 Structure and Ultrastructure of the Epididymis of the Viviparous Lizard During the Annual Hormonal Cycle - Changes of the Epithelium Related to Secretory Activity Journal of Morphology 210 2 133-145 Experimental Biology & Medicine M Mesure, Univ Clermont Ferrand, Biol Cellulaire Lab, CNRS, Ura 360, F-63177 Clermont Ferrand, France Journal Article Mesure, M.Chevalier, M.Depeiges, A.Faure, J.Dufaure, J.P. 1991 Structure and Ultrastructure of the Epididymis of the Viviparous Lizard During the Annual Hormonal Cycle - Changes of the Epithelium Related to Secretory Activity Journal of Morphology 210 2 133-145 Experimental Biology & Medicine M Mesure, Univ Clermont Ferrand, Biol Cellulaire Lab, CNRS, Ura 360, F-63177 Clermont Ferrand, France Journal Article Meyer, Eberhard 1992 Erfolgreiche Nachzucht von Dendrobates granuliferus Taylor, 1958 Herpetofauna 14 76 11-21 Dendrobates granuliferus Journal Article Meyer*Rochow, V.B.;Asashima, M.;Moro, S.D. 1991 Nephroblastoma in the clawed frog Xenopus laevis Journal of Experimental Animal Science 34 5-6 225-228 Amphibia, anura, clawed frog Xenopus laevis, pathology, tumor, Nephroblastoma VB Meyerrochow, Univ W Indies, Mona Campus, Kingston 7, Jamaica Journal Article MeyerRochow, V.B.;Asashima, M.;Moro, S.D. 1991 Nephroblastoma in the clawed frog Xenopus laevis Journal of Experimental Animal Science 34 5-6 225-228 Amphibia, anura, clawed frog Xenopus laevis, pathology, tumor, Nephroblastoma VB Meyerrochow, Univ W Indies, Mona Campus, Kingston 7, Jamaica Journal Article Meylan, Anne B.;Brown, Brian W.;Avise, John C. 1990 A genetic test of the natal homing versus social facilitation models for green turtle migration Science 248 724-727 Journal Article Meylan, Anne B.;Bowen, Brian W.;Avise, John C. 1990 A genetic test of the natal homing versus social facilitation models for Green turtle migration Science 248 637 - 784 Turtle, migration, genetic Journal Article Meylan, P.A.;Weig, B.S.;Wood, R.C. 1990 Fossil soft-shelled turtles (family Trionychidae) of the Lake Turkana Basin, Africa Copeia 508-528 Trionychidae; palaeontology; fossils; Africa: Lake Turkana Journal Article Meylan, P.A.;Webb, R.W. 1990 Rafetus swinhoei (Gray) 1873, a valid species of living soft-shelled turtle (family Trionychidae) from China J. Herpetol. 22 1 118-119 Rafetus swinhoei; Asia: China Book Section Meylan, P.A. 1990 Fossil turtles from the Upper Semliki, Zaire Boaz, N.T. Evolution of environments and Hominidae in the African Western Rift Valley Virginia Museum of Natural History Memoirs No. 1 163-170 Journal Article Meylan, Peter A.;Gaffney, Eugene S. 1992 Sinaspideretes is not the oldest Trionychid turtle Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 12 2 257-259 Book Méhely, Lajos 1991 Herpetologia Hungarica Budapest Hungarian Natural History Museum (7), 39 plates Book Méhely, Lajos 1991 Herpetologia Hungarica Budapest Hungarian Museum of Natural History viii, 22 plates Journal Article Méndez de la Cruz, Fausto R. 1992 Publicaciones especiales del Museo de Zoología. Editado por Osacr Flores-Villela. 1992. No. 4. Boletín de la Sociedad Herpetológica Mexicana 4 2 46-48 book review Journal Article Méndez-de la Cruz, Fausto R.;Casas-Andreu, Gustavo;Villagran-Santa Cruz, Maricela 1992 Variacion anual en la alimentacion y condicion fisica de Sceloporus mucronatus (Sauria: Iguanidae) en la Sierra del Ajusco, Distrito Federal, Mexico Southwestern Naturalist 37 4 349-355 Diet; Mexico; Sceloporus mucronatus; Reproductive cycle Journal Article Michot, Bernard;Qu, Liang-Hu;Bachellerie, Jean-Pierre 1990 Evolution of large-subunit rRNA structure: The diversification of divergent D3 domain among major phylogenetic groups Eur. J. Biochem. 188 219-229 amphibians natrix viperina pleurodeles waltii xenopus laevis Journal Article Middendorf, G. A. III;Sherbrooke, W. C. 1992 Canid elicitation of blood squirting in a horned lizard Copeia 1992 2 519-527 reptiles, predation, defense, behavior Journal Article Mijares-Urrutia, A. 1990 The tadpole of Centrolenella andina (Anura: Centrolenidae) Journal of Herpetology 24 410-412 Journal Article Mijares-Urrutia, Abraham 1992 El renacuajo de Hyla lascinia, con aportes al conocimiento de los renacuajos de Hyla jahni e Hyla platydactyla (Hylidae) de los Andes venezolanos. [The tadpole of Hyla lascina, with new information on the tadpoles of Hyla jahni and Hyla platydactyla (Hylidae) from the Venezuelan Andes] Alytes 10 3 91-98 bogotensis Journal Article Miles, D. B. 1992 The adaptive significance of geographical variation in locomotory performance: integrating the selective consequences of spatial and temporal variation in locomotory-morphology associations NSF Proposal reptiles, lizards, performance, locomotion, ecomorphology Journal Article Miles, Donald B.;Dunham, Arthur E. 1992 Comparative analyses of phylogenetic effects in the life-history patterns of iguanid reptiles The American Naturalist 139 4 848-869 Reptiles, lizards, phylogeny, evolution, life history, methods, statistics, body size, Iguanidae Journal Article Miles, Donald B.;Dunham, Arthur E. 1992 Comparative analysis of phylogenetic effects in the life-history patterns of Iguanid reptiles American Naturalist 139 4 848-869 Journal Article Millamena, O. M.;Aujero, E. J.;Borlongan., I. G. 1990 Techniques for algae harvesting and preservation for use in culture and as larval food Aquacult. Engineer. 9 295-304 Journal Article Miller, M. R.;Beck, J. 1990 Further serial transmission electron microscopy studies of auditory hair cell innervation in lizards and in a snake Am J Anat 188 2 175-84 Animal; Birds/anatomy & histology; Hair Cells/*anatomy & histology; Lizards/*anatomy & histology; Microscopy, Electron; Reptiles/anatomy & histology; Snakes/*anatomy & histology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Auditory hair cells of three lizard and one snake species were studied by serial transmission electron microscopy (TEM) sections of two unidirectional hair cells (UHC) and two bidirectional hair cells (BHC) and by nonserial section montages of each entire papilla cut at 2- microns intervals across the papillar width. The unidirectional hair cell region of the agamid lizard, Acanthosaura crucigera, lacked efferent innervation. Another agamid lizard, Agama agama, studied by nonserial section only, also lacked efferent innervation to the UHC. Afferent innervation to both the UHC and BHC of Acanthosaura was primarily exclusive (each nerve fiber innervates only one hair cell), although an occasional nerve fiber innervated two hair cells. Both the UHC and the BHC of the anguid, Celestus costatus, were exclusively innervated. Both hair cell types of the varanid, Varanus exanthematicus, were nonexclusively innervated (all afferent nerve fibers innervate two or more hair cells). The auditory papilla of the colubrid snake, Elaphe obsoleta, has only one type of hair cell and each is nonexclusively innervated. The numbers of afferent and efferent nerve fibers and of afferent synapses are presented in tabular form. Journal Article Miller, Jeffrey D.;Jones, Menna E. 1990 Growth and calcium metabolism of embryos of the long-necked tortoise, Chelodina longicollis (Shaw) Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29 2 421-436 Journal Article Miller, Michael J. 1992 Notes on the natural history of the family Acrochordidae and maintenance of the marine file snake, Chersydrus granulatus (Schneider, 1799), in captivity Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 27 10 201-205 acrochordus Journal Article Miller, Mark F. 1992 Book Review: The Reproductive Husbandry of Pythons and Boas Vivarium 3 5 14 Book Review Journal Article Miller, K;Packard, G.C. 1992 The influence of substrate water potential during incubation on the metabolism of embryonic snapping turtles (Celydra serpentina) Physiol. Zool. 65 1 172-187 Reptilia, testudines, snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina. physiology, egg, embryo, water, potential Reprint Endnote 94/180 Journal Article MILLER, Erica A.;MONTALI, R. J.;RAMSAY, E. C.;RIDEOUT, B. A. 1992 Disseminated chromoblastomycosis in a colony of ornate-horned frogs (Ceratophrys ornata) J Zoo & Wildl. Med. 23 4 433-438 Amphibia, anura, ornate-horned frog, Ceratophrys ornata, infection, mycosis, chromoblastomycosis. Biopsies of dermal nodules taken from two ornate-horned frogs (Ceratophrys ornata) in March and November 1986 revealed cutaneous chromoblastomycosis. Between March and December 1987, eight other ornate-horned frogs with cutaneous nodules were found dead. At necropsy, raised nodules 2-4 mm in diameter were found on the skin, liver, spleen, kidneys, and lungs. Microscopic examination showed these nodules to be granulomatous foci containing spheroid, pigmented, thick-walled sclerotic cells. Although amphibians with chromoblastomycosis typically have hyphae within granulomas, hyphae were observed in only one frog in this study. Journal Article Miller , R.A. , e.a. , 1990 Clinical and parasitologic aspects of Cryptospridiosis in nonhuman primates Laboratory animal science 40 1 42-46 mammalia primates cercopithecidae ,Macaca ,Papio ,protozoology ,campylobacter ,Shigella ,Cryptosporidiosis * Journal Article Millichamp, Nicholas J. e.a. 1990 Ocular disease in captive amphibians and reptiles AAZV 297-301 Amphibia, reptilia, anura, lizard, crocodile 220191 WS DW Journal Article MILLICHAMP, N. J. 1990 Ocular disease in captive amphibians and reptiles AAZV 297-301 Amphibia, reptilia, anura, lizard, crocodile Reprint Endnote 93/494, 220191 WS DW Journal Article Mills, T. 1990 To scent or not to scent (Techniques for feeding baby snakes) The Vivarium 2 3 8-10 serp,zucht,vet,meth PF x Journal Article Milne, Roger 1991 The newts from the black stuff New Scientist 1991 9 November 17 triturus Journal Article Mindell, David P.;Honeycutt, Rodney L. 1990 Ribosomal RNA in vertebrates: Evolution and phylogenetic applications Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 21 541-566 Book Section Minton, Sherman A. 1992 Serologic relationships among pitvipers: evidence from plasma albumins and immunodiffusion Campbell, J. A. and Brodie, E. D., Jr. Biology of the Pit vipers Tyler Texas Selva 155-161 evolution systematics agkistrodon crotalus hypnale vipera sistrurus bothrops trimeresurus Journal Article Miranda, L. A.;Paz, D. A.;Pisanó., A. 1991 Efecto de la actividad tiroidea en la tolerancia al frio de larvas de Bufo arenarum Revista Española de Herpetología 6 55-60 Book Mirtchin, Peter;Davis, Richard 1992 Dangerous Snakes of Australia: An Illustrated Guide to Australia's Most Venomous Snakes London New Holland 208 Australia; Venomous snakes Journal Article Mirtschin, Peter 1990 Captive breeding of the inland taipan Oxyuranus microlepidotus Herpetofauna 20 2 7-10 Oxyuranus microlepidotus Book Mirtschin, Peter;Davis, Richard 1992 Snakes of Australia: Dangerous & Harmless Melbourne, VIC Hill of Content 216 Book Mirtschin, Peter;Davis, Richard 1992 Dangerous Snakes of Australia: An Illustrated Guide to Australia's Most Venomous Snakes London New Holland 208 Australia; Venomous snakes Journal Article Mitchell, S. L. 1990 The mating system genetically affects offspring performance in Woodhouse's toad (Bufo woodhousei) Evolution 44 502-519 Journal Article Mittermeier, Russell A.;Carr, John L. 1992 Conservation of amphibians and reptiles Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 207-208 Edited Book Miyamoto, Michael M.;Cracraft, Joel 1991 Phylogenetic Analysis of DNA Sequences New York Oxford University Press x + 358 Book Section Mkanda, F.X. 1992 Ranching the Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus in Malawi Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0133-3. 1-13 Journal Article Mohammed, O. B.;Hussein, H. S. 1992 Eimeria idmii sp. n. (Apicomplexa, Eimeriidae) from the Arabian Mountain Gazelle, Gazella gazella, in Saudi-Arabia J Helminthol Soc Washington 59 1 120-124 Mammalia, artiodactyla, Gazella gazella, infection, apicomplexa, eimeriidae, E. idmii sixteen of 47 idmi (Arabian or dark-colored mountain gazella (Gazella gazella )) were infected with an ellipsoidal coccidium, flattenend at the micopylar end. Sporulated oocysts measure 42 x 30 (36-48 x 27-37) µm. Length / width ratio 1.4 (1.2-1.6), a double layered oocyst wall, the outer yellow, the inner green. Sporocysts were elongate, ovoidal with Stieda body and sporocyst residiuum. HS Hussein, King Saud Univ, Coll Sci, Dept Zool, POB 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia Journal Article Moler, paul E. 1991 Florida's Endangered Wildlife/Reptile and Amphibian Research. American Crocodile recovery plan implimentations: American crocodile population dynamics Final Report: Statewide Wildlife Reserach 7532 1-42 Edited Book Moler, Paul E. 1992 Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida Volume III. Amphibians and Reptiles Gainesville Univeristy of Florida Press xxviii, 291 Book Section Moler, P. 1992 Growth and survival of Crocodylus acutus in south Florida, USA Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0133-3. 14 Edited Book Moler, Paul E. 1992 Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida Volume III. Amphibians and Reptiles Gainesville Univeristy of Florida Press xxviii, 291 p. Journal Article Moll, D. 1990 Population sizes and foraging ecology in a tropical freshwater stream turtle community Journal of Herpetology 24 1 48-53 diet Journal Article Molnar, R. E.;Czechura, Gregory V. 1990 Putative Lower Cretaceous Australian lizard jaw likely a fish Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29 2 445-447 Journal Article Molnar, R. E. 1990 New cranial elements of a giant varanid from Queensland Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29 2 437-444 Journal Article MOMBARG, M.;CLAESSEN, H.;LAMBRECHTS, L.;ZWART, P. 1992 Quantification of percutaneous absorption of metronidazole and levamisole in the fire-bellied toad (Bombina orientalis) J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 15 4 433-436 Spot-on application has proved to be an effective way to reach therapeutic doses of metronidazole and levamisole in fire-bellied toads. The percutaneous absorption of metronidazole and levamisole was quantified, using an aqueous solution of 1.008 mg/ml of metronidazole and an aqueous solution of 3.767 mg/ml of levamisole. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the percutaneous absorption revealed that of the amount applied, 75% of metronidazole and 90% of levamisole was absorbed. This resulted during 3 days of application in dosages of 23 mg/kg BW of metronidazole and 94 mg/kg BW of levamisole. Of the absorbed substances, 48% of metronidazole and 9% of levamisole were excreted in urine and faeces as unmetabolised substances. Journal Article Moncsko, George E. 1991 Desert Tortoise Preserve Committee - 1986 status report Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 26-28 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Moncsko, George E. 1991 Desert Tortoise Preserve Committee - 1987 status report Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 137-140 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Moncsko, George E. 1991 The Cantil project [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 193 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Mondini, Elisabeth 1990 Les Tortues de France: Images et utilisations d'hier et d'aujourd'hui Bulletin de la Société Herpétologique de France 56 39-47 Journal Article Monguillot, J. C. 1991 Registros de Rhadinea occipitalis (Jan) en la provincia de Córdoba, Argentina (Reptilia: Colubridae) Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 6 1 5 Rhadinea occipitalis Journal Article Monguillot, J. C. 1991 Presencia de Philodryas burmeisteri Jan en la provincia de Córdoba, Argentina Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 7 2 19-20 Philodryas burmeisteri Journal Article Montanelli, S. B.;Echeverría, D. D. 1991 Tres fómulas dentarias en las larvas de Odontophrynus americanus (Duméril y Bibron, 1841) (Anura, Leptodactylidae) Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 6 1 3 Odontophrynus americanus; dental formulae Journal Article Montanucci, Richard R.;O'Brien, J. P. 1991 Mating behavior of the coast horned lizard (Phrynosoma coronatum) Vivarium 3 4 27-28 Phrynosoma coronatum Journal Article Montanucci, Richard R. 1992 Commentary on a proposed taxonomic arrangement for some North American amphibians and reptiles Herpetological Review 23 1 9-10 Journal Article Montero, R.;Pisanó, A. 1991 Ciclo anual de la vitelogénesis entres especies de anuros del noroeste argentino. [Annual vitellogenic cycles of three species of anurans from northeast Argentina] Alytes 9 4 103-119 hyla pulchella andina telmatobius laticeps pisanoi Journal Article Moorman, C. T. d;Moorman, L. S.;Goldner, R. D. 1992 Snakebite in the tarheel state. Guidelines for first aid, stabilization, and evacuation N C Med J 53 4 141-6 Snakebite is relatively common in North Carolina. The Copperhead is the most common offender, though we have representatives of all three genera of the Pit Viper family in addition to the Coral Snake. Pit Vipers are identified by the characteristic triangular head, elliptical eyes, well-developed fangs, and with the Rattlesnakes, a tail rattle. The Coral Snake is identified by its characteristic color pattern with red bands adjacent to yellow bands. Treatment is initiated by the safe identification of the snake, taking care to avoid a second bite. A lymphatic constriction band is applied above the bite and an Extractor, if available, is applied within three minutes. The extremity is splinted and the victim evacuated to the nearest trauma center as soon as possible. Journal Article Morafka, David J.;Tom, Judy;Aguirre, Gustavo;Adest, Gary A. 1991 Juvenile tortroises, part I: The missing link in tortoise life histories, a case study for the Bolson tortoise (Gopherus flavomarginatus) [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 263 Journal Article Morafka, David J. 1991 Forty-eight hours: The biology of pipping and emergence in neonatal desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 369 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Morales, M.H.;Osuna, R.;Sanchez, E. 1991 Vitellogenesis in Anolis pulchellus - Induction of VTG-like protein in liver explants from male and immature lizards Journal of Experimental Zoology 260 1 50-58 Reptilia, sauria, Anolis pulchellus, physiology, propagation, liver, vitellin, VTG, in vitro Reprint Endnote 93/703. MH Morales,Univ Puerto Rico,Dept Biol,Rio Piedras, PR 00931 Journal Article Morales, Víctor 1991 Estudio de la vocalizacion de algunas ranas dardo-venenoso (Dendrobatidae: Dendrobates) en el Perú Acta. Zool. Lilloana 41 107-119 Dendrobates, femoralis, pictus, samaragdinus, trivittatus Journal Article Morales, Victor;Chandler, Mark 1992 First record of Pseudis paradoxa (Anura: Pseudidae) in Perú, with notes on its distress call and habitat Caribbean Journal of Science 28 3-4 224-226 Journal Article Morales, Victor 1992 Dos especies nuevas de Dendrobates (Anura: Dendrobatidae) para Perú Caribbean Journal of Science 28 3-4 191-199 Journal Article Moreira, G.;Lima., A. P. 1991 Seasonal patterns of juvenile recruitment and reproduction in four species of leaf litter frogs in central Amazonia Herpetologica 47 295-300 Book Section Morescalchi, A. 1990 Cytogenetics and the problem of Lissamphibian relationships Olmo, E. Cytogenetics of Amphibians and Reptiles Basel Birkhäuser 1-19 Book Section Morescalchi, Alessandro 1991 Genome and the rise of terrestrial vertebrates Ghiara, G. Symposium on the evolution of terrestrial vertebrates Modena Muchi 31-50 Journal Article Morescalchi, Alessandro 1992 Structrual and molecular approaches to the phylogeny of amphibia Boll. Zool. 59 23-31 Amphibia; Phylogeny; development; cytogenetics Journal Article Morescalchi, Alessandro 1992 Structural and molecular approaches to the phylogeny of Amphibia Boll. Zool. 59 23-31 Journal Article Morey, S.R. 1990 Microhabitat selection and predation in the Pacific Treefrog, Pseudacris regilla Journal of Herpetology 24 3 292-296 Pseudacris regilla, habitat, predation, color Journal Article Morgan, D. R. 1990 Nutritional supplementation and prepared diets for some southern African reptiles J. Herp. Assoc. Afr. serp,testu,echsen,vit PF x Journal Article Morgunov, N. S.;Hirsch, D. J. 1990 Adenylate cyclase uncoupled beta-adrenergic receptors in salamander proximal tubules Can J Physiol Pharmacol 68 7 863-9 Adenylate Cyclase/*metabolism; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology; Ambystoma; Animal; Cyclic AMP/pharmacology; In Vitro; Isoproterenol/pharmacology; Kidney Tubules, Proximal/drug effects/enzymology/*metabolism; Kinetics; Perfusion; Phenylephrine/pharmacology; Propanolamines/pharmacology; Radioligand Assay; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/drug effects/*metabolism; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't The isolated perfused proximal tubule of the neotenic salamander Ambystoma tigrinum responds with either a hyperpolarization or depolarization of both the basolateral cell membrane and transepithelial potentials following the addition of 10(-5) M isoproterenol to the bath superfusate. Both responses were blocked by 10(-6) M propranolol but neither response was mimicked by 10(-4) M cAMP. beta-Adrenergic binding studies of individual microdissected proximal tubules using (-)-[3H]CGP-12177 as a hydrophyllic radioligand and (+/-)-timolol (0.1 mM) as the displacer drug revealed two distinct populations of proximal tubules possessing either low (KD = 153.8 nM; Bmax = 110.2 fM/mm) or high affinity (KD = 12.0 nM: Bmax = 3.9 fM/mm) binding characteristics. Competition studies indicated that the bound (- )-[3H]CGP-12177 behaved as a typical beta-adrenergic ligand, being displaced by (-)-isoproterenol but not by (+)-isoproterenol or (-)- phenylephrine. However, neither appeared to be coupled to the adenylate cyclase system. These data suggest the presence of functional beta- adrenergic receptors that do not appear to be coupled to the adenylate cyclase system. Journal Article Morgunov, N. S.;Hirsch, D. J. 1991 Sodium transport in salamander proximal tubule at 5.5 degrees C Am J Physiol 260 3 Pt 2 F323-30 Ambystoma; Animal; Biological Transport; *Cold; Glucose/metabolism; In Vitro; Kidney Tubules, Proximal/*metabolism; Monosaccharide Transport Proteins/metabolism; Ouabain/pharmacology; Regression Analysis; Rubidium/pharmacokinetics; Sodium/*metabolism; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Na+ transport and electrophysiology of isolated perfused proximal tubules of the salamander Ambystoma tigrinum were compared at 22 and 5.5 degrees C, a range over which these animals normally live. Both intracellular Na+ activity and basolateral membrane potential were unaffected by temperature, whereas transepithelial potential depolarized from -6.5 +/- 0.8 mV at 22 degrees C to -3.5 +/- 0.6 mV at 5.5 degrees C (P less than 0.05). Compared with 22 degrees C, reduction of temperature to 5.5 degrees C included major increases in apical membrane resistance (2,052 +/- 473 omega.cm2 to 18,464 +/- 2,667 omega.cm2) and basolateral membrane resistance (491 +/- 113 omega.cm2 to 1,780 +/- 256 omega.cm2) (P less than 0.01). Sequential increases of luminal glucose concentration allowed characterization of the Na(+) - glucose cotransporter at both temperatures. The Km was stable (2 mM), but the maximal activity (Vmax) at 5.5 degrees C of 167 peq/5 cm2 increased to 1,000 peq/5 cm2 at 22 degrees C (P less than 0.05). In parallel with this temperature sensitivity of apical Na+ entry, basolateral Na+ pump activity was reduced at low temperature. Rubidium uptake at 22 degrees C was reduced by 40% at 5.5 degrees C. The rate of decrease of intracellular Na+ activity when tubules were perfused with substrate-free solution was -2.6 +/- 0.7 mM/min at 5.5 degrees C, compared with -4.9 +/- 1.2 mM/min at 22 degrees C. We conclude that low temperature reduces both Na+ uptake and efflux, allowing stability of intracellular milieu despite reduction in net transepithelial transport. Journal Article Mori, A. 1990 Tail vibration of the Japanese grass lizard Takydromus tachydromoides as a tactic against a snake predator Journal of Ethology 8 81-88 Journal Article Mori, A.;Hikida, T. 1991 Notes on the defensive behavior of the Asian elapid, Maticora intestinalis Snake 23 107-109 defense, tail, tail coiling Journal Article Mori, A. 1991 Effects of prey size and type on prey-handling behavior in Elaphe quadrivirgata Journal of Herpetology 25 160-166 snakes, prey, behavior Journal Article Mori, A. 1991 Spontaneous immobility of the Japanese lacertid lizard, Takydromus tachydromoides Japanese Journal of Herpetology 14 1-5 Old World, behavior, defense, crypsis Journal Article Mori, Akira;Hikida, Tsutomu 1992 A preliminary study of sexual dimorphism in wing morphology of five species of the flying lizards, genus Draco Japanese Journal of Herpetology 14 4 178-183 Journal Article Mori, A.;Toda, M.;Kadowaki, S.;Moriguchi, H. 1992 Lying in ambush for nocturnal frogs: field observations on the feeding behavior of three colubrid snakes, Elaphe quadrivirgata, E. climacophora, and Rabdophis tigrinus Japanese Journal of Herpetology 14 107-115 diet, Old World Journal Article Mori, A.;Nobuyuki, N.;Kardong, K. W. 1992 Unusual putative defensive behavior in Oligodon formosanus (Serpentes: Colubridae): Head-slashing and tail-striking Journal of Herpetology 26 213-216 defense, snake Journal Article Mori, A.;Hikida, T. 1992 A preliminary study of sexual dimorphism in wing morphology of five species of the flying lizards, Genus Draco Japanese Journal of Herpetology 14 4 178-183 reptiles, lizards, sexual size dimorphism, wing loading, morphology, Journal Article Morin, P. J.;Lawler, S. P.;Johnson., E. A. 1990 Ecology and breeding phenology of larval Hyla andersonii: the disadvantages of breeding late Ecology 71 1590-1598 Book Section Moritz, Craig 1990 Patterns and processes of sex chromosome evolution in gekkonid lizards (Sauria: Reptilia) Olmo, E. Cytogenetics of Amphibians and Reptiles Basel Birkhäuser 205-219 Journal Article Moritz, Craig 1991 The origin and evolution of parthenogenesis in Heteronotia binoei (Gekkonidae): Evidence for recent and localized orgins of widespread clones Genetics 129 211-219 Journal Article Moritz, Craig 1991 Evolutionary dynamics of mitochondrial DNA duplications in parthenogenetic geckos, Heteronotia binoei Genetics 129 221-230 Journal Article Moritz, Craig C.;Wright, John W.;Brown, Wesley M. 1992 Mitochondrial DNA analysis and the origin and relative age of parthenogenetic Cnemidophorus: Phylogenetic constraints on hybrid orgins Evolution 46 1 184-192 cnemidophorus sequence divergence angusticeps montaguae marmoratus deppei guttatus inornatus septemvittatus cozumela neomexicanus tesselatus lemniscatus gularis costatus sexlineatus laredoensis velox exsanguis RFLP phylogeny Journal Article Moritz, Craig;Schneider, Christopher J.;Wake, David B. 1992 Evolutionary relationships within the Ensatina eschscholtzii complex confirm the ring species interpretation Systematic Biology 41 3 273-291 Book Section Morpurgo, B.;Gvaryahu, G.;Robinzon, B. 1990 Food preferences and fish attractability in young Nile crocodile Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8327-0023-X vi + 345 pp. 70-80 Journal Article Morpurgo, B.;Gvaryahu, G.;Robinzon, B. 1991 Food preference, fish attractability and behavior manifested toward new feed in young Nile crocodiles, Crocodylus niloticus Physiol. Behav. 50 1 1-4 CNL, food, farming, behavior, management, Food preference and fish-attractive parameters were studied on 1000 15- to 18-month-old Nile crocodiles, using two-choice preference tests. All three experimental groups preferred live fish over dead fish and live chicks, while ground meat was the last choice. As for fish attractiveness, motion, freshness, size, color and species were found as important parameters in the food-preference mechanism. When new feeds were presented to naive, ground-meat-eating crocodiles, we could find out the nature of innate and learned food recognition. Live fish, frogs and tadpoles were identified immediately as food, and the recognition of dead fish, chicks and anagmas required learning. Journal Article Morpurgo, B.;Rozenboim, I.;Robinzon, B. 1992 Effect of yohimbine on the reproductive behavior of the male Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 43 2 449-52 CNL, courtship, behavior, reproduction, biochemistry, The effect of yohimbine, an alpha 2-adrenergic blocker, on the reproductive activity of 12-year-old male, captive Nile crocodiles was tested on 18 animals equally divided into 3 ponds. In each pond, there were 6 males and 30 females. In the first group, six of six males received yohimbine capsules of 30 mg, twice a day, for 1 week. In the second group, two males of a group of six were administered a similar dose of yohimbine. Another group of six males in a separate pond were used as a control group. The yohimbine treatment had a significant (p less than 0.05) effect on the frequency of headslap display (the main behavioral pattern of reproductive activity) in all treated animals but did not result in a significant increase in copulation frequency. In the two treated groups, the reproductive period was prolonged by 3 weeks, 8-11 weeks. We found a significant increase in the fertility percentage of eggs laid by females in the male-treated groups (30.5% in control group females, 34.1% in the partly treated, and 39.0% in the pond where all six males were treated), even though no increase in mating frequencies was noted. This might be due to more successful copulations. During the treatment period, the daily activity peak, when the male's headslap performance was the most frequent, was shifted from 5:00-6:00 p.m. in the control to 4:00-5:00 p.m. in the treated group. This effect caused females to enter the water earlier than in the control group. Journal Article Morreale, S.J.;Meylan, A. B.;Sadove, S.S.;Standora, E.A. 1992 Annual occurrence and winter mortality of marine turtles in New York waters Journal of Herpetology 26 3 301-308 green; ridley; loggerhead Journal Article Morris, Y. A.;Crews, D. 1990 The effects of exogenous neuropeptide Y on feeding and sexual behavior in the red-sided garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) Brain Res 530 2 339-41 Animal; Feeding Behavior/*drug effects; Male; Motivation; Neuropeptide Y/*pharmacology; Sex Behavior, Animal/*drug effects; Snakes/*physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Actively courting adult male red-sided garter snakes were injected with one of two dosages of neuropeptide Y (NPY) or saline into the third cerebral ventricle. Courtship and feeding responses were assessed prior to surgery, 4-5 h and 24 h post-surgery. Feeding behavior was tested by the presentation of a favored food, an earthworm. NPY significantly reduced courtship behavior scores at both low (0.16 nmol) and high (0.77 nmol) doses 4-5 h after surgery. Snakes also took much longer to reach the criterion courtship score at the high dose. Feeding occurred only in snakes treated with NPY. At the low dose 29% ate at 4-5 h and 24 h after surgery; 43% of the snakes treated with the high dose ate 4- 5 h post-surgery. When tested the day following injection, animals were courting at levels comparable to presurgery levels and refused food. Journal Article Morris, M. R. 1991 Female choice of large males in the treefrog Hyla ebraccata. Journal of Zoology of London 223 371-378 Hyla ebraccata acoustic communication, Amphibia, Anura, competition, Hylidae, reproductive success, sexual selection, Book Section Moses, R.D.;Chabreck, R. 1990 Transportation and artificial incubation of American alligator eggs Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8327-0023-X vi + 345 pp. 81-90 Journal Article Mottola, C. A. 1991 Of crocodiles and research concepts J Contin Educ Nurs 22 6 267-8 Creativeness; *Education, Nursing, Continuing; Human; Teaching/*methods Journal Article Mouton, P. le F. N.;van Wyk, J. H. 1990 Taxonomic status of the melanistic forms of the Cordylus cordylus complex (Reptilia: Cordylidae) in the south-western Cape, South Africa South African Journal of Zoology 25 1 31-38 Journal Article Möhring, Nicolas;Grundmann, Uta;Herrmann, Hans-Joachim 1991 Beobachtungen über das Schlafverhalten bei Polypedates dennysii (Blandford 1881) und Rhacophorus schlegeli (Günther 1859 "1858") Veröffentlichungen Naturhistorisches Museum Schloß Bertholdsburg Schleusingen 6 111-112 Journal Article Mrosovsky, N.;Benabib, M. 1990 An assessment of two methods of sexing hatchling sea turtles Copeia 2 589-591 lab studies Journal Article Mrosovsky, N.;Pieau, C. 1991 Transitional range of temperature, pivotal temperatures and thermosensitive stages for sex determination in reptiles Amphibia-Reptilia 12 169-179 tsd; lab studies Journal Article Mrosovsky, N.;Bass, A.;Corliss, L.A.;Richardson, J.I.;Richardson, T.H. 1992 Pivotal and beach temperatures for hawksbill turtles nesting in Antigua Canadian Journal of Zoology 70 1920-1925 hawksbill; sex ratio; pivotal; Antigua Journal Article Mrosovsky, N.;Provancha, J. 1992 Sex ratio of hatchling loggerhead sea turtles: data and estimates from a 5-year study Canadian Journal of Zoology 70 530-538 loggerhead; sex ratio; Florida Journal Article Mu, Yong;Zhao, Ermi 1990 Mating call structures of the Chinese frog, Rana nigromaculata (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae) Asiatic Herpetological Research 3 60-63 Journal Article Mullens, Donna P.;Hutchison, Victor H. 1992 Diel, seasonal, postprandial and food deprived thermoregulatory behavior in tropical toads (Bufo marinus) Journal of Thermal Biology 17 63-67 4, Amphibia, Bufonidae, Bufo marinus, tropical toad, body temperature, behavioral thermoregulation, postprandial, thermal selection, preferred temperature, feeding, diel cycles, seasonal cycles, frogs Journal Article Mullens, D. P.;Hutchison, V. H. 1992 Diel, seasonal, postprandial and food-deprived thermoregulatory behaviour in tropical toads (Bufo marinus) Journal of Thermal Biology 17 1 63-67 Amphibians, anurans, Bufo marinus, Bufonidae, tropical toad, body temperature, behavioral thermoregulation, postprandial, thermal selection, preferred temperature, feeding, diel cycles, seasonal cycles Journal Article Munday, Bruce 1990 A modified approach to the antimicrobial and supportive therapy of reptiles suffering from necrotic stomatitis Herpetofauna 20 2 37-40 Treatment; Necrotic stomatitis Journal Article Muñoz Alonso, Luis Antonio 1990 Estudio Herpetofaunistico del Parque Ecologico Estatal de Okiltemi, Munipio de Chilpancingo, Guerrero Boletín de la Sociedad Herpetológica Mexicana 2 2 11-16 Mexico Journal Article Muñoz-Alonso, Antonio;Flores-Villela, Oscar 1990 Anolis liogaster Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 489 1-2 Journal Article Muñoz-Alonso, Antonio;Lazcano-Barrero, Marco A. 1992 Primer registro de Bolitoglossa platydactyla (Caudata: Plethodontidae) para Chiapas Boletín de la Sociedad Herpetológica Mexicana 4 1 13-15 Mexico; Chiapas Journal Article Murakami, G.;Akita, K.;Sato, T. 1991 Arrangement and innervation of the iliocostalis and longissimus muscles of the brown caiman (Caiman crocodilus fuscus: Alligatoridae, Crocodilia) Am. J. Anat. 192 3 241-256 CCR, locomotion, anatomy, The axial musculature of the brown caiman was investigated in detail with particular attention to the nerve supply, using a binocular stereomicroscope. Due to the prominent development of the longissimus (Lo) and the iliocostalis (IC) muscles of the caiman, the pattern of distribution of the spinal nerves in the body wall was unique; there also was less differentiation of the external intercostalis. There were four primary divisions of the spinal nerves in the thoracic region of the caiman, from ventral to dorsal: the intercostal nerve, the IC nerve, the Lo nerve, and the dorsal main trunk. Thus, the classic concept of the organization of the spinal nerves may not be suitable for the caiman. These findings suggest that evolutionary changes in the dorsolateral axial musculature have brought about the rearrangement of the organization of the spinal nerves. In addition, each clearly segmented myotome of the Lo and IC was innervated by more than two segments of the spinal nerves (plurisegmental innervation). The manner of formation of the myotome and its innervation is discussed from the viewpoint of comparative and developmental anatomy. Journal Article Murata, Y.;Yeh, C. J.;Pannell, L. K. ;Jones, T. H.;Fales, H. M. ;Mason, R. T. 1991 New ketodienes from the integumental lipids of the Guam brown tree snake, Boiga Irregularis J. Natural Products 54 1 233-240 Journal Article Murdock, R. T.;White, G. L., Jr.;Pedersen, D. M.;DeFaller, J. M.;Snyder, C. C. 1990 Prevention and emergency field management of venomous snakebites during military exercises [see comments] Mil Med 155 12 587-90 Summer exercises in the continental United States bring many military personnel in contact with our four types of indigenous venomous snakes. Personnel with a knowledge of these snakes, their habits, and habitat, and who exercise common sense are much less likely to fall victim to a venomous bite. When a bite does occur, timely and appropriate first aid can help to reduce the sequelae of an envenomation. Military medical personnel should be prepared to discuss snakebite prevention and field management with all personnel taking to the field this summer. Journal Article Murphy, John C. 1991 Additional thoughts on collecting amphibians and reptiles, animal rights philosophy and the relationships between humans and other species Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 26 4 70-86 pet trade museum specimens commercial exploitation rattlesnake round ups importation Journal Article Murphy, R. W.;Smith, H. M. 1991 Anniella pulchra Gray, 1852 (Reptilia, Squamata): proposed designation of a neotype Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 48 4 316-318 reptiles, lizards, conservation, Book Section Murpurgo, B. 1992 Pond structure; the relation to hierarchy and reproductive activity in male captive Nile crocodiles Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0133-3. 17 Book Section Murpurgo, B. 1992 Age composition of captive female Nile crocodiles and the effect of participation of young females in reproductive activity Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0133-3. 16 Book Section Murpurgo, B. 1992 Growth rates and food conversion efficiency in Nile crocodile hatchlings fed pelletized food Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0133-3. 15 Journal Article Murray, J.D.;Deeming, F.R.S.;Ferguson, M.W.J. 1990 Size-dependent pigmentation-pattern formation in embryos of Alligator mississippiensis Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 239 279-293 Reptilia, sauria, crocodylia, Alligator mississippiensis, liver, pigment, age Reprint Endnote 93/684 Journal Article Murray, P. 1990 Problems associated with tortoises after hibernation Swhs J 1990 27 27-28 testu,vet PF x Journal Article Murray, J. D.;Deeming, D. C.;Ferguson, M. W. 1990 Size-dependent pigmentation-pattern formation in embryos of Alligator mississippiensis: time of initiation of pattern generation mechanism Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 239 1296 279-293 AM, anatomy, embryology, temperature, growth, The pigmentation pattern of Alligator mississippiensis was examined. The number of white stripes on the dorsal side of embryos (stages 21-28) and hatchlings from eggs incubated at 30 degrees C (100% females) and 33 degrees C (100% males) was recorded. Total length, nape-rump length and tail length were recorded for each embryo and hatchling. The number of white stripes was affected by incubation temperature but not sex; hatchlings incubated at 33 degrees C had two more white stripes than those at 30 degrees C, despite being the same length. Five female hatchlings produced at 33 degrees C by manipulation of the temperature, had the same number of stripes as males that developed under the same incubation temperatures. The appearance of the pigmentation was accelerated in embryos incubated at 33 degrees C, occurring eight days earlier than at 30 degrees C. At the time just before the first signs of pigment deposition, embryos from 33 degrees C were longer than those at 30 degrees C. If the stripe formation is size dependent this explains why hatchlings at 33 degrees C have more stripes than hatchlings from 30 degrees C. The mechanism that produces the stripe patterns is unknown. We describe key elements a pattern formation mechanism must possess to produce such stripes and suggest a possible mechanism, based on cell movement driven by chemotaxis. We apply the mathematical model to dorsal patterning on A. mississippiensis. We show how length at pattern formation is the prime factor in determining stripe number and how the pattern can be formed in the observed anterior-posterior sequence. We present numerical simulations and show that the qualitative behaviour is consistent with the experimental results. Journal Article Murray, D. L. 1990 The effects of food and density on growth and metamorphosis in wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) from central Labrador Canadian Journal of Zoology 68 1221-1226 Book Murthy, T.S.N. 1990 The Snake Book of India Dehra Dun, India International Book Distributors 101 + 39 plates Book Murthy, T.S.N. 1990 Illustrated guide to the snakes of the Western Ghats, India Calcutta Zoological Survey of India 76 + 38 plates Journal Article Murthy, T.S.N. 1990 A pocket book of the Amphibians and reptiles of the Chilka Lagoon, Orissa Zoological Survey of India Occasional Paper 125 1-35 + 32 plates India Journal Article Murthy, T.S.N. 1990 A field book of the lizards of India Zoological Survey of India Occasional Paper 115 1-116 + 8 plates India Journal Article Murthy, T.S.N. 1990 Illustrated guide to the snakes of the Western Ghats, India Zoological Survey of India Occasional Paper 114 1-76 + 38 plates India Journal Article Murthy, R.C., Saxena, D.K.,Gupta, S.K.,Chandra, S.V., 1991 Lead Induced Ultrastructural Changes in the Testis of Rats Experimental Pathology 42 2 95-100 Experimental Biology & Medicine SV Chandra,Ind Toxicol Res Ctr,Post Box 80,Lucknow 226001,Uttar Pradesh, India Journal Article Murthy, R.C.Saxena, D.K.Gupta, S.K.Chandra, S.V. 1991 Lead Induced Ultrastructural Changes in the Testis of Rats Experimental Pathology 42 2 95-100 Experimental Biology & Medicine SV Chandra,Ind Toxicol Res Ctr,Post Box 80,Lucknow 226001,Uttar Pradesh, India Journal Article Mutschmann, F. 1991 Ectoparasite control with synthetic pyrethroids in reptiles ? 4. Int. conf. Path. Ther. Rept. Amphib. 95-106 Reptilia, Serpentes, Sauria, Infection, Arthropoda, Arachnoidea, Acarina., Pyrethroids Deltamethrin, Cyfluthrin an Flumethrin caused offensive reactions in snakes and lizards at very low doses of less than 0.0474 mg/Kg Body mass. Symptoms are similar to warm blooded animals with pyrethroid intoxication. Permethrin is tolerated in doses of 0.05 and 0.1 mg/Kg Km when applied as pour-on (1 % solution) Journal Article Mutschmann, F. 1992 Insecticides in reptiles Betr.: Insektenvertilgungsmittel bei Reptilien Datz 45 9 608-609 Reptilia, serpentes, sauria, testudinae, infection, acari, therapy. vet,chem,serp PF x Journal Article Mutz, T.;Clemen, G. 1992 Development and dynamics of the tooth-system in Eurycea and comparison of the definitive dentition of the palate of Gyrinophilus (Urodela: Plethodontidae) Z. Zool. Syst. Evolut.-forsch. 30 220-233 Journal Article Muzzall, P.M. 1990 Endoparasites of the Red-backed Salamander, Plethodon c. cinereus, from southwestern Michigan J. Helminthol. Soc. Washington 57 2 165-167 Amphibiam urodela, Red-backed Salamander, Plethodon c. cinereus, infection, helminth, trematode Reprint Vet. Path. 91/229 Journal Article Muzzall, P.M.;Peebles, C.R. 1991 Helminths of the wood frog, Rana sylvatica, and spring peeper, Pseudacris c. crucifer, from Southern Michigan Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington 58 2 263-265 Amphibia, anura, wood frog, Rana sylvatica, spring peeper, Pseudacris c. crucifer, infection, helminth PM Muzzall,Michigan State Univ,Dept Zool,Nat Sci Bldg, East Lansing, MI 48824 Journal Article Muzzall, P.M. 1991 Helminth infracommunities of the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, from turkey marsh, Michigan J. Parasitol. 77 1 87-91 Amphibia, urodeles, newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, infection, helminth, trematoda, nematoda, Species observed were: Cestoda: Bothriocephalus rarus, Trematoda:Telorchis corti, Clinostomum sp., Megalodiscus temperatus, Halipegus sp., Nematoda: Falcaustra catesbeianae, Spiroxis sp. Helminths wit indirect life cycles predominate in the depaupertate helminth fauna of newts. Journal Article Muzzall, P. M.;Schinderle, D. B. 1992 Helminths of the salamanders Ambystoma t. tigrinum and Ambystoma laterale (Caudata: Ambystomatidae) from southern Michigan Journal Of The Helminthological Society Of Washington 59 2 201-205 Journal Article Myers, Bill 1991 Happy Canyon: the search for willardi Oregon Herpetological Society Newsletter 1991 29 4-5 crotalus willardi collecting Journal Article Myers, Charles W. 1991 Distribution of the dendrobatid frog Colostethus chocoensis and description of a related species occurring macrosympatrically American Museum Novitates 3010 1-15 Journal Article Myers, Charles W.;Paolillo-O., Alfredo;Daly, John W. 1991 Discovery of a defensively malodorous and nocturnal frog in the family dendrobatidae: Phylogenetic significance of a new genus and species from the Venezuelan Andes American Museum Novitates 3002 1-33 Journal Article Myers, C. W.;O., A. Paolillo;Daly, J. W. 1991 Discovery of a defensively malodorous and nocturnal frog in the family Dendrobatidae: Phylogenetic significance of a new genus and species from the Venezuelan Andes Novitates, American Museum of Natural History 3002 March 7 1-33 Amphibia, Anura, phylogeny, Aromobates nocturnus, description, myology, osteology, tadpoles, skin secretions, distribution, taxonomy Journal Article Myers, C. W.;Donnelly, M. A. 1991 The lizard genus Sphenomorphus (Scincidae) in Panama, with description of a new species American Museum Novitates 3027 1-12 reptiles, lizards, species description, morphology, characters, Journal Article Myers, C. W.;O., A. Paolillo;Daly., J. W. 1991 Discovery of a defensively malodorous and nocturnal frog in the family Dendrobatidae: phylogenetic significance of a new genus and species from the Venezuelan Andes American Museum Novitates 3002 1-33 Journal Article Mylonas, M.;Valakos, Efstratios D. 1990 Contribution to the biogeographical analysis of the reptile distribution in the Mediterranean Islands Revista Española de Herpetología 4 101-107 Journal Article Nabrowsky, Heinz 1992 Zur Bestandssituation der Rotbauchunke (Bombina bombina) im Nordosten Berlins Rana 6 135-157 Bombina bombina; Ecology; Activity; Distribution; Germany Journal Article Naclerio, Greg 1990 Inexpensive 'water hole' VaraNews 1 0 2-3 cages Journal Article Nadjafov, J. A.;Iskenderov, T. M.;Eminova, A. A. 1992 Some peculiarities of reproductive biology of grecian tortoise (Testudo graeca) in Azerbaijan Zoologichesky Zhurnal 71 4 148.153 Journal Article Naganuma, K. H.;Roughgarden, J. D. 1990 Optimal body size in Lesser Antillean Anolis lizards - a mechanistic approach Ecological Monographs 60 2 239-256 31, Anolis, lizard, size, Caribbean, competition Journal Article Nagy, Kenneth A. 1991 Health profiles of wild desert tortoises in the western and eastern Mojave Desert [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 264 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Nagy, Kenneth A.;Peterson, Charles C.;Henen, Brian T.;Wilson, Mark A. 1991 Health profiles of wild tortoises at the Desert Tortoise Natural Area, Ivanpah Valley, and Goffs in California [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 370 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Nagy, Kenneth A.;Wallis, Ian;Wilson, Byron S. 1992 health profiles of wild tortoises at the Desert Tortoise Natral Area, Ivanpah Valley and Goffs in California Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 54 Journal Article Naitoh, T.;Miura, A.;Akiyoshi., H. 1990 Movements of the large intestine in the anuran larvae, Xenopus laevis Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 97C 201-208 Journal Article Nanayakkara, G. L. A. 1991 Conservation of the snakes of Sri Lanka Hamadryad 16 46-47 Conservation; Sri Lanka Journal Article Narins, P. M. 1992 Evolution of anuran chorus behaviour: neural and behavioral constraints American Naturalist 139 S90-S104 acoustic communication, Amphibia, Anura, calls-timing, models, playback, sexual selection, neuroethology, Edited Book National Research Council 1990 Decline of the Sea Turtles: causes and Prevention Washington, DC national Academy Press xvi, 259 Journal Article Naulleau, Guy 1991 Adaptations écologiques d'une population de cistudes (Emys orbicularis L.) (Reptilia, Chelonii) Aux grandes variations de niveau d'eau et á l'asséchement naturel du milieu aquatique fréquente Bull. Soc. Herp. Fr. 58 11-19 Journal Article Naylor, Lyall 1990 Treatment of cloacal prolapse in the estuarine crocodile Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29 2 449-451 Journal Article Nease, Karl O.;Roach, Cynthia 1991 Gila Monster Bites The Indian Health Service Primary Care Provider 16 7 (2 p.) Journal Article Necas, Peter 1991 Bemerkungen über Chamaeleo calyptratus calyptratus Dumeril & Dumeril, 1851 Herpetofauna 13 73 6-10 Chamaeleo calyptratus Journal Article Necas, P. 1991 Some remarks on the biology of Chamaeleo calyptratus, Einige Anmerkungen zur Biologie von Chamaeleo calyptratus Dght Vortragszusammenfassungen 1991 12 Reptilia, sauria, Chamaeleo calyptratus, biology, general, behavior echsen,zucht,vit PF x Journal Article Nelson, S. J. 1990 Losing ground in Carlisle. If Carlisle can't save its swamp at least it will have a record of what was lost Sanctuary 29 5 17-18 Journal Article Nelson, James R. 1991 Compensation and other means of mitigating biological impacts from power plant construction [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 194 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Nessov, L. A. 1991 Pterosaurs over sycamore-tree forests and brackish sea bays Herpetological Researches 1 147-163 fossils Journal Article Nevo, E., Beiles, A., 1991 Genetic Diversity and Ecological Heterogeneity in Amphibian Evolution Copeia 3 565-592 Animal Sciences E Nevo,Haifa Univ,Inst Evolut,Mt Carmel,IL-31999 Haifa, Israel Journal Article Nevo, E.Beiles, A. 1991 Genetic Diversity and Ecological Heterogeneity in Amphibian Evolution Copeia 3 565-592 Animal Sciences E Nevo,Haifa Univ,Inst Evolut,Mt Carmel,IL-31999 Haifa, Israel Journal Article Newman, R. A. 1992 Adaptive plasticity in amphibian metamorphosis Bioscience 42 9 671-678 Amphibia, variation, evolution Journal Article Newton, W. D.;Trauth, S. E. 1992 Ultrastructure of the spermatozoon of the lizard Cnemidophorus sexlineatus (Sauria: Teiidae) Herpetologica 48 3 330-343 reptiles, acrosome, nucleus, sperm Book Neyfeld, N. D.;et al. 1992 [Vertebrata of the Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve (Ural region)] Moscow 42 Book Nicol, Ellen 1991 An Introduction to... Life With Turtles Ocala, Florida Mid-Florida Publishing, Inc. (8), 125 Journal Article Nicol, Ellen 1992 A touchy subject - illegal wildlife transactions Notes From NOAH 20 3 2-3 Journal Article Niethammer, K.R.;Balazs, G. H.;Nakai, G.L.;McDermond, D.K. 1992 Great frigatebird (Fregata minor) predation: not a factor in hatchling green turtle (Chelonia mydas) survival at French Frigate Shoals, Hawaii Colonial Waterbirds 15 1 128-131 green; predation Journal Article Nietzke, G. 1990 Zur DurchlÑssigkeit von UV-Strahlen der Reptilien-Hornhaut (Ordnung Squamata) Salamandra 1990 50 50-57 vet,vit,serp,echsen,tech PF x Journal Article Nietzke, G. 1990 On the permeability of UV radiation of the reptilian skin (Order Sqamata) Zur Durchlässigkeit von UV-Strahlen der Reptilien-Hornhaut (Ordnung Squamata) Salamandra 50-57 Reptilia, serpentes, physiology, skin, UV light vet,vit,serp,echsen,tech PF x Book Nightingale, Neil 1992 New Guinea: An Island Apart London BBC Books xiii + 146 Journal Article Nilsson, G.E., Lutz, P.L., 1991 Release of Inhibitory Neurotransmitters in Response to Anoxia in Turtle Brain American Journal of Physiology 261 1 R32-R37 Physiology , Reptilia , Chelonia , GE Nilsson,Univ Uppsala,Dept Zoophysiol,Box 560,S-75122 Uppsala, Sweden Journal Article Nilsson, G.E.;Lutz, P.L. 1991 Release of Inhibitory Neurotransmitters in Response to Anoxia in Turtle Brain American Journal of Physiology 261 1 R32-R37 Physiology , Reptilia , Chelonia , Journal Article Ning, Xu;Gang, Wei;Ling, Gei;Changyuan, Ye;Dejun, Li 1992 Study on the phylogenetic relationship between species of genus Oreolalax (Amphibia: Pelobatidae) Acta Herpetologica Sinica 1992 40-49 Amphibia, anura, Megophryidae, Megophryinae, china, taxonomy, morphology, Oreolalax popei, Oreolalax omeimontis, Oreolalax major, Oreolalax liangbeiensis, Oreolalax pingii, Oreolalax schmidti, Oreolalax puxiongensis, Oreolalax lichuanensis, Oreolalax rhodostigmathus, Oreolalax chuanbeinsis, Oreolalax rugosus, Oreolalax ziangchengensis, Oreolalax jingdongensis, Oreolalax granulosus Journal Article Nishimura, Masahiko 1990 Age estimation of habu, Trimeresurus flavoviridis (Viperidae) using growth bands in angulares Amphibia-Reptilia 11 411-418 Journal Article Nobel, R.C.;Deeming, D.C.;Ferguson, M.W.J.;McCartney, R. 1990 Changes in the lipid and fatty acid composition of the yolk during embryonic development of the alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B- Comp. Biochem. 96 1 183-187 AM, biochemistry, embryology, Journal Article Noble, R.C.;Deeming, D.C.;Ferguson, M.W.J.;Mccartney, R. 1991 The utilisation of volk phosphoglycerides by the alligator during embryonic development J. Comp. Physiol. B 161 4 383-386 Reptilia , Crocodylia , Reproduction, embryo, growth Reprint vet. path. spec. anim. 91/270. RC Noble,Scottish Agr Coll,Dept Nutr & Microbiol,Ayr KA6 5HW, Scotland Journal Article Nodzenski, E.;Inger., R. F. 1990 Uncoupling of related structural changes in metamorphosing torrent-dwelling tadpoles Copeia 1990 1047-1054 Book Noël, Jean-Philippe;Picard, Caroline 1990 Ora le dragon de Komodo Rennes Hachette Jeunesse 96 p. Journal Article Nordlander, R. H.;Gazzerro, J. W.;Cook., H. 1991 Growth cones and axon trajectories of a sensory pathway in the amphibian spinal cord Journal of Comparative Neurology 307 301-250 Journal Article Norell, M. A.;de Queiroz, K. 1991 The earliest iguanine lizard (Reptilia: Squamata) and its bearing on iguanine phylogeny American Naturalist 2997 1-16 5, Iguaninae, fossil, Iguanidae, lizard, phylogeny Journal Article Norris, D. O.;Carr, J. A.;Desan, P. H.;Smock, T. K.;Norman, M. F. 1992 Monoamines and their metabolites in the amphibian (Ambystoma tigrinum) brain: quantitative changes during metamorphosis and captivity Comp Biochem Physiol Comp Physiol 103 2 279-83 Ambystoma/metabolism/*physiology; Animal; Biogenic Monoamines/*metabolism; Body Weight/physiology; Brain Chemistry/*physiology; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Diencephalon/physiology; Mesencephalon/metabolism; Metamorphosis, Biological/*physiology; Organ Weight/physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Telencephalon/metabolism 1. Monoamine neurotransmitters (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin and some of their metabolites (DOPEG, MHPG, DOPAC, 5-HIAA) were measured by HPLC in extracts from telencephalon (TEL) and diencephalon-midbrain (DM) before, during at the end of metamorphosis. 2. During metamorphosis MHPG increased and 5-HIAA decreased in TEL and DM while DOPEG decreased only in DM. 3. Monoamine levels were greater in the TEL and a larger increase in MHPG occurred there. 4. Captivity without metamorphosis also caused a significant depression of 5-HIAA in TEL and depression of DOPEG, MHPG and DOPAC in DM. Journal Article Norton, T.M.;al., et. 1990 Cutaneous Fibropapillomas and Renal Myxofibroma in a Green Turtle, Chelonia mydas. J. of Wildlife Disease 26 2 265-270 Reptilia, testudines, Chelonia mydas, pathology, tumor, cutaneous Fibropapilloma, renal Myxofibroma Journal Article Norton, T.M.;al.;et. 1990 Cutaneous Fibropapillomas and Renal Myxofibroma in a Green Turtle, Chelonia mydas. J. of Wildlife Disease 26 2 265-270 Reptilia, testudines, Chelonia mydas, pathology, tumor, cutaneous Fibropapilloma, renal Myxofibroma Journal Article Norton, T.M.;al., et 1991 Clinical challenge: Treatment of osteomyelitis in a green iguana (Iguana iguana) Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 22 2 259-260 reptilia, squamata, sauria,Iguana iguana, pathology, osteomyelitis, ceftazadime * Journal Article Noso, T.;Swanson, P.;Lance, V. A.;Kawauchi, H. 1992 Isolation and characterization of glycosylated and non-glycosylated prolactins from alligator and crocodile Int J Pept Protein Res 39 3 250-7 Alligators and Crocodiles/*metabolism; Amino Acid Sequence; Amino Acids/analysis; Animal; Chemistry, Physical; Chickens; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Comparative Study; Glycosylation; Immunoblotting; Molecular Sequence Data; Molecular Weight; Prolactin/*analogs & derivatives/chemistry/*isolation & purification; Sequence Homology; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Two molecular forms of prolactin (PRL), glycosylated and non- glycosylated, were isolated from pituitary glands of two reptiles, alligator and crocodile. The reptilian PRLs were extracted under alkaline conditions from the precipitate obtained after pituitaries were first extracted with 0.25 M sucrose, 1 mM NH4HCO3, pH 6.3. Purification was performed by ion exchange chromatography on DE-52, gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 superfine, and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. Two forms of both alligator and crocodile PRL, designated PRLI and PRLII, with molecular weights of 26,000 and 24,000 were isolated. Alligator and crocodile PRLI and PRLII were stained specifically in immunoblots with anti-sea turtle PRL and anti-ostrich PRL. Sequence analysis revealed that both forms of alligator and crocodile PRLs consisted of 199 amino acid residues with a glycosylation consensus sequence (Asn-Ala-Ser) at position 60 in alligator and crocodile PRLs with a molecular weight of 26,000 (PRLI). In contrast, Thr was substituted for Asn at position 60 in the PRLs with a molecular weight of 24,000 (PRLII). The sequences of alligator PRLs differed from crocodile PRLs only in position 134: Val for alligator PRLs and Ile for crocodile PRLs. There is a high degree of structural conservation between the reptilian PRLs isolated in this study and avian PRL; each showed 92% sequence identity with chicken PRL and 89% with turkey PRL. Book Nöllert, Andreas 1992 Schildkröten Hannover, germany Landbuch verlag 192 Turtles; Tortoises Book Section Nussbaum, Ronald A. 1991 Cytotaxonomy of caecilians Amphibian cytogenetics and evolution Academic Press, Inc. 33-66 Amphibia, Gymnophonia, Lissamphibia, evolution, cytogenetics, taxonomy, systematics, phylogenetics, chromosome, Journal Article Núñez, Herman 1992 Geographical data of Chilean lizards and snakes in the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Santiago, Chile Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 1992 91 1-29 index liolaemus Journal Article Nyman, S. 1991 Ecological aspects of syntopic larvae of Ambystoma maculatum and the A. laterale-jeffersonianum complex in two New Jersey ponds. Journal of Herpetology 25 505-509 Book Section O'Brien, T.G. 1990 A comparison of 3 survey methods for estimating relative abundance of rare crocodilians Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8327-0023-X vi + 345 pp. 91-108 Journal Article O'Conner, M. P.;Tracy, C. R. 1992 Thermoregulation by juvenile toads of Bufo woodhousei in the field and in the laboratory Copeia 1992 865-876 thermoregulation, thermal preference, toads Journal Article O'Conner, Michael P.;Spotila, James R. 1992 Consider a spherical lizard: animals, models, and approximations American Zoologist 32 2 179-193 physical environment, constraint, energy, models Journal Article O'Connor, Paul F. 1991 Captive propagation and post-copulatory plugs of the eastern indigo snake, Drymarchon corais couperi Vivarium 3 3 32-35 Drymarchon corais couperi Journal Article O'Connor, Michael P.;Spotila, James R. 1992 Consider a sperical lizard: Animals, models and approximations American Zoologist 32 179-193 Journal Article O'Connor, M. P.;Spotila, J. R. 1992 Consider a spherical lizard: animals, models, and approximations American Zoologist 32 179-193 reptiles, biophysical models, temperature, thermal, Book O'Shea, Mark 1992 Expedition Field Techniques: Reptiles & Amphibians London Expedition Advisory Centre 28 Book Section Obbard, Martyn;Schueler, Fred 1992 A historical data base of amphibian data and data in Canada Bishop, Christine A. and Pettit, Karen E. Declines in Canadian Amphibian Populations: Designing a National Monitoring Strategy Ottawa, Ontario Canadian Wildlife Service 105 Journal Article Oberholzer, W.;Oberholzer, G.;Dando, R. V.;Reitz, C. J. 1991 Emergency treatment of neurotoxic snakebite with a self-inflating manual bag [letter] S Afr Med J 80 5 254 Journal Article Obst, F. J. 1991 Buchbesprechung: Die Wasserfrösche Europas (Anura - Froschlurche) Herpetofauna 13 73 34 Book review Journal Article Ochsenbein, Andreas;Zaugg, Marianne 1992 Haltung und Aufzucht des Pantherchamäleons Furcifer pardalis (Cuvier, 1829) Herpetofauna 14 79 6-12 Furcifer pardalis; Chamaeleo pardalis Journal Article Oconnor, M.P.;Spotila, J.R. 1992 Consider a Spherical Lizard - Animals, Models, and Approximations Am Zool 32 2 179-193 GALAPAGOS LAND IGUANAS; BODY-TEMPERATURE; HEAT-EXCHANGE; WATER-LOSS; ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURES; TERRESTRIAL ECTOTHERMS; OPERATIVE-TEMPERATURE; LUNGLESS SALAMANDERS; AIR-TEMPERATURE; BLOOD-FLOW Journal Article Oettle, E.;E;Y;G;M;Steytler, and M.;C.;Williams 1990 High mortality in a tortoise colony S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. 20 1 19-25 testu,vet,virus,bakt PF,WI x Journal Article Oettle, E.;E;Y;G;M;Steytler;M.;C.;Williams 1990 High mortality in a tortoise colony S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. 20 1 19-25 testu,vet,virus,bakt PF,WI x Journal Article Oftedal, Olav T.;Barboza, Perry S. 1991 Proposed nutritional research at the Desert Tortoise Conservation Center, Las Vegas, Nevada [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 371 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Oftedal, O. T.;Freitas, D. L.;Barboza, P. S. 1992 Upper respiratory tract Disease (UTRD) at the Desert Tortoise Conservation Center in relation to the orgin and nutritional management of tortoises Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 55 Journal Article OGAWA, M.;AHNE, W.;ESSBAUER, S. 1992 Reptilian viruses - adenovirus-like agent isolated from royal python (Python regius) J Vet Med B Zbl Vet B Infect 39 10 732-736 Reptilia, serpentes, python, Python regius, infection, virus, adenovirus An adenovirus-like agent was isolated from a moribund royal python (Python regius). The DNA containing virus replicated in IgH2-Cells at 30-degrees-C forming eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies. The virus proved to be stabile to treatment with chloroform, pH 3 und pH 12 but it was labile to heat (56-degrees-C). Infected IgH2 cells revealed symmetric hexagonal virus particles measuring 67-79 nm in the nucleus. The isolate shared characteristics with the viruses of the family Adenoviridae. Journal Article Ogielska, M.;Wagner., E. 1990 Oogenesis and development of the ovary in European green frog, Rana ridibunda (Pallas). I. Tadpole stages until metamorphosis. Zoologische Jahrbücher Abteilung für Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere 120 211-221 Journal Article Ohler, Annemarie;Dubois, Alain 1992 The holotype of Megalophrys weigoldi Vogt, 1924 (Amphibia, Anura, Pelobatidae) Journal of Herpetology 26 245-249 Amphibian, anura, Megophryidae, Scutiger weigoldi, Far east Journal Article Oikawa, T.;Ogawa, K.;Taniguchi, K. 1992 Immunocytochemical Studies on the Pancreatic Endocrine Cells in the Japanese Newt (Cynopus pyrrhogaster) Exp Anim 41 4 505-514 Amphibia, urodele, japanese newt,Cynopus pyrrhogaster, pancreas, endocrinology Pancreatic endocrine cells were examined by light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry to discuss the co-localization of peptides in one cell type. A cells were irregular in shape with an occasional long cytoplasmic process, and contained glucagon- immunoreactive granules with various contours. These granules were 160-300nm in diameter with various density, and also immunoreactive to anti-human pancreatic polypeptide (PP) serum. A part of them were further immunoreactive to anti-somatostatin serum. B cells were round to elliptical in shape, and often aggregated around the capillaries. Granules of B cells were round to irregular in shape, 270-410 nm in diameter, and immunoreactive to anti-insulin serum. D cells were irregular in shape with meager cytoplasm, and contained somatostatin-immunoreactive granules. These granules were ovoid or teardrop in shape, 140-250nm in longitudinal diameter, and immunoreactive to both anti- somatostatin and anti-human PP sera. PP cells were round to spindle-shaped, and contained human PP-immunoreactive round granules 150-350nm in diameter. These findings reveal the existence of at least 4 types of endocrine cells secreting glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and PP, respectively, in the newt pancreas, and suggest the co- localization of some of these peptides in one cell type. Journal Article OKA, K;KISHI, K.;SHIROYA, T.;ASASHIMA, M.;PFEIFFER, C.J. 1992 Reduction of papilloma size by ultraviolet irradiotion in the Japanese newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster. J. Comp. Path. 106 1-8 Amphibia, urodela, newt, pathology, tumor, papilloma, therapy, U.V light Experiments were conducted on 44 captive Japanese newts (Cynops pyrrhogaster) to test the hypothesis that ultraviolet irradiation might inhibit or reduce regression of spontaneous skin papillomas of probable viral origin. UV irradiation of 42 muW per square cm per day induced reduction of papilloma size 4 weeks after the start of the irradiation. UV radiation may modulate papilloma prevalence in the natrural environment, possibly by direct effect on viral infection Journal Article Oka, K;KISHI, K.;SHIROYA, T.;ASASHIMA, M.;PFEIFFER, C.J. 1992 Reduction of papilloma size by ultraviolet irradiation in the Japanese newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster. J. Comp. Path. 106 1-8 Amphibia, urodela, newt, pathology, tumor, papilloma, therapy, U.V light Book Section Oldham, Michael J.;Weller, Wayne F. 1992 Ontario Herpetofaunal Summary: Compiling information on the distribution and life history of amphibians and reptiles in Ontario Bishop, Christine A. and Pettit, Karen E. Declines in Canadian Amphibian Populations: Designing a National Monitoring Strategy Ottawa, Ontario Canadian Wildlife Service 21-22 Book Section Oldham, Michael J. 1992 Declines in Blanchard's cricket frog in Ontario Bishop, Christine A. and Pettit, Karen E. Declines in Canadian Amphibian Populations: Designing a National Monitoring Strategy Ottawa, Ontario Canadian Wildlife Service 30-31 Edited Book Olmo, Ettore 1990 Cytogenetics of Amphibians and Reptiles Basel Birkhäuser Verlag xi + 270 Book Section Olmo, Ettore;Odierna, G.;Capriglione, Teresa;Cardone, A. 1990 DNA and chromosome evolution in lacertid lizards Olmo, E. Cytogenetics of Amphibians and Reptiles Basel Birkhäuser 181-204 Journal Article Olmos, F.;Souza, M.F.B. 1991 Caiman crocodilus in the "Caatinga" of southeastern Piaui, Brazil Herpetol. Review 22 1 28-29 CCR, distribution, SAmer Journal Article Olson, Storrs L.;Pregill, Gregory K.;Hilgartner, William B. 1990 Studies on fossil and extant vertebrates from San Salvador (Watling's Island, Bahamas Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 508 iv, 1-15 Journal Article Olson, Thomas E.;Wear, John F. 1991 Recommended guidelines for construction monitoring of desert tortoises Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 195-200 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Olson, Thomas E.;Hiatt, Hermi D.;Trask, M. Melinda;Mitchell, Donald E. 1991 Reseeding of rare desert plants in California as part of a post-construction reclamation plan [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 372 Journal Article Olson, Thomas E.;Jones, Karen;McCullough, David;Tuegel, Martin 1992 Effectiveness of mitigation for reducing impacts to desert tortoise along an interstate pipeline route Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 209-219 Journal Article OLSON, M. E.;GARD, S.;BROWN, M.;HAMPTON, R.;MORCK, D. W. 1992 Flavobacterium indologenes Infection in leopard frogs J. Am. Vet. Med. Assn. 201 11 1766-1770 Amphibia, anura, frog. Rana pipiens, infection, bacteria, Flavobacterium indologenes, An investigation of an epidemic of infectious disease in a frog (Rana pipiens) colony was conducted. Six of 40 frogs in a continuous (once through) water flow housing system had weight loss, swollen abdomen, corneal edema, uveitis, subcutaneous edema, petechial hemorrhage, incoordination, and respiratory distress. The frogs had lesions consistent with bacterial septicemia. A gram- negative, nonfermenting bacillus, Flavobacterium indologenes (Flavobacterium sp biovar IIb), was isolated in pure culture from tissues and blood. The clinical isolate was used to inoculate healthy frogs SC. An isolate identical to the one isolated from the sick frogs was recovered from tissues and blood of the inoculated frogs. Inoculation of the housing water in a nonflow-through system did not result in disease, despite proliferation of the Flavobacterium spp in the water; therefore, it is likely that establishment Of infection requires the presence of the organism in sufficient numbers and a portal of entry into the body. Reprint Endnote 93/459 Journal Article Olsson, L.;Löfberg., J. 1992 Pigment pattern formation in larval ambystomatid salamanders: Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum Journal of Morphology 211 73-85 Book Olsson, Mats 1992 Sexual selection and reproductive strategies in the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) Göteborgs Göteborgs Universitet iv, 1-23; 1-8; 1-52; 1-7; 1-8; 1-45; 1-26; 1-33; 1-37 Book Section Olsson, Mats 1992 Contest success in relation to size and residency in male sand lizards (Lacerta agilis) Olsson, Mats Sexual selection and reproductive strategies in the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) Göteborgs Göteborgs Universitet 1-8 Book Section Olsson, Mats 1992 Nuptial clouration in the male sand lizard (Lacerta agilis): an intrasexually selected signal of fighting ability Olsson, Mats Sexual selection and reproductive strategies in the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) Göteborgs Göteborgs Universitet 1-52 Book Section Olsson, Mats 1992 A green badge in the male sand lizard (Lacerta agilis): what component of fighting ability does it reflect? Olsson, Mats Sexual selection and reproductive strategies in the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) Göteborgs Göteborgs Universitet 1-7 Book Section Olsson, Mats 1992 Cost of conspicuousness in male sand lizards (Lacerta agilis): is thee any? Olsson, Mats Sexual selection and reproductive strategies in the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) Göteborgs Göteborgs Universitet 1-8 Book Section Olsson, Mats 1992 Sexual selection on morphology, onset of reproduction and a signal of fighting ability in male sand lizards (Lacerta agilis) Olsson, Mats Sexual selection and reproductive strategies in the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) Göteborgs Göteborgs Universitet 1-45 Book Section Olsson, Mats 1992 Male preference for large females, and assortive mating for body size in the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) Olsson, Mats Sexual selection and reproductive strategies in the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) Göteborgs Göteborgs Universitet 1-26 Book Section Olsson, Mats;Gullberg, Annika 1992 Multiple matings in female sand lizards (Lacerta agilis), and its relation to female fitness, multiple paternity and mate guarding Olsson, Mats Sexual selection and reproductive strategies in the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) Göteborgs Göteborgs Universitet 1-35 Book Section Olsson, Mats 1992 Female reproductive strategies in the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis): how much, how many and to what price? Olsson, Mats Sexual selection and reproductive strategies in the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) Göteborgs Göteborgs Universitet 1-37 Journal Article Omerza, F. F.;Alley., K. E. 1992 Redeployment of trigeminal motor neurons during metamorphosis Journal of Comparative Neurology 325 124-134 Journal Article Onadeko, Samuel A 1992 The American alligator and concern for visitors at Brazos Bend state park Journal of Environmental Management 35 4 261-269 Journal Article Ono, K.;Yamada, J.;Pai, V. D.;Kitamura, N.;Gregorio, E. A.;Yamashita, T.;Campos, V. J. 1991 An ultrastructural study on the endocrine pancreas of Caiman latirostris, with special reference to pancreatic motilin cells Arch Histol Cytol 54 3 349-57 Alligators and Crocodiles/*anatomy & histology; Animal; Cytoplasmic Granules/chemistry/ultrastructure; Female; Glucagon/analysis; Immunohistochemistry; Insulin/analysis; Microscopy, Electron; Motilin/*analysis; Pancreas/chemistry/cytology/*ultrastructure; Pancreatic Polypeptide/analysis; Somatostatin/analysis; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Pancreatic endocrine cells of Caiman latirostris were investigated by electron microscopy using conventional and immunocytochemical methods. Ultrastructurally, four types of endocrine cells were classified according to the morphology of their secretory granules. Three types of endocrine cells were identified as either glucagon, insulin or somatostatin cells by the presence of such characteristic granules well established in mammals. The remaining endocrine cell type could not be classified by its ultrastructural features alone. Immunocytochemical observations confirmed the ultrastructural classification of glucagon, insulin and somatostatin cells. In addition, endocrine cells immunoreactive for either pancreatic polypeptide (PP) or motilin were identified. Morphometric analysis of PP- and motilin-immunoreactive granules demonstrated that they were the most polymorphous and smallest granules among the pancreatic endocrine cell granules. Although both PP and motilin granules closely resemble each other, motilin granules were smaller in size and more spherical in shape than PP granules. Journal Article Orange, Paul 1990 Predation on Rhinoplocephalus monachus (Serpentes: Elapidae) by the redback spider, Latrodectus mactans Herpetofauna 20 1 34 Rhinoplocephalus monachus; Latrodectus mactans; Predation Journal Article Orange, Paul 1991 Notes on the diet of the yellow-faced whip snake Demansia psammophis psammophis in the Kambalda Region of Western Australia Herpetofauna 21 2 29-30 Demansia psammophis Journal Article Orange, Paul 1992 Colour morphs in Pseudonaja nuchalis (Serpentes: Elapidae) - variation on a theme? Herpetofauna 22 1 22-23 Pseudonaja nuchalis; Color variation Book Section Orchard, Stan A. 1992 Amphibian population declines in British Columbia Bishop, Christine A. and Pettit, Karen E. Declines in Canadian Amphibian Populations: Designing a National Monitoring Strategy Ottawa, Ontario Canadian Wildlife Service 10-13 Journal Article Orlov, Nikolai L.;Tuniyev, Boris S. 1990 Three species in the Vipera kaznakowi complex (Eurosiberian group) in the Caucasus: Their present distribution, possible genesis and phylogeny Asiatic Herpetological Research 3 1-36 ussr systematics ecology dinniki darevskii armenia turkey ursini eriwanensis renardi Journal Article Orlov, Nikolai L.;Tuniyev, Boris S. 1992 A new species of grass snake, Natrix megalocephala, from the Caucasus (Ophidia: Colubridae) Asiatic Herpetological Research 4 42-54 sp. nov. azerbaijan georgia russia ussr biogeography distribution taxonomy diet Journal Article Orlova, Valentina F. 1992 Intrapopulational and geographic variation of Eremias przewalskii Strauch in Mongolia Asiatic Herpetological Research 4 113-122 lacertilidae morphometrics pholidosis population variation Journal Article Orr, H.A. 1990 'Why polyploidy is rarer in animals than in plants' revisited American Naturalist 136 6 759-770 tsd; sex ratio Journal Article Ortega, C.E.;Stranc, D.S.;Casal, M.P.;Hallman, G.M.;Muchlinski, A.E. 1991 A positive fever response in Agama agama and Sceloporus orcutti (Reptilia, Agamidae and Iguanidae) J. Comp. Physiol. B 161 4 377-381 Reptilia, sauria, Agamidae, Iguanidae,Agama agama, Sceloporus orcutti, physiology, infection, antigen, fever response Reprint Vet. Path spec. anim 91/241. AE Muchlinski, Calif State Univ Los Angeles, Dept Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90032 Journal Article Ortiz, J. C.;Troncoso, J. F.;Ibarra-Vidal, H.;Nunez, H. 1990 Lista sistematica, distribucion, estados del conservacion y clave para los herpetozoos de la VIII region, Chile Comun. Mus. Reg. Concepcion 4 31-43 checklist, distribution, conservation, species key, Book Osborne, William S. 1991 The biology and management of the Corroboree Frog (Pseudophryne corroboree) in NSW Hurstville, NSW NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service vi, 43 p. Journal Article Osman, A.H.K.;Pfeiffer, C.J.;Asashima, M 1991 Liver Ultrastructure and a new cell type in the japanese newt Cynops pyrrhogaster Eur. J. Morphol 29 4 255-270 Amphibia, urodela, newt, anatomy, histology, E.M. liver Journal Article Osorio-Beristain, Marcela;Torres, Roxana 1992 Depredacion de reptiles por gatos domesticos introducidos en Isla Isabel, Nayarit Boletín de la Sociedad Herpetológica Mexicana 4 1 10-12 Mexico Journal Article Ostanek, Greg 1992 Meeting summaries Notes From NOAH 20 2 18-23 Journal Article Ostanek, Greg 1992 Natural history, husbandry, and captive propagation of dendrobatid (poison dart) frogs Notes From NOAH 20 1 12-14 Journal Article Ota, H.;Hikida, T.;Matsui, M.;Mori, A. 1990 Karyotype of Gekko monarchus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Sarawak, Malaysia Japanese Journal of Herpetology 13 136-138 Journal Article Ota, H.;Ross, C. A. 1990 Records of Hemiphyllodactylus typus typus (Reptilia: Sauria) from Lanyu and Lutao Islands, Taiwan Journal of Taiwan Museum 43 1 35-39 reptiles, distribution, Journal Article Ota, Hidetoshi;Hikida, Tsutomu;Matsui, Masafumi;Mori, Akira;Wynn, Addison H. 1991 Morphological variation, karyotype and reproduction of the parthenogenetic blind snake, Ramphotyphlops braminus, from the insular region of East Asia and Saipan Amphibia-Reptilia 12 181-193 Journal Article Ota, H.;Hikida, T.;Matsui, M. 1991 Re-evaluation of the status of Gecko verreauxi Tytler, 1984, from the Andaman Islands, India Journal of Herpetology 25 2 147-151 3, Gecko, India, Andaman Islands Journal Article Ota, H.;Kamezaki, N.;Hikida, T.;Matsui, M.;Mori, A.;Hayashi, T.;Tanabe, S. 1991 Karyotype of Achalinus spinalis from Japan: The first karyological description of a xenodermine snake (Colubridae) Japanese Journal of Herpetology 14 12-14 Journal Article Ota, H.;Hikida, T.;Matsui, M.;Mori, A.;Wynn, A. H. 1991 Morphological variation, karyotype and reproduction of the parthenogenetic blind snakes, Ramphotyphlops braminus, from the insular region of East Asia and Saipan Amphibia-Reptilia 12 181-193 2, Ramphotyphlops, Typhlopidae, reproduction, snake Journal Article Ota, H.;Iwanaga, S.;Itoman, K.;Nishimura, M.;Mori, A. 1991 Reproductive mode of a natricine snake, Amphiesma pryeri (Colubridae: Squamata), from the Ryukyu Archipelago, with special reference to the viviparity of A. p. ishigakiensis Biological Magazine of Okinawa 29 37-43 Journal Article Ota, H.;Hikida, T.;Matsui, M.;Mori, A. 1991 Karyotypes of two water skinks of the genus Tropidophorus (Reptilia: Squamata) from Borneo Journal of Herpetology 25 488-490 Journal Article Ota, Hidetoshi;Hikida, Tsutomu;Matsui, Masafumi 1991 Re-evaluation of the status of Gecko verreauxi Tytler, 1864, from the Andaman Islands, India Journal of Herpetology 25 2 147-151 Journal Article Ota, H.;Hikida, T.;Matsui, M.;Mori, A. 1992 Karyotypes of two species of the genus Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Sarawak, Malaysia Caryologia 45 43-49 gecko, karyotype, chromosome Journal Article Ota, H.;Matsui, M.;Hikida, T.;Mori, A. 1992 Extreme karyotypic divergence between species of the genus Gonocephalus (Reptilia: Squamata: Agamidae) from Borneo and Australia Herpetologica 48 120-124 lizard Book Section Ottenwalder, J.A.;Ross, J.P. 1992 Crocodiles in Cuba, CITES mission June 9 - 16 1991, Report of the technical advisors, part 2, Crocodilians Crocodile Conservation Action. A Special Publication of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union. Gland, Switzerland. 28-40 Book Section Ouboter, P.E. 1992 Status and conservation of crocodilians in northeastern Belize Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0133-3. 18-29 Journal Article Ovaska, K. 1991 Reproductive phenology, population structure, and habitat use of the frog Eleutherodactylus johnstonei in Barbados, West Indies Journal of Herpetology 25 424-430 Book Section Ozuna-M., Martha L.;Toledo-V., Martha E. 1992 Tercer encuentro de la niñez de la zona sur de Sinaloa con el tema "Conservacion de la Tortuga marina" Benabib, Miriam and Sarti, Laura Memorias del VI Encuentro Interuniversitario Sobre Tortugas Marinas Mexico City Sociedad Herpetologica Mexicana 1 89-92 Sea turtles; Mexico Thesis Pacheco, A. 1990 Algunos aspectos de la biologia y etologia de Melanosuchus niger en cautiverio Book Section Pacheco, L.F. 1990 Feeding, reproduction and growth in captive Melanosuchus niger Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8327-0023-X vi + 345 pp. 109-122 Journal Article Pacheco, L.F.;Aparicio, C.;Thorbjarnarson, J.B. 1991 The first reintroduction of black caiman, Melanosuchus niger, into the wild Herpetol. Rev. 22 3 90-91 MN, distribution, conservation, South America Journal Article Pack, Heather;Soleymani, Davood;Joyner, Michele A.;Morafka, David J.;Dezfulian, Manucher 1992 Preliminary correlations between coprophagy, bacterial and parasitic intestinal loads, and the growth of neonatal desert tortoises, Gopherus agassizii: An experimental study Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 98 Journal Article Packard, M.J.;Hirsch, K.F.;Packard, G.C.;Miller, J.D.;Jones, M.E. 1991 Structure of shells from eggs of the Australian lizard Amphibolurus barbatus Can. J. Zool. 69 303-310 Reptilia, sauria, Australian lizard Amphibolurus barbatus, anatomy, egg, shell Reprint Endnote 94/144 Journal Article Packard, M. J.;Short, T.M.;Packard, G.C.;Gorell, T.A. 1991 Sources of calcium for embryonic development in eggs of the snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina J. Exp. Zool. 258 151-157 Reptilia, testudines, snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina, propagation, breeding, egg, embryo, calcium Journal Article Packard, G. C.;Packard, M. J.;Benigan, L. 1991 Sexual differentiation, growth, and hatching success by embryonic painted turtles incubated in wet and dry environments at fluctuating temperatures Herpetologica 47 1 125-132 egg, moisture, sexual differentiation, turtle, water potential Journal Article Packard, M. J.;Phillips, J. A.;Packard, G. C. 1992 Sources of mineral for green iguanas (Iguana iguana) Developing in eggs exposed to different hydric environments Copeia 18 3 851-858 Reptilia, sauria, iguana, Iguana iguana, feeding, calcium, reproduction, egg production Journal Article Packard, Gary C.;Miller, Kirk;Packard, Mary J. 1992 A protocol for measuring water potential in subterranean nests of reptiles Herpetologica 48 2 202-209 water, moisture, nesting, eggs, incubation Journal Article Padgaonkar, A.S.;Samuel, J. 1992 Relation between the testes and adrenal glands of the snake Acrochordus granulatus (Schneider) Trends in Life Sciences (India) 7 2 81-87 Reptilia, serpentes, Acrochordus granulatus, physiology, adrenal gland, testis, season, cholesterol, Journal Article Pagan, O.;Müller, M. 1990 Disecdysis in snakes: noninfectious and infectious aethiopathogenesis, with special reference to the first viral dermatitis Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilk 132 425 Reptilia, serpentes, python, boa, infection, paramyxovirus, dysecdisis Journal Article Page, C.D.;Mautino, M.;Derendorf, H.;Mechlinski, W. 1991 Mulitple-dose pharmacokinetics of ketoconazole administered orally to Gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 22 2 191-198 reptilia, testudines, chelonia, cryptodira, Gopherus, pharmacokinetics, ketoconazole * Journal Article Paillette, M.;Oliveira, M. E.;Rosa, H. D.;Crespo, E. G. 1992 Is there a dialect in Pelodytes punctatus from southern Portugal? Amphibia-Reptilia 13 97-108 advertisement call, Amphibia, Anura, Pelodytes punctatus Journal Article Pal, M. 1992 Disseminated Aspergillus terreus infection in a caged pigeon Mycopathologia 119 3 137-139 Aves, columbiformes, pigeon, infection, fungus, Aspergillus terreus, Disseminated aspergillosis due to Aspergillus terreus was diagnosed in a young pigeon kept by a bird fancier. The fungus was isolated in heavy growth from the infected tissues on Sabouraud medium at 37-degrees-C. Microscopic examination of the squeeze preparation of the air sacs revealed the presence of typical conidiophores of an Aspergillus sp. Histologically, branched, septate hyphae morphologically indistinguishable from Aspergillus were detected in the air sacs and lungs. The clinical, mycological and pathological findings are discussed. The role of A. terreus as an opportunistic pathogen should be studied in various clinical conditions of mammals and avians. Journal Article Paladino, F. V.;O'Conner, M. P.;Spotila, J. R. 1990 Metabolism of leatherback turtles, gigantothermy, and thermoregulation of dinosaurs Nature 344 6269 858-860 dinosuars, metabolism, Dermochelys, gigantothermy, thermoregulation Journal Article Paladino, F.V.;O'Connor, M.P.;Spotila, J.R. 1990 Metabolism of leatherback turtles, gigantothermy, and thermoregulation of dinosaurs Nature 344 858-860 leatherback Journal Article Palmer, Bruce K.;Ladehoff, Nancy M. 1991 The distribution of the desert toitoise in the Sonoran Desert in Arizona [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 373 Gopherus agassizii Book Palmer, Thomas 1992 Landscape With Reptile: Rattlenskaes in an Urban World New York Ticknor & Fields 340 Journal Article Palmer, Thomas 1992 The snakebite: A cautionary tale, with plenty of venom Outside 1992 March 98-109 Journal Article Palmer, William M. 1992 Ophisaurus mimicus Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 543 1-2 Journal Article Palmer, B. D.;Guillette, L. J., Jr. 1992 Alligators provide evidence for the evolution of an archosaurian mode of oviparity Biol Reprod 46 1 39-47 The female reproductive tract of birds is different from that of other oviparous amniotes in that the eggshell membranes and calcareous layer are formed in separate regions of the uterus; the isthmus and shell gland, respectively. Phylogenetically, birds are included among the archosaurs, along with crocodilians and dinosaurs. Many dinosaurs were oviparous, producing hard-shelled eggs, yet the reproductive system of dinosaurs has proven difficult to investigate, due to poor preservation of soft anatomy. In this study, we examined functional morphology and eggshell formation in a reptilian archosaur, the American alligator, and demonstrated that the crocodilian reproductive tract has separate uterine regions for formation of the eggshell membranes and calcareous layer. These uterine regions are ultrastructurally comparable to the isthmus and shell gland of birds, and may be homologous. This similarity of reproductive functional morphology between crocodilians and birds may implicate the evolution of an archosaurian mode of oviparity that may shed light on dinosaur reproduction. Book Palmer, Thomas 1992 Landscape with Reptile: Rattlesnakes in an Urban World New York Ticknor & Fields xii, 340 Journal Article Palmer-Allen, M.;Beynon, F.;Georges, A. 1991 Hatchling sex ratios are independent of temperature in field nests of the long-necked turtle, Chelodina longicollis (Testudinata: Chelidae) Wildlife Research 18 225-231 Journal Article Pan, Jionghua;Liang, Danyu 1990 Studies of the early embryonic development of Rana rugulosa Wiegmann Asiatic Herpetological Research 3 85-100 artificial fertilization accelerated development fertilized eggs normal table Journal Article Panagiota, Maragou;Valakos, Efstratios D. 1992 Contribution to the thermal ecology of Testudo marginata and T. hermanni (Chelonia: Testudinidae) in semi-captivity Herpetological Journal 2 48-50 Journal Article Pancharatna, K.;Saidapur, S. K. 1992 A study of ovarian follicular kinetics, oviduct, fat body, and liver mass cycles in laboratory-maintained Rana cyanophlyctis in comparison with wild-caught frogs Journal of Morphology 214 123-129 Journal Article Pancharatna, K.;Saidapur, S. K. 1992 A Study of Ovarian Follicular Kinetics, Oviduct, Fat Body, and Liver Mass Cycles in Laboratory-Maintained Rana- Cyanophlyctis in Comparison with Wild-Caught Frogs J Morphol 214 2 123-129 Ovarian follicular dynamics and fluctuations in fat body, oviducal, and liver masses were studied in captive Rana cyanophlyctis in comparison with wild-caught frogs, sampled at monthly intervals over a period of 12 months. In both the captive and wild-caught frogs first growth phase (FGP) and second growth phase (SGP) or vitellogenic oocytes were produced throughout the period examined; however, changes in ovarian and oviducal weights were less marked in the former group. In the captive frogs SGP oocyte production was reduced by 50%, and, maximum ovarian weight and SGP oocyte number were attained 2-3 months earlier than in wild- caught controls. The FGP oocyte pool in laboratory- maintained frogs, however, was comparable with that of the corresponding wild-caught frogs. Captivity caused a threefold increase in atresia and reduced the number of oocytes reaching SGP. The depletion of fat stores in fat bodies during the later phases of captivity suggests that the deposition of lipids into oocytes (for SGP) was given priority over storage in the fat bodies. The low oviducal weights of captive frogs was correlated with a reduced number of SGP oocytes, which are the source of estrogen. On the other hand, liver weight remained high, indicating adequate hepatic vitellogenin synthesis. Possible reduction in its output was not detected, possibly due to the reduced number of follicles reaching SGP. The findings indicate that stress of captivity decreases gonadotrophins and estrogen levels. Oviducal growth is reduced in captive frogs. It is hypothesized that in the frog oviducts respond to estrogen in a threshold-dependent manner, whereas the liver responds to it in relation to the length of exposure. Book Panchenko, I. M.;et al. 1992 [Vertebrata of the Oksky Nature Reserve (Russia)] Moscow 56 Journal Article Pandey, G. S.;Inoue, N.;Ohshima, K.;Okada, K.;Chihaya, Y.;Fujimoto, Y. 1990 Poxvirus infection in Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) Res Vet Sci 49 2 171-6 *Alligators and Crocodiles; Animal; Disease Outbreaks/*veterinary; Microscopy, Electron; Poxviridae Infections/epidemiology/pathology/*veterinary; Skin/pathology/ultrastructure; Zambia/epidemiology An outbreak was encountered of numerous yellowish cutaneous nodules in one- to two-year-old farmed Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) in Kasaba Bay Crocodile Farm at Lake Tanganyika in Zambia during 1988. Out of 4000 crocodiles of different age groups, 300 yearlings were affected and 82 of those affected died. The lesions were prominent on the head, especially around the eyelids, the nostrils, both sides of the mouth, ventral neck, ventral pale belly, limbs and the root of the tail. Histologically, the epidermal lesions revealed large focal areas of marked acanthosis accompanied by hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis. In the prickle cells, there were multiple small neutrophilic granular inclusions and large eosinophilic homogeneous cytoplasmic inclusions. Electron microscopically, there were numerous poxvirus particles and matrices in the cytoplasm of many prickle cells. Dark blue homogeneous cytoplasmic inclusions in toluidine blue sections consisted of an electron opaque matrix with mature viral particles (160 x 200 x 230 nm). Furthermore, there were clumps of granular matrix containing immature viral particles (200 x 399 nm) in the cytoplasm. Various features of viral developing processes were observed. Journal Article Paolucci, M.;Difiore, M. M.;Ciarcia, G. 1992 Oviduct 17beta-estradiol receptor in the female lizard, Podarcis s. sicula, during the sexual cycle - relation to plasma 17beta-estradiol concentration and Its binding proteins Zool Sci 9 5 1025-1035 Reptilia, squamata, sauria, physiology, oviduct, estrogens, estradiol, receptor, sexual cycle In the oviparous lizard, Podarcis s. sicula, 17beta- estradiol binding molecules were characterized in the oviduct and plasma. In addition, their concentration was evaluated throughout the annual cycle. In the oviduct, a 17beta-estradiol receptor (ER) is present. It shows high affinity for ligand (4.9-7.0 x 10(-10) M). It is decreased by ovariectomy, and induced by 17beta-estradiol treatment. 17beta-estradiol causes also a ER shift from the cytosol into the nuclei. On sucrose gradient ER behaviour is consistent with the properties of ER obtained from other 17beta-estradiol target organs. At isoelectrofocusing the labeled 17beta- estradiol binding molecules fall into three pH ranges: 5.2-5.6, 7.0-7.7, 8,0-8.7. Nuclear filled ER significantly increases as oviduct grows. This supports an ER role in oviduct stimulation by 17beta-estradiol. In the plasma, 17beta-estradiol binding molecules show many physico-chemical and behavioural properties of steroid-binding proteins (SBPs). Journal Article Papas, Andreas M.;al., et 1990 Species differences in the utilization of various forms of vitamin E Am. Ass. Zoo Vets Annu. Meet. 186-190 Mammalia, artiodactyla, black rhinoceros, proboscidae, elephant, perissodactilae, horses, tapir, reptilia, iguana, food, feeding, vitamin E, bioavailability Iguanas do not utilize the water-soluble vitamin E, D-alpha tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TGPS). They utilize d-alpha tocopheryl acetate and especially also d-alpha-tocopherol. 100191 WS DW Journal Article Papas, Andreas M. e.a. 1990 Species differences in the utilization of various forms of vitamin E Am. Ass. Zoo Vets Annu. Meet. 186-190 Mammalia, artiodactyla, black rhinoceros, proboscidae, elephant, perissodactilae, horses, tapir, reptilia, iguana, food, feeding, vitamin E, bioavailability Iguanas do not utilize the water-soluble vitamin E, D-alpha tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TGPS). They utilize d-alpha tocopheryl acetate and especially also d-alpha-tocopherol. 100191 WS DW Journal Article Paperna, I. 1992 Ultrastructural studies on oocysts, sporulation and sporozoites of Schellackia c.f. agamae, from the intestine of the starred lizard Agama stellio International Journal of Parasitology 22 3 361-368 Reptilia, sauria, starred lizard, Agama stellio , infection, apicomplexa, Schellackia c.f. agamae, intestine, morphology, EM Journal Article Pappas, Michael J.;Brecke, Bruce J. 1992 Habitat selection of juvenile Blanding's turtles, Emydoidea blandingii Journal of Herpetology 26 233-234 Journal Article Pardo, A.;Ramirez, R.;Ramos, C.;Montano, M.;Selman, M. 1992 Collagenase-Inhibitory Activity in Deposit and Resorption Phases of Guinea Pig Carrageenin Granuloma Connect Tissue Res 28 4 307-315 Carrageenin-Granuloma; Collagenase; Metalloproteinases; Timp; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES; TADPOLE COLLAGENASE; TISSUE INHIBITOR; PROCOLLAGENASE; PURIFICATION; BINDING Journal Article PARICHY, D.M.;KAPLAN, R.H. 1992 Developmental consequences of tail injury on larvae of the oriental fire bellied toad, Bombina orientalis Copeia 1 129-137 Amphibia, anura, oriental fire bellied toad, Bombina orientalis, pathology, tail injury, development, growth Injuries reduced survivorship, extended the larval period, and decreased larval and metamorphosis sizes, although these effects were mediated through interactions with food availability and maternal investment in offspring. Reprint Endnote 93/531 Journal Article Parichy, D. M.;Kaplan., R. H. 1992 Developmental consequences of tail injury on larvae of the Oriental fire-bellied toad, Bombina orientalis Copeia 1992 129-137 Journal Article Parichy, D. M.;Kaplan., R. H. 1992 Maternal effects on offspring growth and development depend on environmental quality in the frog Bombina orientalis Oecologia 91 579-586 Journal Article Parker, Robert E. 1991 Some habitat characteristics of the eastern-most population of desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 141-144 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Parker, M. S. 1991 Relationship between cover availability and larval Pacific giant salamander density Journal of Herpetology 25 355-357 Journal Article Parker, G. A. 1992 Snakes and female sexuality Nature 355 395-396 vipera berus Journal Article Parmelee, J. R. 1990 Lack of burrowing ability in the blue-spotted salamander, Ambystoma laterale Bulletin Of The Chicago Herpetological Society 25 5 81-83 Book Section Parmenter, R.R.;Avery, H.W. 1990 The feeding ecology of the slider turtle Whitfield Gibbons, J Life history and ecology of the slider turtle Washington Smithonian Institution Press 257-266 Reptilia, testudines, slider turtle, Trachemys scripta, food, feeding Reprint Endnote 94/92 Journal Article Parmley, Dennis 1990 Late Pleistocene snakes from Fowlkes Cave, Culberson County, Texas Journal of Herpetology 24 3 266-274 Lampropeltis mexicana alterna triangulum getula fossil illustration vertebrae Journal Article Parsons, R. L.;Konopka, L. M. 1990 Galanin-induced hyperpolarization of mudpuppy neurons is calcium dependent Neurosci Lett 115 2-3 207-12 Animal; Calcium/*physiology; In Vitro; Necturus/*physiology; Neural Inhibition/*drug effects; Parasympathetic Nervous System/drug effects/*physiology; Peptides/*pharmacology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. The calcium dependence of the hyperpolarization produced by galanin has been studied in parasympathetic postganglionic neurons of the mudpuppy. Necturus maculosus. The galanin-induced hyperpolarization, but not the bethanechol-induced hyperpolarization, was reduced when manganese or magnesium were substituted for external calcium. Also, the galanin- induced, but not the bethanechol-induced hyperpolarization, was decreased in the presence of cadmium or nitrendipine. Because the inhibition of the galanin-induced hyperpolarization developed gradually and reversed slowly in the absence of extracellular calcium or presence of the voltage-gated calcium channel blockers, it is suggested that an intracellular pool rather than an extracellular pool of calcium is involved in the generation of the galanin-induced hyperpolarization. Book Parsons, Alexandra 1990 Eyewitness Juniors: Amazing Snakes New York Knopf 32 Journal Article Passmore, N. I.;Bishop, P. J.;Caithness, N. 1992 Calling behaviour influences mating success in male painted reed frogs Hyperolius marmoratus Ethology 92 227-241 Amphibia, Anura, Hyperolius marmoratus, Hyperoliidae, aggresive call, acoustic communication, phonotaxis, sexual selection, competition, sexual selection, Journal Article Patterson, J. W. 1990 Female reproductive cycles in two subspecies of the tropical lizard Mabuya striata Oecologia (Berl.) 84 232-237 34, Mabuya, reproduction, life history, Malawi Book Patterson, Rod 1991 Snakes and other Reptiles of southern Africa Cape Town C. Struik 128 Journal Article Patton, Kevin T. 1991 Understanding stress in captive reptiles Vivarium 2 6 18;36-37;39 Journal Article Paukstis, Gary L.;Janzen, Fredric J. 1990 Sex determination in reptiles: Summary of effects of constant temperatures of incubation on sex ratios of offspring Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 1990 83 1-28 index Journal Article Paukstis, G. L.;Janzen, F. J. 1990 Sex determination in reptiles: summary of effects of constant temperatures of incubation on sex ratios of offspring Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 83 1-28 53, turtle, reptile, lizard, sex determination, TSD, sex ratio, incubation Journal Article Pauler, Ingo 1990 Zur nachzucht der Spaltenschildkröte Malacochersus tornieri (Siebenrock, 1903) Herpetofauna 12 66 6-10 Malacochersis tornieri Journal Article Pavignano, I. 1990 Niche overlap in tadpole populations of Pelobates fuscus insubricus and Hyla arborea at a pond in northwestern Italy Bollettino di Zoologia 57 83-87 Journal Article Paz, D. A.;Donadio, O. E.;Pisano, A.;Miranda, L. A. 1992 Annual testicular changes in Tupinambis rufescens (Sauria, Teiidae) from Salta, Argentina Rev. Exp. Herp. 7 89-96 reptiles, lizards, cycles, reproduction, Journal Article Peaker, Malcolm 1992 Culturing Collembola (springtails) American Dendrobatid Group Newsletter 1993 6 2 Journal Article Pearman, P. B.;Wilbur., H. M. 1990 Changes in population dynamics resulting from oviposition in a subdivided habitat American Naturalist 135 708-723 Journal Article Pearn, John 1990 Herpetologists and snake-bite Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29 2 406 Journal Article Pearn, John 1991 Book Review: Snakes of Medical Importance (Asia-Pacific region) Herpetofauna 21 2 27 Book Review Journal Article Pechmann, Joseph H. K.;Scott, David E.;Semlitsch, Raymond D.;Caldwell, Janalee P.;Vitt, Laurie J.;Gibbons, J. Whitfield 1991 Declining amphibian populations: the problem of separating human impacts from natural fluctuations Science 253 892-895 Amphibian decline Journal Article Pechmann, J. H. K.;Scott, D. E.;Semlitsch, R. D.;Caldwell, J. P.;Vitt, L. J.;Gibbons, J. W. 1991 Declining amphibians populations: the problem of seperating human impacts from natural fluctuations Science 253 892-895 amphibians, declines, Rainbow Bay Journal Article Pechmann, Joseph H.K.;Scott, David E.;Semlitsch, Raymond D.;Caldwell, Janalee P.;Vitt, Laurie J.;Gibbons, J. Whitfield 1991 Declining amphibian populations: The problem of separating human impacts from natural fluctuations Science 253 892-895 Journal Article Pechmann, J. H. K.;D. E. Scott, R. E. Semlitsch, J. P. Caldwell, L. J. Vitt;Gibbons., J. W. 1991 Declining amphibian populations: the problem of separating human impacts from natural fluctuations Science 253 892-895 Journal Article Peculis, B. A.;Gall, J. G. 1992 Localization of the nucleolar protein NO38 in amphibian oocytes J Cell Biol 116 1 1-14 Amino Acid Sequence; Animal; Base Sequence; Blotting, Western; Cell Nucleolus/physiology/ultrastructure; Cell Nucleus/ultrastructure; Female; Genes, myc; Molecular Sequence Data; Notophthalmus viridescens; Nuclear Proteins/analysis/*genetics; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; Oocytes/cytology/*physiology; Restriction Mapping; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Transcription, Genetic; Translation, Genetic; Xenopus To examine the role of primary amino acid sequence in the localization of proteins within the nucleus, we studied the nucleolar protein NO38 of amphibian oocytes. We synthesized NO38 transcripts in vitro, injected them into the oocyte cytoplasm, and followed the distribution of the translation products. The injected RNA contained a short sequence encoding an epitope derived from the human c-myc protein. We used an mAb against this epitope to detect translation products from injected RNAs by Western blots and by immunofluoresent staining of cytological preparations. When full-length transcripts of NO38 were injected into oocytes, the translation products accumulated efficiently in the germinal vesicle, and a major fraction was localized in the multiple nucleoli. To identify protein domains involved in this nucleolus-specific accumulation, we prepared a series of carboxy- terminal deletions of the cDNA. Oocytes injected with RNA encoding truncated forms of NO38 were examined for altered patterns of protein accumulation. We defined a domain of about 24 amino acids near the carboxy terminus that was essential for nucleolar localization of NO38. This domain is separated by more than 70 amino acids from two putative nuclear localization signals near the middle of the molecule. Hybrid constructs were made which encoded part of Escherichia coli beta- galactosidase or pyruvate kinase fused to a long segment of NO38 containing the essential domain. Injection of RNA from these constructs showed that the essential domain was not sufficient to target the hybrid proteins to the nucleolus. We suggest that nucleolar accumulation of NO38 requires more than a single linear domain. Journal Article Pedersen, S. C. 1991 Dental morphology of the cannibal morph in the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum. Amphibia-Reptilia 12 1-14 Book Peerez-Higareda, Gonzalo;Smith, Hobart M. 1991 Ofidiofauna de Veracruz: Análisis Taxonómico y Zoogeográfico. Ophidiofauna of Veracruz: Taxonomical and Zoogeographical Analysis Mexico City Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico 122 Mexico; Veracruz; Key Journal Article Pefaur, Jaime E. 1992 Checklist and bibliography (1960-85) of the Venezuelan herpetofauna Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 1992 89 1-54 index venezuela Journal Article Pefaur, J. E.;Cardoso, A. J. 1992 Pipa carvalhoi (NCN). Behavior. (Life History Notes) Herpetological Review 23 2 58 Anura, Brazil, frogs Journal Article Pefaur, J. H. 1992 Checklist and bibliography (1960-85) of the Venezuelan herpetofauna Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 89 1-54 11, reptiles, amphibians, herpetofauna, Venezuela, South America Journal Article Pelaz, M. P.;Rougier., C. 1990 A comparative study of buccal pump volumes and the cartilagenous branchial basket skeleton of Rana ridibunda and Rana dalamatina tadpoles Copeia 1990 658-665 Journal Article Penna, M;Palazzi, C.;Paolinelli, P.;Solís, R. 1990 Midbrain auditory sensitivity in toads of the genus Bufo (Amphibia-Bufonidae) with different vocal repertoires J. Comp. Physiol. A. 167 673-681 Neuroethology, Amphibia, Anuran communication, Bufo chilensis, B. spinulosus, B. arenarum, Journal Article Penna, M.;Veloso, A. 1990 Vocal diversity in frogs of the South American temperate forest Journal of Herpetology 24 1 23-33 Chile, evolution, leptodactylid frogs, Telmatobiinae, advertisement call, Amphibia, Anura, Journal Article Penna, Mario;Capranica, Robert R.;Somers, Jane 1992 Hormone-induced vocal behavior and midbrain auditory sensitivity in the green treefrog, Hyla cinerea Journal of Comparative Physiology 170A 73-82 Journal Article Penninck, D.G.;Stewart, J. S.;Murphy, J. P.;Paul, P. 1991 Ultrasonography of the California Desert Tortoise (Xerobates agassizi): Anatomy and Application. Vet. Radiol. 32 3 112-116 Reptilia, testudines, California Desert Tortoise, Xerobates agassizii, technique, Ultrasonography, Anatomy, pathology Journal Article Pennisi, E. 1992 Pharming frogs Science News 142 40-42 Dendrobatidae, alkaloids, toxins, skin, secretions, frogs, Amphibia, Anura Book Penny, Malcolm 1991 Alligators and Crocodiles London Boxtree 128 Journal Article Penrith, M.L.;Nesbit, J.W.;Huchzermeyer, F.W. 1991 Pox virus Infection in captive juvenile caimans (Caiman crocodilus fuscus) in South-Africa Jl S. Afr. vet. Ass. - Tydskrif van die Suid - Afrikaanse Veterinere Vereniging 62 3 137-139 Reptilia, crocodylia, caiman,Caiman crocodilus fuscus, infection, virus, Pox Reprint Endnote 93/710 ML Penrith, Vet Res Inst, Pathol Sect, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa Journal Article Penrith, M. L.;Nesbit, J. W.;Huchzermeyer, F. W. 1991 Pox virus infection in captive juvenile caimans (Caiman crocodilus fuscus) in South Africa J S Afr Vet Assoc 62 3 137-9 *Alligators and Crocodiles; Animal; Animals, Zoo; Disease Outbreaks/veterinary; Poxviridae; Poxviridae Infections/epidemiology/*veterinary; South Africa/epidemiology Light grey macules developed on the skin and in the mouths of juvenile caimans, (Caiman crocodilus fuscus) (n = 8), kept in the quarantine section of the reptile park at the National Zoological Gardens, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa. The gross, histopathological and ultrastructural features of the lesions were commensurate with pox virus infection. This outbreak closely resembled the disease described elsewhere in 3 juvenile captive caimans. Journal Article Pepperberg, D. R.;Cornwall, M. C.;Kahlert, M.;Hofmann, K. P.;Jin, J.;Jones, G. J.;Ripps, H. 1992 Light-dependent delay in the falling phase of the retinal rod photoresponse Vis Neurosci 8 1 9-18 Ambystoma; Animal; Dark Adaptation; Electrophysiology; *Light; Mathematics; Photic Stimulation; Photoreceptors/*physiology; Scattering, Radiation; Signal Transduction/*physiology; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Transducin/physiology Using suction electrodes, photocurrent responses to 100-ms saturating flashes were recorded from isolated retinal rods of the larval-stage tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum). The delay period (Tc) that preceded recovery of the dark current by a criterion amount (3 pA) was analyzed in relation to the flash intensity (If), and to the corresponding fractional bleach (R*0/Rtot) of the visual pigment; R*0/Rtot was compared with R*s/Rtot, the fractional bleach at which the peak level of activated transducin approaches saturation. Over an approximately 8 ln unit range of I(f) that included the predicted value of R*s/Rtot, Tc increased linearly with ln I(f). Within the linear range, the slope of the function yielded an apparent exponential time constant (tau c) of 1.7 +/- 0.2 s (mean +/- S.D.). Background light reduced the value of Tc measured at a given flash intensity but preserved a range over which Tc increased linearly with ln I(f); the linear-range slope was similar to that measured in the absence of background light. The intensity dependence of Tc resembles that of a delay (Td) seen in light-scattering experiments on bovine retinas, which describes the period of essentially complete activation of transducin following a bright flash; the slope of the function relating Td and ln flash intensity is thought to reflect the lifetime of photoactivated visual pigment (R*) (Pepperberg et al., 1988; Kahlert et al., 1990). The present data suggest that the electrophysiological delay has a similar basis in the deactivation kinetics of R*, and that tau c represents TR*, the lifetime of R* in the phototransduction process. The results furthermore suggest a preservation of the "dark- adapted" value of TR* within the investigated range of background intensity. Book Section Percival, H.F.;Masson, G.R.;Rice, K.G.;Woodward, A.R. 1992 American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) clutch variability from seven study areas in Florida, USA Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0133-3. 30 Journal Article Pereyra, E. A. 1991 Phymaturus antofagastensis (Pereyra, 1985) (Tropiduridae-Liolaeminae) Ampliación descriptiva Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 7 2 24-27 Phymaturus antofagastensis Journal Article Perez, Tomas R.;Ballesta, J.;Madrid, J.F.;Pastor, L.M.;Hernandez, F. 1990 Histochemical and ultrastructural study of the digestive tract of the tortoise Testudo graeca (Testudines) J. Morphol. 235-246 Reptilia, testudines, Testudo graeca, anatomy, histology, histochemistry, digestive tract testu,vet,histo WI x Journal Article Perez, M. E.;Soto, E.;Vega, R. 1991 Streptomycin blocks the postsynaptic effects of excitatory amino acids on the vestibular system primary afferents Brain Res 563 1-2 221-6 Ambystoma; Amino Acids/*antagonists & inhibitors/pharmacology; Animal; Calcium Chloride/pharmacology; Evoked Potentials/drug effects; Kainic Acid/antagonists & inhibitors/pharmacology; Magnesium/pharmacology; Neurons, Afferent/*drug effects; Quisqualic Acid/antagonists & inhibitors/pharmacology; Streptomycin/*pharmacology; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Synapses/*drug effects; Vestibule/*drug effects It has been suggested that streptomycin might be an antagonist of the glutamate receptors, and that it selectively blocks quisqualic acid receptors. We studied whether streptomycin blocks the responses to excitatory amino acid agonists on the vestibular system primary afferents, and if it allows us to differentiate between kainate (KA) and quisqualate (QA) receptor mediated responses. The experiments were performed in the axolotl (Ambystoma tigrinum). Intra- and extracellular records of the electrical activity of semicircular canal afferent fibers were obtained. Drugs were applied by pressure ejection in volumes of 20 microliters in a 10 ml bath. Streptomycin (0.01-10 mM), induced a dose dependent reversible inhibition of the basal spike discharge of the afferent fibers. This coincided with a reduction in the amplitude of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) recorded intracellularly in the afferent fibers. Streptomycin also blocked the excitatory action produced by KA and QA; increasing concentrations of streptomycin produced a rightward shift in the concentration-response curves for both KA and QA. This action persisted even in a high Mg2+ (10 mM), low Ca2+ (0.09 mM) Ringer solution, indicating its postsynaptic nature. These results show that streptomycin might be a non-selective excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptor antagonist. Journal Article Perez-Mellado, V.;Bauwens, D.;Gil, M.;Guerrero, F.;Lizana, M.;Ciudad, M.-J. 1991 Diet compostition and prey selection in the lizard Lacerta monticola Canadian Journal of Zoology 69 1728-1735 reptiles, lizards, food, behavior, Journal Article Perezme*llado, V.;Bauwens, D.;Gil, M.;Guerrero, F.;Lizana, M.;Ciudad, M.J. 1991 Diet composition and prey selection in the lizard Lacerta monticola Canadian Journal of Zoology - Journal Canadien de Zoologie 69 7 1728-1735 Reptilia, sauria, Lacerta monticola; food, feeding, prey selection V Perezmellado,Univ Salamanca,Dept Anim Biol,E-37071 Salamanca, Spain Journal Article Perezmellado, V.;Bauwens, D.;Gil, M.;Guerrero, F.;Lizana, M.;Ciudad, M.J. 1991 Diet composition and prey selection in the lizard Lacerta monticola Canadian Journal of Zoology - Journal Canadien de Zoologie 69 7 1728-1735 Reptilia, sauria, Lacerta monticola; food, feeding, prey selection V Perezmellado,Univ Salamanca,Dept Anim Biol,E-37071 Salamanca, Spain Journal Article Perí, S. 1991 Diseño de manchas en Chacophrys pierotti (Reig y Limeses, 1963) (Anura: Leptodactylidae, Ceratophryninae) Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 7 1 16-19 Chacophrys pierotti Book Perlowin, David 1992 The General Care and Maintenance of Common Kingsnakes Lakeside, California Advanced Vivarium Series 71 Journal Article Perotti, G.;Cruz, F. 1990 Gymnophthalmus rubricauda Boulenger Revue francaise d'Aquariologie 1 370-371 reptiles, lizards, vanzosaura, description Journal Article Perret, Jean-Luc 1991 Description de Ptychadena ingeri n. sp. (Anura, Ranidae) du Zaïre Archives des Sciences 44 3 265-281 Book Perry, Philip 1990 The Concise Illustrated Book of Reptiles New York Gallery 47 Children's book Journal Article Perry, Gad 1990 Sexual dimorphism in Typhlops vermicularis Hardun 5 29-32;80 Typhlops vermicularis Journal Article Perry, G.;Lampl, I.;Lerner, A.;Rotenstein, D.;Shani, E.;Sivan, N.;Werner, Yehudah L. 1990 Foraging mode in lacertid lizards: variation and correlates Amphibia-Reptilia 11 373-384 Journal Article Perry, S.F. 1990 Gas exchange strategy in the Nile crocodile - A morphometric study J. Comp. Physiol. B - Biochem. System. Environ. Physiol. 159 6 761-769 CNL, physiology, respiration, Journal Article Perry, G.;Lampl, I.;Lerner, A.;Rothenstein, D.;Shani, E.;Sivan, N.;Werner, Y. L. 1990 Foraging mode in lacertid lizards: variation and correlates Amphibia-Reptilia 11 373-384 Reptiles, lizards, feeding, behavior, foraging, strategy, Israel, morphology, Journal Article Persons, Trevor 1992 A checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Natural Bridges National Monument Intermontanus 1 1 1-2 Journal Article Persons, Trevor;Bartholomew, Breck 1992 Arizona elegans philipi (Painted desert glossy snake). Distribution Intermontanus 1 1 3 Book Section Petersen, Mark M.;Somerville, David J.;Sennett, Robert F. 1992 Preliminary riparian classification system for private and state-owned lands in Utah Clary, W. P.;McCarthur, E. D.;Bedunah, D. and Wambolt, C. L. Procceddings - Symposium on Ecology and Management of Riparian Shrub Communities Ogden, Utah Intermountain Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 79-82 Journal Article Peterson, Charles R.;Koch, Edward D.;Corn, Paul Stephen 1991 Monitoring amphibian populations in Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks University of Wyoming National Park Service Research Center, 15th Annual Report 1991 39-47 Journal Article Peterson, Charles C. 1991 Comparative physiological ecology of Mojave populations of the desert tortoise: Preliminary results [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 265 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Peterson, J A;Haun, C K 1991 Topographic organization of spinal cord motoneurons innervating the pectoralis and supracoracoideus muscles in the alligator American Zoologist 31 5 37A (Abstr. only) Journal Article Peterson, J. A.;Blaustein., A. R. 1991 Unpalatability in anuran larvae as a defense against natural salamander predators Ethology Ecology & Evolution 3 63-72 Report Peterson, Charles R.;Koch, Edward D.;Corn, Paul Stephen 1992 Monitoring amphibians populations in Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks Book Section Peterson, Charles R.;Dorcas, Michael E. 1992 The use of automated data-acquisition techniques in monitoring amphibian and reptile populations McCullough, D. R. and Barrett, R. Wildlife 2001: Populations London Elsevier Applied Science 369-378 Journal Article Peterson, J. A.;Blaustein., A. R. 1992 Relative palatabilities of anuran larvae to natural aquatic insect predators Copeia 1992 577-584 Journal Article Petranka, J. W. 1990 Observations on the nest site selection, nest desertion, and embryonic survival in marbled salamanders. Journal of Herpetology 24 229-234 Journal Article Petrusev, S.;Dzukic, G.;Petkovski, S. 1990 Further reports on the morphological characters and distribution of Eryx jaculus turcicus (Olivier) 1801 in Yugoslavia. Fragmenta Balcanica 14 139-150 Journal Article Pettan, K.C.B./Drew, M.E./Ramsay,E.R./Lowenstine,L.J., 1991 Herpesvirus - like particles associated with respiratory disease in a California desert tortoise (Xerobates agassizii) Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians 157-158 reptilia testudinae/ Pasteurella testudinis * Book Section Petterson, K.;Axelsson, M.;Nilsson, S. 1992 Shunting of blood flow in the caiman: Blood flow patterns in the right and left aortas and pulmonary arteries Wood, S.C.;Weber, R.E.;Hargens, A.R. and Millard, R.W. Lung Biology in Health and Disease. Physiological Adapatations in Vertebrates, Respiration, Circulation and Metabolism. New York, Basel, Hong Kong Marcel Dekker, Inc. 355-362 CCR, physiology, heart, respiration, Journal Article Pewtress, Roger K. 1992 In search of giant pythons Reptilian 1 3 18-21 Size Journal Article Pewtress, Roger 1992 If I was a penguin Reptilian 1 6 7 Journal Article Pérez, D. R.;Acosta, J. C.;Avila, L. J. 1991 Caso de puesta comunal en Tropidurus spinulosus (Sauria: Iguanidae) en la provincia de Córdoba (República Argentina) Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 6 1 11-12 Tropidurus spinulosus Book Pérez-Higareda, Gonzalo;Smith, Hobart M. 1991 Ofidiofauna de Veracruz: Análisis Taxonómico y Zoogeográfico/ Ophidiofauna of Veracruz: Taxonomical and Zoogeographical Analysis Mexico Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 7 122 Book Pérez-Higareda, Gonzalo;Smith, Hobart M. 1991 Ofidiofauna de Veracruz: Análisis Taxonómico y Zoogeográfico. Ophidiofauna of Veracruz: Taxonomical and Zoogeographical Analysis Mexico City Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico 122 Mexico; Veracruz; Key Journal Article Pérez-Higareda, Gonzalo;Rangel-Rangel, Antonio;Smith, Hobart M. 1991 Maximum sizes of Morelet's and American crocodiles Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 27 1 34-37 Book Pérez-Santos, Carlos;Moreno, Ana G. 1991 Serpientes de Ecuador Torino, Italy Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali Torino 537 Ecuador Journal Article Pfeiffer, C.J.;Pyle, H.;Asashima, M. 1990 Blood cell morphology and counts in the Japanese newt (Cynops pyrrhogaster) J. Zoo & Wildl. Med. 21 1 56-64 Amphibia, anura, Japanese newt,Cynops pyrrhogaster, anatomy, blood, hematology, inflammation Journal Article Pfeiffer, D C;Vogl, A W 1992 Actin filaments associated with the basal sertoli cell surface in the alligator and turtle Tissue Cell 24 5 643-654 Journal Article Pfennig, D. W. 1990 "Kin recognition" among spadefoot toad tadpoles: A side-effect of habitat selection Evolution 44 4 785-798 Anura, predation avoidance, growth, Scaphiopus multiplicatus, siblings, environmental cues Journal Article Pfennig, D. 1990 The adaptive significance of an environmentally-cued developmental switch in an anuran tadpole Oecologia 85 101-107 polyphenism, Amphibia, Anura, larvae, adaptive plasticity, trophic polymorphism, development Journal Article Pfennig, D. W. 1990 The adaptive significance of an environmentally-cued developmental switch in an anuran tadpole Oecologia 85 101-107 Journal Article Pfennig, D. W. 1990 The adaptive significance of an environmentally-cued developmental switch in an anuran tadpoles Oecologia 85 101-107 Journal Article Pfennig, D. W. 1990 Kin selection among spadefoot toad tadpoles: a side-effect of habitat selection Evolution 44 785-798 Journal Article Pfennig, D. W. 1990 Kin selection among spadefoot toad tadpoles: a side-effect of habitat selection? Evolution 44 785-798 Journal Article Pfennig, David W.;Mabry, Alan;Orange, David 1991 Environmental causes of correlations between age and size at metamorphosis in Scaphiopus multiplicataus Ecology 72 6 2240-2248 adaptation complex life cycle development life history evolution metamorphosis phenotypic plasticity unpredictable environments Journal Article Pfennig, D. W.;Loeb, M. L. G.;Collins, J. P. 1991 Pathogens as a factor limiting the spread of cannibalism in tiger salamanders Oecologia 88 161-166 Amphibia, Caudata, adaptive plasticity, mortality, trophic polymorphism, predation, Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum, Journal Article Pfennig, D. W.;Loeb, M. L. G.;Collins., J. P. 1991 Pathogens as a factor limiting the spread of cannibalism in tiger salamanders Oecologia 88 161-166 Journal Article Pfennig, D. W.;Mabry, A.;Orange., D. 1991 Environmental causes of correlations between age and size at metamorphosis in Scaphiopus multiplicatus Ecology 72 2240-2248 Journal Article Pfennig, D. W.;W. A. Frankino, A. Mabry;Orange., D. 1991 Environmental causes of correlations between age and size at metamorphosis in Scaphiopus multiplicatus Ecology 72 2240-2248 Journal Article Pfennig, D. W. 1992 Polyphenism in spadefoot toad tadpoles as a locally adjusted evolutionary stable strategy Evolution 46 1408-1420 Journal Article Pfennig, D. W. 1992 Polyphenism in spadefoot toad tadpoles as a locally adjusted evolutionarily stable strategy Evolution 46 1408-1420 Journal Article Pfennig, D. W. 1992 Proximate and functional causes of polyphenism in an anuran tadpole Funct. Ecol. 6 167-174 Journal Article Pflanz, D. J.;Cusumano, M. A.;Powell, R. 1991 Notes on reproduction in a Xeric-adapted Anole, Anolis whitemani (Sauria: Polychridae), from Hispaniola Journal of Herpetology 25 491-493 reproduction, Xeric-adapted Anole, Anolis whitemari, Sauria, Polychridae, Hispaniola Journal Article Pflugmacher, Stephan;Dettki, Holger 1991 Herpetologische und ökologische Studien an Kleinsttümpeln Herpetofauna 13 70 6-12 Ecology; Bufo variegata; Bufo calamita; Hyla arborea; Triturus alpestris Journal Article Phelps, R.L.;Gatten, R.E., Jr. 1991 Thermal insensitivity of oxygen pulse in spontaneously-active juvenile alligators J. therm. Biol. 5 303-307 AM, temperature, physiology, Journal Article Phelps, R. L.;R. E. Gatten, Jr. 1991 Thermal insensitivity of oxygen pulse in spontaneously-active juvenile alligators J. Therm. Biol. 16 5 303-307 consumption, metabolism, heart rate, temperature, Alligator mississippiensis, reptiles Journal Article Phelps, R. L.;Gatten, R. E., Jr.;Mosberg, A. T. 1992 A new method for obtaining electrocardiograms in unrestrained crocodilian reptiles Lab Anim Sci 42 1 73-5 A new procedure is described for acquiring measurements of electrocardiographic parameters in unrestrained crocodilians. These measurements are difficult to obtain in freely moving animals; hence, electrocardiographic activity under natural conditions has not been previously quantified. In this investigation, twelve American alligators were equipped with subcutaneous electrodes. The lead wires were sutured to each animal's skin and the extracutaneous wires coiled and held in place against the animals' dorsal surfaces with waterproof elastic bandages. The electrodes were connected to an ECG analyzer only at the time of measurement. The presence of the leads and harness did not appear to interfere with the movements of the animals either in the animal room or during testing. This method allows for more precise measurements of cardiac activity under conditions which closely resemble those of crocodilians in their natural state. Journal Article Phelps, R. L.;Gatten, R., Jr.;Mosberg, A. T. 1992 A new method for obtaining electrocardiograms in unrestrained crocodilian reptiles Lab Anim. Sci. 42 1 73-5 heart, technique, A new procedure is described for acquiring measurements of electrocardiographic parameters in unrestrained crocodilians. These measurements are difficult to obtain in freely moving animals; hence, electrocardiographic activity under natural conditions has not been previously quantified. In this investigation, twelve American alligators were equipped with subcutaneous electrodes. The lead wires were sutured to each animal's skin and the extracutaneous wires coiled and held in place against the animals' dorsal surfaces with waterproof elastic bandages. The electrodes were connected to an ECG analyzer only at the time of measurement. The presence of the leads and harness did not appear to interfere with the movements of the animals either in the animal room or during testing. This method allows for more precise measurements of cardiac activity under conditions which closely resemble those of crocodilians in their natural state. Journal Article Phelps, F M, IV 1992 Optimal sex ratio as a function of egg incubation temperature in the crocodilians Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 54 1 123-148 Journal Article Phelps, R. L.;R. E. Gatten, Jr.;Mosberg, A. T. 1992 A new method for obtaining electrocardiograms in unrestrained crocodilian reptiles Laboratory Animal Science 42 1 73-75 methods, American alligators, cardiac activity Journal Article Phillips, Kathryn 1990 Frogs in trouble International Wildlife 20 6 4-11 Journal Article Phillips, Steve 1991 A New South Wales record for Aipysurus duboisii Bavay, 1869 (Hydrophiidae) Herpetofauna 21 1 35 Aipysurus duboisii; Distribution Journal Article Phillips, L. L.;Turner, J. E. 1991 Biphasic cellular response to transection in the newt optic nerve: glial reactivity precedes axonal degeneration J Neurocytol 20 1 51-64 Animal; Axons/*physiology/ultrastructure; Cell Nucleus/ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Neuroglia/cytology/*physiology/ultrastructure; Notophthalmus viridescens; Optic Nerve/cytology/*physiology/ultrastructure; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Time Factors; *Wallerian Degeneration Morphological interactions between axons and glia within the lesioned newt optic nerve were studied at time periods prior to the onset of Wallerian degeneration. Optic nerves were transected 0.5 mm from the eye, animals were killed at 5, 10, 20 and 30 min post-lesion, and the intracranial half of the tract was examined with light and electron microscopy. A sequence of structural changes was observed within the time interval 5-30 min post-lesion. Over the first 20 minutes these changes primarily involved the endogenous neuroglia; there was a displacement of glial nuclei from the center to the periphery of the nerve and an increase of 50-100% in glial cytoplasmic and nuclear area. Nuclei of reactive glia were euchromatic and surrounded by a high density of Golgi, vesicles, mitochondria and filaments, the last of which extended throughout the expanded glial processes. Optic axons appear intact at 20 min post-lesion except for some separation between the axolemma and myelin sheath in some of the myelinated fibres. By 30 min post-lesion both myelinated and non-myelinated fibres were found in various stages of lysis. Many of the expanded glial processes contained a population of vesicles aggregated adjacent to the glial plasmalemma. Profiles of infolded glial membranes suggested the opening of such vesicles into the extracellular space around degenerating axons. We conclude that, after optic nerve injury, there are very rapid reactive changes in glia and axons, with the changes in glia preceding the degenerative events in axons. Journal Article Phillips, C. A. 1992 Variation in metamorphosis in spotted salamanders Ambystoma maculatum from eastern Missouri American Midland Naturalist 128 276-280 Journal Article Phynton, J. C. 1991 Amphibia Zambesiaca 5: Zoogeography Ann. Natal Mus. 32 221-277 Amphibia, anura, africa, Scolecomorphidae, pipidae, mecrohylidae, hemisidae, arthroleptidae, ranidae, Rhacophoridae, hyperoliidae,bufonidae, biogeography, zoogeography Journal Article Pianka, E. R. 1990 Fire ecology. Disturbance, spatial heterogeneity, and biotic diversity: Fire succession in arid Australia National Geographic Society Research Reports 8 352-371 reptiles, lizards, succession Journal Article Pianka, Eric R. 1991 Phrynosoma platyrhinos Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 517 1-4 Book Section Pianka, E. R. 1992 The state of the art in community ecology Adler, K. Herpetology: current research on the biology of amphibians and reptiles Oxford, OH SSAR 141-162 reptiles, communities, diets, overlap, niche, Journal Article Pianka, E. R. 1992 A land of lizards Landscope 7 3 10-16 reptiles, Australia, ecology, popular Journal Article Picardo, A M;Muller, U;Harry, J L;Ferguson, Mark W J;Sharpe, P T 1992 SRY related genes in species with temperature dependent sex determination Journal of Reproduction and Fertilization Abstract Service no. 9 42 Journal Article Pierce, Benjamin A.;Whitehurst, Patricia H. 1990 Pseudacris clarkii Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 458 1-3 Journal Article Pierce, B. A.;Wooten, D. K. 1992 Acid tolerance of Ambystoma texanum from central Texas Journal Of Herpetology 26 2 230-232 Journal Article Pierce, B. A.;Wooten., D. K. 1992 Acid tolerance of Ambystoma texanum from central Texas Journal of Herpetology 26 230-232 Journal Article Pietsch, P. 1991 Effects of retinoic acid on the muscle patterns produced during forelimb regeneration in larval salamanders (Ambystoma) Cytobios 66 264 41-61 Abnormalities, Drug-Induced/etiology; Animal; Bone and Bones/abnormalities; Cartilage/abnormalities; Forelimb/*physiology; Muscles/*drug effects; Regeneration/*drug effects; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Tretinoin/*pharmacology; Urodela After systemic treatment with retinoic acid (RA), Ambystoma opacum and A. punctatum larvae regenerated forelimbs with a wide variety of skeletal and gross anatomical abnormalities. Yet the musculatures within the RA-treated limb regenerates were normal even in instances where the cartilages were deformed beyond recognition as components of the limb skeleton. RA is known to induce reduplication of limb structures, sometimes entire segments. When the latter condition occurred in the present study, the corresponding replicates exhibited limb musculatures which were perfect down to minute details, yet of opposite bilateral symmetry. The results attest, firstly, to the independence of myogenesis and chondrogenesis during limb regeneration. Secondly, RA treatment unmasked an otherwise hidden potential within postembryonic salamander limb tissue for the morphogenesis of the contralateral musculature. Journal Article Pinckney, J. 1990 Correlation analysis of adult female, egg and hatchling sizes in the loggerhead turtle, Carreta carreta (L.), nesting at Kiawah Island, South Carolina, USA Bulletin of Marine Science 47 3 670-679 loggerhead; hatchling Journal Article Pinder, A. W.;Feder., M. E. 1990 Effect of boundary layers on cutaneous gas exchange Journal of Experimental Biology 143 67-80 Journal Article Pinder, A. W.;Pelster, B.;Boutilier., R. 1990 Regulation of blood flow in isolated amphibian skin American Zoologist 30 136 (Abstr) Journal Article Pinney, Roy 1992 The importance of establishing a census of amphibian and reptiles populations Vivarium 3 5 13;27 Journal Article Pinney, Roy 1992 Carl F. Kauffeld: Herpetologist Vivarium 3 6 12-13 Journal Article Pinney, Roy 1992 Bill Haast Vivarium 4 2 30-32 Journal Article Pinney, Roy 1992 Dr. Hobart M. Smith Vivarium 4 3 8-9 Journal Article Pinston, Hugues 1990 Sauvegarde de l'intérêt Herpétologique et esthétique des Fontanes, Abreuvoirs et lavoirs anciens in Pierre Bulletin de la Société Herpétologique de France 56 63-69 Book Piper, J.C. 1992 Anthropology, sustainability and the case of Mexico's sea turtles M.Sc. Thesis , University of Arizona sea turtle; conservation Journal Article Pisanets, E. M. 1991 The new dates of karyology Bufo viridis-complex (Amphibia, Bufonidae) and the questions of origin of Asiatic tetraploid toads Herpetological Researches 1 41-50 Bufo viridis complex Journal Article Pisani, G. R.;Stephenson, B. R. 1991 Food habits in Oklahoma Crotalus atrox in fall and early spring Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 94 3-4 137-141 reptiles, snakes, behavior, diet, feeding, Journal Article Pisani, G. R.;Fitch, H. S. 1992 A survey of Oklahoma's rattlesnake roundups Kansas Herp. Society Newsletter 92 7-15 reptiles, snakes, conservation Journal Article Pitkin, R. B.;Bonnet, K. M. 1990 Autonomic control of heart rate in the adult, aquatic Notophthalmus viridescens viridescens Comp Biochem Physiol C 96 1 147-9 Animal; Atropine/pharmacology; Ergotamine/pharmacology; *Heart Rate/drug effects; Notophthalmus viridescens/*physiology; Parasympathetic Nervous System/*physiology; Propranolol/pharmacology; Sympathetic Nervous System/*physiology 1. We investigated the role of the autonomic nervous system in the control of the heart rate using an isolated heart preparation. 2. Addition of the parasympathetic blocker, atropine, to the organ bath resulted in an increase in heart rate as expected. 3. Addition of the sympathetic blocker, ergotamine, to the organ bath showed no change in the heart rate. 4. Addition of the sympathetic blocker, propranolol, to the organ bath resulted in the expected decrease in heart rate. 5. Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems appear to play a role in the control of the heart rate. Journal Article Planelles, G.;Anagnostopoulos, T. 1991 Basolateral electrogenic Na/HCO3 symport in the amphibian distal tubule Pflugers Arch 417 6 582-90 Amiloride/pharmacology; Animal; Biological Transport/drug effects; Carrier Proteins/*physiology; Cell Membrane/physiology; Chlorides/physiology/pharmacokinetics; Electric Conductivity/drug effects; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kidney Tubules, Distal/*physiology; Membrane Potentials/drug effects; Methazolamide/pharmacology; Microelectrodes; Necturus/*physiology; Sodium/physiology/pharmacokinetics This study was carried out to assess whether the amphibian distal tubule possesses a basolateral Na/(HCO3)n greater than 1 cotransport. The experiments were performed in the kidney of Necturus maculosus in vivo, by means of double-barreled selective microelectrodes. Basolateral membrane potential (Vm), intracellular pH (pHi), intracellular sodium activity (alpha Nai) and intracellular chloride activity (alpha Cli), were recorded during selected disturbances of peritubular fluid composition. The following results were obtained. (a) A sudden decrease of [HCO3]o leads to Vm depolarization, intracellular acidification and decrease of alpha Nai. (b) A rapid fall of [Na]o elicits Vm depolarization and decreases pHi: these patterns are not substantially altered in the presence of millimolar amiloride concentrations or in the nominal absence of peritubular Cl. (c) An acute decrease of [Na]o does not alter alpha Cli. (d) In the functional absence of CO2/HCO3 buffer (nominally CO2-free solution plus methazolamide), the reduction of [Na]o has no effect on Vm and/or pHi. We conclude that the distal tubule basolateral cell membrane is endowed with an electrogenic chloride-independent Na/base carrier, mediating Na and base efflux. The blockade of this carrier by carbonic anhydrase inhibitor indicates that the cotransported base is HCO3 or a related species. Journal Article Planelles, G.;Anagnostopoulos, T.;Cheval, L.;Doucet, A. 1991 Biochemical and functional characterization of H(+)-K(+)-ATPase in distal amphibian nephron Am J Physiol 260 6 Pt 2 F806-12 Adenosinetriphosphatase/*analysis/physiology; Animal; Anti-Ulcer Agents/pharmacology; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Imidazoles/pharmacology; Kidney Tubules, Distal/*chemistry/enzymology/physiology; Microinjections; Necturus maculosus/*physiology; Omeprazole/pharmacology; Rana ridibunda/*physiology; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Vanadates/pharmacology Because proton secretion and K+ reabsorption in the late distal tubule of amphibians are active, we evaluated whether these processes could be mediated by an H(+)-K(+)-ATPase similar to the gastric H(+)-K+ pump and to the K(+)-ATPase previously described in the terminal segments of the mammalian nephron. K(+)-stimulated ATPase activity was detected in microdissected segments of frog and Necturus nephron: its activity was high in the late distal and collecting tubules, whereas it was undetectable in the proximal convoluted tubule and early distal tubule. In frog collecting tubule, K(+)-ATPase had a high affinity for K+ (Km approximately 0.30 mM), was inhibited by vanadate, omeprazole, and the imidazopyridine Sch 28080, and was insensitive to ouabain. Furthermore, in vivo administration of Sch 28080 to anesthetized Necturus induced a significant rise of the steadystate intratubular pH in the late distal tubule, demonstrating that this drug inhibited tubular fluid acidification. It is suggested that K(+)-ATPase present in the terminal segments of amphibian nephron is similar to the gastric H(+)-K+ pump and is involved in urinary acidification. Journal Article Platt, S.G.;Brantley, C.G.;Cropanzano, R.S.;Hastings, R.W. 1990 A method for determining the size of female alligators Wildl. Soc. Bull. 18 3 296-298 AM, techniques, size, demography, LA, Journal Article Platt, S.G.;Brantley, C.G.;Hastings, R.W. 1990 Food habits of juvenile American alligators in the upper Lake Pontchurtrain estuary Northeast Gulf Sci. 11 2 123-130 AM, food, LA Journal Article Platt, S.G.;Brantley, C.G. 1991 Observations on foraging behavior in captive juvenile Alligator mississippiensis Herpetol. Rev. 22 3 83-84 AM, food, La Journal Article Platz, James E. 1991 Rana berlandieri Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 508 1-4 Conference Proceedings Platz, James E.;Hofbauer, Laura;Lathrop, Amy 1991 Age estimation in relation to body size of the Ramsey Canyon leopard frog using bone ring counts from sectioned phalanges Conference Proceedings PLESKER, R.;BEHLERT, O.;JES, H.;WEISS, R. 1991 Spontaneous mycobacteriosis in frogs (Megophris monticola ). Spontane Mykobakteriose bei Zipfelfröschen (Megrophris monticola) 33 255-259 Journal Article Plötner, J.;Grunwald, C. 1991 A mathmatical model of the structure and the dynamics of Rana ridibunda/esculenta-(male male)-populations (Anura, Ranidae) Z. Zool. Syst. Evolut.-forsch. 29 201-207 Journal Article Plummer, Michael V. 1990 High predation on green snakes, Opheodrys aestivus Journal of Herpetology 24 3 327-328 Lampropeltis getula getulus Journal Article Plummer, Michael V. 1990 Nesting movements, nesting behavior, and nest sites of green snakes (Opheodrys aestivus) revealed by radiotelemetry Herpetologica 46 2 190-195 Journal Article Plummer, Michael V 1991 Patterns of feces production in free-living green snakes, Opheodrys aestivus Journal of Herpetology 25 2 222-226 Reptiles, snakes, Opheodrys aestivus, SREL, feces production Journal Article Poertner, H.-O.;MacLatchy, L.M.;Toews, D.P. 1991 Acid-base regulation in the toad Bufo marinus during environmental hypoxia Repiration Physiology 85 217-230 Amphibia, anura, Bufo marinus, physiology, blood, tissue, acid-base Reprint Endnote 95/64 Journal Article Poglayen, Neuwall I. 1990 Mißbildung des Panzers bei einem Wildfang von Kinosternon leucostomum DUMERIL, BIBRON & DUMERIL, 1851 Salamandra 26 4 308-310 testu,vit,syst PF x Journal Article Polidori, Eric;Caratti, Gerard 1992 Nouvelles données concernant le Lézard des souches (Lacerta agilis L.) dans les Alpes du sud Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali - Torino 10 2 341-357 Journal Article Pollo, C.J.;Pérez-Mellado, V. 1991 An analysis of a mediterranean assemblage of three small lacertid lizards in Central Spain Acta OEcologica 12 5 655-671 Reptilia, sauria, lacerta, Lacerta lepida, Psammodromus algirus, Psammodromus hispanicus, Acanthodactylus erythrurus phisiology, ecology Reprint Endnote 93/578 Journal Article Polls Pelaz, Manuel 1990 The Biological Klepton Concept (BKC) Alytes 8 3-4 75-89 hybridogenetic gynogenetic Journal Article Pombal, J. P. Jr.;Haddad, C. F. B. 1992 Species of the Phyllomedusa burmeisteri group from eastern Brazil, with description of a new species (Amphibia, Hylidae) Rev. Brasil. Biol. 52 2 217-229 cline, triploid hybrids, geographic distribution, Phyllomedusa tetraploidea sp.n., reproductive isolation Journal Article Pongracz, F.;Firestein, S.;Shepherd, G. M. 1991 Electrotonic structure of olfactory sensory neurons analyzed by intracellular and whole cell patch techniques J Neurophysiol 65 3 747-58 Ambystoma; Animal; Dendrites/physiology; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; In Vitro; Microelectrodes; Models, Neurological; Neurons, Afferent/*physiology; Signal Transduction/physiology; Smell/*physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 1. Experimental studies employing whole cell patch recordings from freshly isolated olfactory sensory neurons of the salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) yield much higher estimates of specific membrane resistance (Rm) than studies using conventional intracellular recordings from in situ neurons. Because Rm is critical for understanding information transfer in these cells, we have used computational methods to analyze the possible reasons for this difference. 2. Compartmental models were constructed for both the in situ and isolated neurons, using SABER, a general-purpose simulation program. For Rm in the in situ cell, we used a high value of 100,000 omega.cm2, as estimated in the whole cell recordings from isolated cells. A shunt across the cell membrane caused by the penetrating microelectrode was simulated by several types of shunt mechanisms, and its effects on lowering the apparent value of resting membrane potential (MP), input resistance (RN), and membrane time constant (tau m) and increasing the electrotonic length (L) were analyzed. 3. A good approximation of the electrotonic properties recorded intracellularly was obtained in the in situ model with high Rm combined with an electrode shunt consisting of Na and K conductances. A raised K conductance (1-5 nS) helps to maintain the resting MP while contributing to the increased conductance, which lowers RN and shortens the apparent tau m toward the experimental values. 4. Combined shunt resistances of 0.1-0.2 G omega (5-10 nS) gave the best fits with the experimental data. These shunts were two to three orders of magnitude smaller than the values reported from intracellular penetrations in muscle cells and motoneurons. This may be correlated with the smaller electrode tips used in the recordings from these small neurons. We thus confirm the prediction that even small values of electrode shunt have relatively large effects on the recorded electrotonic properties of small neurons, because of their high RN (2-5 G omega). 5. We have further explored the effects on electrotonic structure of a nonuniform Rm by giving higher Rm values to the distally located cilia compared with the proximal soma-dendritic region, as indicated by recent experiments. For the same RN, large increases in ciliary Rm above 100,000 omega.cm2 can be balanced by relatively small decreases below that value in soma-dendritic Rm. A high ciliary Rm appears to be a specialization for transduction of the sensory input, as reported also in photoreceptors and hair cells. Book Section Pooley, T. 1990 Basic crocodile farming/ranching methods in remote areas Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8327-0023-X vi + 345 pp. 123-165 Journal Article Poran, Naomie S.;Coss, Richard G. 1990 Development of antisnake defenses in California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi): I. Behavioral and immunological relationships Behaviour 112 3-4 222-245 Journal Article Porras, Louis 1991 15th International Symposium on Captive Propagation and Husbandry Vivarium 3 3 36 Journal Article Porras, Louis 1992 Gray-banded kingsnake, Lampropeltis alterna, predation Intermontanus 1 4 3 Journal Article Porter, Robert 1991 Unusual basking behaviour in captive bearded dragons (Pogona barbata) Herpetofauna 21 2 31 Pogona barbata Journal Article Porter, Robert 1992 The current status of the knob-tailed gecko (Nephrurus) in captivity Herpetofauna 22 1 3-6 Nephrurus asper; Nephrurus levis Journal Article Portner, H.O.;Maclatchy, L.M.;Toews, D.P. 1991 Metabolic responses of the toad Bufo marinus to environmental hypoxia - An analysis of the critical Po2 Physiological Zoology 64 3 836-849 Amphibia, anura, Bufo marinus, physiology, hypoxia, Reprint Endnote 93/525. HO Portner, Univ Dusseldorf, Inst Zool, D-4000 Düsseldorf 1, Fed Rep Ger Journal Article Portnoy, J. W. 1990 Breeding biology of the spotted salamander Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw) in acidic temporary ponds at Cape Cod Biological Conservation 53 61-75 Journal Article Pote, K. G.;Ross, M. D. 1991 Each otoconia polymorph has a protein unique to that polymorph Comp Biochem Physiol [B] 98 2-3 287-95 Ambystoma mexicanum; Animal; Calcium Carbonate/*metabolism; Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism; Comparative Study; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Molecular Weight; Notophthalmus viridescens; Otolithic Membrane/*metabolism/ultrastructure; *Polymorphism (Genetics); Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism; Rana pipiens; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Salmonidae; Species Specificity; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Xenopus laevis 1. Otoconia, contained within the vestibular portion of the inner ear, are mineralized by one of three polymorphs of calcium carbonate. Each otoconial polymorph contains a unique, major protein. 2. The major protein of calcitic otoconia of members of different vertebrate classes, Amphibia (African clawed frog) and Mammalia (rat), have similar molecular weights. 3. The major protein of calcitic rat otoconia and of vateritic otoconia of the gar may be calcium binding proteins. No protein from the other polymorph, aragonite, appear to have this characteristic. Journal Article Pough, F. Harvey;Taigen, Theodore L. 1990 Metabolic correlates of the foraging and social behaviour of dart-poison frogs Animal Behaviour 39 145-155 Journal Article Pough, F. Harvey 1991 Recommendations for the care of amphibians and reptiles in academic institutions ILAR News 33 4 S1-S21 Journal Article Powell, Robert;Carr, Darla K. 1990 Anolis whitemani Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 462 1-2 Journal Article Powell, Robert 1990 Hemidactylus palaichthus Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 468 1 Journal Article Powell, Robert 1990 Elaphe vulpina Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 470 1-3 Journal Article Powell, Robert;Maxey, Scott A. 1990 Hemidactylus brookii Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 493 1-3 Journal Article Powell, Robert 1990 Range expansion by an introduced anole: Anolis porcatus in the Dominican Republic Amphibia-Reptilia 11 421-425 Journal Article Powell, R.;Smith, D. D.;Parmerlee, J. S.;Taylor, C. V.;Jolley, M. L. 1990 Range expansion by an introduced anole: Anolis porcatus in the Dominican Republic Amphibia-Reptilia 11 421-425 range expansion, anole, Anolis porcatus, Dominican Republic Journal Article Powell, R.;Maxey, S. A.;Greve, J. H. 1990 The occurence of Terranova caballeroi (Nematoda: Ascarididae) in Antillophis parvifrons protenus (Serpentes: Colubridae) from Hispaniola Caribbean Journal of Science 26 72 Terranova caballeroi, Nematoda, Ascarididae, Antillophis parvifrons protenus, Serpentes, colubridae, Hispaniola Journal Article Powell, R.;Hall, P. J.;Greve, J. H. 1990 Occurrence of skrjabinoptera leiocephalorum (Spirurida: Physalopteridae) in Leiocephalus spp. (Sauria: Iguanidae) from Hispaniola Journal of theHelminthological Society of Washington 57 75-77 parasite, phyalopterid nematode, Skrjabinoptera leiocephalorum, lizard hosts, Leiocephalus schreibersi, Leiocephalus barahonensis, Hispaniola, Dominican Republic Journal Article Powell, R.;Hall, P. J.;Greve, J. H.;Smith, D. D. 1990 Occurrence of Trichospirura teixeirai (Spirurida:Rhabdochonidae) in Hemidactylus brookii haitianus (Sauria: Gekkonidae) from Hispaniola Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington 57 74-75 parasite, rhabdochonid nematode, Trichospirura teixeirai, lizard host, Hemidactylus brookii haitianus, Hispaniola, Dominican Republic Journal Article Powell, R. 1990 Elaphe vulpina (Baird and Girard). Fox snake CATALOGUE OF AMERICAN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES No 470 1-3 Journal Article Powell, Robert;Pregill, Gregory K. 1991 Peltophryne fluviatica Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 507 1-2 Journal Article Powell, G.L.;Rissell, A.P. 1991 Parturition and clutch characteristics of short-horned lizards (Phrynosoma douglasii brevirostre) from Alberta Can. J. Zool 69 2759-2764 Reptilia, sauria, short-horned lizard,Phrynosoma douglasii brevirostre, propagation, parturition Reprint Endnote 93/691 Journal Article Powell, Charles L. 1992 New literature American Dendrobatid Group Newsletter 1993 6 3 Journal Article Powell, Robert 1992 Peltophryne guentheri Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 535 1-4 Journal Article Powell, R. 1992 Amphisbaena gonavensis Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 539 1-3 Journal Article Powell, Robert 1992 Anolis porcatus Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 541 1-5 Journal Article Powell, Robert;Collins, Joseph T.;Fish, Lee D. 1992 Virginia valeriae Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 552 1-6 Journal Article Powell, R.;Passaro, R. J.;Henderson, R. W. 1992 Noteworthy herpetological records from Saint Maarten, Netherlands Antilles Caribbean Journal of Science 28 234-234 records, Saint Maarten, Netherlands Antilles Journal Article Poynton, J. C. 1991 Amphibians of southeastern Tanzania, with special reference to Stephopaedes and Mertensophryne (Bufonidae) Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 152 8 451-473 Journal Article Poynton, J. C.;Broadley, D. G. 1991 Amphibia Zambesiaca: 5. Zoogeography Annals of The Natal Museum 32 221-278 Apoda; Anura; Species Diversity; Habitat Temperature; Botswana; Namibia; Malawi; Mozambique; Zimbabwe The Zambesiaca area includes Botswana, Caprivi (Namibia), Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique and Zimbabwe. One apodan and 113 anuran species are currently recognised in the area. The area does not constitute a distinctive zoogeographical unit; agglomerative classification suggests it includes a section of an East African lowland fauna, and adjoining upland (part Afromontane) complex, west of which is a mosaic of species clusters on the interior plateaux. This classification is tested by means of a transect. Virtually the whole area is included in the ranges of five species, while 24 species and subspecies are endemic, mostly localised on the eastern uplands. These uplands have the greatest species diversity (total of 79 species and subspecies), receiving subtraction margins of the eastern and the western plains faunas in addition to the upland complex. The eastern lowland carries the largest homogeneous fauna of 38 species (including 2 subspecies). Relationships between species ranges and environmental patterning show complexities which at present are for the most part not clearly identified and understood; temperature appears to be of particular underlying importance. Journal Article Praderio, M. J.;Robinson, M. D. 1990 Reproduction in the toad Colostethus triniatus (Anura: Dendrobatidae) in a northern Venezuela seasonal environment Journal of Tropical Ecology 6 333-341 Amphibians, frogs, reproduction, seasonal, tropical, environment, montane, follicles, Journal Article Pratt, N.;Alberts, A.C.;Fulton-Medler, K.G.;Phillips, J.A. 1992 Behavioral, physiological, and morphological components of dominance and mate attraction in male green iguanas Zoo Biology 11 153-163 Reptilia, sauria, green iguana, behavior, dominance, attraction A group of 9 male and 11 female adult green iguanas(Iguana iguana ) was studied in a large semi-natural enclosure during one reproductive season (October-January). Four of the nine males never initiated agressive encounters; the other five were observed to display aggressively toward each other and were ranked in a linear dominance hierarchy. It appears that physiological and morphological factors such as head size and display frequency, through their influence on social behavior, may ultimately affect male reproductive fiteness Journal Article Preest, M. R.;Brust, D. G.;Wygoda, M. L. 1992 Cutaneous water loss and the effects of temperature and hydration state on aerobic metabolism of Canyon treefrogs, Hyla arenicolor Herpetologica 48 2 210-219 Amphibia, anura, frog, treefrog, Hyla, physiology, metabolism, water, temperature evaporation, hydration There was significant individual variation but also a significant effect of temperature on oxygen consumption of active animals. Reduced evaporative water loss, the lack of an effect of dehydration on resting metabolism, and the sedentary nature of this species may contribute to its ability to inhabit an environment with often stressful thermal and hydric conditions. Journal Article Pregill, Gregory K. 1992 Systematics of the West Indian lizard genus Leiocephalus (Squamata: Iguania: Tropiduridae) The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Miscellaneous Publications 84 1-69 Leiocephalus; Systematics; Biogeography; West Indies Journal Article Pregill, G. K. 1992 Book Review: Amphibians and reptiles of the west indies: descriptions, distributions, and natural history Copeia 1992 2 587-588 Caribbean, antilles, herps, Journal Article Pregill, G. K. 1992 Systematics of the west indian lizard genus Leiocephalus (Squamata: Iguania: Tropiduridae) Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, the University of Kansas 84 1-69 Reptiles, lizards, Caribbean, phylogeny, biogeography, morphology, antilles, Book Preston-Mafham, Ken 1991 Madagascar: A Natural History New York Facts on File 224 Journal Article Price, Andrew H. 1990 Phrynosoma cornutum Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 469 1-7 Journal Article Price, Robert M. 1990 Bogertophis Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 497 1-2 Journal Article Price, Robert M. 1990 Bogertophis rosaliae Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 498 1-3 Journal Article Price, Andrew H.;LaPointe, Joseph L. 1990 Activity patterns of a Chihuahuan Desert snake community Annals of the Carnegie Museum 59 1 15-23 Chihuahuan Desert; Activity patterns; Community Ecology Journal Article Price, A. H.;LaPointe, J. L. 1990 Activity patterns of a chihuahuan desert snake community Annals of Carnegie Museum 59 1 15-23 Reptiles, snakes, New Mexico, communities, collection, temperature, rainfall, movement Journal Article Price, Robert M. 1991 Senticolis, S. triaspis Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 525 1-4 Journal Article Price, D. 1992 NCHS herp notes: Green tree python (Chondropython viridis) Nchs Newsl 11 6 serp,zucht,vit PF x Journal Article Price, A.H. 1992 Comparative behavior in lizards of he genus Cnemidophorus (Teiidae), with comments on the evolution of pathenogenesis in reptiles. Copeia 2 323-331 Reptilia, sauria, Cnemidophorus, parthenogenesis, behavior Behavioral differences between Cnemidophorus tesselatus and C. marmoratus were studied. Individuals of C. marmor. were significantly more cautious and ajusted behavioral responses in a manner likely to anhance fitness. Critical evaluation of suggestions that fitness advantages partenogenesis is necessary. Journal Article Price, A. H. 1992 Comparative behavior in lizards of the genus Cnemidophorus (Teiidae), with comments on the evolution of parthenogenesis in reptiles Copeia 1992 2 323-331 Reptiles, lizards, evolution, parthenogenesis, behavior, tesselatus, marmoratus, predation, review, Journal Article Priede, Monty 1990 The sea snakes are coming New Scientist 1990 10 November 29-33 pelamis platurus Journal Article Prigioni, C. M.;Langone, J. A. 1990 Descripcion de la larva de Melanophryniscus orejasmirandai Prigioni & Langone, 1986 (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae) Comunicaciones Zoologicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo 12 173 1-9 description, tadpoles, larvae, morphology Journal Article Prigioni, C. M.;Langone., J. A. 1990 Descripcion de la larva de Melanophryniscus orejasmirandai Prigioni & Langone, 1986 (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae) Comunicaciones Zoologicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo 12 1-9 Journal Article Prigioni, C. M.;Arrieta., D. 1992 Descripcion de la larva de Melanophryniscus sanmartini Klappenbach, 1968 (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) Bol. Soc. Zool. Uruguay 7 57-58 Journal Article Prince, Alfred M.;Andrus, Linda 1992 PCR: How to kill unwanted DNA BioTechniques 12 3 358-359 Book Pritchard, P.C.H. 1990 Introduction to "The Loggerhead turtle in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico" by Charles R. LeBuff, Jr. Sanibel, Florida Caretta Research Inc. xvii-xix Journal Article Pritchard, P.C.H. 1990 Sea turtle conservation and research in Guyana, 1990 Journal Article Pritchard, P.C.H. 1990 Report on investigative expedition to French Guiana, January 1990 Book Pritchard, P.C.H. 1990 Las Baulas de Guanacaste - a new national park for Costa Rica. Ministerio de Recursos Naturales, Energia, y Minas (Programa de Rescate de Tortugas Marinas) Journal Article Pritchard, P.C.H. 1990 Five year status reviews of sea turtles listed under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 - Olive ridley turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) Journal Article Pritchard, P.C.H. 1990 Conserving biodiversity of sea turtles Journal Article Pritchard, P.C.H.;McCord, W.P. 1991 A new emydid turtle from China In: Herpetologica, Vol.47, No.2, June 1991. Pp. 140-147 47 2 140-147 Book Section Pritchard, P.C.H. 1991 The endangered turtles and tortoises of the world Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Turtles and Tortoises: Conservation and Captive Husbandry Chapman University 9-13 Journal Article Pritchard, P.C.H. 1992 Tortoise life Testudo 3 4 5-12 Journal Article Pritchard, Peter C. H. 1992 Time out for turtles Wildlife conservation 1992 July/Aug. 68-73 Book Section Pritchard, P.C.H. 1992 Why nest relocation may be harmful to sea turtles Tait, Lawrence S. Proceedings of the 5th Annual National Conference on Beach Preservation Technology Tallahassee, FL Florida Shore & Beach Preservation Association 408-415 relocation/conservation Journal Article Pritz, M. B.;Stritzel, M. E. 1990 Thalamic projections from a midbrain somatosensory area in a reptile, Caiman crocodilus Brain Behav Evol 36 1 1-13 Alligators and Crocodiles/*anatomy & histology; Animal; Axons/ultrastructure; Dominance, Cerebral/*physiology; Mesencephalon/*anatomy & histology; Nerve Fibers/ultrastructure; Neural Pathways/anatomy & histology; Sensation/*physiology; Spinal Cord/*anatomy & histology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Thalamic Nuclei/*anatomy & histology Ascending projections to the thalamus from a midbrain somatosensory area were investigated in a reptile, Caiman crocodilus. Connections were determined utilizing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) neurohistochemistry in which tetramethylbenzidine was the chromogen. Anterograde experiments, in which HRP injections were placed into the midbrain, revealed bilateral projections to the medialis complex of the dorsal thalamus. These observations were confirmed by HRP injections into the medialis complex which retrogradely labeled neurons in the midbrain somatosensory area bilaterally. An ipsilateral predominance of connections was observed in both anterograde and retrograde HRP experiments. This somatosensory target in the thalamus, the medialis complex, is located between the auditory and visual nuclei. This organization and neural circuitry of somatosensation is similar to that of auditory and visual systems that terminate in the midbrain of Caiman. Journal Article Pritz, M. B.;Stritzel, M. E. 1990 A different type of vertebrate thalamic organization Brain Res 525 2 330-4 Alligators and Crocodiles/*anatomy & histology; Animal; Axonal Transport; Axons/ultrastructure; Brain/*anatomy & histology/enzymology; Glutamate Decarboxylase/analysis; GABA/analysis; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immunohistochemistry; Neurons/cytology; Thalamus/*anatomy & histology The presence of a reptilian thalamic reticular nucleus was investigated in Caiman crocodilus. Injections of horseradish peroxidase made into the dorsal thalamus produced retrogradely labeled neurons in the nucleus of the dorsal peduncle of the lateral forebrain bundle. A separate population of thalamic neurons located in the nucleus of the dorsal peduncle of the lateral forebrain bundle with morphology different from those neurons projecting to the dorsal thalamus were found to be immunoreactive for glutamic acid decarboxylase. Taken together, these findings suggest that Caiman, like mammals, contain a thalamic reticular nucleus but that thalamic organization in Caiman differs significantly from that of mammals. Journal Article Pritz, M. B.;Stritzel, M. E. 1991 Calcium binding protein immunoreactivity in a reptilian thalamic reticular nucleus Brain Res 554 1-2 325-8 Alligators and Crocodiles/*anatomy & histology; Animal; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/analysis; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent/*analysis; Calcium-Binding Proteins/*analysis; Immunohistochemistry; Neurons/*cytology; Parvalbumins/analysis; Thalamic Nuclei/*anatomy & histology/cytology; Thalamus/anatomy & histology/cytology Immunoreactivity to antisera directed against a variety of calcium binding proteins was investigated in the thalamic reticular nucleus of one species of reptiles, Caiman crocodilus. Cells and fibers were immunoreactive for parvalbumin whereas fibers but not neurons were immunoreactive for calbindin and calcitonin gene related peptide. These data support the observations that Caiman thalamic reticular nucleus contains at least two neuronal populations. One group, whose cells are immunoreactive for parvalbumin, forms at least part of the projection to the dorsal thalamus. The other group, which contains qualitatively different and sparser number of neurons, is immunoreactive for glutamic acid decarboxylase. Journal Article Pritz, M. B.;Stritzel, M. E. 1992 A second auditory area in the non-cortical telencephalon of a reptile Brain Res 569 1 146-51 Acetylcholinesterase/analysis; Alligators and Crocodiles/*physiology; Animal; *Auditory Perception; Axonal Transport; Brain Mapping; Horseradish Peroxidase; Neurons/cytology/*physiology; Succinate Dehydrogenase/analysis; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Telencephalon/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Thalamus/anatomy & histology/physiology Injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into a caudocentral portion of the non-cortical telencephalon of Caiman known as the dorsolateral area (dorsal ventricular ridge) resulted in retrogradely labeled neurons throughout the entire extent of the ipsilateral nucleus reuniens. HRP-positive cells were most numerous in nucleus reuniens pars diffusa with only sparse labeling of neurons in nucleus reuniens pars centralis. The results of the present experiment, when compared with those of a prior study that determined the telencephalic connections of nucleus reuniens pars centralis, suggested that these two forebrain areas are separate. Staining with succinate dehydrogenase and acetylcholinesterase revealed that nucleus reuniens pars centralis and pars diffusa and their respective telencephalic projection areas can be differentiated on the basis of histochemical features. These findings in Caiman suggest that certain thalamic and telencephalic auditory areas in birds and crocodilians are most likely the result of common ancestry rather than examples of parallel evolution. Journal Article Pritz, M. B.;Stritzel, M. E. 1992 Interconnections between the pretectum and visual thalamus in reptiles, Caiman crocodilus Neurosci. Lett. 143 1-2 205-209 CCR, vision, nervous, anatomy, Interconnections between the visual thalamus and the pretectum were investigated in one species of reptiles, Caiman crocodilus, by injections of horseradish peroxidase into nucleus rotundus. Nucleus pretectalis was identified as a major target of rotundal efferents as well as a significant input to nucleus rotundus. The presence of a pretectal nucleus with neural connections and topographic location similar to nucleus pretectalis of Caiman has been described in lizards and pigeons. Taken together, these observations suggest that this pretectal nuclear group and its associated fiber path may be a feature common to all non-mammalian amniotes. Journal Article Propper, C.R., Jones, R.E.,Lopez, K.H., 1992 Distribution of Arginine Vasotocin in the Brain of the Lizard Anolis-Carolinensis Cell and Tissue Research 267 2 391-398 IMMUNOREACTIVE CELLS, STRIA TERMINALIS, BED NUCLEUS, VASOPRESSINERGIC INNERVATION, LOCUS COERULEUS, LATERAL SEPTUM, BETA-ENDORPHIN, RANA-PIPIENS, CANARY BRAIN, GEKKO-GECKO CR Propper,No Arizona Univ,Dept Biol Sci,Box 5640,Flagstaff, AZ 86011 Journal Article Propper, C.R.Jones, R.E.Lopez, K.H. 1992 Distribution of Arginine Vasotocin in the Brain of the Lizard Anolis-Carolinensis Cell and Tissue Research 267 2 391-398 IMMUNOREACTIVE CELLS, STRIA TERMINALIS, BED NUCLEUS, VASOPRESSINERGIC INNERVATION, LOCUS COERULEUS, LATERAL SEPTUM, BETA-ENDORPHIN, RANA-PIPIENS, CANARY BRAIN, GEKKO-GECKO CR Propper,No Arizona Univ,Dept Biol Sci,Box 5640,Flagstaff, AZ 86011 Journal Article Protheroe, J. 1990 Have you ever given an African Python, Python sebae, the kiss of life? Herptile 15 3 106-109 serp,vet WP x Journal Article Proy, Christian 1992 Zur Biologie von Agalychnis saltator TAYLOR, 1955 (Anura: Hylidae) Herpetozoa 5 99-107 Agalychnis, Agalychnis saltator, Phyllomedusinae, communication, aggressive, behavior, calling behavior, mating, oviposition, clutch, reproductive biology, Costa Rica Journal Article Pruett, S.J.;Hoyt, D.F.;Stiffler, D.F. 1991 The allometry of osmotic and ionic regulation in amphibia with emphasis on intraspecific scaling in larval Ambystoma tigrinum. Physiological zoology 64 5 1173-1199 Amphibia, urodeles, Ambystoma tigrinum, larvae physiology, osmotic regulation, ionic regulation, When amphibians were subdivided by taxa and habitat preference, it was found that terrestrial anurans tended to have greater osmotic and ionix fluxes and larger urine flow and glomerular filtration rate than aquatic urodeles Journal Article Pruett, S. J.;Hoyt, D. F.;Stiffler., D. F. 1991 The allometry of osmotic and ionic regulation in Amphibia with emphasis on intraspecific scaling in larval Ambystoma tigrinum Physiological Zoology 64 1173-1199 Journal Article Pruett-Jones, S. G.;Pruett-Jones, M. A.;Jones, H. I. 1990 parasites and sexual selection in birds of paradise American Zoologist 30 287-298 Journal Article Ptacek, M. B. 1992 Calling sites used by male gray treefrogs, Hyla versicolor and Hyla chrysoscelis, in sympatry and allopatry in Missouri. Herpetologica 48 4 373-382 Anuran Communication, Hyla versicolor, Hyla chrysoscelis, amphibia, Hylidae, calls sites Journal Article Punzo, F. 1991 Group learning in tadpoles of Rana heckscheri (Anura: Ranidae) Journal of Herpetology 25 214-217 Journal Article Pursall, Diana 1992 The miracle of Minerva British Association of Tortoise Keepers Magazine 13 10-11 Journal Article Pytycz, B.;Klimek., M. 1992 Effects of diet on transplantation immunity of tadpoles of the European common frog, Rana temporaria J. Nutr. Immunol. 1 19-30 Edited Book Qian, Yen-wen;Zhao, Er-mi;Zhao, Ken-tang 1992 Animal Science Research Chengdu, China Chinese Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles 248 Journal Article Quaintance, Roger 1992 Sunnydale Animal Rescue Centre Reptilian 1 2 37 Journal Article Quammen, David 1991 Rattlesnake Passion Outside 1991 21-26 rattlesnake, roundup, two-headed monkey Journal Article Quintana, Manuel G. 1991 Estimaciones sobre morfometria y crecimiento de la iguana colorada Tupinambis rufescens (Sauria, Teiidae)- en la Argentina Museo Argentino De Ciencias Naturales <> 3 4 193-217 Journal Article Quintana, M. G. 1991 Estimaciones sobre morfometria y crecimiento de la "Iguana colorada"- Tupinambis rufescens (Sauria, teiidae)- en la Argentina Ecologia 3 4 193-217 reptiles, lizards, Argentina, morphometry, range, distribution, temperature, morphology, activity, Journal Article Quintero, M. Mt;Acevedo, Hernandez A.;Gaitan, S. R.;Hernandez, A. Acevedo 1990 Presence of the mite Ophionyssus natricis (Macronyssidae) on snakes in a snake-house in Mexico. Orig. Titl. Presencia del acaro Ophionyssus natricis (Macronyssidae) en serpientes de un serpentario de Mexico. Veterinaria Mexico 21 2 163-165 Reptilia, serpentes, Acari, mites Dermanyssidae, Ectoparasites, Ophionyssus natricis, Crotalus triseriatus, C. durissus; Pituophis deppei The presence of O. natricis on snakes is described for the first time in Mexico. Mites were found on Crotalus triseriatus, C. durissus and Pituophis d. deppei. Journal Article Rada de Martinez, D. 1990 Contribucion al conocimiento de la larvas de anfibios de Venezuela Mem. Soc. Cienc. Nat. La Salle 49/50 391-403 Journal Article Rado, Ted 1991 Proposed raven reduction program for 1989: A coordinated agency effort Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 201-205 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Rado, Ted 1991 Results of the 1989 pilot raven control program Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 266-272 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Radspieler, Clemens;Schweiger, Mario 1990 Die Bergotter Daboia (Synonym Vipera) Xanthina Gray, 1849: Beobachtungen im natürlichen Lebensraum, Haltung, Zucht und Aufzucht in Gefangenschaft Herpetofauna 12 66 11-20 Daboia xanthina; Vipera xanthina; Biology; systematics Book Section Rael, Eppie D.;Johnson, Jerry D.;Molina, Oscar;McCrystal, Hugh K. 1992 Distribution of Mojave toxin-like protein in rock rattlesnake (Crotalus lepidus) venom Campbell, J. A. and Brodie, E. D., Jr. Biology of the Pit vipers Tyler Texas Selva 163-168 evolution systematics Journal Article Rafinski, Jan;Pecio, Anna 1992 The courtship behaviour of the Bosca's newt, Triturus boscai (Amphibia: Salamandridae) Folia biologica (Kraków) 40 3-4 155-165 Book Section Rahman, M.M. 1992 Utilization of crocodile resource for rural development programme in Bangladesh Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0133-3. 31 Journal Article Rahman, M M 1992 The ststematic status of crocodile in Bangladesh: A country report Tigerpaper 19 1 10-14 Journal Article Rajan, S.;A;and, P.;Balasubramanian 1992 Some food plants of the Star tortoise Geochelone elegans at Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu J. Bombay Nat.Hist. Soc. 1992 290 testu,oeko,sasien,vit PF x Journal Article Ramirez-Bautista, A.;Smith, H. M. 1992 A new chromospecies of snake (Pseudoleptodeira) from Mexico Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 28 3 83-98 reptiles, snakes, description, morphology, Journal Article Ramírez-Bautista, Aurelio;Smith, Hobart M. 1992 A new chromospecies of snake (Pseudoleptodeira) from Mexico Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 28 3 83-98 Pseudoleptodeira uribei sp. nov. Book Section Ramo, C.;Busto, B. 1990 Censo aereo de caimanes (Crocodylus intermedius) en el Rio Tucupido (Portuguesa, Venezuela) con observaciones sobre su actividad de solamiento Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 109-119 Journal Article Ramo, C.;Busto, B.;Utrera, A. 1992 Breeding and rearing the Orinoco crocodile Crocodylus intermedius in Venezuela Biol. Cons. 60 101-108 CI, reproduction, farming, conservation, growth, South America Journal Article Rand, A. Stanley;Dugan, Beverly A.;Monteza, Hebe;Vianda, Dalixa 1990 The diet of a generalized folivore: Iguana iguana in Panama Journal of Herpetology 24 2 211-214 Book Section Rand, A. S.;Myers, C. W. 1990 The herpetofauna of Barro Colorado Island, Panama: An ecological summary Gentry, A. H. Four Neotropical Rainforests New Haven Yale Univ. Press 386-409 Amphibia, reptiles, ecology, biogeography, populations, life history, food, competition, predation, seasonality Journal Article Rand, A. Stanley;Ryan, Michael J.;Wilczynski, Walter 1992 Signal redundancy and receiver permissiveness in acoustic mate recognition by the Tungara frog, Physalaemus pustulosus American Zoology 32 81-90 Journal Article Rand, A. Stanley;Bock, Brian C. 1992 Siza variation, growth and survivorship in nesting green iguanas (Iguana iguana) in Panama Amphibia-Reptilia 13 147-156 Journal Article Rand, A. S.;Ryan, M. J.;Wilczynski, W. 1992 Signal redindancy and receiver permissiveness in acoustic mate recognition by the túngara frog, Physalaemus pustulosus American Zoologist 32 81-90 Journal Article Rannala, Bruce H. 1990 Electrophoretic evidence concerning the relationship between Haplometrana and Glypthelmins (Digenea: Plagiorchiiformes) Journal of Parasitology 76 746-748 Digenea, Trematoda, Amphibia, Anura, Haplometrana intestinalis, Glypthelmins californiensis, Rana aurora, Rana pretiosa, electrophoresis, genetic variation, genetic distance, Nei, British Columbia, Book Section Rao, R.J. 1990 Recovered gharial population in the National Chambal Sanctuary Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0009-4 iv + 380 pp. 122-143 Journal Article Rao, R J 1991 Saltwater crocodile Crocodylus porosus in Andhra Pradesh Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 88 1 116-117 Book Section Rao, R.J. 1992 Conservation status of crocodiles in the Madhya Pradesh, India Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0133-3. 32-45 Journal Article Raquel, P.F. 1992 Record of the Alligator Gar (Lepisosteus spatula) from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta Calif Fish Game 78 4 169-171 Journal Article Rashid, S. M. A.;Swingland, Ian R. 1990 Interim report on the freshwater turtle trade in Bangladesh Asiatic Herpetological Research 3 123-128 conservation commercial trade Journal Article Rasmussen, Jens Bødtker 1990 The retina of Psammodynastes pulverulentus (Boie, 1827) and Telescopus fallax (Fleischmann, 1831) with a discussion of their phylogenetic significance (Colubridea, Serpentes) Z. Zool. Syst. Evolut.-Forsch 28 269-276 ahaetulla phylogeny systematics eyes Journal Article Rasmussen, Jens Bødtker;Largen, Malcolm J. 1992 A review of Pseudoboodon Peracca with the description of a new species from southwest Ethiopia (Serpentes, Dipsadidae, Lycodontinae, Boadontini) Steenstrupia 18 3 65-80 biogeography species gascae lemniscatus boehmei rogeri lamprophis Book Section Ratanakorn, P. 1992 Crocodiles in Cambodia Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0133-3. 64-76 Book Section Rath, R.L.;Singh, L.A.K.;Kar, S. 1990 Work plan for crocodilian management in Orissa, India Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8327-0023-X vi + 345 pp. 166-176 Journal Article Rautio, S. A.;E. A. Bura, K. A. Berven;Gamboa., C. J. 1991 Kin recognition in wood frog tadpoles (Rana sylvatica) - factors affecting spatial proximity to siblings Canadian Journal of Zoology 69 2569-2571 Journal Article Raven, Robert J. 1990 Spider predators of reptiles and amphibia Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29 2 448 Journal Article Rawding, R. S.;Hutchison, V. H. 1992 Influence of temperature and photoperiod on plasma melotonin in the mudpuppy, Necturus maculosus General and Comparative Endocrinology 88 364-374 Amphibians, Necturus maculosus, melatonin, temperature, photoperiod, plasma Journal Article Rawding, R. S.;Hutchison, V. H. 1992 Influence of temperature and photoperiod on plasma melatonin in the mudpuppy, Necturus maculosus Gen Comp Endocrinol 88 3 364-74 Animal; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Cues; Environment; Female; *Light; Male; Melatonin/*blood; Necturus/*metabolism; *Periodicity; *Temperature A melatonin (MEL) radioimmunoassay employed previously only in mammals was used to estimate plasma MEL in a salamander, Necturus maculosus. Validation procedures included thin-layer chromatography of plasma extracts, parallel inhibition curves of authentic MEL and serially diluted plasma and plasma extracts and quantitative recovery of authentic MEL added to pooled Necturus plasma. A diel cycle of plasma MEL was demonstrated in mudpuppies acclimatized for a minimum of 3 weeks under a 12L:12D photoperiod and 15 +/- 1 degrees and sampled in late March. The MEL cycle persisted under a reversed photoperiod (lights on, 1800 hr), but the amplitude of the MEL peak was diminished, and the peak was more than 180 degrees out of phase with the corresponding peak under a normal photoperiod. In animals acclimated to 5 degrees in mid-June under a 12L:12D photoperiod, the diel cycle of plasma MEL continued, but both midphotophase and midscotophase concentrations were reduced compared with 15 degrees controls. The diel cycle was also present in animals acclimated to 25 degrees, but the decrease in MEL concentrations was less marked than that in 5 degrees animals. Photoperiod is apparently the primary cue for cycles in plasma MEL in Necturus, but the cycle can be influenced by temperature. Journal Article Rawding, Robert S.;Hutchison, Victor H. 1992 Influence of temperature and photoperiod on plasma melatonin in the Mudpuppy, Nectrurus maculosus General and Comparative Endochrinology 88 364-374 Journal Article Raxworthy, C. J. 1990 Non-random mating by size in the midwife toad Alytes obstetricans: Bigger males carry more eggs Amphibia-Reptilia 11 247-252 Discoglossidae, Alytes obstetricans, Anura, Amphibia, Sexual selection, Journal Article Raxworthy, C. J. 1991 Field observations on some dwarf chameleons (Brookesia spp.) from rainforest areas of Madegascar, with description of a new species Journal of Zoology, London 224 11-25 reptiles, lizards, species description, morphology, Brookesia, defense, color, reproduction, evolution, Journal Article Ray, Chris;Gilpin, Michael;Biehl, Carl;Philippi, Thomas 1992 Modeling raven predation on the desert tortoise: An age and space structured approach Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 118-124 Journal Article Raymond, Larry R.;Hardy, Laurence M. 1990 Demography of a population of Ambystoma talpoideum (Caudata: Ambystomatidae) in northwestern Louisiana Herpetologica 46 4 371-382 Journal Article Raymond, L. R.;Hardy., L. M. 1990 Demography of a population of Ambystoma talpoideum (Caudata: Ambystomatidae) in northwestern Louisiana Herpetologica 46 371-382 Journal Article Raymond, Larry R.;Hardy, Laurence M. 1991 Effects of a clearcut on a population of the mole salamander, Ambystoma talpoideum, in an adjacent unaltered forest Journal of Herpetology 25 4 509-512 Journal Article Raymond, L. R. 1991 Seasonal activity of Siren intermedia in northwestern Louisiana (Amphibia: Sirenidae) Southwest Naturalist 36 144-147 Journal Article Raynaud, Albert 1991 Modifications de la structure des mains et des pieds des embryons de lézard vert (Lacerta viridis Laur.) sous l'effet de la cytosine-arabinofuranoside [Structural changes induced by cytosine-arabinoside in the hands and the feet of the embryos of the green lizard (Lacerta viridis Laur.)] Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie 12 11-38 Journal Article Read, J. L.;Badman, F. J. 1990 Reptile densities in chenopod shrubland at Olympic Dam, South Australia Herpetofauna 20 2 3-8 Surveys Journal Article Read, J. L.;Bedford, G. 1991 The distribution and ecology of the pygmy copperhead snake (Austrelaps labialis) Herpetofauna 21 2 1-6 Distribution; Ecology; Austrelaps labialis Journal Article Reading, C. J. 1990 Palmate newt predation on common frog, Rana temporaria, and common toad, Bufo bufo, tadpoles Herpetological Journal 1 462-465 Journal Article Reboucas-Spieker, R.;Vanzolini, P. E. 1990 Mabuya carvalhoi, especie nova do estado de Roraima, Brasil (Sauria, Scincidae) Rev. Brasil. Biol. 50 2 377-386 reptiles, lizards, species description, Brazil, morphology, distribution Journal Article Redmer, Michael;Ludwig, Daniel R. 1991-92 Living fossils The DuPage Conservationist 28 1 3-5 Journal Article Reed, Kent M.;Hanks, Brian G.;Bickham, John W.;Rhodin, Anders G. J.;Greenbaum, Ira F.;Mittermeier, Russell A.;Fedullo, Luiz P. 1991 Cytogenetic analysis of the pleuodine turtle Phrynops hogei and its taxonomic implications Amphibia-Reptilia 12 203-212 Journal Article Reeder, Tod W. 1990 Eumeces managuae Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 467 1-2 Journal Article Regalado, P. G. 1991 Notas sobre la repoduccion de Lacerta monticola (Sauria, Lacertidae) en las zonas costeras de Galica (noroeste de España) Revista Española de Herpetologia 5 109-123 20, Lacerta, monticola, reproduction, Spain, lizard, life history Journal Article Rehfeldt, G. E. 1990 Anti-predator strategies in oviposition site selection of Pyrrhosoma nymphula (Zygoptera: Odonata) Oecologia 85 233-237 insects, invertebrates, aggregation, predation, frogs Journal Article Reichling, Steven B. 1991 The serpents of St. Lucia, Bothrops caribbae and Boa constrictor orophias Vivarium 3 3 7-9;22 Bothrops caribbae; Boa constrictor orophias Journal Article Reid, J.P.;Bonde, R.K. 1990 Alligator mississippiensis (American alligator) Diet Herp. Review 21 3 59 AM, food, horseshoe crabs Journal Article Reilly, S. M.;Lauder., G. V. 1990 Metamorphosis of cranial design in tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum): a morphometric analysis of ontogenetic change Journal of Morphology 204 121-137 Journal Article Reilly, Stephen M.;Lauder, George V. 1991 Experimental morphology of the feeding mechanism in salamanders Journal of Morphology 210 33-44 Journal Article Reilly, S. M.;Lauder., G. V. 1991 Prey transport in the tiger salamander - quantitative electromyography and muscle function in tetrapods Journal of Experimental Zoology 260 1-17 Journal Article Reilly, S. M.;Lauder, G. V.;Collins, J. P. 1992 Performance consequences of a trophic polymorphism: Feeding behavior in typical and cannibal phenotypes of Ambystoma tigrinum Copeia 3 672-679 prey capture, morphology, salamanders, handling ability, Amphibia, Caudata Journal Article Reilly, S. M.;Lauder, G. V. 1992 Morphology, behavior, and evolution: comparative kinematics of aquatic feeding in salamanders Brain Behavioral Evolution 40 182-196 kinematics, morphology, behavior, motor pattern, evolution, aquatic feeding, salamanders, amphiuma, siren, ambystoma necturus, dicamptodon, cryptobranchus Journal Article Reilly, S. M.;Lauder, G. V.;Collins., J. P. 1992 Performance consequences of a trophic polymorphism: feeding behavior in typical and cannibal phenotypes of Ambystoma tigrinum Copeia 1992 672-679 Journal Article Reimers , T.J. , e.a. , 1991 Effects of haemolysis on hormone concentrations in blood American Journal of Veterinary Research 52 1075 estrogen ,progesteron ,cortisol ,thyronine ,thyroxine ,testosterone * Journal Article Reinert, Howard K. 1991 Translocation as a conservation strategy for amphibians and reptiles: some comments, concerns, and observations Herpetologica 47 3 357-363 Journal Article Reinert, H.K. 1991 Translocations as a conservation strategy for amphibians and reptiles: some comments, concerns, and observation Herpetologica 47 3 357-363 relocation; headstarting; turtle; conservation Book Section Reinert, Howard K. 1992 Radiotelemetric field studies of pitvipers: data acquisition and analysis Campbell, J. A. and Brodie, E. D., Jr. Biology of the Pit vipers Tyler Texas Selva 185-197 radio telemetry tracking surgery transmitters home range Journal Article Reisinger, Manfred 1992 Chlamydosaurus kingii Gray, 1925, Husbandry and breedings of the Australian frilled lizard Sauria (E) 1 3 21-23 Journal Article Remy, Andreas;Remy, Alexander 1990 Zur Haltung und Zucht von Stenodactylus sthenodactylus (Lichtenstein, 1823) Herpetofauna 12 65 6-9 Stenodactylus sthenodactylus Journal Article Remy, Elisabeth 1990 La Rumeur des Lâchers de Vipères Bulletin de la Société Herpétologique de France 56 57-62 Journal Article Renaud, J.M. 1991 Seasonal Variation in Muscle Fatigue in the Sartorius Muscle of the Frog Rana-Pipiens Canadian Journal of Zoology - Journal Canadien de Zoologie 69 6 1712-1715 Animal Sciences JM Renaud,Univ Ottawa,Dept Physiol,Ottawa K1H 8M5,Ontario, Canada Journal Article René Márquez, M. 1990 Sea Turtles of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Sea Turtle Species Known to Date Fao Species Catalogue 11 125 iv + 1-81 Journal Article Rengel, D.;Pisano, A.;Montero, R. 1991 La posición de Pleurodema borelli en las razas sexuales (Anura: Leptodactylidae) Cuadernos de Herpetología 6 1 1-6 Pleurodema borelli Journal Article Rengel, D.;Pisano, A. 1991 The arsenic action in the Bufo arenarum gonad development (Anura: Bufonidae) Cuadernos de Herpetología 6 2 7-11 Bufo arenarum Journal Article Renous, S. 1990 [Cranial morphology of an American siphonopid, Microcaecilia unicolor (Amphibia, Gymnophiona) and its functional interpretation] Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb 136 6 781-806 The skull of Microcaecilia unicolor, american Siphonopidae (Amphibia, Gymnophiona), shows 3 notable morphological characteristics: The mandibular shortening, the verticalization of the retroarticular process, and the verticalization of the quadrate. They define a peculiar morphofunctional pattern, which seems to exist in dwarf forms moving in the complex root system of trees. These morphological characters, associated with modifications of the muscle depressor mandibulae, give functional advantages: A wider gaping of the mouth and the ability of the ingestion of preys which have a great cross-section. In keeping its macrophageous habits, Microcaecilia unicolor does not compete with other dwarf vertebrates living in the same environment and feeding on microinvertebrates. Journal Article Resetarits, William J., Jr;Wilbur, H. M. 1991 Calling site choice by Hyla chrysoscelis: effect of predators, competitors, and oviposition sites Ecology 72 778-786 frogs, reproduction, vocalization, Journal Article Reuss, L.;Simon, B.;Xi, Z. 1992 Pseudo-streaming potentials in Necturus gallbladder epithelium. I. Paracellular origin of the transepithelial voltage changes J Gen Physiol 99 3 297-316 Action Potentials/*physiology; Animal; Biological Transport/physiology; Cell Membrane/physiology/ultrastructure; Cell Membrane Permeability/physiology; Chlorides/pharmacokinetics; Cyclamates/pharmacokinetics; Electric Conductivity/physiology; Epithelium/cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Gallbladder/cytology/*physiology/ultrastructure; Microelectrodes; Necturus maculosus/*physiology; Osmolar Concentration; Sodium/pharmacokinetics; Sucrose/pharmacokinetics; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Tetraethylammonium Compounds/pharmacokinetics Apparent streaming potentials were elicited across Necturus gallbladder epithelium by addition or removal of sucrose from the apical bathing solution. In NaCl Ringer's solution, the transepithelial voltage (Vms) change (reference, basolateral solution) was positive with sucrose addition and negative with sucrose removal. Bilateral Cl- removal (cyclamate replacement) had no effect on the polarity or magnitude of the Vms change elicited by addition of 100 mM sucrose. In contrast, bilateral Na+ removal (tetramethylammonium [TMA+] replacement) inverted the Vms change (from 2.7 +/- 0.3 to -3.2 +/- 0.2 mV). Replacement of Na+ and Cl- with TMA+ and cyclamate, respectively, abolished the change in Vms. Measurements of cell membrane voltages and relative resistances during osmotic challenges indicate that changes in cell membrane parameters do not explain the transepithelial voltage changes. The initial changes in Vms were slower than expected from concomitant estimates of the time course of sucrose concentration (and hence osmolality) at the membrane surface. Paired recordings of the time courses of paracellular bi-ionic potentials (partial substitution of apical Na+ with tetrabutylammonium [TBA+]) revealed much faster time courses than those produced by sucrose addition, although the diffusion coefficients of sucrose and TBACl are similar. Hyperosmotic and hypoosmotic challenges yielded initial Vms changes at the same rate; thereafter, the voltage increased with hypoosmotic solution and decreased with hyperosmotic solution. These late voltage changes appear to result from changes in width of the lateral intercellular spaces. The early time courses of the Vms changes produced by osmotic challenge are inconsistent with the expectations for water-ion flux coupling in the junctions. We propose that they are pseudo-streaming potentials, i.e., junctional diffusion potentials caused by salt concentration changes in the lateral intercellular spaces secondary to osmotic water flow. Journal Article Reuss, L.;Simon, B.;Cotton, C. U. 1992 Pseudo-streaming potentials in Necturus gallbladder epithelium. II. The mechanism is a junctional diffusion potential J Gen Physiol 99 3 317-38 Action Potentials/*physiology; Ammonium Compounds/pharmacokinetics; Animal; Biological Transport/physiology; Cell Membrane/physiology/ultrastructure; Cell Membrane Permeability/physiology; Chlorides/pharmacokinetics; Epithelium/cytology/physiology/ultrastructure; Gallbladder/cytology/*physiology/ultrastructure; Intercellular Junctions/*physiology/ultrastructure; Microelectrodes; Models, Biological; Necturus maculosus/*physiology; Osmolar Concentration; Sodium/pharmacokinetics; Sucrose/pharmacokinetics; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Time Factors The mechanisms of apparent streaming potentials elicited across Necturus gallbladder epithelium by addition or removal of sucrose from the apical bathing solution were studied by assessing the time courses of: (a) the change in transepithelial voltage (Vms). (b) the change in osmolality at the cell surface (estimated with a tetrabutylammonium [TBA+]-selective microelectrode, using TBA+ as a tracer for sucrose), and (c) the change in cell impermeant solute concentration ([TMA+]i, measured with an intracellular double-barrel TMA(+)-selective microelectrode after loading the cells with TMA+ by transient permeabilization with nystatin). For both sucrose addition and removal, the time courses of Vms were the same as the time courses of the voltage signals produced by [TMA+]i, while the time courses of the voltage signals produced by [TBA+]o were much faster. These results suggest that the apparent streaming potentials are caused by changes of [NaCl] in the lateral intercellular spaces, whose time course reflects the changes in cell water volume (and osmolality) elicited by the alterations in apical solution osmolality. Changes in cell osmolality are slow relative to those of the apical solution osmolality, whereas lateral space osmolality follows cell osmolality rapidly, due to the large surface area of lateral membranes and the small volume of the spaces. Analysis of a simple mathematical model of the epithelium yields an apical membrane Lp in good agreement with previous measurements and suggests that elevations of the apical solution osmolality elicit rapid reductions in junctional ionic selectivity, also in good agreement with experimental determinations. Elevations in apical solution [NaCl] cause biphasic transepithelial voltage changes: a rapid negative Vms change of similar time course to that of a Na+/TBA+ bi-ionic potential and a slow positive Vms change of similar time course to that of the sucrose-induced apparent streaming potential. We conclude that the Vms changes elicited by addition of impermeant solute to the apical bathing solution are pseudo-streaming potentials, i.e., junctional diffusion potentials caused by salt concentration changes in the lateral intercellular spaces secondary to osmotic water flow from the cells to the apical bathing solution and from the lateral intercellular spaces to the cells. Our results do not support the notion of junctional solute-solvent coupling during transepithelial osmotic water flow. Journal Article Rexroth, J. 1992 Tortoise care sheet Nchs Caresheet 1992 testu,zucht,vit PF x Journal Article Reyer, R. W. 1990 Macrophage invasion and phagocytic activity during lens regeneration from the iris epithelium in newts Am J Anat 188 4 329-44 Animal; Cell Differentiation; Cell Movement; Epithelium/physiology/ultrastructure; Iris/physiology/ultrastructure; Lens, Crystalline/*physiology/ultrastructure; Macrophages/*physiology/ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Phagocytes/physiology/ultrastructure; Pigmentation; Regeneration/*physiology; Salamandridae; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Time Factors Following removal of the lens through the cornea, early stages of lens regeneration from the dorsal iris of the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, were studied using light and electron microscopic observations on sectioned, plastic-embedded irises. Specimens were fixed in Karnovsky's fixative every 2 days from 0 to 12 and 15 days after lentectomy. Infiltration of the iris epithelium by macrophages and their phagocytosis of melanosomes and small fragments of iris epithelial cells were observed. These macrophages were characterized by coarse nuclear chromatin, numerous mitochondria, free ribosomes, granular endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complexes, vesicles, lysosomes, and phagosomes containing ingested melanosomes. Lamellipodia of varying length projected from their surface. Most of the cells lying on or close to the posterior surface of the iris could be identified as macrophages by these criteria. During this period, there was enlargement of the intercellular spaces within the iris epithelium. The iris epithelial cells near the margin of the pupil elongated, lost their melanin pigment and some associated cytoplasm, and acquired abundant free polyribosomes to form a lens vesicle of depigmented cells. Journal Article Reyer, R. W. 1990 Macrophage mobilization and morphology during lens regeneration from the iris epithelium in newts: studies with correlated scanning and transmission electron microscopy Am J Anat 188 4 345-65 Animal; Cell Differentiation; Epithelium/physiology/ultrastructure; Iris/physiology/ultrastructure; Lens, Crystalline/*physiology/ultrastructure; Macrophages/*physiology/ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Regeneration/*physiology; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Time Factors The lens was removed from both eyes of adult newts (Notophthalmus viridescens), and the eyes were fixed in Karnovsky's fixative every 2 days 0-20 days after operation. Anterior half-eyes were prepared by standard procedures for scanning electron microscopy of the surface. Before fixation, the posterior iris surface was cleaned of adhering vitreous mechanically with forceps or by treatment with bovine testicular hyaluronidase or with hyaluronidase and collagenase. Some specimens were cryofractured in buffer or ethanol transverse to the mid- dorsal iris, and the fractured surface viewed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cells with various combinations of ridges, blebs, filopodia, and lamellipodia were observed adhering to the posterior surface of the iris by 6 days after lentectomy. These cells, which exhibited the surface characteristics of macrophages, became more numerous in specimens fixed after longer intervals. Invasion of the iris epithelium was observed in a cryofractured specimen. After observations with SEM, selected specimens were embedded in plastic and sectioned for study with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The cells on the iris surface had the cytological characteristics of macrophages, and other macrophages were located within the iris epithelium. In specimens fixed 16 or more days after lentectomy, a bulging lens vesicle was regenerating from the dorsal pupillary margin of the iris. Macrophages were absent or few on the surface of this developing lens but remained scattered over the adjoining iris. Roles that might be played by these macrophages during the transdifferentiation of iris epithelium into lens are discussed. Journal Article Reyer, R. W.;Liou, W.;Pinkstaff, C. A. 1992 Morphology and glycoconjugate histochemistry of the palpebral glands of the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens J Morphol 211 2 165-78 Animal; Endocrine Glands/*anatomy & histology/metabolism; Eyelids/anatomy & histology; Glycoconjugates/*analysis; Histocytochemistry; Notophthalmus viridescens/*anatomy & histology/metabolism; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. The eyelids of the newt were studied in 10 microns serial paraffin and 1-2 microns plastic sections using standard histological stains and special stains for glycoconjugates. The eyelids contain four different glands. Simple acinar serous and simple acinar mucous glands occur in the skin; unicellular mucous glands occur in the conjunctiva; and convoluted tubular seromucous glands are present in connective tissue beneath the conjunctiva. The first two are identical to cutaneous glands found elsewhere on the head and body. The simple acinar serous glands are surrounded by myoepithelial cells and release their secretion, which is composed largely of proteins with minimal glycoconjugate content, by a holocrine mechanism. The secretory product of the simple acinar mucous glands is composed of neutral glycoconjugates with a minor content of acidic glycoconjugates; the mucin exhibits strong PAS and PAPD staining and weak staining by AB and PAPS methods. The unicellular conjunctival mucous glands secrete both neutral and acidic glycoconjugates as shown by positive reactions with PAS, PAPD, PAPS, and AB methods. Convoluted tubular seromucous glands in the ventral eyelid synthesize both proteins and neutral glycoconjugates. The mucous secretions of the conjunctival glands probably provide lubrication and protection for the cornea. Journal Article Rhodin, Anders G. J.;Mittermeier, Russell A.;Ernst, Carl H. 1990 Acanthochelys macrocephala Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 481 1-2 Book Ribuoli, Patrizia;Robbiani, Marina 1990 Frogs: Art, Ledgend, History Boston Bulfinch Press 112 Book Section Rice, K.G.;Percival, H.F.;Woodward, A.R. 1992 Alligator nest detection probabilities during aerial survey in Florida Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0133-3. 46-63 Thesis Rice, Kenneth G 1992 Alligator nest production estimation in Florida Journal Article Richard, E. 1991 Oviposition of Acanthochelys pallidipectoris (FREIBERG) in captivity (Chelonii: Chelidae) Bull. Md. Herp. Soc. 27 2 107-109 testu,zucht,vit,oeko,samerika PF x Journal Article Richards, S. J.;Bull., C. M. 1990 Size-limited predation on tadpoles of three Australian frogs Copeia 1990 1041-1046 Journal Article Richards, S. J.;Bull., C. M. 1990 Non-visual detection of anuran tadpoles by odonate larvae Journal of Herpetology 24 311-313 Journal Article Richards, Ronald L. 1990 Quaternary Distribution of the timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) in southern Indiana Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 99 1 113-122 Journal Article Richards, Stephen J. 1992 The tadpole of the Australian frog Litoria nyakalensis (Anura, Hylidae), and a key to the torrent tadpoles of northern Queensland Alytes 10 3 99-103 nyctimystes dayi nannotis rheocola Journal Article Richards, S. J.;Alford, R. A. 1992 Nest construction by an Australian rainforest frog of the Litoria lesueuri complex (Anura: Hylidae) Copeia 1120-1123 mating tactics, reproduction, tadpoles Journal Article Richter, J. 1990 Schildkröten mit parasitologischen Befunden als Patienten in der Kleintierpraxis unveröff. Abschlussarbeit an der Ingenieurschule für Veterinärmedizin vet,testu,paras,proto,vit WI x Journal Article Rienesl, J.;Wagner, G. P. 1992 Constancy and change of basiopodial variation patterns: a comparative study of crested and marbled newts - Triturus cristatus, Triturus marmoratus - and their natural hybrids Journal of Evolutionary Biology 5 307-324 Amphibia, Caudata, Urodela, Triturus cristatus, Triturus marmoratus, osteology, development, history, evolution, developmental constraint, France Journal Article Rieppel, O. 1992 Studies on skeleton formation in reptiles. I. The postembryonic development of the skeleton in Cyrtodactylus pubisulcus (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) J. Zool. Lond. 227 87-100 Reptilia, sauria, Cyrtodactylus pubisulcus , anatomy, growth The vertebral column shows a distinct antero-posterior gradient in ossification. The sequence of ossification of carpal and tarsal elements is constant, yet different from the pattern of chondrification described in the literature. Journal Article Rigg, P. C.;Barry, B. W. 1990 Shed snake skin and hairless mouse skin as model membranes for human skin during permeation studies J Invest Dermatol 94 2 235-40 Acetone/pharmacokinetics; Animal; Cell Membrane Permeability; Fluorouracil/pharmacokinetics; Human; Male; Membranes/drug effects; Mice; Mice, Inbred HRS; Models, Biological; Skin/*cytology; Snakes; Time Factors; Water/*pharmacokinetics Difficulties in obtaining and using human skin have tempted many workers to employ animal membranes for percutaneous absorption studies. We have investigated the suitability of two species of snake (Elaphe obsoleta, Python molurus) for this purpose and compared our in vitro experimental results for human skin and for hairless mouse, a currently popular model. The effects of long-term hydration on the membranes were investigated over 8 d using tritiated water as a model permeant. The initial permeability coefficients of all the membranes were similar (0.74-2.2 X 10(-3) cm 2h-1). Although the human and squamate skins did not change significantly over the test period, the permeability of hairless mouse skin increased 37 times. The actions of typical enhancers on the permeabilities of the membranes to a model penetrant 5- fluorouracil (5-FU) were tested using 3% Azone in Tween 20/saline, propylene glycol (PG), 2% Azone in PG, and 5% oleic acid in PG. While the data from snake membranes tended to underestimate the enhancer effects, those from hairless mouse skin greatly overestimated the changes. None of the membranes was a completely reliable model for assessing human percutaneous absorption as modified by accelerants. Pretreatment with acetone did not significantly change the permeability of human or squamate skins to 5-FU, although that of hairless mouse increased twentyfold. An overall conclusion is that, wherever possible, human skin should be used in absorption studies and not hairless mouse or snake skin; otherwise, misleading results may be obtained. Journal Article Riis, N. 1991 A field study of survival, growth, biomass, and temperature dependence of Rana dalmatina and Rana temporaria larvae Amphibia-Reptilia 12 229-243 Journal Article Riley, J.;Powell, R.;Smith, D. D. 1991 Further observations of blunt-hooked pentastomids belonging to the genus Raillietiella Sambon, 1910 infecting Hemidactylus brookii (Sauria: Gekkonidae) in Africa and the Caribbean: comparison with closely related Raillietiella spp. from an African skink (Mabuya perrotetii) Systematic Parasitology 20 47-57 Raillietiella, Hemidactylus brookii, Sauria, Gekkonidae, Africa, Caribbean, Mabuya perrotetii Journal Article Ritke, M. E.;Babb, J. G.;Ritke, M. K. 1990 Life history of the gray treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis) in western Tennessee Journal of Herpetology 24 2 135-141 Amphibians, frogs, breeding, reproduction, gravid, egg number, clutch size, body size, multiple clutches, temperature, rainfall Journal Article Ritke, Mark E.;Babb, Jeffrey G.;Ritke, Mary K. 1990 Life History of the gray treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis) in western Tennessee Journal of Herpetology 24 2 135-141 treefrog, reproduction, multiple clutches Journal Article Ritke, M. E.;Babb, J. G.;Ritke., M. K. 1990 Life history of the gray treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis) in western Tennessee Journal of Herpetology 24 135-141 Journal Article Ritke, M. E.;Semlitsch, R. D. 1991 Mating behavior and determinants of male mating success in the gray treefrog, Hyla chrysoscelis Canadian Journal of Zoology 69 246-250 amphibians, reproduction, Tennessee, calls, body size, amplexus, aggression Journal Article Ritke, M. E. 1991 Mating behavior and determinants of male mating success in the gray treefrog, Hyla chrysoscelis Canadian Journal of Zoology 69 246-250 Amphibians, frogs, mating, reproduction, behavior, breeding, sexual selection, Tennessee, calling, amplexus, aggression Journal Article Ritke, M. E.;Babb, J. G. 1991 Behavior of the gray treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis) during the non-breeding season Herp Review 22 1 5-8 Amphibians, frogs, behavior, activity, breeding, reproduction, Journal Article Ritke, M. E. 1991 Breeding-site specificity in the gray treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis) Journal of Herpetology 25 1 123-125 Amphibians, frogs, reproduction, mating, site, Tennessee, behavior Journal Article Ritke, Mark E.;Babb, Jeffrey G.;Ritke, Mary K. 1991 Breeding-site specificity in the gray treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis) Journal of Herpetology 25 1 123-125 reproduction, treefrog, breeding Journal Article Ritke, M. E.;Babb, J. G.;Ritke., M. K. 1992 Temporal patterns of reproductive activity in the gray treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis) Journal of Herpetology 26 107-111 Journal Article Riva, Ignacio de la 1990 Una especie nueva de Ololygon (Anura: Hylidae) procedente de Bolivia Revista Espanola de Herpetologia 4 81-86 new species, sympatry, description, morphology, mating call, vocalization, Scinax chiquitana, calling, Amphibia, Anura, chiquitana Journal Article Rivero, Juan A. 1991 New Colostethus (Amphibia, Dendrobatidae) from South America Breviora 493 1-28 Colostethus mittermeieri sp. nov.; new species; Colostethus idiomelus sp. nov.; Colostethus poecilonotus sp. nov.; Colostethus maculosus sp. nov.; Colostethus paradoxus sp. nov.; Colostethus faciopunctulatus sp. nov. Book Section Rivero Blanco, C.;D'Andria, B. 1990 "Babos en bateas" Una manera de parecerse al Alligator de Florida Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 55-58 Book Section Rivero Blanco, C.;D'Andria, B. 1990 El estado actual y las tendencias de la investigación sobre los crocodílidos en Venezuela Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 8-27 Book Section Rivero Blano, C.;D'Andria, B. 1990 Censos de Caiman Crocodilus una variación metodológica Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 59-61 Book Rivinus, E. F.;Youssef, E. M. 1992 Spencer Baird of the Smithsonian Washington, DC Smithsonian Institution x + 227 + 22 plates Journal Article Robeck, T.R., Rostal, D.C.,Burchfield, P.M.,Owens, D.W.,Kraemer, D.C., 1990 Ultrasound imaging of reproductive organs and eggs in Galapagos tortoises =Geochelone elephantopus= spp Zoo Biology 9 5 349-360 reptilia chelonia cryptodira testudinidae, Geochelone elephantopus, captivity, reproduction NOD-bestandTG Journal Article Robeck, T.R.Rostal, D.C.Burchfield, P.M.Owens, D.W.Kraemer, D.C. 1990 Ultrasound imaging of reproductive organs and eggs in Galapagos tortoises =Geochelone elephantopus= spp Zoo Biology 9 5 349-360 reptilia chelonia cryptodira testudinidae, Geochelone elephantopus, captivity, reproduction NOD-bestandTG Journal Article Robeck, T.R.;Rostal, D.C., Burchfield, P.M.,Owens, D.W.,Kraemer, D.C., 1990 Ultrasound imaging of reproductive organs and eggs in Galapagos tortoises =Geochelone elephantopus= spp Zoo Biology 9 5 349-360 reptilia chelonia cryptodira testudinidae, Geochelone elephantopus, captivity, reproduction NOD-bestand TG Journal Article Robert, Shoop C.;D., Kenney Robert 1992 Seasonal distributions and abundances of loggerhead and leatherback sea turtles in waters of the northeastern United States Herpetological Monographs 6 43-67 loggerhead; leatherback; USA Journal Article Roberts, David T.;Gehrmann, William H. 1990 Light quality and growth in the bearded lizard, Amphibolurus: a preliminary study Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 25 6 101-103 UV ultraviolet Journal Article Roberts, D.;T;and, W.;H.;Gehrmann 1990 Light quality and growth in the Bearded lizard, Amphibolurus: A preliminary study Bull. Chi. Herp. Soc. 1990 101 101-103 vit,echsen PF x Journal Article Roberts, James;Mirtschin, Peter 1991 An uncommon prey record for the common brown snake Pseudonaja textilis Herpetofauna 21 1 36 Pseudonaja textilis; Tiliqua rugosa; Trachydosaurus rugosa Book Section Roberts, Wayne 1992 Declines in amphibian populations in Alberta Bishop, Christine A. and Pettit, Karen E. Declines in Canadian Amphibian Populations: Designing a National Monitoring Strategy Ottawa, Ontario Canadian Wildlife Service 14-16 Journal Article Robertson, J. G. M. 1990 Female choice increases fertilization sucess in the Australian frog, Uperoleia laevigata. Animal Behaviour 39 639-645 Amphibia, anuran communication, Uperoleia laevigata, sexual selection Edited Book Robinson, John G.;Redford, Kent H. 1991 Neotropical Wildlife Use and Conservation Chicago University of Chicago Press xviii, 520 Journal Article Roca, V.;Hornero, M. J. 1992 Strongyloides ophiusensis sp. n. (Nematoda, Strongyloididae), parasite of an insular lizard, Podarcis pityusensis (Sauria, lacertidae) Folia Parasitol 39 4 369-373 Reptilia, sauria, Podarcis pityusensis, infection, helminth, Strongyloides ophiusensis sp. n. The parasitic female of the nematode Strongyloides ophiusensis sp. n.. fund in the intestine of lizard Podarcis pityusensis (Bosca, 1883) from Balearic Islands (West Mediterranean), is described. This species differs from other similar Strongyloides species in the body size, the morphology of the stoma, the structure of the ovaries and in the stage of development of the eggs, and also in some ecological and chorological characters. Journal Article Rocha, C. F. D. 1990 Reproductive effort in the Brazilian sand lizard Liolaemus lutzae (Sauria: Iguanidae) Ciencia e Cultura 42 12 1203-1206 reptiles, reproduction, habitat Journal Article Rocha, C. F. D.;Bergallo, H. G. 1990 Thermal biology and flight distance of Tropidurus oreadicus (Sauria Iguanidae) in an area of Amazonian Brazil Ethology, Ecology & Evolution 2 263-268 reptiles, lizards, thermoregulation, body temperature, canga habitat, flight distance Journal Article Rocha, C. F. D. 1991 Habitat utilization and feeding habits of Neusticurus ecpleopus in a Brazilian tropical rainforest Herp Review 22 2 40-42 reptiles, lizards, food, diet Journal Article Rocha, C. F. D. 1991 Composicao do habitat e uso do espaco por Liolaemus lutzae (Sauria: Tropiduridae) em uma area de restinga Rev. Brasil Biol. 51 4 839-846 habitat, disturbation, lizard, reptiles, restinga vegetation, Journal Article Rocha, C. F. D. 1992 Reproductive and fat body cycles of the tropical sand lizard (Liolaemus lutzae) of southeastern Brazil Journal of Herpetology 26 17-23 reptiles, reproduction, lipids, season, effort, energetics, Journal Article Rocha, C. F. D.;Bergallo, H. G. 1992 Population decrease: the case of Liolaemus lutzae, an endemic lizard of southeastern Brazil Ciencia e Cultura 44 1 52-54 reptiles, population density, Journal Article Rocha, C. F. D. 1992 Liolaemus lutzae (sand lizard). Cannibalism Herp Review 23 2 60 reptiles, behavior, Journal Article Rodda, Gordon H. 1991 Fence climbing by the arboreal snake Boiga irregularis Snake 23 101-103 Journal Article Rodda, Gordon H. 1992 The mating behavior of Iguana iguana Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 534 1-40 Journal Article Rodda, G. H.;Fritts, T. H. 1992 The Impact of the Introduction of the Colubrid Snake Boiga irregularis on Guams Lizards J Herpetol 26 2 166-174 Reptilia, serpentes, colubridae, Boiga irregularis, sauria, predation Comparison of the fauna of Guam and neighbouring islands revealed that Guam's native nocturnal lizards were either reduced or extirpated (several species) Journal Article Rodda, Gordon H.;Rondeau, Renee J.;Fritts, Thomas H.;Maughan, O. Eugene 1992 Trapping the arboreal snake Boiga irregularis Amphibia-Reptilia 13 47-56 Journal Article Rodda, Gordon H. 1992 Foraging behaviour of the brown tree snake, Boiga irregularis Herpetological Journal 2 110-114 foraging behaviour, brown tree snake, Boiga irregularis Journal Article Rodda, Gordon H.;Fritts, Thomas H. 1992 Sampling techniques for an arboreal snake, Boiga irregularis Micronesica 25 1 23-40 Journal Article Rodda, Gordon H.;Fritts, Thomas H.;Conry, Paul J. 1992 Origin and population growth of the brown tree snake, Boiga irregularis, on Guam Pacific Science 46 1 46-57 Journal Article Rodde, J. 1991 [The outermost enamel layer A comparative scanning electron microscopic study] Bull Group Int Rech Sci Stomatol Odontol 34 3-4 159-72 Alligators and Crocodiles; Animal; Comparative Study; Dental Enamel/*ultrastructure; English Abstract; Fishes; Fossils; Human; Mammals; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Species Specificity; Surface Properties The surface of the enamel layer was scanned in teeth of some representative animal species. We studied the structural organization of enamel at the surface of the teeth and also in subsurface. The surface layer was often described as "aprismatic". But, nevertheless, in mammals, prisms often reach the surface. They are packed together almost perpendicular to the periphery. The term "aprismatic" seems inappropriate. But the surface layer is particular in both a structural, physical and chemical standpoint. Its distribution on the enamel surfaces explains the variability of the etching patterns from an area to another on the same tooth. Journal Article Rodrigues, M. T. 1991 Herpetofauna das dunas interiores do Rio Sao Francisco, Bahia, Brazil. IV. Uma nova especie de Typhlops (Ophidia, Typhlopidae) Papéis Avulsos Zoology (São Paulo) 37 22 343-346 reptiles, snakes, species description, sand dunes, morphology, key, relationships, Journal Article Rodrigues, M. T. 1991 Herpetofauna das dunas interiores do Rio São Francisco, Bahia, Brazil. I. Introdução a área e descrição de um novo genero de microteiideos (Calyptommatus) com notas sobre sua ecologia, distribuição e especiação (Sauria, Teiidae) Papéis Avulsos Zoology (São Paulo) 37 19 285-320 reptiles, lizards, species description, sand dunes, morphology, key, relationships, speciation, ecology, South America, Tropical Journal Article Rodrigues, M. T. 1991 Herpetofauna das dunas interiores do Rio São Francisco, Bahia, Brazil. II. Psilophthalmus: um novo genero de microteiideos sem palpebra (Sauria, Teiidae) Papéis Avulsos Zoology (São Paulo) 37 20 321-327 reptiles, lizards, species description, sand dunes, morphology, key, relationships, caatinga, South America, Tropical Journal Article Rodrigues, M. T. 1991 Herpetofauna das dunas interiores do Rio São Francisco, Bahia, Brazil. III. Procellosaurinus: um novo genero de microteiideos sem palpebra, com a redefinição do genero Gymnophthalmus (Sauria, Teiidae) Papéis Avulsos Zoology (São Paulo) 37 21 329-342 reptiles, lizards, species description, sand dunes, morphology, key, relationships, caatinga, South America, Tropics Journal Article Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut 1991 Herpetofauna das dunas interiores do Rio São Francisco, Bahia, Brasil. I. Introdução à área e descrição de um novo gênero de microteiifeos (Calyptommatus) com notas sobre sua ecologia, distribuição e especiação (Sauria: Teiidae) Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 37 19 285-320 Calyptommatus gen. nov.; Calyptommatus sinebrachiatus sp. nov.; Calyptommatus leiolepis sp. nov.; Calyptommatus nicterus sp. nov. Journal Article Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut 1991 Herpetofauna das dunas interiores do Rio São Francisco, Bahia, Brasil. II. Psilophthalmus: um novo gênero de microteiidae sem Pálpebra (Sauria, Teiidae) Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 37 20 321-327 Psilophthalmus gen. nov.; Psilophthalmus paeminosus sp. nov. Journal Article Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut 1991 Herpetofauna das dunas interiores do Rio São Francisco, Bahia, Brasil. III. Um novo gênero de microteiídeos sem Pálpebra, com a redefinição do gênero Gymnophthalmus (Sauria, Teiidae) Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 37 21 329-342 Procellosaurinus gen. nov.; Procellosaurinus erythrocercus sp. nov.; Procellosaurinus tetradactylus sp. nov.; Vanzosaura gen. nov. Journal Article Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut 1991 Herpetofauna das dunas interiores do Rio São Francisco, Bahia, Brasil. IV. Uma nova espécie de Typhlops (Ophidia, Thphlopidae) Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 37 22 343-346 Typhlops yonenagae sp. nov. Journal Article Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut 1991 Herpetofauna das dunas interiores do Rio São Francisco, Bahia, Brasil. III. Procellosaurinus: Um novo gênero de microteiídeos sem Pálpebra, com a redefinição do gênero Gymnophthalmus (Sauria, Teiidae) Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 37 21 329-342 Procellosaurinus gen. nov.; Procellosaurinus erythrocercus sp. nov.; Procellosaurinus tetradactylus sp. nov.; Vanzosaura gen. nov. Journal Article Rodrigues, M. T. 1992 Herpetofauna das dunas interiores do Rio Sao Francisco, Bahia, Brazil. V. Duas novas especies de Apostolepis (Ophidia, Colubridae) Mem. Inst. Butantan 54 2 53-59 reptiles, snakes, taxonomy, species description, morphology Journal Article Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut 1992 Herpetofauna das dunas interiores do rio São Francisco: Bahia: Brasil. V. Duas novas espécies de Apostolepis (Ophidia, Colubridae) Memórias do Instito Butantan 54 2 53-59 Apostolepis arenarius sp. nov.; Apostolepis gaboi sp. nov. Book Section Rodriguez, L. B.;Cadle, J. E. 1990 A preliminary overview of the herpetofauna of Cocha Cashu, Manu National Park, Peru Gentry, A. H. Four neotropical rainforests New Haven, CT Yale University Press 410-425 Report Rodriguez, J.V. and Rodriguez, M.A. 1991 Analisis de las operaciones de cria y conservacion de Crocodilus rhombifer en Cuba Journal Article Rodriguez, Lily O. 1992 Structure et organization du peuplement d'anoures de Cocha Cashu, Parc National Manu, Amazonie Peruvienne Rev. Ecol. (Terre Vie) 47 151-197 Amazon, Peru, community Book Section Rodriguez Arvelo, G.;Robinson, M.D. 1990 Estudio del crecimiento en cautiverio de la Baba, Caiman Crocodilus, durante sus primeros meses de vida Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 62-79 Journal Article Rodriguez Torres, Judith;Vázquez Díaz, Joel 1990 Nuevo registro de distribucion de Geophis dugesi aquilonaris para el Estado de Jalisco, Mexico Boletín de la Sociedad Herpetológica Mexicana 2 1 9-12 Geophis dugesi aquilonaris; Mexico Journal Article Rodriguez-Ramirez, J.;Lewis, A. R. 1991 Reproduction in the Puerto Rican teiids Ameiva exsul and A. wetmorei Herpetologica 47 4 395-403 114, Reproduction, Puerto Rican, teiid, Ameiva exsul, A. wetmorei, tropics Journal Article Rodriguez-Robles, Javier A.;Thomas, Richard 1992 Venom function in the Puerto Rican racer, Alsophis portoricensis (Serpentes: Colubridae) Copeia 1992 1 62-68 Journal Article Rodríguez Blanco, Martín 1990 Ciclos reproductivo y alimentario de Rana montezumas Baird, 1854 (Amphibia: Anura) del lago de Tecocomulco, Hidalgo, Mexico Boletín de la Sociedad Herpetológica Mexicana 2 2 6-10 Rana montezumas; Reproductive cycle Journal Article Rodríguez Schettino, Lourdes 1995 Checklist and bibliography (1837-1991) of Cuban iguanid lizards Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 103 1-29 Cuba; Bibliography Journal Article Rodríguez-Robles, Javier A. 1992 Notes on the feeding behavior of the Puerto Rican racer, Alsophis portoricensis (Serpentes: Colubridae) Journal of Herpetology 26 1 100-102 opisthoglyph Journal Article Roek, Z. 1990 Ethmoidal endocranial structures in primitive tetrapod: their bearing on the search for anuran ancestry Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 99 389-407 Book Rogner, Manfred 1992 Echsen 1: Haltung, Pflege und Zucht im terrarium. Geckos, Flossenfüße, Agamen, Chamäleons und Leguane Stuttgart, Germany Ulmer 281 Journal Article Rohde, Harald 1991 The leopard gecko, Eublepharis macularius (Blyth 1854), still good for a surprise Sauria (E) 1 1 29 Journal Article Roithmair, M. E. 1992 Territoriality and male mating success in the dart-poison frog, Epipedobates femoralis (Dendrobatidae, Anura) Ethology 92 331-343 reproductive behavior, advertisement calls, vocalization, Peru Journal Article Romano, Stephen J. 1991 Cumulative impact assessment and mitigation proposal for the Ward Valley site [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 206 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Roosenburg, W.M. 1990 The diamondback terrapin: population dynamics, habitat requirements, and opportunities for conservation sex ratio Journal Article Rootes, William L;Chabreck, Robert H;Wright, Vernon L;Brown, Bobby W;Hess, Thomas J 1991 Growth rates of American alligators in estuarine and palustrine wetlands in Louisiana Estuaries 14 4 489-494 AM, growth, habitat, LA Journal Article Rootes, Willliam L;Chabreck, Robert H 1992 Sex ratios of American alligators live-captured and harvested by baited hooks Wildlife Society Bulletin 20 2 140-142 Journal Article Roriguez, Mario A. Treviño;Rodriguez, Martin E. Haro;Barrett, Sheryl L.;Schwalbe, Cecil R. 1991 Preliminary desert tortoise surveys in central Sonora, México Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 379-389 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Rosa, H. D.;Viegas, A. M.;Crespo, E. G. 1990 Genetic structure of Portuguese populations of midwife toads, with special reference to an isolate of Alytes obstetricans from Serra de S. Mamede Portugaliae Zoologica 1 3 15-25 Amphibia, Anura, Discoglossidae, speciation, cisternasii Journal Article Rose, B. R. 1990 Nesting ecology of the striped plateau lizard, Sceloporus virgatus NSF Proposal reptiles, reproduction, behavior, survivorship, Journal Article Rosen, Phillip C. 1991 Comparative ecology and life history of the racer (Coluber constrictor) in Michigan Copeia 1991 4 897-909 natural history, population biology, survivorship Journal Article Rosen, Philip C. 1991 Comparative field study of thermal preferenda in garterr snakes (Thamnophis) Journal of Herpetology 25 3 301-312 garter snakes, preferred temperature, selected T, comparative Journal Article Rosenberg, Martin J. 1992 Ecology of the green salamander, Aneides aeneus, in West Virginia Notes From NOAH 20 2 23-27 Journal Article Rosenberg, Martin J. 1992 Review of a laboratory study on the use of constriction bands in bites by rattlesnakes Notes From NOAH 20 1 4-8 snake bite crotalus Journal Article Rosenberg, Martin J. 1992 What's up with dinosaurs? Notes From NOAH 20 1 16-20 Book Ross, Richard A.;Marzec, Gerald 1990 The Reproductive Husbandry of Pythons and Boas Stanford, CA Institute for Herpetological Research 270 Book Ross, Richard;Marzec, Gerald 1990 The Bacterial Diseases of Reptiles Stanford, CA Institute for Herpetological Research 115 Journal Article Ross, W. 1990 Notes on the behaviour of Pristurus rupestris (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) with special reference to tail signalling Fauna of Saudi Arabia 11 300-305 Journal Article Ross, R.;A;and, G.;Marzec 1990 The reproductive husbandry of Pythons and Boas Inst. Herp. Res. serp,zucht,vet WI x Journal Article Ross, R. A;Marzec, G. 1990 The reproductive husbandry of Pythons and Boas Inst. Herp. Res. serp,zucht,vet WI x Journal Article Ross, C.A. 1990 Crocodylus raninus S Müller and Schlegel, a valid species of crocodile (Reptilia: Crocodylidae) from Borneo Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 103 4 955-961 taxonomy, Book Section Ross, C.A. 1990 Comments on Indopacific crocodile distributions Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 349-354 Journal Article Ross, C. A.;Lazell, J. D. 1990 Amphibians and reptiles of Dinagat and Siargao Islands, Philippines Phillipine Journal of Science 119 3 257-286 17, amphibians, reptiles, Philippines Journal Article Ross, David A. 1991 Amphibians and reptiles in the diets of North American raptors Wisconsin Endangered Resources Report 1991 59 1-33 Journal Article Ross, James Peter 1991 A model for species conservation: Sea turtles in Oman [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 273 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Ross, W. 1991 Notes on Ecology and Behaviour of Agama (Trapelus) blanfordi fieldi (Reptilia: Agamidae) Fauna of Saudi Arabia 12 393-399 Report Ross, J.P. and Ottenwalder, J.A. 1991 Crocodiles in Cuba Journal Article Ross, David A.;Lovich, Jeffrey E. 1992 Does the color pattern of two species of turtles imitate duckweed? Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 66 1 39-42 mimicry emydoidea blandingii clemmys guttata Book Section Ross, J.P. 1992 Crocodile management in Honduruas, Report of a fact finding mission to Honduras, 20-25 September 1992 Crocodile Conservation Action. A Special Publication of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union. Gland, Switzerland. 41-53 Journal Article Ross, Charles A 1992 A designation of a lectotype for Crocodylus raninus S Muller and Schlegel (Reptilia: Crocodylidae), the Borneo crocodile Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 105 2 400-402 Journal Article Rossi, John;Rossi, Roxanne 1992 Notes on the natural history, husbandry, and breeding of the southern hognose snake (Heterodon simus) Vivarium 3 6 16-18;27 Heterodon simus Journal Article Rossi, John;Rossi, Roxanne 1992 The incredible edible gecko: a new food source for snakes Vivarium 4 3 12-13 Book Rossi, John V. 1992 Snakes of the United States and Canada: Volume 1. Eastern Area Malabar, FL Krieger 209 Conference Proceedings Rosskopf, W.J. 1990 The upper respiratory syndrome in captive desert tortoises: Diagnosis, treatment and management. 1 Journal Article Rosskopf, W.J. 1992 Use of enrofloxacin Bulletin of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians 2 1 5-6 reptilia, infection, therapy, antibiotic, Baytril * Journal Article ROSSKOPF, W.J. 1992 Ivermectin as a treatment for snake mites Bulletin of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians 2 1 7 reptilia, serpentes, infection, acarina, mite, Ophionyssus natricis, therapy, ivomec * Journal Article Rosskopf, W.J. 1992 Use of oral allopurinol and saline dialysis in management of hyperurocemia in a chilean tortoise Association of Reptilian Amphibian Veterinarians Bulletin 2 1 7 Reptilia, testudines, pathology, gout, therapy, allopurinol Journal Article Rosskopf, W.J. 1992 Ivermectin as a Treatment for Snake Mites Association of Reptilian Amphibian Veterinarians Bulletin 2 1 7 Reptilia, serpentes, boa, infection, acari, therapy, ivermectin Journal Article Rosskopf, W.J. 1992 Usefulness of Hematology and Serum Chemistry Association of Reptilian Amphibian Veterinarians Bulletin 2 1 7 Reptilia, testudines, sauria, serpentes, blood, values, diagnosis Journal Article Rosskopf, W.J. 1992 Silvadene cream as a topical medicament Association of Reptilian Amphibian Veterinarians Bulletin 2 1 5 Reptilia, testudines, sauria, serpentes, therapy, silvadene Journal Article Rosskopf, W.J. 1992 Substrate Hazards Association of Reptilian Amphibian Veterinarians Bulletin 2 1 8 Reptilia, testudines, sauria, serpentes, management, substrate Journal Article Rosskopf , W.J. 1992 Silvadene cream as atopical medication Bulletin of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians 2 1 5 reptilia, skin treatment * Journal Article Rosskopf , W.J. 1992 Usefulness of hematology and serum chemistry Bulletin of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians 2 1 7 reptilia ,iguana ,snake ,blood sample * Journal Article Rossman, Douglass A.;Myer, Patrick A. 1990 Behavioral and morphological adaptations for snail extraction in the North AmericanBrownSnakes (genus Storeria) Journal of Herpetology 24 4 434-38 snail, removal, feeding Journal Article Rossman, Douglas A.;Wallach, Van 1991 Virginia Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 529 1-4 Journal Article Rossum, P. van. 1990 Diseases: fall and rise in dendrobatids Ziekten: vallen en opstaan met dendrobatidae Dendr. magazine Amphibia, anura, diseases Journal Article Rostal, David C.;Robeck, Todd R.;Owens, David W.;Kraemer, Duane C. 1990 Ultrasound imaging of ovaries and eggs in Kemp's Ridley Sea Turtles (Lepidochelys kempi) Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 21 1 27-35 Journal Article Rostal, David C.;Lance, Valentine A.;Alberts, Allison C. 1992 Preliminary observation on the reproductive cycles of captive desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 99 Journal Article Roth, J.J.;Smith, H.M. 1990 The milksnake, Lampropeltis triangulum, in northwest Colorado Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 25 1 6-7 Journal Article Roth, Gerhard;Nishikawa, Kiisa C.;Wake, David B.;Dicke, Ursula;Matsushima, Toshiya 1990 Mechanics and neuromorphology of feeding in Amphibians Netherlands Journal of Zoology 40 1-2 115-135 Journal Article Roth, M. B.;Murphy, C.;Gall, J. G. 1990 A monoclonal antibody that recognizes a phosphorylated epitope stains lampbrush chromosome loops and small granules in the amphibian germinal vesicle J Cell Biol 111 6 Pt 1 2217-23 Animal; Antibodies, Monoclonal/diagnostic use; Antigens/analysis; Cell Nucleolus/ultrastructure; Chromosomes/*ultrastructure; Cytoplasmic Granules/*ultrastructure; Epitopes/*analysis; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Notophthalmus viridescens; Oocytes/*ultrastructure; Phosphorylation; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Xenopus laevis An mAb library was produced against proteins from the germinal vesicle (GV) of the frog Xenopus laevis; mAb 104 was selected from this library on the basis of its immunofluorescent staining of lampbrush chromosome loops. Chromosomes from several species of frogs and salamanders stained equally well. The antibody also stained the surface of numerous small granules in the GV nucleoplasm. The interior of the same granules was stained by antibodies against small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs). mAb 104 also stained somatic nuclei from many vertebrate and invertebrate species, usually in a finely punctate pattern similar to that described for anti-snRNP and other antinuclear antibodies. The staining of somatic nuclei was much stronger during the mitotic stages than during interphase. Immunoblot analysis showed that mAb 104 recognizes a phosphorylated epitope. Journal Article Roth, G.;Dicke, U.;Nishikawa, K. 1992 How do ontogeny, morphology, and physiology of sensory systems constrain and direct the evolution of amphibians? American Naturalist 139 SUPPL S105-S124 Tribe Bolitoglossini; Anuran; Salamander; Caecilian; Vision; Feeding System; Evolutionary Success; Nervous System; Cell Size; Dna Content; Secondary Simplification The evolutionary success of extant amphibians is accompanied by secondary simplification of sense organs and of the nervous system. Strong morphological reduction is found in the lateral line system and in the auditory and visual systems. Canal neuromasts are absent; additional loss of epidermal neuromasts and ampullary organs generally corresponds to terrestrial life. Reduction of the auditory system of some anurans and of many salamanders and caecilians affects middle and inner ear structures as well as central auditory structures. The visual system of caecilians and salamanders is strongly reduced with respect to the number and morphology of retinal ganglion cells and the morphological differentiation of central visual areas, particularly the tectum opticum. The extremes of secondary simplification are found in the salamanders of the plethodontid tribe Bolitoglossini. At the same time, these salamanders are one of the most successful groups of amphibians, and they possess the most derived feeding system and a variety of specializations of the visual system. In amphibians, there is a close correspondence between the degree of secondary simplification on the one hand and genome size (DNA content) and cell size on the other. We hypothesize that this process is the major cause of the observed secondary simplification. Journal Article Rowe, Matthew P.;Owings, Donald H. 1990 Probing, assessment, and management during interactions between ground squirrels and rattlesnakes Ethology 86 237-249 strike, rattlesnakes, Crotalus viridis, performance, video Journal Article Rowe, L.;Ludwig., D. 1991 Size and timing of metamorphosis in complex life cycles: time constraints and variation Ecology 72 413-427 Journal Article Rowe, J. W. 1992 Dietary habits of the Blanding's turtle (Emydoidea blandingi) in northeastern Illinois J. Herpetol. 26 1 111-114 Reptilia, chelonia, Blanding's turtle, Emydoidea blandingi, diet, food testu,oeko,namerika,vit PF x Journal Article Rowe, C. L.;Sadinski, W. J.;Dunson, W. A. 1992 Effects of acute and chronic acidification on three larval amphibians that breed in temporary ponds Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 23 3 339-50 Acid Rain/*adverse effects; Ambystoma/*physiology; Animal; Body Weight; Fresh Water; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Larva/*drug effects; Models, Biological; Ranidae/*physiology; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Survival Rate; Time Factors This study explored the effects of acute (7 days) and chronic (4 months) exposure to pH 4.2 on three species of larval amphibians, Ambystoma jeffersonianum, Ambystoma maculatum, and Rana sylvatica. Acute tests were conducted in 24 impermeable enclosures in three temporary ponds. Total dissolved aluminum was higher in acidified enclosures in comparison with controls (pH 4.2, [Al] approximately 10- 30 microM and pH greater than 4.7, [Al] approximately 5-15 microM, respectively). Greater mortality of A. jeffersonianum occurred at pH 4.2 than at pH greater than 4.7, whereas survival of A. maculatum and R. sylvatica were unaffected by pH. Mean wet masses of R. sylvatica were significantly lower at pH 4.2 than at pH greater than 4.7, but mean wet masses of surviving A. jeffersonianum and A. maculatum were not influenced by pH. There were no pH-related differences in body sodium concentration in larval R. sylvatica. Chronic acidification of mesocosms to pH 4.2 ([Al] approximately 16 microM) (controls = pH greater than 6, [Al] approximately 0.1 microM) resulted in total mortality of A. jeffersonianum. Survival of A. maculatum and R. sylvatica were not associated with pH, but survival of A. maculatum was low at both pH levels. Time to metamorphosis was longer for R. sylvatica maintained at pH 4.2, but not for A. maculatum. No differences in wet masses at metamorphosis were observed for R. sylvatica or A. maculatum. These results indicate that short and long term acidification of temporary wetlands could dramatically affect amphibians which rely upon them as breeding sites, either by causing mortality or by decreasing growth rates. Journal Article Rowe, C. L.;Sadinski, W. J.;Dunson., W. A. 1992 Effects of acute and chronic acidification on three larval amphibians that breed in temporary ponds Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 23 339-350 Journal Article Roze, J. A.;Silva, N. J. da 1990 Coral snakes (Serpentes, Elapidae) from hydroelectric power plant of Samuel, Rondonia, Brazil, with description of a new species Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 26 4 169-176 reptiles, morphology, species key Journal Article Roze, Janis A.;Jorge da Silva, Nelson, Jr. 1990 Coral snakes (Serpentes, Elapidae) from hydroelectric power plant of Samuel, Rondonia, Brazil, with description of a new species Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 26 4 169-176 Micrurus rondonianus sp. nov. Journal Article Rösler, Herbert 1991 Zur Fortpflanzung des Kap-Geckos, Pachydactylus capensis(Smith, 1845), im Terrarium Herpetofauna 13 73 20-28 Pachydactylus capensis Journal Article Rösler, Herbert 1992 Beobachtungen an drei Männchen des parthenogenetischen Geckos Lepidodactylus lugubris (Duméril & Bibron 1836) Sauria 14 3 25-26 Journal Article Rubio, manny 1992 Charles M. Bogert Junio 4, 1908 - April 10 1992 Boletín de la Sociedad Herpetológica Mexicana 4 2 29-32 Journal Article Ruby, Douglas E. 1992 Behavioral differences between captive tortoises at different stress levels Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 220 Book Rudloff, Hans-Werner 1990 Schildkröten Leipzig Urania 155 Turtles; Tortoises Journal Article Rudloff, H. W. 1990 Vermehrung von Terrarientieren: Schildkrîten Leipzig (Urania Verlag) testu,syst,zucht,vit,vet,tech,repro PF,WI,WP x Journal Article Rudloff, H. W. 1990 Vermehrung von Terrarientieren: Schildkröten Leipzig (Urania Verlag) testu,syst,zucht,vit,vet,tech,repro PF,WI,WP x Journal Article Rudolph, D. Craig;Dickson, james G. 1990 Streamside zone width and amphibian and reptile abundance Souhtwestern Naturalist 35 4 472-476 Lampropeltis calligaster Journal Article Rudolph, D. C.;Dickson, J. G. 1990 Streamside zone width and amphibian and reptile abundance The Southwestern Naturalist 35 4 472-476 herpetofauna, forest management, buffer zones, streams Journal Article Ruesink, Robert G. 1991 The recovery plan for the desert tortoise in Utah Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 29-32 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Ruff, R. L.;Spiegel, P. 1990 Ca sensitivity and acetylcholine receptor currents of twitch and tonic snake muscle fibers Am J Physiol 259 6 Pt 1 C911-9 Acetylcholine/pharmacology; Animal; Calcium/*pharmacology; In Vitro; Ion Channels/drug effects/*physiology; Membrane Potentials/drug effects; Muscle Contraction/drug effects; Muscles/anatomy & histology/drug effects/*physiology; Receptors, Cholinergic/*physiology; Sarcomeres/physiology; Snakes/*physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Synapses/physiology Myofibrillar Ca sensitivity and single-channel acetylcholine receptor (AChR) currents were studied in garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis) costocutaneous muscle fibers. Nomarski optics were used to identify tonic and fast- and slow-twitch fibers. Measurements of tension generation were made using chemically skinned fibers. The maximum tensions of the three types of fibers were similar, and the fast- and slow-twitch fibers had similar Ca sensitivities. Compared with twitch fibers, tonic fibers had lower threshold Ca concentrations for tension generation and a larger range of Ca concentrations between threshold and maximum tension. The AChR channels were studied by enzymatically removing the nerve terminals and performing patch-clamp recordings on the exposed postsynaptic membrane. Twitch fibers had only one class of end-plate channel with a conductance of approximately 51 pS. Tonic fibers had two types of synaptic channels. One AChR channel in the tonic fibers resembled the type seen in twitch fibers. The other channel in tonic fibers had a smaller conductance of approximately 33 pS and resembled extrajunctional AChRs on denervated twitch fibers. Journal Article Ruiz-Carranza, Pedro M.;Lynch, John D. 1991 Ranas Centrolenidae de Colombia I. Propuesta de nueva clasificación genérica Lozania 57 1-60 Journal Article Ruiz-Carranza, Pedro M.;Lynch, John D. 1991 Ranas Centrolenidae de Colombia II. Nuevas especies de Centrolene de la Cordillera Oriental y Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Lozania 58 1-26 Journal Article Ruiz-Carranza, Pedro M.;Lynch, John D. 1991 Ranas Centrolenidae de Colombia III. Nuevas especies de Cochranella del grupo granulosa Lozania 59 1-18 Journal Article Ruiz-Carranza, Pedro M.;Lynch, John D. 1991 Ranas Centrolenidae de Colombia IV. Nuevas especies de Cochranella del grupo ocellata de la Cordillera Oriental Lozania 60 1-13 Journal Article Ruiz-Carranza, P. M.;Lynch, J. D. 1991 Ranas Centrolenidae de Colombia II: Nuevas especies de Centrolene de la Cordellera Oriental y Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Lozania - Acta Zoologica Colombiana 58 December 2 1-26 amphbia, Anura, Centrolene, geckoideum, prosoblepon, new species, taxonomy, description, osteology, morphology, hybrida, notostictum, petrophilum, tayrona, sanchezi Journal Article Ruiz-Carranza, P. M.;Lynch, J. D. 1991 Ranas Centrolenidae de Colombia I: Propuesta de una nueva clasificacion generica Lozania - Acta Zoologica Colombiana 57 November 25 1-30 Amphibia, Anura, Centrolene, Cochranella, Hyalinobatrachium, systematics, cladistics, osteology Journal Article Ruiz-Carranza, P. M.;Lynch, J. D. 1991 Ranas Centrolenidae de Colombia III: Nuevas especies de Cochranella del grupo granulosa Lozania: Acta Zoologica Colombiana 59 December 9 1-18 Amphibia, Anura, new species, taxonomy, description, morphology, Cochranella daidalea, savagei, solitaria, ramirezi Journal Article Ruiz-Carranza, P. M.;Lynch, J. D. 1991 Ranas Centrolenidae de Colombia IV: Nuevas especies de Cochranella del grupo ocellata de la Cordillera Oriental Lozania, Acta Zoologica Colombiana 60 December 16 1-13 new species, Amphibia, Anura, frog, description, morphology, Cochranella adiazeta, oreonympha, nephelophila Journal Article Ruiz-Carranza, Pedro M.;Ramírez-Pinilla, M. Patricia 1992 Una nueva especie de Minyobates (Anura: Dendrobatidae) de Colombia) Lozania 61 1-16 Minyobates virolinensis sp. nov. Journal Article Rundquist, Eric M. 1992 Gentle monsters: captive reproduction of gila monsters Captive Breeding 1 1 20-23;26-28 Heloderma suspectum Journal Article Russel, Kevin R.;Wallace, Richard L. 1992 Occurrence of Halipegus occidualis (Digenea: Derogenidae) and other trematodes in Rana pretiosa (Anura: Ranidae) from Idaho, U.S.A. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 111 122-127 Digenea, Trematoda, Amphibia, Anura, Halipegus occidualis, Haematoloechus occidualis, Haematoloechus varioplexus, Haplometrana intestinalis, Rana pretiosa, Idaho Journal Article RUSSELL, W.C.;EDWARDS, D.L.;STAIR, E.L.;HUBNER, D.C. 1990 Corneal lipidosis, disseminated xanthomatosis and hypercholesterolemia in Cuban tree frogs (Osteopilus septentrionalis) J.Zoo & Wildl. Med. 21 1 99-104 Amphibia, anura, Cuban tree frog, Osteopilus septentrionalis, pathology, eye, Atherosclerosis, corneal lipidosis, hypercholesterolemia, xanthomatosis Bilateral corneal lipidosis caused progressive corneal opacity and blindness in a group of eight adult Cuban tree frogs. In addition several animals also had disseminated xanthomatous lesion and extreme hypercholesterolemia. 060690 MDL DGB Reprint Endnote 93/498 Journal Article Russell, Anthony P.;Bauer, Aaron M. 1990 Oedura and Afroedura (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) revisited: similarities of digital design, and constraints on the development of multiscansorial subdigital pads? Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29 2 473-486 Journal Article Russell, Anthony P.;Bauer, Aaron M. 1990 Digit in pad-bearing gekkonine geckos: alternate designs and the potential constraints of phalangeal number Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29 2 453-472 Journal Article Russell, Anthony P.;Bauer, Aaron M. 1990 Hypertrophied phalangeal chondoepiphyses in the gekkonid lizard genus Phelsuma: their structure and relation to the adhesive mechanism Journal of Zoology, London 221 205-217 Journal Article Russell, Anthony P.;Bauer, Aaron M. 1990 Substrate excavation in the Namibian web-footed gecko, Palmatogecko rangei Andersson 1908, and its ecological significance Tropical Zoology 3 197-207 Journal Article Russell, Anthony P.;Bauer, Aaron M. 1991 Anolis garmani Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 513 1-3 Journal Article Russell, Anthony P.;Bauer, Aaron M. 1991 Anolis grahami Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 514 1-4 Journal Article Russell, Anthony P.;Bauer, Aaron M. 1991 Anolis opalinus Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 515 1-2 Journal Article Russell, Anthony P.;Bauer, Aaron M. 1991 Amphibians and reptiles of the Calgary area PICA The Calgary Field Naturalists' Society 11 2 2-15 Chrysemys picta, Phrynosoma douglassi, Heterodon nasicus, Pituophis melanoleucus, Thamnophis elegans, Thamnophis radix, Thamnophis sirtalis, Crotalus viridis, Scaphiopus bombifrons, Bufo cognatus , Bufo boreas, Bufo hemiophrys, Ambystoma macrodactylum, Ambystoma tigrinum, Rana pretiosa, Pseudacris triseriata, Rana pipiens, Rana sylvatica Journal Article Russell, A. P.;Bauer, A. M. 1992 The m. caudifemoralis longus and its relationship to caudal autotomy and locomotion in lizards (Reptilia: Sauria) Journal of Zoology, London 227 127-143 Reptiles, lizards, muscles, tail autotomy, locomation, performance, comparative, functional Book Rübel, G. Alexander;Isenbügel, Ewald;Wolverkamp, Pim 1991 Atlas der Röntegendiagnostik bei Heimtieren: Kleinsäuger, Vogel, Reptilien und Amphibien Hannover Schluutersche 224 Veterinary medicine; x-rays; Diagnosis Journal Article RÜBEL, G. A. ;ISENBÜGEL, E.;WOLVEKAMP, P. 1991 Atlas der Röntgendiagnostik bei Heimtieren Schlütersche Verlag 1 Mammalia, aves, reptilia, amphibia Handbook. Reprint P. Zwart Private Journal Article Ryan, Michael J.;Fox, James H.;Wilczynski, Walter;Rand, A. Stanley 1990 Sexual selection for sensory exploitation in the frog Physalaemus pustulosus Nature 343 4 January 1990 66-67 Amphibia, anura, leptodactylidae, auditory system, female choice, vocalization, sound analysis, call analysis, call, basilar papilla, Journal Article Ryan, M. J.;Rand, A. S. 1990 The sensory basic of sexual selection for complex calls in the Túngara frog, Physalaemus pustulosus (sexual selection for sensory exploitation). Evolution 44 3 305-314 Amphibia, Anuran communication, Physalaemus pustulosus, sexual selection Journal Article Ryan, M. J. 1990 Sexual selection, sensory systems and sensory exploitation Oxford Surv. evol. Biol. 7 157-195 sexual selection, anuran communication, Journal Article Ryan, M. J. 1991 Sexual selection and communication in frogs Ecology and Evolution 6 11(65) 343-376 Amphibia, Anura, mate choice, mating, evolution, calling, vocalization, energetics Journal Article Ryan, M. J.;Wilczynski, W. 1991 Evolution of intraspecific variation in the advertisement call of a cricket frog (Acris crepitans, Hylidae) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 44 249-271 Amphibia, Anura, Acris crepitans, acoustic communication, advertisement calls, habitat, character displacement, sexual selection, speciation Journal Article Ryan, M. J.;Perril, S. A.;Wilczynski, W. 1992 Auditory tuning and call frequency predict population-based mating preferences in the cricket frog, Acris crepitans American Naturalist 139 6 1370-1383 acoustic communication, Amphibia, Anura, neuroethology, phonotaxis, Acris crepitans, neuroethology, sexual selection, Journal Article Ryan, M. J.;Keddy-Hector, A. 1992 Directional patterns of female mate choice and the role of sensory biases American Naturalist 139s S4-S35 Journal Article Ryser, Jan 1990 Amphibien in Kläranlagen [Amphibians in sewers] Koordinationsstelle für Amphibien- und Reptilienschutz in der Schweiz (KARCH) 1990 August 1-12 Journal Article Ryser, Jan ca. 1990 Amphibien und Verkehr. Teil 3 [Amphibians and roads. Part 3] Koordinationsstelle für Amphibien- und Reptilienschutz in der Schweiz, Bern 1-10 bufo rana temporaria dalmatina triturus salamandra calamita hyla arborea esculenta bombina variegata surveys barriers tunnels Journal Article Saad, A.-H.;El Deeb, S. 1990 Immunological changes during pregnancy in the viviparous lizard, Chalcides ocellatus Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 25 279-286 Reptilia, sauria, lizard, Chalcides ocellatus, physiology, immunology, pregnancy The findings strongly suggest that pregnancy impairs the immunoreactivity of viviparous lizards. Possible mechanisms are discussed. Reprint Vet. Path. Spec. Anim. 91/61 Journal Article Saad, A.-H.;Torroba, M.;Varas, A.;Zatapa, A. 1991 Testosterone induces lymphopenia in turtles Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 28 173-180 Reptilia, testudines, Mauremys caspica, immunology, lymphopenia, testosterone Reprint Endnote 94/192 Journal Article Saad, A. H.;Mansour, M. H.;Elyazji, M.;Badir, N. 1992 Endogenous testosterone controls humoral immunity in the lizard, Chalcides ocellatus Zool Sci 9 5 1037-1045 Reptilia, squamata, sauria, lizard, Chalcides ocellatus, immunity, testosterone, immune response Study of the correlation between endogenous blood levels of testosterone (TS) and the humoral immune response of male lizards, Chalcides ocellatus led to three major findings: 1) Long-term testosterone propionate (TP) treatment in ''summer'' induced an elevation of serum TS and complete abrogation of primary anti-rat erythrocytes (RRBC) antibody response similar to normal intact lizards during ''spring''; 2) Bilateral orchidectomy of male lizards during ''spring'' showed increased response to RRBC and suggested that orchidectomy potentiated immunity and more particularly definite stimulation of humoral immunity; 3) Long-term TP treatment of orchidectomized lizards failed to suppress immune response to RRBC. Indeed, orchidectomized lizards given TP had response to RRBC similar to male intact controls. The results are discussed from the perspective of the role played by TS in mediating the seasonal rhythms that affect reptilian immunity. Journal Article Saad, A. H. 1992 Sexual development of immunocompetence in the toad, Bufo regularis Zool Sci 9 5 1081-1085 Amphibia, anura, toad, Bufo regularis, adult, juvenile, immunity, sex, testosterone The kinetics of primary anti-rat erythrocytes (RRBC) antibdody were compared in juvenile and adult toads Bufo regularis. The antibody titers were measured by haemagglutination assay, and antigen specific rosette- forming cells were enumerated in the spleen using immunocyto- adherence assay. Both adults and juveniles responded to RRBC, with adult being always the highest responder. Among the adult toads, slight differences between male and female could be observed. However, juvenile toads did not demonstrate sex-associated immune differences. Journal Article Sacking , N. , e.a. , 1991 A new method for feeding captive frogs (Xenopus laevis) Lab animal 5 44-46 amphibia anura pipidae ,Xenopus ,nutrition * Journal Article Sadinski, W. J.;Dunson., W. A. 1992 A multilevel study of the effects of low pH on amphibians of temporary ponds Journal of Herpetology 26 413-422 Journal Article Sadlier, R. A. 1990 The scincid lizard genus Nannoscincus Günther: a revaluation Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29 2 487-494 Book Safarov, Kh. M. 1990 Ecology and Physiology of the higer neural activity of reptiles Dushanbe 228 p. Book Section Sagar, S.R.;Singh, L.A.K. 1990 Rehabiliation of Mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) in Similipal Tiger Preserve, Orissa, India Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8327-0023-X vi + 345 pp. 2. ISBN 2-8327-0023-X vi + 345 pp. 188-200 Journal Article Saiki, Michael K.;Jennings, Mark R.;May, Thomas W. 1992 Selenium and other elements in freshwater fishes from the irrigated San Joaquin valley, California The Science of the Total Environment 126 109-137 Journal Article Sainsbury, A.W.;Gili, Claudia 1991 Ultrasonographic anatomy and scanning technique of the coelomic organs of the bosc monitor (Varanus exanthematicus ). J. Zoo & Wildl. Med. 22 4 421-433 Reptilia, sauria, Bosc monitor,Varanus exanthematicus , anatomy, scanning, ultrasonography The paper presents a schematic drawing of the normal anatomy and brings pictires of ultrasonic images of the liver, liver+ caudal vena cava, passage of the caudal vene cava through the liver, of the gall bladder, the spleen, the pancreas, the stomach, large intestine, fat bodies and of both kidneys. The technique is useful in reptiles of similar conformation. Reprint Endnote 93/78 Journal Article Sainsbury, A.W.;Gili, C. 1991 Ultrasonographic anatomy and scanning technique of the coelomic organs of the bosc monitor(Varanus exanthematicus ). J. Zoo & Wildl. Med. 22 4 421-433 Reptilia, sauria, Bosc monitor,Varanus exanthematicus , anatomy, scanning, ultrasonography The paper presents a schematic drawing of the normal anatomy and brings pictires of ultrasonic images of the liver, liver+ caudal vena cava, passage of the caudal vene cava through the liver, of the gall bladder, the spleen, the pancreas, the stomach, large intestine, fat bodies and of both kidneys. The technique is useful in reptiles of similar conformation. Journal Article Saint Girons, Hubert 1992 Caracteres biogéographiques des Faunas Mediterranénnes de Reptiles Bull. Soc. Herp. Fr. 64 15-19 Journal Article Saint Girons, Hubert;Ineich, Ivan 1992 Histology of the reproductive tract of hybrids between gonochoristic males and parthenogenetic females of Lepidodactylus lugubris in French Polynesia (Reptilia, Gekkonidae) Journal of Morphology 212 55-64 Journal Article Saint Girons, Hubert;Detrait, J. 1992 Etude electrophoretique des venins de Viperinae (Serpentes) du genre Vipera: variations des proteinogrammes et implications phylogenetiques Bulletin de la société Zoologique de France 117 4 399-412 Journal Article Saito, T.R., Aoki, S.,Shutoh, Y.,Hokao, R.,Sasaki, Y.,Amao, H.,Wakafuji, Y.,Sugiyama, M.,Takahashi, K.W., 1991 Ejaculations Induced by Para-Chloroamphetamine (PCA) in Rats, Hamsters and Mice Experimental Animals 40 4 561-563 Animal Sciences TR Saito, Nippon Vet & Anim Sci Univ, Dept Lab Anim Sci, Musashino, Tokyo 180, Japan Journal Article Saito, T.R.Aoki, S.Shutoh, Y.Hokao, R.Sasaki, Y.Amao, H.Wakafuji, Y.Sugiyama, M.Takahashi, K.W. 1991 Ejaculations Induced by Para-Chloroamphetamine (PCA) in Rats, Hamsters and Mice Experimental Animals 40 4 561-563 Animal Sciences TR Saito, Nippon Vet & Anim Sci Univ, Dept Lab Anim Sci, Musashino, Tokyo 180, Japan Journal Article Sakamoto, W.;Naito, Y.;Uchida, I.;Kureha, K. 1990 Circadian rhythm on diving motion of the loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta during inter-nesting and its fluctuations induced by the oceanic environmental events Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 56 2 263-272 loggerhead; diving; rhythm Journal Article Salmon, M.;Wyneken, J. 1990 Do swimming loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta L.) use light cues for offshore orientation? Marine Behavior and Physiology 17 233-246 loggerhead; orientation Journal Article Salvidio, Sebastiano;Pasteur, Georges;Heulin, Benoit;Böhme, Wolfgang;Kupriyanova, Larissa;Guillaume, Claude 1990 Natural selection and geographical variation in a known sex-linked gene of the common lizard in Europe. Implications for chromosomal evolution Heredity 64 131-138 Journal Article Salvidio, S. 1992 Diet and food utilization in a rock-face population of Speleomantes ambrosii (Amphibia, Caudata, Plethodontidae) Vie Milieu 42 1 35-39 Journal Article Salzberg, Allen 1991 In the spotlight: The New York Turtle and Tortoise Society Vivarium 3 1 15;35 Journal Article Sammouri, R.;Renous, S.;Exbrayat, J. M.;Lescure, J. 1990 Embryonic development of Typhlonectes compressicaudus (Amphibia, Gymnophiona) Annales Des Sciences Naturelles Zoologie Et Biologie Animale 11 3 135-163 Amphibian; Trophic Function; Vitellin Vesicle; Ectotrophoblast; External Gill; Differentiation; Somite; Comparative Embryology; Adaptation; Phylogeny Twenty-one stages in the embryonic development of Typhlonectes compressicaudus are described. This limbless Amphibian is a viviparous Gymnophiona which possesses a direct development. The stages corresponding to the segmentation, the gastrulation and the beginning of the neurulation are missing. During the embryonic life, the trophic function is successively assumed by the vitellin vesicle and, after a complete use of these vitellin reserves, by two categories of temporary placentar organs: the ectotrophoblast and the external gills. The comparison with the other Amphibian tables suggests some developmental heterochronies which can characterize the Gymnophiona: late differentiation of the optic placods and the caudal bud, great number of somites, considerable development of the external gills. These developmental heterochronies have phylogenic - the Gymnophiona being an original group of Amphibians - or adaptive - the Typhlonectidae being aquatic forms - origins. Journal Article Sanderson, N.;Szymura, J. M.;Barton, N. H. 1992 Variation in mating call across the hybrid zone between the fire-bellied toads Bombina bombina, and B. variegata Evolution 46 3 595-607 Amphibia, Hybrid zone, speciation, reinforcement, reproductive character displacement. anuran communication, Discoglossidae, Bombina bombina, and B. variegata Book Section Santos, S.A.;Pinheiro, M.S. 1992 Composition and energy values of some food items ingested by Caiman Crocodilus yacare in the Brazilian Pantanal region Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0133-3. 78 Book Section Santos, S.A.;Nogueria, M.J.S.;Pinheiro, M.S.;Mourao, G.M.;Campos, Z.M.S. 1992 Condition factor of Caiman Crocodilus yacare in different habitats of Pantanal Mato-Grossense Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0133-3. 77 Journal Article Santos Barrera, Georgina 1992 Opalinidos ascociados a anfibios en la Region de "Los Tuxtlas," Veracruz, Mexico Boletín de la Sociedad Herpetológica Mexicana 4 1 2-5 Mexico, Veracruz Journal Article Sanyal, D. P.;Dasgupta, Gouri 1990 On a collection of reptiles from Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh, Central India Hamadryad 15 18-20 India Journal Article Sarre, Stephen;Dearn, John M. 1991 Morphological variation and fluctuating asymmetry among insular populations of the Sleepy Lizard, Trachydosaurus rugosus Gray (Squamata: Scincidae) Australian Journal of Zoology 39 91-104 Journal Article Sarti Martínez, Adrian Laura 1990 Memorias del V Encuentro Interuniversitario sobre tortugas marinas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia. Boletín de la Sociedad Herpetológica Mexicana 2 2 19-20 Book review Journal Article Sasa, Mahmood;Chaves, Gerardo 1992 Size, structure and distribution of a Crocodylus acutus population Crocodylia: Crocodilidae) in Costa Rica Rev. Biol. Trop. 40 1 131-134 Journal Article Sassenburg, L. 1991 Contribution to the etiology, therapy and prophylaxis of egg binding in reptiles (Beiträge zur Ätiologie, Therapie und Prophylaxe der Legenot bei Reptilien) Ber 1991 249-253 Reptilia, testudines, sauria, serpentes, pathology, egg binding, therapy vet,zucht,testu,serp,echsen SB x Journal Article Sater, A. K.;Jacobson., A. G. 1990 The role of the dorsal lip in the induction of heart mesoderm in Xenopus laevis Development 108 461-470 Journal Article Sathyanarayana, M. C.;Sampath, K. 1992 Amphibian parasites of Kodiakarai Area (Point Calimere), Tamil Nadu, South India Hamadryad 17 14-16 Parasites; India Journal Article Sato, I.;Shimado, K.;Yokoi, A.;Handal, J.C.;Asuwa, N.;Ishii, T. 1990 Morphology of the teeth of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) - Fine structure and chemistry of the enamel J. Morphol. 205 2 165-172 AM, morphology, Journal Article Sato, I;Shimada, K.;Sato, T.;Kitagawa, T. 1992 Histochemical study of jaw muscle fibers in the American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) J. Morphol. 211 187-199 Reptilia, crocodylia, American Alligator, Alligator mississippiensis, anatomy, muscle, jaw, histochemistry Reprint Endnote 93/688 Journal Article Sato, I;Shimada, T;Sato, T;Kitagawa, T 1992 Histochemical study of jaw muscle fibers in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) Journal of Morphology 211 2 187-199 AM, food, anatomy, Journal Article Sato, I.;Shimada, K.;Sato, T. 1992 Morphology of the teeth of adult caudata and apoda: Fine structure and chemistry of enamel Journal of Morphology 214 3 341-350 Cryptobranchus Alleghaniensis; Amphiuma Means; Dicamptodon Ensatus; Necturus Maculosus; Dermophis; Calcium; Phosphorus; Iron; Magnesium; Fluoride; Hydroxyapatite Element; Trace Element; Collagen Fiber; Enameloid; Transmission Electron Microscopy; Electron Microprobe Analysis Representative functional teeth from Cryptobranchus alleghaniensis (Cryptobranchidae), Amphiuma means (Amphiumidae), Dicamptodon ensatus (Dicamptodontidae), Necturus maculosus (Proteidae), and Dermophis sp. (Costa Rica) (Caeciliidae) were prepared for transmission electorn microscope and electron microprobe analysis of the trace elements of the enamel layer. The enamel layer of these species is very thin and the arrangement of enamel crystals variable. In particular, the outer part of the enamel layer in which hydroxyapatite elements (Ca, P) and trace elements (e.g., F, Fe, Mg) are concentrated is most heavily mineralized. The concentrations and alignment of crystals in the outer and inner parts of the enamel layer differ among these species. The presence of collagen fibers in the inner part of the enamel layer of Cryptobranchus and Dermophis indicates that it is enameloid rather than true enamel. The presence of trace elements may be related to the pattern of mineralization of enamel or enameloid, as suggested for tetra-odontiform fishes by Suga et al. (J. Dent. Res. 68: 1115-1123, 1989). Journal Article Sauer, A.;und, H.;Sauer 1992 Einsatz der Sonographie zur Beurteilung intrauteriner Befunde am Beispiel der Schlingnatter Coronella austriaca LAURENTI, 1768 Salamandra 28 1 92-94 serp,vet,meth PF x Journal Article Sauer, H. 1992 Use of sonography in the judgement of intrauterine findings applied to the smooth snake Coronella austriaca. LAURINTI, 1768. Einsatz der Sonography zur Beurteilung intrauteriner Befunde am Beispiel der Schlingnatter Coronella austriaca LAURENTI, 1768. Salamandra 28 1 92-94 Reptilia, serpentes, smooth snake Coronella austriaca., propagation, diagnostic, sonography Journal Article Saugey, D. A.;Trauth, S. E. 1991 Distribution and habitat utilization of the four-toed salamander, Hemidactylium scutatum, in the Ouachita mountains of Arkansas Proceedings Arkansas Academy of Science 45 88-91 amphibians, population, reproduction, range Journal Article Saunders, Denis A.;Hobbs, Richard J.;Margules, Chris R. 1991 Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation: A revew Conservation Biology 5 1 18-32 Journal Article Savage, Jay M.;Slowinski, Joseph B. 1990 A simple consistent terminology for the basic colour patterns of the venomous coral snakes and their mimics Herpetological Journal 1 530-532 Journal Article Savage, Jay M.;Slowinski, Joseph B. 1990 Short note: A simple consistent terminology for the basic colour patterns of the venomous coral snakes and their mimics Herpetological Journal 1 530-532 terminology, colour patterns, coral snakes, mimicry Journal Article Savage, J. M.;Guyer, C. 1991 Nomenclatural notes on anoles (Sauria: Polychridae): stability over priority Journal of Herpetology 25 3 365-366 Journal Article Savage, Jay M.;Slowinski, Joseph B. 1992 The colouration of the venomous coral snakes (family Elapidae) and their mimics (families Aniliidae amd Colubridae) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 45 235-254 Journal Article Savage, Jay M.;McDiarmid, Roy W. 1992 Rediscovery of the Central American colubrid snake, Sibon argus, with comments on related species from the region Copeia 1992 2 421-432 Journal Article Savage, J. M.;Slowinski, Joseph B. 1992 The colouration of the venomous coral snakes (family Elapidae) and their mimics (families Aniliidae and Colubridae) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 45 235-254 coral snakes, colouration, mimicry Journal Article Savard, P. 1992 Body Axis Determination During Early Development in Amphibians Biochem Cell Biol 70 10-11 875-891 Chromatin Remodeling; Cellular Regionalization; Homeobox; Inducing Factor; Retinoic Acid; EARLY XENOPUS-EMBRYOS; FIBROBLAST GROWTH-FACTOR; MATERNAL MESSENGER-RNA; MESODERM-INDUCING FACTOR; HOMEOBOX GENE XHOX3; CHICK LIMB BUD; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; DORSAL MARGINAL ZONE; RETINOIC ACID; NEURAL INDUCTION Journal Article Savelev, Sergej V.;Kuranova, Valentina N.;Besova, N. V. 1991 Über die inner Befruchtung bei Salamandra keyserlingii Dybowski 1870 Veröffentlichungen Naturhistorisches Museum Schloß Bertholdsburg Schleusingen 6 12-15 Journal Article Savidge, J.A.;Sileo, L.;Siegfried, L.M. 1992 Was disease involved in the decimation of Guam's avifauna? Journal of Wildlife Diseases 28 2 206-214 Key-words: Aves, avifauna, Infection, predation Between 1982 and 1986, 402 exotic migrant or native resident birds on Guam were surveyed for disease-causing agents to determine the role of disease in the decline of native forest bird populations on Guam. A variety of commental or opportunistic bacteria, including Salmonella spp. were cultured. Faecal samples were negative. Haematozoans were not found. It was cucluded that diseases are not responsible for this decline. Others (Savidge, 1987) have suggested that the brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis), introduced on the island was responsibe for the decimation. Book Section Savitzky, Alan H. 1992 Embryonic development of the maxillary and prefrontal bones of crotaline snakes Campbell, J. A. and Brodie, E. D., Jr. Biology of the Pit vipers Tyler Texas Selva 119-141 agkistrodon crotalus Book Section Savitzky, Barbara A. C. 1992 Laboratory studies on piscivory in an opportunistic pitviper, the cottonmouth, Agkistrodon piscivorus Campbell, J. A. and Brodie, E. D., Jr. Biology of the Pit vipers Tyler Texas Selva 347-368 food feeding behavior Journal Article Sazima, I.;Martins, M. 1990 Presas grandes e serpentes joves: quando os olhos sao maiores que a boca Memorium of the Institute of Butantan 52 73-79 Colubridae, historia natural, comportamento alimentar, fase juvenil Journal Article Sazima, I.;Martins, M. 1990 Presas grandes e serpentes jovens: quando os olhos Sao Maiores que a boca Mem. Inst. Butantan 52 3 73-79 reptiles, snakes, natural history, Journal Article Sazima, I.;Strussmann, C. 1990 Necrofagia em serpentes Brasileiras: exemplos e previsoes Rev. Brasil. Biol. 50 2 463-468 reptiles, snakes, Brazil, habitat, behavior Journal Article Sazima, I.;Abe, A. S. 1991 Habits of five Brazilian snakes with coral-snake pattern, including a summary of defensive tactics Studies on neotropical fauna and environment 26 3 159-164 reptiles, color, mimicry Journal Article Sazima, I. 1991 Caudal luring in two neotropical pitvipers , Bothrops jararaca and B. jararacussu Copeia 1991 1 245-248 reptiles, snakes, Brazil, natural history, defense, behavior Journal Article Sazima, Ivan;di-Bernado, Marcos 1991 Albinismo em serpentes neotropicais Mem. Inst. Butantan 53 2 167-173 Journal Article Sazima, I.;Di-Bernardo, M. 1991 Albinismo em serpentes neotropicais Mem. Inst. Butantan 53 2 167-173 reptiles, color, snake Journal Article Sazima, Ivan 1991 Caudal luring in two neotropical pitvipers, Bothrops jararaca and B. jararacussu Copeia 1991 1 245-48 feeding, behavior, field, pit vipers, tail, luring, caudal Book Section Sazima, Ivan 1992 Natural history of the Jararaca pitviper, Bothrops jararaca, in southeastern Brazil Campbell, J. A. and Brodie, E. D., Jr. Biology of the Pit vipers Tyler Texas Selva 199-216 deil activity basking thermoregulation survey food diet caudal luring defense mimicry Journal Article Scalia, F. 1991 Differential projections of the main and accessory olfactory bulb in the frog Journal of Comparative Neurology 305 443-461 Journal Article Scalia, F.;Gallousis, G.;Roca., S. 1991 A note on the organization of the amphibian olfactory bulb Journal of Comparative Neurology 305 435-442 Journal Article Scarborough, R. M.;Rose, J. W.;Hsu, M. A.;Phillips, D. R.;Fried, V. A.;Campbell, A. M.;Nannizzi, L.;Charo, I. F. 1991 Barbourin. A GPIIb-IIIa-specific integrin antagonist from the venom of Sistrurus m. barbouri J Biol Chem 266 15 9359-62 Amino Acid Sequence; *Crotalid Venoms/isolation & purification/*pharmacology; Fibrinogen/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism; Integrins/*antagonists & inhibitors; Molecular Sequence Data; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/pharmacology; Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins/isolation & purification/*pharmacology Sixty-two snake venoms were screened to identify those which specifically inhibit the adhesive protein binding function of the glycoprotein (GP) IIb-IIIa complex, the receptor-mediating platelet aggregation. Although 52 of these venoms inhibited GPIIb-IIIa, only one of these, from the southeastern pigmy rattlesnake, Sistrurus m. barbouri, was specific for GPIIb-IIIa versus other integrins. The peptide responsible for this activity, termed barbourin, was sequenced and found to be highly homologous to other peptides of the viper venom GPIIb-IIIa antagonist family but was the first member which did not contain the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) amino acid sequence, believed to be required for inhibition of receptor function. Instead, barbourin contains the sequence, Lys-Gly-Asp (KGD). The conservative Lys for Arg substitution appears to be the sole structural feature which imparts integrin specificity to barbourin, since venom peptide analogs with Lys substitutions were also specific for GPIIb-IIIa. Thus, barbourin represents a new structural model useful for designing potent and GPIIb- IIIa-specific compounds that may have therapeutic value as platelet aggregation inhibitors. Journal Article Scerbak, Nikolaj N. 1991 Eine new Gecko-Art aus Pakistan: Alsophylax (Altiphylax) boehmei sp. nov. Salamandra 27 1 53-57 New species; Pakistan; Alsophylax boehmei n. sp.; Gekkonidae; Taxonomy Journal Article Scerbak, Nikolaj N. 1991 Eine neue gecko-art aus Pakistan: Alsophylax (Altiphylax) boehmei sp. nov. Salamandra 27 1 53-57 Alsophylax boehmei n. sp.; new species; Pakistan; Reptilia; Sauria; Gekkonidae; Taxonomy Journal Article Schall, J. J. 1990 Aversion of whiptail lizards (Cnemidophorus) to a model alkaloid Herpetologica 46 1 34-39 reptiles, lizards, plant toxins, food, behavior Journal Article Schatti, B.;Loumont, C. 1992 A contribution to the herpetofauna of Sao Tome (Gulf of Guinea) (Amphibia and Reptilia) Zoologische Abhandlungen 47 1-8 23-36 PELUSIOS SUBNIGER; NESIONIXALUS MOLLERI; PHRYNOBATRACHUS FEAE; PHRYNOBATRACHUS DISPAR; BOIGA PULVERULENTA; GASTROPYXIS SMARAGDINA; DENDROASPIS JAMESONI; HYPEROLIUS spp.; HEMIDACTYLUS MURICEUS; SCHISTOMETOPUM; SYNONYMY Twenty species of amphibians and reptiles are recorded from Sao Tome. Old records of Pelusios subniger have been confirmed. The hyperoliid genus Nesionixalus, endemic to Sao tome and Principe includes a second species, N. molleri. Phrynobatrachus feae Boulenger is considered a synonym of P. dispar Peers. For three snake species (i.e. Boiga pulverulenta, Gastropuxis smaragdina, Dendrospis jamesoni) confirmation for an ocurrence on Sao Tome is still required. Several forms allegedly reported from this island (e.g. Hyprolisu spp., Hemidactylus muriceus) are doubtful and the systematics of some genera (e.g. Schistometopum) need further studies. The herpetofauna is completely different from that round on Fernanda Poo. At least 16 forms (14 species, 2 subspecies) of amphibians and reptiles are endemic to Sao Tome and Principe. Journal Article Schätti, Beat;Kramer, Eugen;Touzet, Jean-Marc 1990 Systematic remarks on a rare crotalid snake from Ecuador, Bothriechis albocarinata (Shreve), with some comments on the generic arrangement of arboreal neotropical pitvipers Revue Suisse Zool. 97 4 877-885 bothrops Journal Article Schätti, Beat;Guillod, Michel 1990 Bemerkungen zur Rassengliederung bei der Philippinischen Bambusotter, Trimeresurus flavomaculatus (Gray, 1842) Herpetofauna 12 66 32-34 Trimeresurus flavomaculatus; Philippines; Batan Island Journal Article Schätti, B.;Baran, I.;Sigg, H. 1991 Rediscovery of the Bolkar viper: morphological variation and systematic implications on the 'Vipera xanthina complex' Amphibia-Reptilia 12 3 305-327 evolutionary species concept Journal Article Schätti, Beat;Kramer, Eugen 1991 A new pitviper from Ecuador, Bothriechis mahnerti n. sp. Revue suisse Zool. 98 9-14 Journal Article Schieffelin, Cynthia D.;Queiroz, Alan de 1991 Temperature and defense in the common garter snake: warm snakes are more aggressivethancold snakes Herpetologica 47 2 230-237 antipredator behavior, defense, temperature, sirtalis Conference Proceedings Schildger, B.-J.;Frank, H.;Weiß, R. 1991 Trichophyton mycosis in Malagasy day geckos (Phelsuma a. abbotti) 83-87 Abstract: In a recently imported group of animals (P.s. abbotti) most animals showed multiple nodular skin lesions. Mycotic lesions extended into the subcutis, muscles and bones. Mycotic investigation was inconclusive, in that it could be a Basidiobolus sp. or a new species of Trichophyton . Conference Proceedings Schildger, B.-J.;Weiß, R.;Frank, H.;Wicker, R. 1991 Mycobacteriosis in Australian snake necked turtles (Chelodina longicollis) 62-67 Chelodina longicollis, Podocnemis unifilis, and Phrynops geoffroanus were kept together and fed with fishes. Abscess-like lesions developed in the pharyngeal area and on top of the head. Post-mortem revealed tuberculous lesions in the liver and spleen. Another chelodina in the same enclosure showed skin lesions which contained acid fast bacteria. Endoscopic examination revealed small granulomas in the liver, also containing acid fast bacteria. This animal was euthanized. M. marinum was isolated on Löwenstein-Jensen medium. Journal Article SCHILDGER, B.-J. et al. 1991 Zur Anwendung bildgebender diagnostischer Verfahren bei Reptilien. Berl. Münch. Tierärztl. Wschr. 104 20-26 Reptilia, testudines, serpentes, sauria, sonography, technique Journal Article Schildger, B. J.;Wicker, R. 1992 Endoscopy in Reptiles and Amphibians - Indications, Methods, Findings (in german) Prakt Tierarzt 73 6 516-527 Reptilia, amphibia, sauria, serpentes, testudines, anura, urodeles, endoscopy, anesthesia Narcosis was with Ketamin-HCl (testudines:25-75 mg/kg, sauria and serpentes: 50-100 mg/kg; anura 40-80 mg/kg in the dorsal lymphsack) or with Isofluran by intubation. The procedures had no untoward side-effects. Air inflated in the abdominal cavity was maintained at a pressure of 6 - 10 mm Hg. Optic 3 mm Ø (in animals over 1 kg 4 mm Ø). Numerous full-color pictures of intraabdominal situations. Address of author: Zoologischer Garten, Alfred Brehm Platz 16, D-6000 Frankfurt am Main. Germany Journal Article SCHILDGER, B. J.;WICKER, R. 1992 Endoskopie bei Reptilien und Amphibien - Indikationen, Methoden, Befunde Prakt. Tierarzt 73 6 516-527 Reptilia, amphibia, sauria, serpentes, testudines, anura, urodeles, endoscopy, anesthesia Narcosis was with Ketamin-HCl (testudines:25-75 mg/kg, sauria and serpentes: 50-100 mg/kg; anura 40-80 mg/kg in the dorsal lymphsack) or with Isofluran by intubation. The procedures had no untoward side-effects. Air inflated in the abdominal cavity was maintained at a pressure of 6 - 10 mm Hg. Optic 3 mm Ø (in animals over 1 kg 4 mm Ø). Numerous full-color pictures of intraabdominal situations. Reprint Endnote 92/118 Address of author: Zoologischer Garten, Alfred Brehm Platz 16, D-6000 Frankfurt am Main. Germany Journal Article Schildger, B. J.;Hafeli, W. 1992 [The radiologic differential diagnosis in girth increase of the gastric cavity and the body in lizards (Squamata: Sauria)] Tierarztl Prax 20 5 531-43 The extended girth is one of the few important and obvious symptoms in lizards (Sauria). Radiological examination proved to be the most important method in the clinical diagnostic procedure. Standard and contrast images using oral and cloacal application of barium sulphate or iodophoric contrast media were frequently indicated. Based on 442 X-rays from 162 lizards out of 20 genus the significant radiological, physiological and pathological findings are described. Frequent findings were dystocia in oviparous and viviparous lizards (18.5%), gastritis and enteritis (12.3%), ascites (9.3%), fractures of the spine and osteodystrophia (9.3%), obstipation (6.2%), foreign bodies (4.9%), neoplasia (4.3%) and enteroliths (4.3%). Pneumonia (3.7%), was as frequent as the physiological lung tympany (3.7%). Pregnancy was the most frequent physiological finding (8%). The radiological findings, are described in detail, especially in regard to differentiation between physiological and pathological conditions. Journal Article Schlüter, Andreas 1990 Buchbesprechung: Inseln in der Zeit. Venezuela-Expeditionen zu den letzten weißen Flecken der Erde Herpetofauna 12 66 31 Book review Journal Article Schlüter, Andreas 1990 Reproduction and tadpole of Edalorhina perezi (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae) Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 25 1 49-56 Journal Article Schlüter, A.;Salas., A. W. 1991 Reproduction, tadpoles, and ecological aspects of three syntopic microhylid species from Peru (Amphibia: Microhylidae) Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturk. 458 1-17 Journal Article Schlyter, F.;Hoglund, J.;Stromberg, G. 1991 Hybridization and low numbers in isolated populations of the natterjack, Bufo calamita, and the green toad, B. viridis, in southern Sweden: possible conservation problems Amphibia-Reptilia 12 267-281 hybrid; sex ratio Journal Article Schmid, M.;Steinlein, C.;Friedl, R.;Almeida, C. G. de;Haaf, T.;Hillis, D. M.;Duellman, W. E. 1990 Chromosome banding in Amphibia. XV. Two types of Y chromosomes and heterochromatin hypervariability in Gastrotheca pseustes (Anura, Hylidae) Chromosoma 99 413-423 marsupial frogs, Anura, karyotypes Book Section Schmid, M.;Steinlein, C.;Nanda, I.;Epplen, J. T. 1990 Chromosome banding in amphibia Olmo, E. Cytogenetics of Amphibians and Reptiles Basel Birkhäuser 21-45 Journal Article Schmidt, D. 1990 Terrarientiere vermehren: Schlangen Melsungen (Verlag Neumann Neudamm) serp,zucht,vet,vit,tech,repro PF x Journal Article Schmidt, A.;Wake, M. H. 1990 Olfactory and vomeronasal systems of caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) Journal of Morphology 205 255-268 sense, morphology, comparative, relationships Journal Article Schmidt, W. 1991 A multicoloured chamaeleon Bradypodion pumilum (Germ.) Ein buntes Zwergchamaeleon aus Südafrika, Bradypodion pumilum Datz 44 12 778-783 Reptilia, sauria, chamealeonidae, Bradypodion pumilum, management echsen,zucht,vit,vet PF x Journal Article Schmidt, A. A. 1991 Keeping and breeding of the skink Corucia zebrata GRAY, 1855. Zur Haltung und Fortpflanzung des Wickelskinks Corucia zebrata GRAY, 1855 Salamandra 27 4 238-245 Reptilia, sauria, skink, Corucia zebrata, management, feeding echsen,zucht,vit PF x Journal Article Schmidt B., Walter 1991 Abronia graminea (Sauria, Anguidae) en la Sierra Mazateca, Oaxaca, Mexico Boletín de la Sociedad Herpetológica Mexicana 3 1 11-12 Mexico; Abronia graminea Journal Article Schmidt B., Walter 1992 Extension del area de distribucion sur para el lagarto Barisia rudicollis (Sauria, Anguidae) Boletín de la Sociedad Herpetológica Mexicana 4 2 41-42 Barisia rudicollis; Distribution; Mexico Journal Article Schmidtler, Josef Friedrich;Eiselt, Josef;Sigg, Harry 1990 Die subalpine herpetofauna des Bolkar-Gebirges (Mittlerer Taurus, Südtürkei) Herpetofauna 12 64 11-20 Turkey; Rana holtzi; Lacerta cf. rudis; Coluber ravergieri; Vipera bulgardaghica Journal Article Schmidtler, Josef F.;Lanza, Benedetto 1990 A new dwarf-snake (Eirenis) from Lake Van in eastern Turkey Amphibia-Reptilia 11 363-371 Journal Article Schneider, C. W.;Marquette, B. W.;Pietsch, P. 1991 Measures of phototaxis and movement detection in the larval salamander Physiol Behav 50 3 645-7 Ambystoma; Ambystoma mexicanum; Animal; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Comparative Study; Eye Enucleation; Larva; Light; Motion Perception/*physiology; Predatory Behavior/physiology; Species Specificity; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Videotape Recording In this investigation, we describe two precise tests of visual function that integrate quasinatural situations with time-lapse video recording and infrared computerized monitoring of activity to assess movement detection and phototaxic tendencies, respectively. Four groups of larvae from A. punctatum, A. tigrinum, A. mexicanum, and a mutant albino axolotl were tested in an alley containing light and dark halves and lined with infrared sensors to monitor their phototaxic response. A. punctatum showed no phototaxic tendency, while the other three groups displayed a strong negative phototaxic response. Enucleation of the eyes in mutant albinos eliminated the negative phototaxis. Visual detection of motion was tested by videorecording the behavior of A. punctatum, A. mexicanum, and the mutant albino axolotl larvae while they explored a large bowl with 6 small vials on the perimeter, one of which contained white worms. A. punctatum rapidly approached the worm vial and engaged in intense predatory behavior. A. mexicanum responded to the presence of worms very slowly and rapidly lost interest. Albino axolotls displayed no visual recognition of the worms. The results indicate that visual function can be precisely determined in larval salamanders utilizing behavioral measures consistent with the animal's natural tendencies. Journal Article Schneider, C. W.;Marquette, B. W.;Pietsch., P. 1991 Measures of phototaxis and movement detection in the larval salamander Physiology and Behavior 50 645-647 Journal Article Schneider, H.;Sinsch, U. 1991 Mating call variation in lake frogs referred to as Rana ridibunda Z. zool. Syst. Evolut.-forsch 30 297-315 Rana ridibunda, Amphibia, Anuran communication Journal Article Schoener, T. W.;Spiller, D. 1990 Species diversity and abundance in insular systems NSF Proposal biogeography, islands, lizards, insects Journal Article Schoner, Wm. Benson 1992 Tomorrow's herpetoculturists Vivarium 4 2 27;29 Journal Article Schoonbee, H. J.;Prinsloo, J. F.;Nxiweni., J. G. 1992 Observations on the feeding habits of larvae, juvenile and adult stages of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, in impoundments in Transkei Water South Africa 18 227-236 Journal Article Schoonbee, H. J.;Prinsloo, J. F.;Nxiweni., J. G. 1992 Observations on the feeding habits of larvae, juvenile and adult stages of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, in impoundments in Transkei. Water South Africa 18 227-236 Journal Article Schorr, Mark S.;Altig, Ronald;Diehl, Walter J. 1990 Populational changes of the enteric protozoans Opalina sp. and Nyctotherus cordiformis during the ontogeny of anuran tadpoles Journal of Protozoology 47 6 479-481 Anura, density, ontogeny, population, symbiosis, tadpoles, USA, Mississippi, 132 Journal Article Schorr, M. S.;Altig, R.;Diehl., W. J. 1990 Population changes of the enteric protozoans Opalina spp. and Nyctotherus cordiformis during the ontogeny of anuran tadpoles. Journal of Protozoology 37 479-481 Journal Article Schorr, M. S.;Altig, R.;Diehl., W. J. 1991 Populational changes of the enteric protozoans Opalina spp. and Nyctotherus cordiformis during the ontogeny of anuran tadpoles. Journal of Protozoology 37 479-481 Journal Article Schroeder, D. M.;Egar, M. W. 1990 Marginal neurons in the urodele spinal cord and the associated denticulate ligaments J Comp Neurol 301 1 93-103 Ambystoma/physiology; Animal; Axons/ultrastructure; Comparative Study; Cytoplasm/ultrastructure; Dendrites/ultrastructure; Ligaments/*innervation; Microscopy, Electron; Necturus/physiology; Neuroglia/ultrastructure; Neurons/*ultrastructure; Species Specificity; Spinal Cord/*cytology/ultrastructure; Staining; Urodela/*physiology Marginal neurons have been described in the spinal cords of a variety of vertebrates including lamprey, reptiles, birds, and mammals but not in amphibians. There has been speculation about a motor function for these neurons but recent experimental evidence in lampreys indicates that they are intraspinal mechanoreceptor neurons. Additional evidence on reptiles and birds demonstrates that the marginal neurons are closely associated with the denticulate ligaments. In the present investigation, we have examined the spinal cords of Necturus, Ambystoma tigrinum, and A. mexicanum with light and electron microscopic techniques. Marginal nuclei were found in the ventrolateral position immediately internal to the pia and to the denticulate ligament. The marginal neurons were scattered in a continuous column of neuropil without segmental accumulation. They were approximately 30 to 50 microns in diameter and fusiform with dendrites extending from the poles, parallel with the length of the spinal cord. Neuronal fingerlike processes, like those found in peripheral mechanoreceptors and in the marginal nuclei of reptiles, were also found in the three species of urodeles studied. The structure of the denticulate ligaments, similar in the three different amphibians, was composed of collagen, elastin, and fibroblasts, all of which were concentrated in the segmental lateral processes. Journal Article Schroeder, Richard L.;Allen, Arthur W. 1992 Assessment of habitat of wildlife communities on the Snake River, Jackson, Wyoming U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Resource Publication 190 1-21 Journal Article Schroeder, Mari 1992 Examination of desert tortoise burrows using a miniature video camera Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 221 Journal Article Schuett, G. W.;Gillingham 1990 The function of scream calling in nonsocial vertebrates: testing the predator attraction hypothesis Bulliten of the Chicago Herp Society 25 8 137-142 scream, predation, frogs Book Section Schuett, Gordon W. 1992 Is long-term sperm storage an important component of the reproductive biology of temperate pitvipers? Campbell, J. A. and Brodie, E. D., Jr. Biology of the Pit vipers Tyler Texas Selva 169-184 reproduction reproductive biology agkistrodon crotalus sistrurus Book Section Schulte, D.M.;Chabreck, R.H. 1990 Effects of nest and egg characteristics on size and early development of American alligators Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8327-0023-X vi + 345 pp. 2. ISBN 2-8327-0023-X vi + 345 pp. 177-187. Edited Book Schultze, Hans-Peter;Trueb, Linda 1991 Origins of the Higher Groups of Tetrapods Ithaca and London Comstock Publishing Associates xii + 724 Journal Article Schulz, Klaus-Dieter;Scheidt, Vincent N. 1992 An introduction to the Indonesian rat snakes of the genus Elaphe Vivarium 4 2 13-17 Elaphe Journal Article Schulz, Klaus-Dieter 1992 The far-east Asian ratsnakes of the genus Elaphe part XXI Elaphe leonardi (Wall 1921) Sauria (E) 1992 1 3 Journal Article Schumacher, J. e.a. 1990 Inclusion-body disease in boid snakes: a retrospective and prospective study AAZV 289 Reptilia, squamata, serpentes, boidae pythoninae, boa, python, infection, virus, herpes? 220191 WS DW Journal Article Schwalbe, Cecil R. 1991 Arizona 1987 state report: Arizona Game and Fish Department Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 33 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Schwalbe, Cecil R. 1991 Arizona state 1989 report: The Arizona Game and Fish Department Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 207-208 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Schwalbe, Cecil R.;Johnson, Terry B. 1991 Arizona state report: The Arizona Game and Fish Department [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 274 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Schwaner, Terry D. 1990 Geographic variation in scale and skeletal anomalies of tiger snakes (Elapidae: Notechis scutatus-ater complex) in southern Australia Copeia 1990 4 1168-1173 Journal Article Schwartz, Joshua J. 1991 Why stop calling? A study of unison bout singing in a neotropical treefrog Anim. Behav. 42 565-577 Hyla microcephala Book Schwartz, Albert;Henderson, Robert W. 1991 Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies: Descriptions, Distributions, and Natural History Gainesville, FL University of Florida Press xvi + 720 Journal Article Schwartz, J. J.;Rand, A. S. 1991 The consequences for communication of call overlap in the túngara frog, a neotropical anuran with a frequency-modulated call Ethology 89 73-83 acoustic communication, calls-timing, Leptodactylidae, neuroethology, phonotaxis, playback, sexual selection, Journal Article Schweiger, Mario 1991 Coluber ravergieri Menetries, 1832 - eine ungewöhnliche Zornnatter. Teil 1: Beschreibung, Verbreitung, Ökologie und Giftwirkung Herpetofauna 13 70 30-34 Coluber ravergieri; Turkey Journal Article Schweiger, Mario 1991 Coluber ravergieri Menetries, 1832 - eine ungewöhnliche Zornnatter. Teil 2: Fortpflanzung und Terrarienhaltung Herpetofauna 13 71 22-26 Coluber ravergieri Journal Article Schweiger, Mario 1992 Die Europäische Hornotter Vipera ammodytes (Linnaeus, 1758). Teil 1: Systematik, Ökologie und Lebensweise Herpetofauna 14 77 11-22 Vipera ammodytes Journal Article Schweiger, Mario 1992 Die Europäische Hornotter Vipera ammodytes (Linnaeus, 1758). Teil 2: Haltung und Zucht Herpetofauna 14 78 11-16 Vipera ammodytes Journal Article Schweiger, Mario 1992 Buchbesprechung: Europäische Landschildkröten, Leben - Haltung - Zucht Herpetofauna 14 81 22 Book review Book Section Schwenk, Kurt;Mayer, Gregory C. 1991 Tongue display in anoles and its evolutionary basis Losos, J. and Mayer, G. 4th Anolis Newsletter Washington, DC National Museum of Natural History 131-140 Edited Book Schwenk, K.;Mayer, G. C. 1991 Tongue display in anoles and its evolutionary basis Washington, DC National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian), Division of Amphibians and Reptiles tongue, lizard, anolis, polychrotidaevisual display Journal Article Scolaro, J. A.;Cei, J. M. 1991 The poorly known Andean lizard Liolaemus uspallatensis Macola & Castro 1982, and its introgeneric relationships: a taxonumerical approach (Reptilia, Iguanidae) Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali - Torino 9 1 91-103 Journal Article Scott, David E. 1990 Effects of larval density in Ambystoma opacum: An experiment in large-scale field enclosures Ecology 71 1 296-306 density dependent hydroperiod intraspecific competition metamorphosis predator prey survival Journal Article Scott, T.P.;Weldon, P.J. 1990 Chemoreception in the feeding behaviour of adult American alligators, Alligator mississippiensis Anim. Beh. 39 398-405 AM, food, behavior, biochemistry, Journal Article Scott, N.J.;Aquino, A.L.;Fitzgerald, L.A. 1990 Distribution, habitats, and conservation of the caimans (Alligatoridae) of Paraguay Vida Silv. Neotrop. 2 2 43-51 CL, CCR, PAL, distribution, habitat,South America Journal Article Scott, D. E. 1990 Effects of larval density in Ambystoma opacum: an experiment in large-scale field enclosures Ecology 71 296-306 Book Section Scott, Norman J., Jr;Seigel, Richard A. 1992 The management of amphibian and reptile populations: Species priorities and methodological constraints McCullough, D. R. and Barrett, R. H. Wildlife 2001: Populations London Elsivier Applied Science 343-368 conservation endangered threatened Journal Article Scott, Gregory Z. 1992 Salmonellosis: Will it pose a problem for iguana husbandry? Iguana Times 1 5 16-17 salmonella Journal Article Scrocchi, G. J. 1990 El género Micrurus (Serpentes: Elapidae) en la Republica Argentina Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali - Torino 8 2 343-368 Journal Article Scrocchi, G. J.;Viñas, M. 1990 El género Clelia (Serpentes: Colubridae) en la República Argentina: revisión y comentarios Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali - Torino 8 2 487-499 Journal Article Scrocchi, G. J.;Cei, J. M. 1991 A new species of the genus Atractus from the Northwestern Argentina (Serpentes, Colubridae) Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali - Torino 9 1 205-208 Journal Article Scrocchi, G.;Monguillot, J. C. 1992 Rachidelus brazili (Serpentes: Colubridae) en la región central de ls Argentina Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 8 1 Rachidelus brazili Journal Article Seaman, J.W.;Jaeger, R.G. 1990 Statisticae dogmaticae: A critical essay on statistical practice in ecology Herpetologica 46 3 337-346 Statistics Journal Article Searl, T.;Prior, C.;Marshall, I. G. 1990 The effects of L-vesamicol, an inhibitor of vesicular acetylcholine uptake, on two populations of miniature endplate currents at the snake neuromuscular junction Neuroscience 35 1 145-56 Acetylcholine/*pharmacokinetics; Action Potentials/drug effects; Animal; Electric Stimulation; Neuromuscular Junction/drug effects/metabolism/*physiology; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors/*pharmacology; Phencyclidine/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology; Snakes/*physiology; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't The actions of the active L-isomer of vesamicol, an inhibitor of the vesicular storage of acetylcholine, has been studied on spontaneous and evoked acetylcholine release at the snake neuromuscular junction. Miniature endplate currents and endplate currents were recorded from cut muscle fibres of the garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis. In controls, prolonged periods of high frequency nerve stimulation produced a bimodal distribution of miniature endplate current amplitudes. The stimulation induced "small-mode" miniature endplate currents had a mean amplitude of around 40-55% of the pre-stimulation miniature endplate current. Relative to the normal-sized post- stimulation miniature endplate current, the proportion and, to a lesser extent, amplitude of the small-mode miniature endplate currents was related to both the frequency and duration of nerve stimulation and to the extracellular calcium ion concentration. In unstimulated preparations, L-vesamicol (2-5 microM) did not affect either endplate current quantal content or miniature endplate current amplitude or frequency. However, at these doses, the mean amplitude of the stimulation-induced, small-mode miniature endplate current was reduced by L-vesamicol in a concentration-dependent manner such that they were not visible at the highest dose. L-Vesamicol had no affect on the mean or coefficient of variance of amplitude of the larger, normal-sized miniature endplate current. Additionally, the stimulation-induced increase in overall miniature endplate current frequency seen in controls was abolished by 5 microM L-vesamicol. After prolonged 10 Hz nerve stimulation endplate current amplitude was markedly reduced in both controls (by 94%) and in the presence of 5 microM L-vesamicol (by 98%). Analysis of endplate current amplitude variance showed that in control the decrease was due to reductions in both quantal content and quantal size while in L-vesamicol the decrease was due entirely to a change in quantal content with no change in quantal size. Thus, we have observed that L-vesamicol selectively reduces the amplitude of a population of stimulation-induced small-mode quanta both as miniature endplate currents and as constituents of endplate currents. We suggest that these quanta are derived from a highly active, readily releasable pool. An action of L-vesamicol on this labile pool is consistent with previous observations on its ability to inhibit the vesicular storage of acetylcholine. Book Section Seburn, Carolyn N. L. 1992 The status of amphibain populations in Saskatchewan Bishop, Christine A. and Pettit, Karen E. Declines in Canadian Amphibian Populations: Designing a National Monitoring Strategy Ottawa, Ontario Canadian Wildlife Service 17-18 Journal Article Secor, Stephen M. 1990 Reproductive and combat behavior of the Mexican kingsnake, Lampropeltis mexicana Journal of Herpetology 24 2 217-221 Journal Article Secor, Stephen M. 1990 Reproductive and Combat Behavior of the Mexican Kingsnake, Lampropeltis mexicana Journal of Herpetology 24 2 217-221 reproduction, mating, alterna Book Section Secor, Stephen M. 1992 A preliminary analysis of the movement and home range size of the sidewinder, Crotalus cerastes Campbell, J. A. and Brodie, E. D., Jr. Biology of the Pit vipers Tyler Texas Selva 389-393 radio telemetry Journal Article Secor, S. M.;Jayne, B. C.;Bennett, A. F. 1992 Locomotor performance and energetic cost of sidewinding by the snake Crotalus cerastes Journal of Experimental Biology 163 1-14 24, snake, Crotalus, cerastes, sidewinding, locomotion Journal Article Segal, Y.;Reuss, L. 1990 Maxi K+ channels and their relationship to the apical membrane conductance in Necturus gallbladder epithelium J Gen Physiol 95 5 791-818 Animal; Calcium/diagnostic use; Electric Conductivity; Epithelium/metabolism; Gallbladder/*metabolism; In Vitro; Mathematics; Membrane Potentials; Microelectrodes; Models, Statistical; Necturus maculosus; Potassium/diagnostic use; Potassium Channels/metabolism/*physiology; Sodium/diagnostic use; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Using the patch-clamp technique, we have identified large-conductance (maxi) K+ channels in the apical membrane of Necturus gallbladder epithelium, and in dissociated gallbladder epithelial cells. These channels are more than tenfold selective for K+ over Na+, and exhibit unitary conductance of approximately 200 pS in symmetric 100 mM KCl. They are activated by elevation of internal Ca2+ levels and membrane depolarization. The properties of these channels could account for the previously observed voltage and Ca2+ sensitivities of the macroscopic apical membrane conductance (Ga). Ga was determined as a function of apical membrane voltage, using intracellular microelectrode techniques. Its value was 180 microS/cm2 at the control membrane voltage of -68 mV, and increased steeply with membrane depolarization, reaching 650 microS/cm2 at -25 mV. We have related maxi K+ channel properties and Ga quantitatively, relying on the premise that at any apical membrane voltage Ga comprises a leakage conductance and a conductance due to maxi K+ channels. Comparison between Ga and maxi K+ channels reveals that the latter are present at a surface density of 0.09/microns 2, are open approximately 15% of the time under control conditions, and account for 17% of control Ga. Depolarizing the apical membrane voltage leads to a steep increase in channel steady-state open probability. When correlated with patch-clamp studies examining the Ca2+ and voltage dependencies of single maxi K+ channels, results from intracellular microelectrode experiments indicate that maxi K+ channel activity in situ is higher than predicted from the measured apical membrane voltage and estimated bulk cytosolic Ca2+ activity. Mechanisms that could account for this finding are proposed. Journal Article Seibert, H. C.;Conover, J. H. 1991 Mortality of vertebrates and invertebrates on an Athens County, Ohio, Highway Ohio Journal of Science 91 4 163-166 conservation, DAP, USA Journal Article Seidel, Michael E. 1990 Trachemys dorbigni Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 486 1-3 Journal Article Seidel, Bernhard 1990 Phoretische Verbreitung der Muschelkrebsart Cyclocypris ovum (Crustacea: Ostracoda) durch Amphibien: Fördende ökologische und ethologische Faktoren. [Phoretic dispersal of Cyclocypris ovum (Crustacea: Ostracoda) by amphibians: promoting ecological and ethologigcal factors] Herpetazoa 3 1/2 55-66 Journal Article Seidel, Bernhard 1990 Phoretische Verbreitung der Muschelkrebsart Cyclocypris ovum (Crustacea: Ostracoda) durch Amphibien: Fördernde ökologie und ethologische Factoren Herpetozoa 3 1/2 55-66 Journal Article Seigel, Richard A.;Ford, Neil B. 1991 Phenotypic plasticity in the reproductive characteristics of an oviparous snake, Elaphe guttata: Implications for life history studies Herpetologica 47 3 301-307 Reptiles, snakes, Elaphe guttata, reproduction, phenotypic plasticity, life-history, evolution, clutch size, SREL Journal Article Seigel, Richard A.;Ford, Neil B. 1991 Phenotypic plasticity in the reproductive characteristics of an oviparous snake, Elapheguttata:Implications for life history studies Herpetologica 47 3 301-307 Elaphe, plasticity, reproduction, clutch size, eggs, rat snake Journal Article Seigel, R. A.;Ford, N. B. 1992 Effect of energy input on variation in clutch size and offspring size in a viviparous reptile Functional Ecology 6 382-385 life history traits thamnophis variance Journal Article Seigel, Richard 1992 Ecology of a specialized predator: Regina grahami in Missouri Journal of Hereptology 26 1 32-37 feeding, crawfish, snake, predation, prey Book Section Seijas, A.E. 1990 Situacion actual del caimán de la costa, Crocodylus acutus, en Venezuela Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 96-108 Book Section Seijas, A.E. 1990 Situacion actual de las poblaciones de Babas y Babillas (Caiman Crocodilus) en la region norte-costera de Venezuela Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 28-36 Book Section Seijas, A.E. 1992 Status of Orinoco crocodile populations in some localities in the Venezuelan llanos Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0133-3. 79 Book Section Seijas Y., A.E. 1990 Status of the American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) in Venezuela A review Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0009-4 iv + 380 pp. 144-156 Journal Article Seipp, Robert 1991 (1990) Eine neue Art der Gattung Phelsuma Gray 1825 von Madagaskar (Reptilia: Sauria: Gekkonidae) Senckenbergiana Biologica 71 1/3 11-14 Phelsuma klemmeri sp. nov. Journal Article Sekar, A. G. 1992 A study of the food habits of six anuran tadpoles Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 89 9-16 Journal Article Selcer, K. W. 1990 Egg-size relationships in a lizard with fixed clutch size: variation in a population of the mediterranean gecko Herpetologica 46 1 15-21 Reptiles, lizards, eggs, reproduction, RCM, Hemidactylus turcicus, parental investment, egg size, lipids, optimization, Journal Article Semenov, Dimitri V.;Borkin, Leo J. 1992 On the ecology of Przewalsky's gecko (Teratoscincus przewalskii) in the Tranasltai Gobi, Mongolia Asiatic Herpetological Research 4 99-112 gekkonidae ecology Journal Article Semlitsch, Raymond D.;Gibbons, J. Whitfield 1990 Effects of egg size on success of larval salamanders in complex aquatic environments Ecology 71 5 1789-1795 ambystoma talpoideum age body size competition egg growth maternal effects metamorphosis pond drying survival Journal Article Semlitsch, R. D.;Harris, R. N.;Wilbur, H. M. 1990 Paedomorphosis in Ambystoma talpoideum,: maintenance of population variation and alternative life-history pathways Evolution 44 6 1604-1613 amphibians, salamanders, phenotypic plasticity, development Journal Article Semlitsch, R. D. 1990 Effects of body size, sibship, and tail injury on the susceptibility of tadpoles to dragon fly predation. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68 1027-1030 Journal Article Semlitsch, R. D. 1990 Effects of body size, sibship, and tail injury on the susceptibility of tadpoles to dragonfly predation Canadian Journal of Zoology 68 1027-1030 Journal Article Semlitsch, R. D.;Harris, R. N.;Wilbur., H. M. 1990 Paedomorphosis in Ambystoma talpoideum - maintenance of population variation and alternative life history pathways Evolution 44 1604-1613 Journal Article Semlitsch, Raymond;Reyer, Heinz-Ulrich 1992 Modification of anti-predator behaviour in tadpoles by environmental conditioning Journal of Animal Ecology 61 353-360 Anura, Ranidae, Bufonidae, Rana lessonae, Rana esculenta, tadpoles, predation, anti-predator behavior, microhabitat, environmental conditioning, Europe, Switzerland Journal Article Semlitsch, R. D. and H.-U. Reyer. 1992 Modification of anti-predator behaviour in tadpoles by environmental conditioning Journal of Animal Ecology 61 353-360 Journal Article Semlitsch, R. D. and H.-U. Reyer. 1992 Performance of tadpoles from the hybridogenetic Rana esculenta complex: interactions with pond drying and interspecific competition Evolution 46 665-676 Journal Article Semlitsch, R. D. and S. Gavasso. 1992 Behavioural responses of Bufo bufo and Bufo calamita tadpoles to chemical cues of vertebrate and invertebrate predators Ethology Ecology & Evolution 4 165-173 Journal Article Seufer, Hermann 1991 Pflege und Nachzucht des Kleinschuppigen Wundergeckos Teratoscincus microlepis Nikolskij, 1899 Herpetofauna 13 71 6-10 Teratoscincus microlepis Journal Article Seufer, Hermann 1992 Buchbesprechung: Geckos Herpetofauna 14 79 15-17 Book review Journal Article Sever, D. M.;Trauth, S. E. 1990 Cloacal anatomy of female salamanders of the plethodontid subfamily Desognathinae (Amphibia: Urodela) Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 109 2 193-204 morphology, histology Journal Article Sever, David M. 1992 Comparative anatomy and phylogeny of the cloacae of salamanders (Amphibia: Caudata). III. Amphiumidae Journal of Morphology 211 63-72 Amphiumidae; Anatomy; Phylogeny Journal Article Sever, D.M. 1992 Comparative anatomy and phylogeny of the cloaca of salamanders (Amphibia: caudata). IV Salamandridae The Anat. Record 232 229-224 Amphibia, urodela, salamander, anatomy, cloaca Reprint Endnote 93/533 Journal Article Sever, D. M. 1992 Comparative anatomy and phylogeny of the cloacae of salamanders (Amphibia: Caudata). IV. Salamandridae Anat Rec 233 2 229-44 Cloacae were examined from male and female salamanders representing 12 genera and 22 species in the Salamandridae. All female salamandrids possess numerous sperm storage glands, spermathecae, in the roof of the cloaca, but intergeneric variation exists in the occurrence of additional cloacal glands. Pleurodeles and Tylototriton possess both vent and anterior ventral glands, and secondary loss has occurred of vent glands in all other genera and anterior ventral glands in Chioglossa, Cynops, Paramesotriton, and Triturus The most highly derived cloaca occurs in Euproctus asper, in which the cloacal tube extends through a conical projection, and ventral glands secrete onto the dorsolateral surface of the projection rather than into the cloaca. Marked intergeneric variation occurs in males in conformation of the cloacal cavities and in extent of the dorsal gland. In Cynops, Euproctus, Pachytriton, Paramesotriton, Taricha, and Triturus, the pseudopenis (a broad, posteriorly projecting evagination of the dorsal roof) fills much of the cavity of the anterior cloacal chamber. In most salamandrids, distal ends of the dorsal glands occur lateral to pelvic glands in the anterior end of the cloaca, and dorsal gland tubules descend to secretory sites at the posterior end of the vent. Salamandra and Mertensiella possess a unique, bifurcated dorsal gland in which distal ends of tubules lie dorsal to the other cloacal glands, and proximal ends curve ventrally in the anterior end of the cloaca to secretory sites along the cloacal orifice. Cladistic analyses indicate that the variation in presence of anterior ventral glands is due to homoplasy. The occurrence of female vent glands, bifurcated dorsal glands, and the pseudopenis supports a phylogeny based upon non-cloacal characters. Journal Article Sever, D. M. 1992 Comparative anatomy and phylogeny of the cloacae of salamanders (Amphibia: Caudata). VI. Ambystomatidae and Dicamptodontidae J Morphol 212 3 305-22 Histology of the cloacae of Rhyacotriton olympicus and representative species from the genera Ambystoma and Dicamptodon was examined by light microscopy. Females of Ambystoma possess sperm storage glands, the spermathecae, as well as ventral glands and dorsal glands, both of uncertain function. Females of Ambystoma examined from the subgenus Linguaelapsus differ from those in the subgenus Ambystoma by possessing more extensive ventral gland clusters and a shorter cloacal tube. Females of Dicamptodon possess spermathecae and ventral glands, but differ in cloacal conformation from females of Ambystoma and lack the dorsal glands. Females of R. olympicus possess more extensive epidermal lining in the cloaca than that found in females of Ambystoma and Dicamptodon, and the only glands present are spermathecae, which cluster around a tube in the dorsal roof. Males of Ambystoma, Dicamptodon, and R. olympicus possess five types of cloacal glands (dorsal pelvic glands, lateral pelvic glands, anterior ventral glands, posterior ventral glands, and Kingsbury's glands) that function in spermatophore formation, and vent glands that may produce a courtship pheromone. In Ambystoma and Dicamptodon, vent glands secrete along the medial borders of the cloacal orifice. Males of A. opacum and A. talpoideum differ from males of other species examined from the two genera by possessing more extensive vent glands. Males of R. olympicus possess unique vent glands in which tubules secrete onto the surface of vent lobes lateral to the posterior end of the cloacal orifice, and distal ends of the glands pass anteriorly, superficial to the fascia enclosing the other cloacal glands. The results from analysis of cloacal anatomy support other data indicating that Ambystoma and Dicamptodon are sister groups, and that Rhyacotriton olympicus is not closely related to either of the other two genera and merits placement in a separate family. Journal Article Sexton, O. J.;Phillips, C.;Bramble, J. E. 1990 The effects of temperature and precipitation on the breeding migration of the spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) Copeia 1990 3 781-787 reproduction, temperature, rain, movement Book Section Sexton, Owen J.;Jacobson, Peter;Bramble, Judy E. 1992 Geographic variation in some activities associated with hibernation in neartic pitvipers Campbell, J. A. and Brodie, E. D., Jr. Biology of the Pit vipers Tyler Texas Selva 337-345 behavior thamnophis sirtalis crotalus horridus viridis atrox agkistrodon piscivorus Journal Article Seymour, R.S., Geiser, F.,Bradford, D.F., 1991 Gas Conductance of the Jelly Capsule of Terrestrial Frog Eggs Correlates with Embryonic Stage, Not Metabolic Demand or Ambient Po2 Physiological Zoology 64 3 673-687 Animal Sciences RS Seymour,Univ Adelaide,Dept Zool,GPO Box 498,Adelaide,SA 5001, Australia Journal Article Seymour, R.S., Geiser, F.,Bradford, D.F., 1991 Metabolic Cost of Development in Terrestrial Frog Eggs (Pseudophryne-Bibronii) Physiological Zoology 64 3 688-696 Animal Sciences RS Seymour,Univ Adelaide,Dept Zool,GPO Box 498,Adelaide,SA 5001, Australia Journal Article Seymour, R.S.Geiser, F.Bradford, D.F. 1991 Gas Conductance of the Jelly Capsule of Terrestrial Frog Eggs Correlates with Embryonic Stage, Not Metabolic Demand or Ambient Po2 Physiological Zoology 64 3 673-687 Animal Sciences RS Seymour,Univ Adelaide,Dept Zool,GPO Box 498,Adelaide,SA 5001, Australia Journal Article Seymour, R.S.Geiser, F.Bradford, D.F. 1991 Metabolic Cost of Development in Terrestrial Frog Eggs (Pseudophryne-Bibronii) Physiological Zoology 64 3 688-696 Animal Sciences RS Seymour,Univ Adelaide,Dept Zool,GPO Box 498,Adelaide,SA 5001, Australia Journal Article Seymour, R. S.;Geiser, F.;Bradford., D. F. 1991 Metabolic costs of development in terrestrial frog eggs (Pseudophryne bibronii) Physiological Zoology 64 688-690 Journal Article Seymour, R. S.;Geiser, F.;Bradford., D. F. 1991 Gas conductance of the jelly capsules of terrestrial frog eggs correlates with embryonic stage, not metabolic demand or ambient PO2 Physiological Zoology 64 673-687 Journal Article Seymour, R. S.;Roberts., J. D. 1991 Embryonic respiration and oxygen distribution in foamy and nonfoamy egg masses of the frog Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Physiological Zoology 64 1322-1340 Journal Article Sferco, G. D.;Haro, J. G. 1991 Una nueva localidad para Ophiodes intermedius Boulenger (Reptilia, Anguidae) en la provincia de Córdoba, Argentina Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 7 1 22 Ophiodes intermedius Journal Article Shaffer, H. Bradley;Clark, James M.;Kraus, Fred 1991 When molecules and morphology clash: a phylogenetic analysis of the North American ambystomatid salamanders (Caudata: Ambystomatidae) Systematic Zoology 40 284-303 Amphibia, Caudata, Ambystoma barbouri, Ambystoma texanum, Ambystoma mabeei, Ambystoma opacum, Ambystoma laterale, Ambystoma jeffersonianum, Ambystoma macrodactylum, Ambystoma calforniense, Ambystoma tigrinum, Ambystoma gracile, Ambystoma maculatum, Ambystoma talpoideum, Ambystoma annulatum, Ambystoma cingulatum, electorphoresis, genetic variation, systematics, phylogenetics, evolution, convergence Journal Article Shaffer, H. B.;Clark, J. M.;Kraus., F. 1991 When molecules and morphology clash: a phylogenetic analysis of the North American ambystomatid salamanders (Caudata: Ambystomatidae) Systematic Zoology 40 284-303 Journal Article Shanavas, K. R.;Ramachandran, P.;Ramanandan, Shanavas K. 1990 Life-history of Hepatozoon octosporei sp. n., a new haemogregarine from the skink, Mabuya carinata (Schneider), with notes on the in vitro excystment of its oocysts. DE: Wild-animals; Reptiles-; Acari-; Hepatozoon-octosporei; New-species; Mabuya-carinata; India-; Ophionyssus-; Taxonomy-; Apicomplexa-; Life-history; Macronyssidae-; Ectoparasites-; Lizards-; Scincidae-; Kerala Archiv fur Protistenkunde 138 2 127-137 Reptilia, sauria, M. carinata , mite, acari, infection, protozoa, Hepatozoon octosporei, develoment, cycle H. octosporei sp. nov. and its life-history stages, from M. carinata (Schneider) and an Ophionyssus sp. of mite, in Kerala, India, is described. Schizogony occurs in the liver parenchyma cells of the skink. Micro- and macroschizonts are produced. Microschizonts form 2-6 macromerozoites. Macroschizonts form 20-28 micromerozoites. Gametocytes develop in erythrocytes. Sporogony occurs in the mite's haemocoel. Mature oocysts invariably form 8 sporocysts; a sporocyst forms 8-24 (often 10-20) sporozoites in 13-14 days at 27-29 °C. Clean skinks, force-fed with mites carrying oocysts, became infected. The prepatent period is 30-34 days. It is suggested that Ophionyssus sp. of mite may be a natural vector of H. octosporei. In vitro excystation studies show that bile salts alone cause activation of sporozoites and their emergence into the oocysts; used along with trypsin oocysts also rupture, permitting the sporozoites to emerge into the medium. This is the first report on the life-history of a Hepatozoon from a lower vertebrate in India. Journal Article Shanbhag, B. A.;Prasad, Bsk 1992 Fat body ovarian relationship in the garden lizard, Calotes versicolor (Daud) J Exp Zool 264 4 454-460 Reptilia, sauria, garden lizard, Calotes versicolor, fat body, ovary Abdominal fat body mass of Calotes versicolor showed annual changes that were universal related to the changes in ovarian somatic (GSI) and hepatosomatic (HSI) indices. Fat bodies were absent in late breeding phase (June-August). Thirty day fatectomy (FBX) during prebreeding phase significantly reduced GSI, HSI, and total number of extrastromal follicles; also, recruitment of vitellogenic follicles was arrested and ateretic follicles increased. The FBX during postbreeding phase had no such effect, whereas in 30 day ovariectomised (OvX) lizards in prebreeding phase fat body mass significantly increased but HSI decreased. However, in lizards in prebreeding phase, E2 caused a significant decrease in fat body mass and an increase in HSI, while during the postbreeding phase there was a significant increase in HSI but the fat bodies were not affected. The above findings suggest that the development of the first clutch of vitellogenic follicles in the lizard utilises lipids stored in the fat bodies and that the growth of the subsequent clutches of vitellogenic follicles is met through the intake of food, which is abundant in the latter part of the breeding phase. The fat bodies are not needed for the growth of previtellogenic follicles. The fact that lipolytic action of E2 occurs only during the breeding phase suggests that responsiveness of the fat bodies to the steroid is related to the reproductive phase and that during postbreeding phase of the lizard they become refractory to E2. Journal Article Shanbhag, Bhagyashri A.;Prasad, B. S. Krishna 1992 Fat body ovarian relationship in the garden lizard, Calotes versicolor (Daud.) The Journal of Experimental Zoology 264 454-460 Journal Article Sharath, B. K. 1990 On the Occurance of the forest cane turtle (Geoemyda silvatica) in the Western Ghats of Karnataka, South India Hamadryad 15 34 Geoemyda silvatica; India Journal Article Sharma, Rita N.;Shanbhag, Bhagyashri A. 1992 Testis and abdominal fat body relationship in the garden lizard, Calotes versicolor Zool. Anz. 228 1/2 32-38 Journal Article Shea, Glenn M. 1990 The genera Tiliqua and Cyclodomorphus (Lacretilia: Scincidae): generic diagnoses and systematic relationships Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29 2 495-519 Journal Article Shea, G.;Husband, G.;Weigel, J. 1991 Nesting of the southern rainforest dragon, Hypsilurus spinipes (Squamata: Agaminae) Herpetofauna 21 2 7-10 Nesting; Hypsilurus spinipes Journal Article Shear, William A. 1992 Mimicry in millipedes and centipedes National Geographic Research and Exploration 8 3 378 Journal Article Shear, W. A.;Vitt, L. J. 1992 Mimicry in millipedes and centipedes: Vitt rejoins National Geographic Research and Exploration 8 3 378-379 reptiles, color Journal Article Shear, William A. 1992 Mimicry in millipedes and centipedes R&E8(1):76-95; 1992 National Geographic Reserach & Exploration 8 3 378-379 Journal Article Shedletsky, Stuart 1990 Serpentia Vivarium 2 4 19 Journal Article Sheilds, Timothy 1991 Field sampling of small tortoises: Three experiments [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 374 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Shelton, G.;Jones, D.R. 1991 The physiology of the alligator heart - The cardiac cycle J. Exp. Biol. 158 539-564 Reptilia, Crocodylia, Alligator mississippiensis, Physiology, heart, bloodflow Low systemic blood pressure is a factor of crucial importance in the circulation. Reprint Vet. Path. Spec. Anim. 91/283, G Shelton, Univ E Anglia, Sch Biol Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England Journal Article Shelton, G.;Jones, D.R. 1991 The physiology of the alligator heart: the cardiac cycle J. exp. Biol. 539-564 AM, physiology, heart, Journal Article Sheppard, D. N.;Valverde, M. A.;Giraldez, F.;Sepulveda, F. V. 1991 Potassium currents of isolated Necturus enterocytes: a whole-cell patch- clamp study J Physiol (Lond) 433 663-76 Animal; Barium/pharmacology; Calcium/metabolism; Electric Conductivity; Electrophysiology; Epithelium/drug effects/metabolism; Female; In Vitro; Intestine, Small/drug effects/*metabolism; Kinetics; Male; Necturus maculosus; Potassium/*metabolism; Potassium Channels/drug effects/metabolism; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Tetraethylammonium Compounds/pharmacology 1. The whole-cell recording mode of the patch-clamp technique was used to investigate the ionic currents of enterocytes isolated from the small intestine epithelium of Necturus maculosus. 2. When enterocytes were bathed in a physiological Ringer solution and dialysed with a K(+)- rich intracellular solution containing 1.5 x 10(-7) M intracellular Ca2+, strongly outwardly rectifying currents were observed. These currents were absent from enterocytes internally dialysed with K(+)- free solutions. 3. The kinetics of activation of the outwardly rectifying current was monoexponential with rate constants decreasing with depolarization from 160 ms at 20 mV to 40 ms at 60 mV. Similar voltage dependence of the relaxations after activation were observed. 4. Strongly buffering intracellular Ca2+ with EGTA inhibited outward currents, while increasing Ca2+ increased both their magnitude and rate of activation. 5. Bath application of the K+ channel inhibitors Ba2+ and TEA greatly attenuated outwardly rectifying currents. This observation plus the fact that tail currents reverse near EK points to K+ as the charge carrier in these currents. 6. Outside-out patches showed maxi K+ channels and lower conductance K+ channels. Averaging fluctuations of the maxi K+ channels gave a kinetic behaviour similar to the whole-cell currents. Journal Article Sherbrooke, W. C. 1990 Rain-harvesting in the lizard, Phrynosoma cornutum: behavior and integumental morphology Journal of Herpetology 24 3 302-308 reptiles, drinking, water, Journal Article Sherbrooke, W. C. 1990 Predatory history of captive greater roadrunners feeding on horned lizard Wilson Bull. 102 1 171-174 birds, predation, food, diet Journal Article Sherman, M. W.;Knight, R. L. 1992 Time-activity budgets of nesting common ravens in the east Mojave Desert Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 125 Journal Article Sherwood, N. M.;Doroshov, S.;Lance, V. 1991 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in bony fish that are phylogenetically ancient: reedfish (Calamoichthys calabaricus), sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus), and alligator gar (Lepisosteus spatula) Gen Comp Endocrinol 84 1 44-57 Amino Acid Sequence; Animal; Brain/metabolism; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Comparative Study; Cross Reactions; Fishes/*metabolism; Gonadorelin/*biosynthesis/genetics; Molecular Sequence Data; *Phylogeny; Radioimmunoassay; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Three species of fish that are phylogenetically older than other members of the bony fish lineage were selected to determine if gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is present in their brains. Brain extracts were prepared from each species and found to contain immunoreactive (ir) GnRH. To further characterize the molecular forms of GnRH in each species, the extracts were injected into a high pressure liquid chromatograph (HPLC). The elution time of each GnRH- like form was compared to those of the synthetic forms of the five known GnRHs. Several antisera were used to detect both the synthetic and unknown GnRHs in the HPLC fractions. All three species of fish had two forms of GnRH: a dominant form that is mammalian GnRH-like (mGnRH), and a minor form of irGnRH material that is similar to chicken GnRH-II (cGnRH-II). The other known forms of GnRH (salmon, lamprey, and chicken- I) were not detected. The appearance in these ancient bony fish of a mammalian-like form of GnRH, which has not been found in the jawless or cartilaginous fish studied to date, suggests that mGnRH arose in a common phylogenetic ancestor of the bony fish and tetrapods. This mGnRH- like molecule is known to have been conserved in the amphibian and mammalian lineage, but not in the reptilian or avian line. In addition, the presence of a cGnRH-II-like molecule in the bony fish examined here, and in the cartilaginous fish studied earlier, implies that this form of GnRH may have been present in an ancestor common to both of these classes of fish. Journal Article Shields, Timothy 1991 The effect of habitat characteristics on tortoise search techniques [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 375 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Shimada, K.;Sato, I.;Yokoi, A.;Kitagawa, T.;Tezuka, M.;Ishii, T. 1990 The fine structure and elemental analysis of keratinized epithelium of the filiform papillae analysis on the dorsal tongue in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 66 6 375-91 Alligators and Crocodiles/*anatomy & histology/metabolism; Animal; Epithelium/anatomy & histology/analysis; Keratin/analysis; Microscopy, Electron; Nitrogen/analysis; Reptiles/*anatomy & histology; Sulfur/analysis; Tongue/*anatomy & histology/analysis The filiform papillae of subadult alligator (120 cm-260 cm total length) tongues are examined by scanning electron microscopy and electron microprobe analysis. The filiform papillae form cone-like structures and are observed over the entire dorsal surface of a relatively long tongue with a round tip. The filiform papillae are composed of four layers; outer, upper intermediate, lower intermediate, and basal layer. The keratinized epithelial cells are analysed by the sulphur (S), and nitrogen (N) content levels. The S content is higher than that of N. In the anterior side of the filiform papillae, this content is lower than that in the posteriors. The S content is highest of all at about 2 microns in depth from the surface. These results suggest that the use of S concentration measurements may serve to be an effective tool for a simple, offhand evaluation of keratinization. Journal Article Shimada, Kazuyuki;Sato, I;Moriyama, H 1992 Morphology of the tooth of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis): The fine structure and elemental analysis of the cementum Journal of Morphology 211 3 319-329 Journal Article SHIMIZU-NISHIKAWA, K.;MILLER, L. 1991 Calcium regulation of epidermal cell differentiation in the frog Xenopus laevis J Exp Zool 260 165-169 Amphibia, anura, frog, Xenopus laevis, physiology, calcium regulation, epidermis The extracellular calcium concentration is known to regulate differentiation of mammalian epidermal cells in vivo. This paper presents results of a study concering effects of calcium on the terminal differentiation of frog epidermal cells. Exposure of the epidermal cells to a high concentration of calcium (> 0.2 mM) induced cornification and synthesis of a 51 Kd acidic keratin. These data are very similar to the results from mammalian epidermal cell cultures, suggesting that the mechanism of terminal differentiation is conserved throughout the evolution of terrestrial vertebrates. Reprint Endnote 92/228 Journal Article Shine, Richard;Lambeck, Robert 1990 Seasonal shifts in the thermoregulatory behaviour of Australian blacksnakes, Pseudechis porphyriacus (Serpentes: Elapidae) J. therm. Biol. 15 3/4 301-305 Journal Article Shine, Richard;Webb, Jonathan K. 1990 Natural history of Australian Typhlopid snakes Journal of Herpetology 24 4 357-363 blind snakes, Australia, diet, sexual dimorphism, reproduction Book Shine, Richard 1991 Australian Snakes: A Natural History Ithaca, NY Cornell University Press 223 Australia Journal Article Shine, R. 1991 Intersexual dietary divergence and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in snakes American Naturalist 138 1 103-122 reptiles, dimorphism, body size, head size, reproduction, diet Journal Article Shine, Richard;Charnov, Eric L. 1992 Patterns of survival, growth, and maturation in snakes and lizards American Naturalist 139 6 1257-1269 Journal Article Shine, R.;Schwarzkopf, L. 1992 The evolution of reproductive effort in lizards and snakes Evolution 46 1 62-75 Reptiles, lizards, snakes, reproduction, evolution, fecundity Journal Article Shoop, C Robert;Ruckdeschel, Carol A 1990 Alligators as predators on terrestrial mammals The American Midland Naturalist 124 407-412 Book Section Shrestha, T.K. 1992 Ranching crocodiles in the Himalayan waters of Nepal Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0133-3. 80-87 Journal Article Shutler, Dave;Weatherhead, Patrick J. 1990 Targets of sexual selection: song and plumage of wood warblers Evolution 44 8 1967-1977 Journal Article Sievers, Alden 1991 West Mojave tortoise plan - A coordinated resource management plan [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 376 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Sievert, Ilene 1990 Frog city: VI. Living in captivity Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 25 6 107-108 Journal Article Sievert, Lynnette M.;Hutchison, V.H. 1991 The influence of photoperiod and position of a light source in behavioral thermoregulation in Crotaphytus collaris (Squamata: Iguanidae) Copeia 1 105-110 Reptilia, sauria, Squamata, Iguanidae, Crotaphytus collaris, physiology, photoperiod, behavior, thermoregulation Reprint Vet. Path spec. anim. 91/234 Journal Article Sievert, L. M. 1991 Thermoregulatory behaviour in the toads Bufo marinus and Bufo cognatus Journal of Thermal Biology 16 5 309-312 Amphibians, frogs, thermoregulation, behavior, temperature, thermal, preference, gradient, light, season, photoperiod, another goddamn lab study Journal Article Sievert, L. M.;Hutchison, V. H. 1991 The influence of photoperiod and position of a light source on behavioral thermoregulation in Crotaphytus collaris (Squamata: Iguanidae Copeia 1991 1 105-110 Reptiles, lizards, Crotaphytus collaris, temperature, behavioral thermoregulation, photoperiod, Journal Article Sievert, Lynnette M.;Hutchinson, Victor H. 1991 The influence of photoperiod and position of a light source on behavioral thermoregulation in Crotaphytus collaris (Squamata: Iguanidae) Copeia 1991 1 105-110 Behavior, thermoregulation, collared lizard, light Journal Article Sih, A.;Kats., L. B. 1991 Effects of refuge availability on the responses of salamander larvae to chemical cues from predatory green sunfish Animal Behaviour 42 330-332 Journal Article Sih, A. 1991 Integrative approaches to the study of predation - general thoughts and a case study on sunfish and salamander larvae Ann. Zool. Fennici 29 183-198 Journal Article Sih, A.;Kats, L. B.;Moore., R. D. 1992 Effects of predatory sunfish on the density, drift, and refuge use of stream salamander larvae. Ecology 73 1418-1430 Journal Article Sih, A.;Maurer., R. 1992 Effects of cryptic oviposition on egg survival for stream-breeding streamside salamanders Journal of Herpetology 26 114-116 Journal Article Silldorff, E. P.;Stephens, G. A. 1992 Effects of converting enzyme inhibition and alpha receptor blockade on the angiotensin pressor response in the American alligator Gen Comp Endocrinol 87 1 134-40 Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists/*pharmacology; Alligators and Crocodiles/*physiology; Angiotensin II/*pharmacology; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/*pharmacology; Animal; Blood Pressure/*drug effects; Captopril/pharmacology; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enalaprilat/pharmacology; Norepinephrine/pharmacology; Phenoxybenzamine/pharmacology; Phentolamine/pharmacology This study examines the effects of two converting enzyme inhibitors (captopril and enalaprilat) and two alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonists (phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine) on the pressor response produced by exogenous angiotensin I ([Asp1, Val5, Ser9] ANG I, fowl) and [Val5] angiotensin II (ANG II) in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Bolus administration of ANG I at 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 micrograms/kg; ANG II at 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 micrograms/kg; or norepinephrine (NE) at 2 micrograms/kg elicited dose-dependent increases in arterial blood pressure. Captopril (0.5 mg/kg/hr) and enalaprilat (300 micrograms/kg/hr) significantly reduced the response to ANG I, but not ANG II or NE. Both phenoxybenzamine (0.25 mg/kg/min) and phentolamine (1 mg/kg/hr) effectively blocked the NE pressor response (84 and 88%, respectively) and attenuated (42-80%) the pressor effects of ANG I and ANG II. These results support previous work suggesting the alligator may possess a renin-angiotensin system with characteristics similar to those found in mammals and other vertebrates. In addition, the pressor response to exogenously administered ANG I and ANG II was attenuated by alpha adrenergic receptor blockade and thus may be due, in part, to secondary catecholamine release. Journal Article Silldorff, E. P.;Stephens, G. A. 1992 The pressor response to exogenous angiotensin I and its blockade by angiotensin II analogues in the American alligator Gen Comp Endocrinol 87 1 141-8 Alligators and Crocodiles/*physiology; Angiotensin I/antagonists & inhibitors/*pharmacology; Angiotensin II/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology; Animal; Blood Pressure/*drug effects; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Injections, Intravenous; Norepinephrine/pharmacology; Saralasin/pharmacology; 1-Sarcosine-8-Isoleucine Angiotensin II/pharmacology We examined the pressor response to exogenous, nonnative angiotensin I (ANG I; bullfrog, turtle, and fowl) in the conscious American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis. In addition, the inhibitory effects of three ANG II analogues ([Sar1, Ala8], [Sar1, Thr8], and [Sar1, Ile8]ANG II) on the pressor responses to angiotensin I (fowl ANG I, [Asp1, Val5, Ser9]) were also examined. Intravenous administration of bullfrog, turtle, and fowl ANG I at 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 micrograms/kg produced dose-dependent increases in arterial blood pressure. [Val5]ANG II at 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 micrograms/kg, or NE at 2 micrograms/kg also produced dose-dependent increases in blood pressure. [Sar1, Ile8]ANG II and [Sar1, Ala8]ANG II (10 micrograms/kg/min) both attenuated the pressor response to fowl ANG I whereas [Sar1, Thr8]ANG II (10 micrograms/kg/min) produced no significant blockade. These data demonstrate: (1) All three exogenous ANG I molecules exert potent vasopressor responses in the alligator, (2) [Sar1, Ile8]ANG II is the most effective ANG antagonist, and (3) the alligator appears to possess a renin-angiotensin system similar to that found in other vertebrates. Journal Article Silva, Anslem De 1991 Colour guide to the snakes of Sri Lanka Herpetological Review 22 3 105-106 Book Section Simbotwe, M.P. 1990 Country report by Botswana: crocodile management and conservation Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0009-4 iv + 380 pp. 157-190 Journal Article Simmonds, Richard C.;Taylor, Frances R. 1992 Experiences with captive desert tortoises at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 222-233 Book Section Simmons, John E. 1992 Blithe spirits: problems and potentials of fluid preservation Snyder, A. M. Thw 1992 American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Workshop on Collections Care and management Issues American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists 12-27 Book Section Simmons, J. E. 1992 Blithe spirits: Problems and potentials of fluid preservation Snyder, A. M. The 1992 American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Workshop on Collections Care and Management Issues ASIH 12-27 museum collections, alcohol Journal Article Simon, M. P.;Toft, C. A. 1991 Diet specialization in small vertebrates: Mite eating in frogs Oikos 61 263-278 Amphibia, Anura, invertebrates, morphology, taxonomy, ecology, mites, prey, feeding Journal Article Simon, C. A. 1991 Masters of the tongue flick Natural History 91 9 58-67 reptiles, lizards, behavior, Book Simon, Seymour 1992 Snakes New York Harper Collins 32 Journal Article Simovich, Marie A.;Sassaman, Clay A.;Chovnick, Amy 1991 Post-mating selection of hybrid toads (Scaphiopus multiplicatus and Scaphiopus bombifrons) Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History 5 Journal Article Simpson, Steven;Ellis, Angela 1990 The hardy and prolific sand boa, Eryx jaculus jaculus Vivarium 2 4 20-24 Eryx jaculus Journal Article Sinervo, Barry;Huey, Raymond B. 1990 Allometric engineering: An experimental test of the causes of interpopulational differences in performance Science 248 4959 1106-1109 Journal Article Sinervo, Barry;Huey, Raymond B. 1990 Allometric engineering: an experimental test of the casues of interpopulational differences in performance Science 248 1106-1109 lizards, Sceloporus occidentalis, yolk, allometry, performance Journal Article Sinervo, Barry;Losos, Jonathan B. 1991 Walking the tight rope: Arboreal sprint performance among Sceloporus occidentalis lizard populations Ecology 72 4 1225-1233 Journal Article Sinervo, B.;Losos, J. B. 1991 Walking the tight rope: arboreal sprint performane among Sceloporus occidentalis lizard populations Ecology 72 4 1225-1233 reptiles, locomotion, ecomorphology, perch diameter, Book Section Singh, L.A.K.;Kar, S.K.;Choudhury, B.C. 1990 Indian crocodilians: a 10-year review of management Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 362-371 Book Section Singh, L.A.K.;Kar, S.K.;Choudhury, B.C. 1990 India: status of wild crocodiles Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 355-361 Book Section Singh, L.A.K.;Choudhury, B.C.;Kar, S. 1990 Indian crocodiles: options and tasks Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0009-4 iv + 380 pp. 191-198 Journal Article Singh, Lala A. K. 1991 Distribution of Gavialis gangeticus Hamadryad 16 39-46 Distribution; Gavialis gangeticus Book Section Singh, L.A.K. 1992 Indian mugger - terretorial resource partitioning and its implications in sanctuary management Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0133-3. 134-147 Journal Article Singh, S.;Callard, G. 1992 Identification of an androgen receptor in the zonal testis of the salamander (Necturus maculosus) Gen Comp Endocrinol 86 2 220-30 Androgen-Binding Proteins/analysis; Animal; Chromatography/methods; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Leydig Cells/chemistry/cytology/ultrastructure; Male; Necturus maculosus/*metabolism; Receptors, Androgen/*analysis/metabolism; Seasons; Sertoli Cells/chemistry/cytology/ultrastructure; Spermatogenesis/physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Testis/*chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure; Testosterone; Tritium The testis of the salamander, Necturus maculosus, is advantageous for studying biochemical changes during spermatogenesis because germ cells and associated Sertoli and Leydig cells are topographically separated by stage of development. Using extracts of staged tissue samples and [3H]testosterone (T) in a standard binding assay, followed by Sephadex LH-20 or DNA-cellulose chromatography to separate free and bound steroid, we have identified a T-binding protein having physicochemical characteristics of a classical androgen receptor (AR): high affinity (Kd = 10(-9) M), limited capacity (Bmax) = 10(-10) M or 350 fmol/g tissue) and androgen specificity (T = 5 alpha - dihydrotestosterone greater than progesterone = corticosterone greater than estradiol). AR was present in nuclear extracts, where greater than 80% of binding sites were occupied by endogenous ligand, but was not detectable in cytosol. On linear sucrose gradients, nuclear AR sedimented at 3-4 S in both low and high ionic-strength buffers and, by this and other criteria, was distinguishable from the nonreceptor androgen binding protein (ABP) of the same species. The diffuse distribution of AR in germinal and nongerminal (glandular) tissues at all developmental stages is consistent with a dual localization in Sertoli cells and Leydig cells, as previously reported in mammals, and further suggests a regulatory role of androgen throughout spermatogenesis. Journal Article Sinsch, Ulrich 1990 Froschlurche (Anura) der zentral-peruanischen Anden: Artdiagnose, taxonomic, habitate, verhaltensokologie Salamandra 26 2/3 177-214 Anura, Batrachophrynus macrostomus, Batrachophrynus brachydactylus, Bufo spinulosus, Gastrotheca marsupiata, Gastrothece peruana, Pleurodema marmorata, Telmatobius jelskii, calls, tadpoles, habitat, adaptation, S. America, Peru, 246 Journal Article Sinsch, U. 1990 Froschlurche (Anura) der zentral-peruanischen Anden: Artdiagnose, Taxonomie, Habitate, Verhaltensökologie Salamandra 26 177-214 Journal Article Sinsch, U. 1990 Migration and orientation in anuran amphibians Ethology Ecology & Evolution 2 65-79 Amphibia, behavior, orientation, Journal Article Sinsch, U. 1991 Mini-review: The orientation behaviour of amphibians Herpetological Journal 1 541-544 Amphibia, behavior, orientation, Journal Article Sinsch, Ulrich 1992 Sex-biassed site fidelity and orientation behaviour in reproductive natterjack toads (Bufo calamita) Ethology Ecology & Evolution 4 15-32 Journal Article Sites, J. W.;Peccinini-Seale, D. M.;Moritz, C.;Wright, J. W.;Brown, W. M. 1990 The evolutionary history of parthenogenetic Cnemidophorus lemniscatus (Sauria, Teiidae). I. evidence for a hybrid origin Evolution 44 4 906-921 14, Cnemidophorus, lemniscatus, Teiidae, South America, Amazon Journal Article Sites, Jack W., Jr;Archie, James W.;Cole, Charles J.;Flores-Villela, Oscar 1992 A review of phylogenetic hypotheses for lizard of the genus Sceloporus (Phrynosomatidae): Implications for ecological and evolutionary studies Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 213 1-110 Journal Article Sivan, N.;Werner, Y. L. 1992 Survey of the reptiles of the Golan Plateau and Mt. Hermon, Israel Israel Journal of Zoology 37 193-211 Reptiles, survey, Golan Plateau, Mt. Hermon, Israel Journal Article Skaare, J. U.;Ingebrigtsen, K.;Aulie, A.;Kanui, T. I. 1991 Organochlorines in crocodile eggs from Kenya Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 47 1 126-30 Alligators and Crocodiles/*metabolism; Animal; Animals, Newborn; Autoradiography; Carbon Radioisotopes/diagnostic use; DDT/pharmacokinetics; Eggs/*analysis; Insecticides, Organochlorine/*pharmacokinetics; Kenya; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Tissue Distribution; Water Pollutants, Chemical/pharmacokinetics Journal Article Skelly, D. K.;Werner., E. E. 1990 Behavioral and life-historical responses of larval American toads to an odonate predator Ecology 71 2313-2322 Journal Article Skelly, D. K. 1990 Behavioral and life-historical responses of larval American toads to an odonate predator Ecology 71 2313-2322 Journal Article Skelly, D. K. 1991 Field evidence for a cost of behavioral antipredator response in a larval amphibian Ecology 73 704-708 Journal Article Skelly, D. K. 1992 Field evidence for a cost of behavioral antipredator response in a larval amphibian Ecology 73 704-708 Journal Article Skillman, R. A.;Balazs, G. H. 1992 Leatherback turtle captured by ingestion of squid bait on swordfish longline Fishery Bulletin, US 90 807-808 leatherback; food Journal Article Skinner, Virginia;Correll, Terrie;Jacobson, Elliott R.;Avery, Harold W. 1991 Research on transmission of upper respiratory tract disease in desert tortoises at the living desert [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 377 Gopherus agassizii Book Skokov, A. P.;et al. 1992 [Vertebrata of Lugansky Nature Reserve (Central Ukraine)] Moscow 56 Journal Article Smee, Donald F. 1992 In search of California cave and crevice salamanders Intermontanus 1 6 2-3 Journal Article Smee, Donald F. 1992 Advantages to buying captive-born and raised amphibians and reptiles, and some limitations Intermontanus 1 4 1 Journal Article Smee, Donald F. 1992 Newt breeding frenzy in Washington state Intermontanus 1 4 3 Journal Article Smee, Donald F. 1992 Raising salamanders and newts from embryos to adults Intermontanus 1 2 1-3 Journal Article Smirnov, S. V. 1990 Evidence of neoteny: a paedomorphic morphology and retarded development in Bombina orientalis (Anura, Discoglossidae) Zoologischer Anzeiger 225 324-332 Journal Article Smirnov, S. V. 1992 The influence of variation in larval period on adult cranial diversity in Pelobates fuscus (Anura: Pelobatidae) Journal of Zoology 226 601-612 Book Section Smith, G.A.;Marais, J. 1990 Crocodile farming in South Africa-- The impact of farming technology on production efficiency Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8327-0023-X vi + 345 pp. 201-215 Journal Article Smith, David C. 1990 Population structure and competition among kin in the chorus frog (Pseudacris triseriata) Evolution 44 6 1529-1541 Anura, Hylidae, Pseudacris triseriata, tadpoles, densities, growth, survivorship, competition, developmental rates, USA, Michigan, 80 Journal Article Smith, M. F.;Athey, B. D.;Williams, S. P.;Langmore, J. P. 1990 Radial density distribution of chromatin: evidence that chromatin fibers have solid centers J Cell Biol 110 2 245-54 Animal; Chromatin/analysis/radiation effects/*ultrastructure; DNA/analysis/radiation effects/ultrastructure; DNA Damage; Erythrocytes/analysis/ultrastructure; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning/methods; Models, Molecular; Necturus maculosus; Sea Cucumbers; Spermatozoa/analysis/ultrastructure; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Fiber diameter, radial distribution of density, and radius of gyration were determined from scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) of unstained, frozen-dried chromatin fibers. Chromatin fibers isolated under physiological conditions (ionic strength, 124 mM) from Thyone briareus sperm (DNA linker length, n = 87 bp) and Necturus maculosus erythrocytes (n = 48 bp) were analyzed by objective image-processing techniques. The mean outer diameters were determined to be 38.0 nm (SD = 3.7 nm; SEM = 0.36 nm) and 31.2 nm (SD = 3.6 nm; SEM = 0.32 nm) for Thyone and Necturus, respectively. These data are inconsistent with the twisted-ribbon and solenoid models, which predict constant diameters of approximately 30 nm, independent of DNA linker length. Calculated radial density distributions of chromatin exhibited relatively uniform density with no central hole, although the 4-nm hole in tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) from the same micrographs was visualized clearly. The existence of density at the center of chromatin fibers is in strong disagreement with the hollow-solenoid and hollow-twisted-ribbon models, which predict central holes of 16 and 9 nm for chromatin of 38 and 31 nm diameter, respectively. The cross-sectional radii of gyration were calculated from the radial density distributions and found to be 13.6 nm for Thyone and 11.1 nm for Necturus, in good agreement with x-ray and neutron scattering. The STEM data do not support the solenoid or twisted-ribbon models for chromatin fiber structure. They do, however, support the double-helical crossed-linker models, which exhibit a strong dependence of fiber diameter upon DNA linker length and have linker DNA at the center. Journal Article Smith, S. C.;Lannoo, M. J.;Armstrong., J. B. 1990 Development of the mechanoreceptive lateral-line system in the axolotl: placode specification, guidance of migration, and the origin of neuromast polarity Anat. Embryol. 182 171-180 Journal Article Smith, C. K. 1990 Effects of variation in body size on intraspecific competition among larval salamanders Ecology 71 1777-1788 Journal Article Smith, Hobart M. 1990 Signs and symptoms following human envenomation by the Mojave Rattlesnake, Crotalus scutulatus, treated without use of antivenom Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 26 3 105-110 Journal Article Smith, Hobart M.;Williams, Keneth L.;Wallach, Van;Chiszar, David 1990 The nomenclatural status of Pelamis daudin, 1803 (Reptilia: Serpentes) Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 26 2 55-59 Journal Article Smith, Hobart M.;Bock, Carl E. 1990 Unicolor hatchling coloration in a population of the lizard Sceloporus undulatus consobrinus in southeastern Arizona Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 26 1 14-16 Journal Article Smith, Hobart M.;Bock, Carl E.;Bock, Jane H. 1990 Notes on reproduction and coloration in the bunchgrass lizard, Sceloporus scalaris, in southeastern Arizona Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 26 2 64-67 Journal Article Smith, Hobart M.;Williams, Keneth L.;Wallach, Van;Chiszar, David 1990 Nomenclatural priority of Geophis Wagler, 1830, over the simultaneously published synonym Catostoma Wagler, 1830 (Reptilia: Serpentes) Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 26 2 68-71 Journal Article Smith, Hobart M.;Wallach, Van;Williams, Keneth L.;Pennak, Robert;Chiszar, David 1990 Simocephalus Schödler, 1858 and Simocephalus Günther, 1858: relative priority and current nomebclature Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 26 3 100-104 Journal Article Smith, Hobart M. 1990 Robert William Reese, 1917-1990 Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 26 3 116-121 Journal Article Smith, Hobart M.;Pérez-Higaredo, Gonzalo 1991 Clara evidencia de la coespecificidad de Geophis dubius y Geophis rostralis (Reptilia: Serpentes) Boletín de la Sociedad Herpetológica Mexicana 3 2 39-40 Mexico; Geophis dubius; Geophis rostralis Journal Article Smith, Hobart M.;Flores-Villela, Oscar;Chiszar, David 1991 Comentario sobre la disponibilidad de la nomenclatura en resumenes publicados en reuniones cientificas Boletin de la Sociedad Herpetologica Mexicana 4 2 43-45 Journal Article Smith, T. A. d;Figge, H. L. 1991 Treatment of snakebite poisoning Am J Hosp Pharm 48 10 2190-6 The epidemiology, mechanics, prevention, pharmacology, clinical manifestations, and treatment of snakebites are reviewed. Poisonous snakes bite approximately 8000 persons annually in the United States, causing approximately 12-15 deaths per year. Pit vipers (rattlesnakes, copperheads, cottonmouths, and massasaugas) are responsible for 99% of all snakebite poisonings; coral snakes and other foreign exotic species are responsible for the additional 1%. Envenomation is characterized by pain, edema, and ecchymoses at or near the site of venom injection, followed by cardiac, hematologic, neurologic, renal, and pulmonary toxicity. The major clinical finding in most snakebite poisonings is local tissue necrosis. Immediate treatment for snakebite includes limiting movement and placing a constriction band proximal to the site of venom injection. If medical care is more than 30 minutes away, the wound may be incised and suctioned. Antivenin therapy is the mainstay of medical treatment of snakebite, along with administration of plasma expanders, pain medication, diazepam, tetanus toxoid, antiseptics, and antibiotics. Patients who have pain, swelling, ecchymoses, systemic symptoms, or abnormal laboratory findings within 30 minutes to one hour of a bite are probable candidates to receive antivenin therapy. Before receiving antivenin therapy, the patient must be tested for hypersensitivity to the antivenin. Antivenin therapy is most effective when given within four hours of the snakebite. Pharmacists--especially those serving rural areas--should be familiar with current snakebite treatments, both local and systemic, and should be prepared to provide important information and dispel any myths about snakebite poisoning. Journal Article Smith, Geoffrey R. 1992 Sexual dimorphism in the curly-tailed lizard, Leiocephalus psammodromus Caribbean journal of Science 28 1-2 99-101 Journal Article Smith, L. 1992 Book Review: Australian Snakes - A Natural History (1991) by R. Shine Herpetofauna 22 1 38 Book Review Journal Article Smith, Trevor 1992 The captive care and breeding of two Asiatic ratsnakes Reptilian 1 2 15-21 Elaphe taeniura friesei; elaphe helena Journal Article Smith, Hobart M. 1992 Book review: Catalogo de Anfibios y reptiles del Museo de Zoologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Boletín de la Sociedad Herpetológica Mexicana 4 1 16-17 Book review Journal Article Smith, Hobart M.;Flores-Villela, Oscar;Chiszar, David 1992 Comentario sobre la disponibilidad de la nomenclatura en resumenes publicados en reuniones cientifícas Boletín de la Sociedad Herpetológica Mexicana 4 2 43-45 Journal Article Smith, D. C. 1992 Adder Bites in Animals Vet Rec 131 6 Reptilia, serpentes, adder, Vipera berus, bite Journal Article Smith, G. R. 1992 Sexual dimorphism in the curly-tailed lizard Leiocephalus psammodromus Caribbean Journal of Science 28 1-2 99-101 reptiles, lizards, body size, morphology, Journal Article Smith, H. M.;Bell, E. L.;Applegarth, J. S.;Chiszar, D. 1992 Adaptive convergence in the lizard superspecies Sceloporus undulatus Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 28 4 123-149 Reptiles, lizards, New Mexico, relationships, classification, species desctiption, morphology Journal Article Smith, Hobart M.;Bailey, Reeve M.;Williams, Kenneth L.;Wallach, Van 1992 The nomenclatural status of Cantoria Girard, 1858 (Reptilia: Serpentes) Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 28 1 12-15 Journal Article Smolders, J. W.;Caird, D. M.;Klinke, R. 1990 Cochlear potentials and auditory evoked potentials in the caiman (Caiman crocodilus (L)) Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 75 2 97-104 CCR, sound, anatomy, vocal, Brain-stem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) and round window compound action potentials (CAPs) in response to rarefaction and condensation clicks were recorded from anaesthetized and artificially respired caiman. The recorded wave forms were substantially different from the brain-stem and round window potentials recorded in mammals, including man. In particular, wave latencies were much longer than in mammals. Wave amplitudes increased and latencies decreased significantly and reversibly with increases in stimulus intensity and body temperature. The latencies of the first positive wave (P1) in the BAEP and the first negative wave (N1) in the CAP are correlated and co-vary with stimulus level and body temperature. BAEP P1 thus represents the response of the auditory nerve. The cochlear microphonic (CM) latency in caiman is unaffected by stimulus intensity and by cooling of the animal. Journal Article Snell, H. L.;Miles, D. B. 1992 The roles of natural and sexual selection in the evolution of sexual dimorphism in body-size NSF Proposal reptiles, lizards, morphology Journal Article Snider, John R. 1992 Foraging ecology and shelter site characteristicts of Sonoran Desert tortoises Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 82-94 Book Snider, Andrew T.;Bowler, J. Kevin 1992 Longevity of reptiles and amphibians in North American Collections Oxford, OH SSAR 44 Longevity Journal Article Snider, A. T.;Bowler, J. K. 1992 Longevity of reptiles and amphibians in North America collections SSAR Herpetological Circular no. 21 40 capivity, amphibians, reptiles, herpetoculture, life-span Journal Article Snipes, Kurt P.;Kasten, Rick W. 1991 Pasteurella testudinis in desert tortoises [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 275 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Snipes, Kurt P.;Kasten, Rick W. 1992 Desert tortoise research program: Pasteurella testudinis Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 56 Journal Article Snow, Steven E. 1990 Use of turtle excluder devices (TEDs) on commercial shrimp trawlers: should they be required? Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 25 6 104-106 Journal Article Snyder, G.K.;Nestler, J.R. 1991 Intracellular pH in the toad Bufo marinus following hypercapnia Journal of Experimental Biology 161 NOV 415-422 Amphibia, anura, Bufo marinus, physiology, pH, hypercapnia GK Snyder, Univ Colorado, Dept EPO Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 Journal Article So, K.-K.J.;Wainwright, P.C.;Bennett, A.F. 1992 Kinematics of prey processing in Chamaeleo jacksonii: conservation of function with morphological specialization J. Zool. Lond. 226 47-64 Reptilia, sauria, Chamaeleo jacksonii, food, feeding physiology, prey, processing Reprint Endnote 93/701 Journal Article Sobota, M. 1990 Elaphe vulpina (fox snake) Herpetological Review 21 1 23 Journal Article Soiseth, C. R. 1992 The pH and acid neutralizing capacity of ponds containing Pseudacris regilla larvae in an alpine basin of the Sierra Nevada California Fish Game 78 11-19 Journal Article Somma, L. A. 1990 A categorization and bibliographic survey of parental behavior in Lepidosaurian reptiles Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 81 1-53 Reptiles, lizards, references, parental care, behavior, snakes, review Journal Article Sottovia, D.;Taga, R. 1992 Ultrastructure of the exocrine pancreas in the snake Waglerophis merremii (Wagler) Ann Anatomy 174 4 345-351 Reptilia, serpentes, snake, Waglerophis merremii , anatomy, ultrastructure, pancreas, exocrine pancreas. The exocrine secretory compartment of the snake contained three types of seroenzymogenic cells, mainly differing in density of granular endoplasmatic reticulum. Functional aspects were not discussed. Journal Article Soulé, Michael E. 1991 Conservation: tactics for a constant crisis Science 253 744-750 Journal Article SPEARE, R.;FREELAND, W.J.;BOLTON, S.J. 1991 A possible iridovirus in erythrocytes of Bufo marinus. in Costa Rica J. Wildl. Dis. 27 3 457-462 Amphibia. anura, toad, Bufo marinus, infection, virus, irodovirus Icosohedral viral particles were found in the cytoplasm of erythrocytes and splenic reticular cells of the marine toad. In a blood smear stained with Giemse, round basophilic bodies with average diameters of 1.70 µm and morphologically similar to Pirhemocyton sp. were seen in the erythrocytes and occasionally in the cytoplasm of monocytes or extracellularly. Reprint Endnote 93/ 159 Journal Article SPEARE, R.;SMITH, J. R. 1992 An iridovirus-like agent Isolated from the ornate burrowing frog Limnodynastes ornatus in Northern Australia Disease Aquat Org 14 1 51-57 Amphibia, anura, ornate burrowing frog Limnodynastes ornatus, infection, virus, iridovirus-like An enveloped, icosahedral DNA virus of 128 +/- 8 nm was isolated from metamorphs of the ornate burrowing frog Limnodynastes ornatus (Gray) in Australia. At 25-degrees- C the virus grew readily in 11 mammalian and 4 fish cell lines (TCID50 ml-1 = 1 X 10(5.43) to 10(8-85)), grew less well in the Atlantic salmon cell line (TCID50 ml-1 = 1 X 10(3.85)) and failed to grow in 5 insect cell lines. Growth was inhibited at temperatures above 33- degrees-C. Cytopathic effects consisted of basophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies, rounding of infected cells, lifting from substrate and extensive destruction of the monolayer usually by 24 to 48 h postinfection. Methylation of DNA occurred during growth. The virus shares characteristics with Iridoviridae of amphibian origin, e.g. Ranavirus, and piscine origin, e.g. epizootic haematopoeitic necrosis virus of redfin perch Perca fluviatilis. Journal Article Spiecker, W. 1992 Take care with insecticides in reptiles.. Vorsicht mit Insektenvertilgungsmitteln bei Reptilien! Datz 45 6 Reptilia, infection, acari, therapy, intoxication vet,chem,tech,serp PF x Journal Article Spiecker, W. 1992 Take care with insecticides in reptiles. Vorsicht mit Insektenvertilgungsmitteln bei Reptilien! Datz 45 6 Reptilia, infection, acari, therapy, intoxication vet,chem,tech,serp PF x Journal Article Spiesberger, J, L.;Fristrup, K. M. 1990 Passive localization of calling animals and sensing of their acoustic environment using acoustic tomography American Naturalist 135 107-153 acoustic communication, playback, propagation, Journal Article Spiller, David A.;Schoener, Thomas W. 1990 A terrestrial field experiment showing the impact of eliminating top predators on foliage damage Nature 347 469-472 Journal Article Spiller, D. A.;Schoener, T. W. 1990 Lizards reduce food consumption by spiders: mechanisms and consequences Oecologia (Berl.) 83 150-161 reptiles, competition, community Journal Article Spolsky, C. M.;Phillips, C. A.;Uzzell, T. 1992 Antiquity of clonal salamander lineages revealed by mitochondrial DNA Nature 356 706-708 ambystoma Filed under S. B. Hedges Journal Article Spotila, James R.;O'Connor, Michael P.;Zimmerman, Linda C.;Lance, Valentine 1991 Conservation biology of the desert tortoise in the Las Vegas, Nevada area [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 378 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Spotila, James R.;Kemp, Stanley J.;Beyer, Eve 1992 Influence of incubation conditions on eggs of the desert tortoises, and growth rates and temperature selection of resulting hatchlings Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 100 Journal Article Spörle, H.;Kramer, M.;Göbel, T.;Gerwing, M 1991 Clinical findings by sonography in reptiles 4. Int. Coll. Path. & Med. Rept. Amph. Bad Nauheim 27-29.9. 144-149 Reptilia, testudines, serpentes, sauria, diagnostics, sonography Journal Article SPÖRLE, H.;KRAMER, M.;GÖBEL, Th.;GERWING, M. 1991 Sonographische Graviditäts- und Ovarialdiagnostik bei Schlangen. Prakt. Tierarzt 72 286 - 292 Reptilia, serpentes, snake, sonogrpaphy, technique Journal Article Spörle, H. , e.a. , 1992 A contribution to pathology and epidemiology of mycobacterial infections in aquatile and semiaquatile turtles Erkr. der Zootiere 34 89-92 reptilia, chelonia, pleurodira, chelidae, Chelus, infection, bacteria, Mycobacterium marinum, M. chelone, M. tamnopheos, M. ulcerans * Thesis Spörle, H. 1992 Studies on the blood levels of the antiinfectiva ampicillin, doxycyclin and enrofloxazin in the spur-tighed tortoise (Testudo hermanni) Reasonable dosage regimens were established concerning the antiinfectiva ampicillin, doxycyclin and enrofloxazin in the spur-tighed tortoise (Testudo hermanni). The susceptibility of the bacteria Klebsiella, Salmonella, and Stapylococcus, isolated from diseased tortoised, were determined. Ampicillin was found to be effective against Staphylococcus only at a concentration of 10µg/ml. Enrofloxacin showed high efficiency against Salmonella spp. and Klebsiella spp. Most isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were inhibited by a concentration of 3 µg/ml of enrofloxacin. Therapeutical levels, which were derived from in vitro tests, were estimated for Ampicillin 3 µg/ml, for Doxycycline 10 µg/ml and for Enrofloxycin 3 µg/ml. In vivo tests in 5 tortoises revealed that the following regimens were appropriate. Ampicillin: an injection of 50 mg/kg BM, every 12 hrs. Doxycyclin initial dose of 50 mg/kg BM and subsequent injections every 24 h. at a dosage of 25 mg/kg BM, for at least 144 h. continuously. Enrofloxacin 10 mg/kg BM every 24 hours, the last regimen provides a therapeutical blood level during 10 - 22 h after each injection. Reprint Endnote 92/194 Journal Article Sprackland, Robert George 1991 The origin and zoogeography of monitor lizards of the subgenus Odatria Gray (sauria: varanidae): A re-evaluation Mertensiella 2 240-252 Varanidae; Varanus; taxonomy; PUAP analysis; zoogeography Journal Article Sprackland, Robert G. 1991 Taxonomic review of the Varanus prasinus group with descriptions of two new species Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 30 3 561-576 Varanus telenesetes sp. nov.; Varanus teriae sp. nov.; Varanus bogerti n. comb.; Varanus beccarii n. comb. Book Sprackland, Robert George 1992 Giant Lizards Neptune City, NJ TFH 288 Journal Article Sprünken, Monika;Rutschke, Joachim 1992 Freilandhaltung am Niederrhein mit erfolgreicher Nachzucht von Lacerta lepida lepida Daudin, 1802 und Lacerta l. nevadensis Bucholz, 1963 Herpetofauna 14 77 6-10 Lacerta lepida Journal Article Sredl, M. J.;Collins., J. P. 1991 The effect of ontogeny on interspecific interactions in larval amphibians Ecology 72 2232-2239 Journal Article Sredl, M. J.;Collins., J. P. 1992 The interaction of predation, competition, and habitat complexity in structuring an amphibian community. Copeia 1992 607-614 Journal Article Srivastav, A.K.;Rani, L. 1990 Prolactin-induced hypercalcemia and hyperfphosphatemia in the freshwater snake Natrix piscator Can. J. Zool 68 2702-2704 reptilia, squamata, serpentes, snake, Natrix piscator, fysiology, hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, prolactin, induction The administration of 10 IU/100 g body mass of ovine prolactin evokes a progressive hypercalcemia (from day 3 to day 5) and hyperphosphatemia (from day 5 to day 10). Thereafter the response decreases. The calcium is most probably derived from the skeleton. Journal Article Srivastav, A.K;Rani, L. 1992 Ultimobranchial body and parathyroid glands of the freshwater sneke Natrix piscator in response to vitamin D3 administration J. Exp. Zool 262 255-262 Reptilia, serpentes, Natrix piscator , anatomy, Ultimobranchial body, parathyroid gland, Vitamin D3 Journal Article Stabenau, E. K.;Heming, T.A.;Mitchell, J. F. 1991 Respitory, acid-base and ionic status of Kemp's ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempi) subjected to trawling Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 99A 107-111 kemps; conservation Journal Article Stabenau, E. K.;Vanoye, C.G.;Heming, T.A. 1991 Characteristics of the anion transport system in sea turtle erythrocytes American Journal of Physiology 261 R1218-R1225 kemps Journal Article Stabenau, E. K.;Landry, A. M.;Caillouet, C.W.Jr. 1992 Swimming performanc of captive-reared Kemp's ridley sea turtles Lepidochelys kempi (Garman) Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 161 kemps; conservation Journal Article Staniszewski, Marc 1992 Keeping North American Salamanders of the family Plethodontidae in captivity Reptilian 1 3 12-17 Plethodontidae Journal Article Staniszewski, Marc 1992 African bullfrogs in captivity Reptilian 1 6 8-12 Pyxicephalus adspera Journal Article Stanner, Michael;Mendelssohn, Heinrich 1991 Activity patterns of the desert monitor (Varanus griseus) in the southern coastal plain of Israel Mertensiella 2 253-262 Varanus griseus; activity patterns; sexual differeneces in activity; energetics; Israel Book Starbird, C.H. 1992 Internesting movements and behavior of hawksbill sea turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) around Buck Island Reef National Monument. St. Croix, United States Virgin Islands Thesis, San Jose State University 27 pp hawksbill/migration Journal Article Staton, Mark A.;Edwards, Hardy M.;Brisbin, I. Lehr;Joanen, Ted;McNease, Larry 1990 Essential fatty acid nutrition of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) Journal of Nutrition 120 674-685 arachidonic acid Journal Article Staton, Mark A.;Edwards, Hardy M.;Brisbin, I. Lehr;Joanen, Ted;McNease, Larry 1990 Protein and energy relationships in the diet of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) Journal of Nutrition 120 775-785 carbohydrate fat energy requirement protein Journal Article Staton, Mark A.;McNease, Larry;Joanen, Ted;Brisbin, I. Lehr;Edwards, Hardy M. 1990 Supplemented nutria (Myocaster coypu) meat as a practical feed for American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) Proceedings of the 9th Working Group of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of IUCN - The World Conservation Union 2 199-220 Journal Article Staton, M. A.;Edwards, H. M.;Brisbin, Jr I.L.;McNease, L.;Joanen, T 1990 Dietary energy sources for the american alligator, Alligator mississippiensis (daudin) Aquaculture 89 3/4 245-261 reptilia, sauria, crocodylia, american alligator, Alligator mississippiensis, nutrition, physiology, diet, energy PREX International Database System on Laboratory Animal Science Journal Article Staton, M.A.;Edwards, H.M.;Lehr Brisbin, I.;Joanen, T.;McNease 1990 Protein and energy relationship in the diet of the American alligator(Alligator mississippiensis) J. Nutr. 120 775-785 Reptilia, crocodylia, American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis, food, feeding, physiology, protein, energy Reprint Vet. Path. Spec. Anim. 90/102 Journal Article Staton, M. A.;Edwards, H.M., Jr.;Brisbin, I.L., Jr.;Joanen, T.;McNease, L. 1990 Essential fatty acid nutrition of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) J. Nutr. 120 7 674-685 AM, food, farm, growth, biochemistry, The essential fatty acid (EFA) nutrition of young American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) was examined by feeding a variety of fats/oils with potential EFA activity. Over a 12-wk period, alligators fed diets containing 2.5 or 5.0% chicken liver oil grew longer and heavier and converted feed to body mass more efficiently than alligators fed other fat/oil combinations that lacked or contained only trace amounts of arachidonic acid [20:4(n-6)]. Alligators fed an EFA- deficient diet (containing only coconut fat as the dietary fat) were the slowest-growing animals and converted feed to body mass least efficiently. However, over a 41-wk feeding period, alligators fed this diet showed no obvious external signs of deficiency other than being reduced in size and unthrifty. Fatty acid composition of heart, liver, muscle, skin and adipose tissue lipids was influenced markedly by dietary fat composition. Tissues varied significantly in response to dietary fat composition. Heart lipids contained the lowest levels of short- and medium-chain fatty acids and the highest levels of arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid levels were less influenced by diet than were levels of other 20- and 22-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids. Radiotracer studies indicated that linoleic acid was converted to arachidonic acid in the liver. Nevertheless, tissue arachidonic acid levels also appeared to be maintained by concentration from dietary sources and selective conservation. It appears that a dietary source of arachidonic acid may be required for a maximum rate of growth. Book Section Staton, M.A.;McNease, L.;Theriot, L.;Joanen, T. 1990 Pelletized alligator feed: an update Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8327-0023-X vi + 345 pp. 2. ISBN 2-8327-0023-X vi + 345 pp. 216-221 Book Section Staton, M.A.;Vernon, B.;Mitchell, G.;Sigap, R. 1990 Processing yields from farmed crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus and Crocodylus novaeguineae) from Papua New Guinea Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8327-0023-X vi + 345 pp. 2. ISBN 2-8327-0023-X vi + 345 pp. 222-228 Journal Article Staton, M. A.;Edwards, H.M., Jr.;Brisbin, I.L., Jr.;Joanen, T.;McNease, L. 1990 Protein and energy relationships in the diet of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) J. Nutr. 120 7 775-785 AM, food, farm, growth, biochemistry, First-year alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) averaging 377-857 g body weight were fed diets containing various levels of protein, fat and carbohydrate. In experiment 1, nine diets arranged in a centrally rotatable composite design contained 0-36% extruded corn and 4-20% total fat. Response surface analysis predicted maximum responses in performance criteria at 6.3-18.8% corn and 15.8-27.4% fat. Corn inclusion at up to 27-36% of diet resulted in equal or improved performance compared to carbohydrate-free diets of equal fat content. Energy digestibility averaged 84.3%. Protein digestibility averaged 86.7%. Maximum responses in performance criteria were predicted at 42.5-48.7% digestible protein and 4367-4421 kcal/kg digestible energy. In two additional experiments, alligators were either fasted or fed for various numbers of days/week. Carbohydrate-supplementation of high protein diets led to equal or significantly improved performances. Performance was maximized by feeding the alligators 5-6 d/w. Regression of body weight changes against energy and protein intake yielded estimates of daily maintenance requirements of 5.7-8.4 kcal and 0.49-0.89 g protein/kg live body weight. Dietary fat and carbohydrate in the forms and amounts fed to young alligators were well-utilized. Optimal digestible energy:crude protein ratios (8.2-10.9:1 kcal/g protein) were similar to those of other aquatic ectotherms of equal size. Book Section Staton, M.A.;McNease, L.;Joanen, T.;Brisbin, I.L., Jr.;Edwards, H.M., Jr. 1990 Supplemented nutria (Myocastor coypu) meat as a practical feed for American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0009-4 iv + 380 pp. 199-220 Journal Article Staton, M. A.;Edwards, H. M.;Brisbin, I. L.;Joanen, T.;McNease, L. 1990 Protein and energy relationships in the diet of the American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) American Institute of Nutrition 775-785 protein, relationships, diet, american alligator Journal Article Staton, Mark;Edwards, Hardy M.;Brisbin, I. Lehr;Joanen, Ted;McNease, Larry 1992 The influence of environmental temperature and dietary factors on utilization of dietary energy and protein in purified diets by alligators, Alligator mississippiensis (Daudin) Aquaculture 107 369-381 Alligator mississippiensis; Energy uptake Journal Article Staton, M.A.;Edwards, H.M., Jr.;Brisbin, I.L., Jr.;Joanen, T.;McNease, L. 1992 The influence of environmental temperature and dietary factos on utilization of dietary energy and protein in purified diets by alligators, Alligator mississippiensis (Daudin) Aquaculture 107 369-381 AM, physiology, food, biochemistry, Book Section Staton, M.A.;Vernon, B.P.;Bon, B. 1992 The influence of dietary prawn on the production performances of young saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0133-3. 148 Book Section Staton, M.A. 1992 Crocodilian conservation and commerce: Common interests prevail in sustained use management Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0133-3. 88-133 Journal Article Staton, Mark A.;Edwards, Hardy M.;Brisbin, I. Lehr;Joanen, Ted;McNease, Larry 1992 The influence of environmental temperature and dietary factors on utilization of dietary energy and protein in purified diets by alligators, Alligator mississippiensis (Daudin) Aquaculture 107 369-381 Edited Book Staub, Richard E. 1991 Captive Propagation and Husbandry of Reptiles and Amphibians Davis, CA Northern California Herpetological Society 120 Journal Article STAUBER, E.;GOGOLEWSKI, R. 1990 Poxvirus dermatitis in a Tegu lizard (Tupinambis teguixin) J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 21 2 228-230 Reptilia, sauria, Tegu, Tupinambis teguixin, infection, virus, pox, pathology, skin Skin lesions were first noticed by the owner, 5 wks after purchase of the lizard from a pet shop. Lesions consisted of 1 brown colored papules, 1-2 mm in diameter on the shoulder and neck, the rostrum, one digit and the right lower eyelid. Diagnosis was from a biopsy. Reprint Endnote 94/29, 090990 DGB WS Book Stavrovsky, D. D.;et al. 1990 [Vertebrates of the Berezinsky Nature Reserve (Byelorussia)] Moscow 46 Book Section Stearley, Ralph F. 1992 Historical ecology of Salmoninae, with special reference to Oncorhynchus Mayden, Richard L. Systematics, Historical Ecology, and North American Freshwater Fishes Stanford Stanford University Press 622-658 Journal Article Stebbins, R. C. 1990 A desert at the crossroads Pacific Discovery 3-37 desert, ecosystem, conservation, destruction Journal Article Steedman, C. ;Warwick, C. 1991 Salmonella in terrapins Vet. Record 129 559-560 Reptilia, Testudines, chelonia, cryptodira, emydidae, Trachemys s. elegans, infection, bacteria, Salmonella Reprint Endnote 94/186 Journal Article Steehouder, T. 1990 Thema Höckerbildung Carapax 7 90 8-9 Reptilia, testudines, pathology, ricketts, osteodystrophy testu,zucht,vit PF x Journal Article Steehouder, T. 1990 Over bultvorming in het schild bij de opkweek van landschildpadden Lacerta 1990 89 89-95 testu,zucht,vet,vit PF x Journal Article Steehouder, T. 1990 Theme bulging of the carapax Thema Höckerbildung Carapax 7 90 8-9 Reptilia, testudines, pathology, ricketts, osteodystrophy testu,zucht,vit PF x Journal Article Steehouder, T. 1990 Concerning bulging of the carapax in raising young terrestrial cheloniae Over bultvorming in het schild bij de opkweek van landschildpadden Lacerta 89-95 Reptilia, testudines, Testudo, pathology, carapax bulging testu,zucht,vet,vit PF x Journal Article Steele, C. W.;Strickler-Shaw, S.;Taylor., D. H. 1991 Failure of Bufo americanus tadpoles to avoid lead-enriched water Journal of Herpetology 25 241-243 Journal Article Steinhart, Peter 1990 Desert folly, desert hopes Defenders 65 1 10-31 mojave desert Journal Article Steinwarz, Dieter;Schneider, H. 1991 Distribution and bioacoustics of Rana perezi Seoane, 1885 Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae) in Tunisia Bonn. zool. Beitr. 42 3-4 283-297 Rana perezi, ranidae, anura, acoustic communication, amphibia, distribution Journal Article Stettler, Paul Heinrich 1992 Buchbesprechung: Die Schlangen von Venezuela Herpetofauna 14 79 15 Book review Journal Article STEWART, J.S. 1990 Anaerobic bacterial infections in reptiles J. Zoo & Wildl. Med. 21 2 180- 184 Reptilia, sauria, infection, bacteria, anaerobics, antibiotics Reprint Vet Path. 91/119 Journal Article Stewart, James R;G, Blackburn Daniel;C, Baxter Duane;H, Hoffman Loren; 1990 Nutritional provision to embryos in a predominantly lecithotrophic placental reptile, thamnophis ordinoides (squamata: serpentes) Physiol.Zool 63 4 722-734 amphibians/reptiles/eggs/embryology/nutrition/physiology Journal Article Stewart, J. R.;Blackburn, D. G.;Baxter, D. C.;Hoffman, L. H. 1990 Nutritional provision to embryos in a predominantly lecithotrophic placental reptile, Thamnophis ordinoides (Squamata: Serpentes) Physiological Zoology 63 4 722-734 reptiles, snakes, reproduction, eggs, oregon, viviparity Book Section Stewart, S.;Morafka, David;Stock, A. 1990 Karyotypes of Gulf of California insular rattlesnakes (Viperidae: Crotalus) compared to those of Peninsular sister taxa Olmo, E. Cytogenetics of Amphibians and Reptiles Basel Birkhäuser 261-266 Journal Article Stewart, Glenn R.;Marshall, Marianne;Cimberg, Robert 1991 The Luz tortoise relocation at Kramer Junction: A review and update [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 209 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Stewart, J.R. 1992 Placental Structure and Nutritional Provision to Embryos in Predominantly Lecithotrophic Viviparous Reptiles Am Zool 32 2 303-312 EXTRAEMBRYONIC MEMBRANES; SPHENOMORPHUS-QUOYII; VIRGINIA-STRIATULA; LIZARD; EVOLUTION; EGGS; SERPENTES; SQUAMATA; SNAKE Journal Article Stewart, Glenn R. 1992 Movement and survival of desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) following relocation from the Luz Solor Electric Plant at Kramer Junction Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 234-261 Journal Article Stewart, Margaret M.;Rand, Stanley 1992 Diel varitation in the use of aggressive calls by the frog Eleutherodactylus coqui Herpetologica 48 49-56 Amphibia, anura, leptodactylidae, mating behavior, calling behavior, vocalization, Puerto Rica, Journal Article Stiffler, D. F.;Deruyter, M. L.;Talbot, C. R. 1990 Osmotic and ionic regulation in the aquatic caecilian Typhlonectes compressicauda and the terrestrial caecilian Ichthyophis kohtaoensis Physiological Zoology 63 4 649-668 Sodium Ion; Chloride Ion; Urine Flow; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Transcutaneous Potential; Kinetics The terrestrial caecilian Ichthyophis kohtaoensis and the aquatic caecilian Typhlonectes compressicauda were compared for osmotic and ionic regulatory capabilities. The aquatic form has a lower rate of osmotic water uptake (0.09 vs. 0.24 mu-L/10 g/h), suggesting a lower osmotic permeability. The terrestrial Ichthyophis reduces its osmotic flux to 0.17 mu-L/10 g/h) after 3 d of acclimation to water. The aquatic Typhlonectes produces a more dilute urine and has a lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (0.139 mL/10 g/h) and fractional water reabsorption (9.5%) than the terrestrial Ichthyophis (0.267 mL/10 g/h, 56.9%). Ichthyophis increases urine flow by reducing fractional water reabsorption to 32.3% when placed in water; GFR does not increase significantly. Analyses of net and unidirectional ionic fluxes and transcutaneous potential differences showed that both species actively transport Na+ and Cl- across their body surfaces. The aquatic Typhlonectes has an apparent K-m of 0.15 mM for Na+ and 0.34 mM for Cl-, while the terrestrial Ichthyophis has an apparent K-m of 0.65 for Na+ and 0.32 for Cl-. The apparent K-m values did not differ significantly. The V-max (capacity) was 1.97 mu eq/10 g/h for Na+ and 1.16 mu eq/10 g/h for Cl- in Typhlonectes; the corresponding values for Ichthyophis were 3.00 and 2.50. The values did not differ significantly for the two species. Journal Article Stiffler, D. F.;Kopecky, M. E.;Thompson, M. L.;Boutilier, R. G. 1990 Acid-base-electrolyte balance responses to catecholamine antagonists in Ambystoma tigrinum Am J Physiol 258 6 Pt 2 R1363-70 Acid-Base Equilibrium; Ambystoma/*metabolism; Animal; Carbon Dioxide/pharmacology; Catecholamines/*antagonists & inhibitors/blood; Electrolytes/*metabolism; Electrophysiology; Environmental Exposure; Gases/blood; Hypercapnia/blood; Ions; Larva; Phentolamine/*pharmacology; Propranolol/*pharmacology; Reference Values; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Neotenic larval Ambystoma tigrinum were subjected to hypercapnia (3% CO2, 22 Torr) for 24 h under different conditions: alpha-adrenergic blockade using phentolamine, beta-adrenergic blockade using propranolol, and sham treatments. The sham animals were able to carry out a partial extracellular pH compensation that consisted of an increase in extracellular [HCO3-]. Animals treated with catecholamine antagonists did not compensate to the same extent. Analysis of plasma samples by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection revealed a significant increase in circulating norepinephrine, but not epinephrine, during the high-CO2 exposure. Measurements of cutaneous ion transport showed that beta-antagonists block the increased Na+ influx associated with hypercapnia, whereas alpha-antagonists inhibited the decrease in cutaneous Cl- influx that is also associated with respiratory acidosis. Additionally, both alpha- and beta-blockers inhibited the increase in transcutaneous potential difference that accompanied the respiratory acidosis. The results are consistent with a role for circulating catecholamines in compensatory ion transport responses to respiratory acidosis in this species. Journal Article Stoakes, L. C. 1990 Infectious diseases of chelonia Testudo 3 2 18-20 testu,vet,bakt,virus,fung,paras WP x Journal Article Stock, David W.;Whitt, Gregory S. 1992 Evidence from 18S ribosomal RNA sequences that lampreys and hagfishes form a natural group Science 257 787-789 Journal Article Stocum, D. L.;Maden, M. 1990 Regenerating limbs Methods Enzymol 190 189-201 Animal; Autoradiography/methods; Bufonidae; *Extremities/transplantation; Notophthalmus viridescens; Pleurodeles; Ranidae; *Regeneration/drug effects; Retinoids/*pharmacology; Structure-Activity Relationship; Triturus; Xenopus Journal Article Stolzenburg, William 1992 The dumb frog speaks Nature Conservancey 1992 May/June 28-29 Journal Article Stone, Jack S.;Cornish, Michael J. 1992 Improvements in radio tracking of desert tortoises Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 262 Book Stoops, Erik D.;Wright, Annette 1991 Snakes and other Reptiles of the Southwest Phoenix Golden West Publishers viii + 117 Book Storr, G. M. ;Smith, L. A.;Johnstone, R. E. 1990 Lizards of Western Australia. III. Geckos and Pygopods Perth, Western Australia Western Australian Museum x + 141 (includes 20 plates) Book Storr, G. M.;Smith, L. A.;Johnston, Richard E. 1990 Lizards of Western Australia III. Geckos & Pygopods Perth University of Western Australia Press x, 141 p., Journal Article Stout, B. M.;Stout, K. K.;Stihler., C. W. 1992 Predation by the caddisfly Banksiola dossuaraia on egg masses of the spotted salamander Ambystoma maculatum American Midland Naturalist 127 368-372 Journal Article Straight, Richard C.;Glenn, James L.;Wolt, Terry B.;Wolfe, Martha C. 1991 Regional differences in content of small basic peptide toxins in the venoms of Crotalus adamanteus and Crotalus horridus Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 100B 1 51-58 durissus terrificus viridis concolor helleri Conference Proceedings Straight, Richard C.;Glenn, James L. 1991 Human fatalities caused by venomous animals in Utah from 1900 to 1990 Journal Article Straight, Richard C.;Glenn, James L. 1991 Human fatalities caused by venomous animals in Utah, 1900-1990 Colloquim on snakebite and antivenoms, VA MEdical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah 1/25/1991 1-3 Journal Article Straight, Richard C.;Glenn, James L.;Wolt, Terry B.;Wolfe, Martha C. 1992 North-South regional variation in phospolipase A activity in the venom of Crotalus ruber Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 103B 3 635-639 lucasensis Journal Article Straight, Richard C.;Glenn, James L.;Wolt, Terry B.;Wolfe, Martha C. 1992 North-south regional variation in phospholipase A activity in the venom of Crotalus ruber Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 103B 3 635-639 Crotalus ruber; venom Journal Article Straight, Richard C.;Glenn, James L. 1993 Human fatalities caused by venomous animals in Utah, 1900-1990 Great Basin Naturalist 53 4 390-394 Envenomation; Rattlesnakes; Crotalus viridis; Gila monster; Heloderma suspectum; Snakebite Journal Article Straka, H. and N. Dieringer. 1991 Internuclear neurons in the ocular motor system of frogs Journal of Comparative Neurology 312 537-548 Journal Article Strathmann, R. R.;Fenaux, L.;Strathman., M. F. 1992 Heterochronic developmental plasticity in larval sea urchins and its implication for evolution of nonfeeding larvae Evolution 46 972-986 Journal Article Strauss, Richard E. ;Altig, Ronald 1992 Ontongenetic body form changes in three ecological morphotypes of anuran tadpoles Growth, Development and Aging 56 3-16 Anura, tadpoles, allometry, discrimination, growth, larvae, metamorphosis, morphogenesis, morphometrics, USA, 133 Journal Article Strauss, R. E.;Altig., R. 1992 Ontogenetic body form changes in three ecological morphotypes of anuran tadpoles Growth Develop. Aging 56 3-16 Journal Article Strickler-Shaw, S.;Taylor., D. H. 1990 Sublethal exposure to lead inhibits acquisition and retention of discriminate avoidance learning in green frog (Rana clamitans) tadpoles Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9 47-52 Journal Article Strickler-Shaw, S.;Taylor., D. H. 1991 Lead inhibits acquisition and retention learning in bullfrog tadpoles Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 13 167-173 Edited Book Strimple, Peter D.;Strimple, Jane L. 1992 Contributions in Herpetology Cincinnati, OH Greater Cincinnati Herpetological Society 111 Boiga irregularis; Cerastes cerastes; Hydrodynastes gigas; Agkistrodon complex; India; Mexico; Crotalus viridis; Caudal luring; Agkistrodon bilineatus; Morelia spilota; Bufo marinus; Bothriechis lateralis; Geochelone pardalis; Corucia zebrata; Trachyboa; Temperature-dependent sex determination Book Section Strimple, Peter D. 1992 Caudal-luring: a discussion on definition and application of the term Strimple, Peter D. and Strimple, Jane L. Contributions in Herpetology Cincinnati, OH Greater Cincinnati Herpetological Society 49-54 Book Section Strimple, Peter D. 1992 Caudal movements of an adult Mexican cantil, Agkistrodon bilineatus bilineatus Günther Strimple, Peter D. and Strimple, Jane L. Contributions in Herpetology Cincinnati, OH Greater Cincinnati Herpetological Society 55-56 Journal Article Strussmann, CA;F, Takashima; 1990 Hepatocyte nuclear size and nutritional condition of larval pejerrey, odontesthes bonariensis (cuvier et valenciennes) Fish.Biol 36 1 59-65 cytology/early development/liver/morphology/physiology/starvation Journal Article Stuart, Simon 1990 Conserving reptiles and amphibians on the Indian subcontinent Hamadryad 15 41-43 Conservation; India Journal Article Stuart, James N. 1991 Cnemidophorus exsanguis Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 516 1-4 Journal Article Stubbs, David 1991 A new global action plan for tortoises and turtles Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 145-151 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Stubbs, David 1991 Tortoise conservation the French way: A species recovery program for Herman's tortoise in the Massif des Maures, Southern France Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 152-156 testudo hermanni Journal Article Stuebing, R.;Voris, H. K. 1990 Relative abundance of marine snakes on the west coast of Sabah, Malaysia Journal of Herpetology 24 201-202 relative abundance, marine snakes, west coast, Sabah, Malaysia Book Section Stuebing, R.B.;Mohd.Sah, S.A. 1992 Distribution, population structure and some aspects of the ecology of the estuarine crocodile (Crocodylus porosus Schneider) in the Kilas River, Sahab Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0133-3. 149-162 Journal Article Suda, N.;Sekine, M.;Tschiya, C.;Moriguchi, H.;Sawai, Y. 1991 A case of snakebite by a dusky pigmy rattlesnake (Sistrurus miliarius barbouri) in Japan The Snake 23 110-111 Journal Article Suedmeyer, K. 1992 Use of Chlorhexidine in the Treatment of Infectious Stomatitis Association of Reptilian Amphibian Veterinarians Bulletin 2 1 6 Reptilia, serpentes, boa, infection, mouthrot, therapy, chlorhexidine Journal Article Suedmeyer, K. 1992 Use of Amino Acid Supplementation in Clinically Ill Reptiles Association of Reptilian Amphibian Veterinarians Bulletin 2 1 8 Reptilia, testudines, sauria, serpentes, pathology, disease, therapy, Book Section Sugimoto, M.;Diaz, J.L.;Kurata, Y. 1990 Phase of breeding behavior of Crocodylus mondorensis Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0009-4 iv + 380 pp. 221-233 Journal Article Sugimoto, K.;Teeter, J. H. 1990 Voltage-dependent ionic currents in taste receptor cells of the larval tiger salamander J Gen Physiol 96 4 809-34 Action Potentials; Ambystoma/anatomy & histology/*metabolism; Animal; Calcium/metabolism; In Vitro; Ion Channels/*metabolism; Larva/metabolism; Membrane Potentials; Potassium/metabolism; Sodium/metabolism; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Taste Buds/cytology/*metabolism Voltage-dependent membrane currents of cells dissociated from tongues of larval tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) were studied using whole-cell and single-channel patch-clamp techniques. Nongustatory epithelial cells displayed only passive membrane properties. Cells dissociated from taste buds, presumed to be gustatory receptor cells, generated both inward and outward currents in response to depolarizing voltage steps from a holding potential of -60 or -80 mV. Almost all taste cells displayed a transient inward current that activated at -30 mV, reached a peak between 0 and +10 mV and rapidly inactivated. This inward current was blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX) or by substitution of choline for Na+ in the bath solution, indicating that it was a Na+ current. Approximately 60% of the taste cells also displayed a sustained inward current which activated slowly at about -30 mV and reached a peak at 0 to +10 mV. The amplitude of the slow inward current was larger when Ca2+ was replaced by Ba2+ and it was blocked by bath applied CO2+, indicating it was a Ca2+ current. Delayed outward K+ currents were observed in all taste cells although in about 10% of the cells, they were small and activated only at voltages more depolarized than +10 mV. Normally, K+ currents activated at -40 mV and usually showed some inactivation during a 25-ms voltage step. The inactivating component of outward current was not observed at holding potentials more depolarized -40 mV. The outward currents were blocked by tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA) and BaCl2 in the bath or by substitution of Cs+ for K+ in the pipette solution. Both transient and noninactivating components of outward current were partially suppressed by CO2+, suggesting the presence of a Ca2(+)-activated K+ current component. Single-channel currents were recorded in cell-attached and outside-out patches of taste cell membranes. Two types of K+ channels were partially characterized, one having a mean unitary conductance of 21 pS, and the other, a conductance of 148 pS. These experiments demonstrate that tiger salamander taste cells have a variety of voltage- and ion-dependent currents including Na+ currents, Ca2+ currents and three types of K+ currents. One or more of these conductances may be modulated either directly by taste stimuli or indirectly by stimulus- regulated second messenger systems to give rise to stimulus-activated receptor potentials. Others may play a role in modulation of neurotransmitter release at synapses with taste nerve fibers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) Journal Article Sullivan, Brian K. 1992 Calling behavior of the southwestern toad (Bufo microscaphis) Herpetologica 48 4 383-389 Journal Article Sullivan, B. K. 1992 Sexual selection and calling behavior in the american toad (Bufo americanus) Copeia 1992 1 1-7 selection, reproduction, sexual, calling, Bufo, toads Journal Article Summers, K. 1990 Paternal care and the cost of polygyny in the green dart-poison frog Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 27 307-313 Amphibia, Anura, mating systems, Dendrobates auratus, Dendrobatidae, tadpoles, mate guarding, survivorship Journal Article Summers, K. 1992 Dart-poison frogs and the control of sexual selection Ethology 91 89-107 Anura, Dendrobates, parental care, sex-role reversal, mating strategies Journal Article Summers, K. 1992 Mating strategies in two species of dart-poison frogs: A comparative study Animal Behaviour 43 907-919 Dendrobates leucomelas, histrionicus, female-female competition, sex role reversal hypothesis, parental quality hypothesis, parental care, mate selection Book Sun, Ailing;Li, Jinling;Ye, Xiangkui;Dong, Zhiming;Hou, Lianhai 1992 The Chinese Fossil Reptiles and Their Kins Beijing Science Press xiv + 260 Fossils; China Journal Article Sura, P. 1992 Circadian Rhythm in the Pineal Organ of the Yellow-Bellied Toad, Bombina variegata (L), Under Laboratory Conditions Folia Biol-Krakow 40 3-4 145-149 Pineal Organ; Karyometry; Circadian Rhythm; Bombina Journal Article Sutharam, K. K.;Peter, M. C. S.;Oommen, O. V. 1990 Stimulation of oxidative metabolism by thyroid hormones in an apodan amphibian, Gegenophis carnosus (Beddome) General and Comparative Endocrinology 79 2 246-252 Cytochrome Oxidase; Alpha-Glycerophosphate Dehydrogenase; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Magnesium-Atpase; Malate Dehydrogenase; Hepatic Mitochondria Administration of different doses of L-thyroxine (T-4) and triiodo-L-thyronine (T-3) in vivo in G. carnosus stimulated the activities of cytochrome oxidase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and Mg-2+ adenosine triphosphatase (Mg-2+ ATPase) and inhibited the activity of malate dehydrogenase (MDH). While a low dose of thiouracil administration produced a stimulatory effect on cytochrome oxidase and alpha-GPDH activities, a higher dose of thiouracil significantly inhibited the activities of cytochrome oxidase, alpha-GPDH, SDH, Mg-2+ ATPase, and MDH. Injection of T-4 or T-3 into thiouracil-treated animals significantly restored the stimulatory effect of thyroid hormones on oxidative enzyme activities. It is suggested that thyroid hormones in vivo increase and that thiouracil decreases the oxidative capacity of hepatic mitochondria of G. carnosus. Journal Article Sutharama, K. K.;Peter, M. C. S.;Oommen, O. V. 1991 Androgenic control of hepatic mitochondrial metabolism in an apoda, Gegenophis carnosus (Beddome) Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 29 11 1027-1030 Dehydroepiandrosterone; Androstenedione; Cytochrome Oxidase; Alpha-Glycerophosphate Dehydrogenase; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Magnesium-Atpase; Protein Synthesis In vivo administration of testosterone significantly stimulated the activities of cytochrome oxidase, varies -glycerophosphate dehydrogenase ( varies -GPDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and adenosine triphosphate (Mg-2+ ATPase), in mitochondria isolated from the liver of Gegenophis. carnosus. Administration of dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione while significantly stimulated the activities of cytochrome oxidase and varies -GPDH, did not change that of SDH and Mg-2+ ATPase. Simultaneous injections of testosterone and actinomycin D or chloramphenicol prevented the testosterone-stimulated activities of all the oxidative enzymes studied. The results clearly document the important stimulatory role of androgens in the regulation of hepatic mitochondrial metabolism in G. carnosus. Book Süss, Rudolf;Malter, Margarete 1991 Vom Mythos der Schildkröte: das Urtier als Glücksbringer. Dortmund, Germany Harenberg Edition 208 Mythology; Folklore; Turtles Book Swan, Gerry 1990 A Field guide to the Snakes and Lizards of New South Wales Winmalee, NSW Three Sisters Productions Pty Ltd. 224 Australia Book Swanson, Stephen 1990 Lizards of Australia North Ryde, NSW Angus & Robertson 160 Australia Book Section Swayngham, T. 1990 South Carolina alligator program update Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8327-0023-X vi + 345 pp. 229-230 Book Sweeney, Roger 1992 Garter Snakes: Their Natural History and Care in Captivity London Blandford 128 Thamnophis Book Sweeney, Roger 1992 Garter Snakes: Their Natural History and Care in Captivity London Blandford 128 p. Journal Article Sweet, Samuel S.;Parker, William S. 1990 Pituophis melanoleucus Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 474 1-8 Journal Article Swinford, gary 1991 Collecting the banded rock rattlesnake (Crotalus lepidus klauberi) in the mountains of southern New Mexico. Purpose: captive breeding Vivarium 3 1 8-10 Crotalus lepidus klauberi Journal Article Swingland, Ian R. 1991 A perspective on international conservation of tortoises Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 34-42 Journal Article Swingland, Ian R. 1991 Environmental sex determination, migration, and regulation in the Aldabran giant tortoise Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 43-50 geochelone gigantea Book Syroechkovskii, E. E.;Salomatina, N.I. 1990 [Industrial Amphibian Farming] Moscow USSR Academy of Science 120 Journal Article Takeda, Nobuyuki;Ota, Hidetoshi 1992 A record of the tree gecko, Hemiphyllodactylus typus typus (Reptilia: Squamata: Gekkonidae), from Miyakojima Island of the Miyako Group, Ryukyu Archipelago Island Studies in Okinawa 10 59-64 Edited Book Taktakishvibi 1991 Flora and Fauna of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, Georgia Tbibisi Meznierebe 188 Journal Article Talentino, K. A.;Landre, E. 1991 Comparative development of two species of sympatric Ambystoma salamanders Journal Of Freshwater Ecology 6 4 395-401 Journal Article Talentino, K. A.;Landre., E. 1991 Comparative development of two species of sympatric Ambystoma salamanders J. Freshw. Ecol. 6 395-401 Journal Article Tan, N. H.;Ponnudurai, G. 1991 A comparative study of the biological activities of rattlesnake (genera Crotalus and Sistrurus) venoms Comp Biochem Physiol C 98 2-3 455-61 Acetylcholinesterase/metabolism; Amino Acid Oxidoreductases/metabolism; Animal; Anticoagulants; Blood Coagulation/drug effects; Comparative Study; Crotalid Venoms/*pharmacology/toxicity; Hemorrhage/chemically induced; Hyaluronoglucosaminidase/metabolism; Mice; Nucleotidases/metabolism; Peptide Peptidohydrolases/metabolism; Phospholipases A/metabolism; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/metabolism; Rabbits; Species Specificity; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 1. The hemorrhagic, procoagulant, anticoagulant, protease, arginine ester hydrolase, phosphodiesterase, alkaline phosphomonoesterase, 5'- nucleotidase, hyaluronidase, phospholipase A and L-amino acid oxidase activities of 50 venom samples from 20 taxa of rattlesnake (genera Crotalus and Sistrurus) were examined. 2. The results show that notwithstanding individual variations in the biological activities of Crotalus venoms and the wide ranges of certain biological activities observed, there are some common characteristics at the genus and species levels. 3. The differences in biological activities of the venoms compared can be used for differentiation of the species. Particularly useful for this purpose are the thrombin-like enzyme, protease, arginine ester hydrolase, hemorrhagic and phospholipase A activities and kaolin-cephalin clotting time measurements. Book Section Tan Chye Hock, R. 1990 Singapore - a new chapter in crocodile farming Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0009-4 iv + 380 pp. 234-252 Journal Article Tang, Yiquan;Tian, Shenghai;Wu, Shixiang;Hua, Jiacheng;Ji, Xinquan;Wu, Guanfu;Zhao, Ermi;Zou, Gang 1990 Isolation and amino acid sequence of a new dodecapeptide from the skin of Oreolalax pingii Asiatic Herpetological Research 3 116-119 pelobatidae china biochemistry peptides Journal Article Tanimura, A.;Iwasawa., H. 1991 Proliferative activity of somatic cells during gonadal development in the Japanese pond frog, Rana nigromaculata Journal of Experimental Zoology 259 365-370 Journal Article Tanner, Wilmer W. 1990 Thamnophis rufipunctatus Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 505 1-2 Book Section Taplin, L.E. 1990 The population status and management of estuarine crocodiles in Queensland - present situation and future prospects Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0009-4 iv + 380 pp. 253-307 Journal Article Tashjian, John H.;Scheidt, Vince 1990 Small rattlesnakes Vivarium 2 4 15-18 Journal Article Tashjian, John H. 1991 Callisaurs of the retrozoic Vivarium 3 1 32 Journal Article Tassava, R. A.;Yang, E. V. 1990 Expression of the WE3 antigen in newt epithelium originating from subcutaneous grafts of skin J Morphol 206 3 265-71 Animal; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Biological Markers; Cell Movement; Epidermis/metabolism; Epithelium/physiology; Extremities; Jaw; Notophthalmus viridescens; Regeneration/*physiology; Skin Transplantation; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Tail; Wound Healing/*physiology mAb WE3 recognizes an antigen that is developmentally regulated in the wound epithelium of regenerating newt limbs. The antigen is precociously expressed when pieces of WE3-negative wound epithelium are grafted subcutaneously (Tassava et al.: Recent Trends in Regeneration Research. New York: Plenum Publishing Co., pp. 37-49, 1989). In the present study, we investigated whether the WE3 antigen is expressed in epidermis of subcutaneous grafts of skin. Small pieces of limb skin were grafted into small tunnels in the lower jaw, limb, and tail, oriented either the same as (epidermis facing out) or opposite to (epidermis facing in) the orientation of the host skin. In most cases, the epithelium migrated from the graft along the wounded surface of the tunnel, closed onto itself, and formed a multilayered "emigrant" epithelium. Infrequently, the migrating epithelium combined with the wound epithelium of the insertion wound. In no case did the epithelium migrate over the cut edge of the grafted dermis. Reactivity to mAb WE3 was first seen at 4 days after grafting, when the migrating epithelium had almost closed over onto itself. By 6 days and thereafter, the entire emigrant epithelium was reactive to mAb WE3. While initially restricted to the emigrant epithelium, at 10 days after grafting and thereafter, reactivity was also seen in the epidermis that remained in contact with the dermis. Expression of the WE3 antigen was not influenced by the orientation of the graft nor by the graft site. The results show that, compared to amputated limbs, the epithelium originating from these grafts precociously expresses the WE3 antigen. Also, epidermis of grafted skin is capable of expressing the WE3 antigen. Journal Article Tassava, R. A. 1992 Retinoic acid enhances monoclonal antibody WE3 reactivity in the regenerate epithelium of the adult newt J Morphol 213 2 159-69 Animal; Antigens/metabolism; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Forelimb/anatomy & histology; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Notophthalmus viridescens/anatomy & histology/*metabolism; *Regeneration; Skin/drug effects; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Tretinoin/*pharmacology Monoclonal antibody (mAb) WE3 recognizes an antigen that is developmentally expressed in the wound epithelium during adult newt limb regeneration. Experiments were designed to determine whether retinoic acid (RA), dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and administered by intraperitoneal injection, would enhance the temporal appearance of the WE3 antigen. RA given on days 1 or 4 after amputation, when the WE3 antigen is not yet detectable, resulted in moderate reactivity to mAb 2 days after injection and strong reactivity throughout the wound epithelium 4 days after injection. DMSO alone had no enhancing effect. RA also caused limb skin epidermis to exhibit reactivity to mAb WE3, initially near the amputation level, but then also more proximally. By 4 and 6 days after RA injection, epidermis of the flank, eye lid, and unamputated hind limbs also became strongly reactive to mAb WE3. Outer layers of skin epidermis were shed, resulting in an epidermis only one or two cells thick. Epidermis of newts given DMSO alone remained non-reactive to mAb WE3. When RA was given on days 7 and 10 after amputation, when a low level of mAb WE3 reactivity is already present in the wound epithelium, a considerable enhancement of mAb WE3 reactivity occurred through the next few days. No such enhancement was seen with DMSO alone. RA also greatly increased mAb WE3 reactivity in the wound epithelium of denervated limbs, in which case the wound epithelial reactivity to mAb WE3 is normally low. Retinol palmitate also increased mAb WE3 reactivity. The results raise the possibility that the WE3 antigen is a component of most if not all retinoid target tissues in newts. Journal Article Taubes, Gary 1992 A dubious battle to save the Kemp's ridley sea turtle Science 256 614-616 lepidochelys kempii Journal Article Tawa, Audrey 1990 Pretty poison Zoo Life 1 2 Journal Article Taya , K. , e.a. , 1991 Concentrations of progesterone , testosterone and estradiol-17-beta in the serum during the estrous cycle of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) Zoo Biology 10 299-307 mammalia proboscidea elephantidae ,Elephas ,reproduction * Journal Article Taylor, Robert J.;Balph, David F.;Balph, Martha H. 1990 The evolution of alarm calling: a cost-benefit analysis Animal Behaviour 39 860-868 Journal Article Taylor, A. S.;Bogart, J. P. 1990 Karyotypic analyses of four species of Ambystoma (Amphibia, Caudata) that have been implicated in the production of all-female hybrids Genome 33 6 837-844 Journal Article Taylor, C. L.;R. F. Wilkinson, Jr.;Peterson., C. L. 1990 Reproductive patterns oive plethodontid salamanders from the Ouachita Mountains Southwest Naturalist 35 468-472 Journal Article Taylor, D. H.;Steele, C. W.;Strickler-Shaw., S. 1990 Responses of green frog (Rana clamitans) tadpoles to lead-polluted water Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9 87-93 Journal Article Taylor, E. M.;Morgan, E. H. 1991 Role of transferrin in iron uptake by the brain: a comparative study J Comp Physiol [b] 161 5 521-4 Alligators and Crocodiles; Animal; Biological Transport/physiology; Brain/blood supply/*metabolism/physiology; Buffaloes; Bufo marinus; Comparative Study; Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism/physiology/ultrastructure; Female; Femur/metabolism; Fishes; Human; Iodine Radioisotopes; Iron/*pharmacokinetics; Iron Radioisotopes; Lizards; Male; Marsupialia; Rabbits; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Receptors, Transferrin/physiology; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Transferrin/*physiology The role of specific transferrin (Tf) and Tf receptor interaction on brain capillary endothelial cells in iron transport from the plasma to the brain was investigated by using Tf from several species of animals labeled with 59Fe and 125I, and 15-day and adult rats. The rate of iron transfer was much greater in the 15-day rats. It was greatest with Tf from the mammals, rat, rabbit and human, but much lower with chicken ovotransferrin and quokka (a marsupial), toad, lizard, crocodile, and fish Tf. The uptake of Tf by the brain showed a similar pattern, except for a very high uptake of ovotransferrin (ovoTf). Iron uptake by the femurs (a source of bone marrow) was also high with Tf from the mammalian species and low with the other types of Tf, but showed little change with aging of the animals. It is concluded that iron transport into the brain is dependent on the function of Tf receptors, probably on capillary endothelial cells, and that these receptors show the same type of species specificity as the receptors on immature erythroid cells. Also, the decrease in iron uptake by the brain as rats age from 15 days to adulthood is specific for the brain and is not a general effect of the aging process. Journal Article Taylor, D.;Kinler, N.;Linscombe, G. 1991 Female alligator reproduction and associated population estimates J. Wildl. Manage. 55 4 682-688 AM, reproduction, demography, management, nest, size, Journal Article Taylor, H. L.;Cooley, C. R.;Aguilar, R. A.;Obana, C. J. 1992 Factors affecting clutch size in the teiid lizards Cnemidophorus tigris gracilis and C T.septentrionalis J Herpetol 26 4 443-447 Reptilia, sauria, lizard, Cnemidophorus tigris gracilis, C T.septentrionalis, egg clutch Nineteen samples of Cnemidophorus tigris gracilis (119 clutches) and 11 samples of C. t. septentrionalis (127 clutches), covering latitudinal and elevational gradients of approximately 8.3-degrees and 1669 m, were used to examine the relationship of clutch size with body size of reproductive females and elevation, latitude, and mean annual precipitation of collecting sites. Of the four independent variables, body size and elevation had significant linear relationships with clutch size. Reproductive females of C. t. septentrionalis have larger bodies and produce larger clutches, on average, than reproductive females of C. t. gracilis. The difference in clutch size remained significant when body size was held constant in an analysis of covariance, but became nonsignificant with elevation as the covariate. In general, C. t. gracilis occupies lower elevational habitats, while the range of C. t. septentrionalis includes higher elevations. The simultaneous presence of yolked ovarian follicles and oviductal eggs in two.individuals from southern populations of C. t. septentrionalis suggests a retained potential to produce multiple clutches. We conclude that the production of one relatively large clutch per season in C t. septentrionalis rather than several smaller clutches (sensu C. t. gracilis) represents a phenotypically plastic response to elevation (climatic regimen) rather than being genetically fixed in this taxon. Book Section Taylor, R.D.;Blake, D.;Loveridge, J.P. 1992 Crocodile numbers on Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe and factors influencing them Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0133-3. 163-175 Book Taylor, Cindy L. 1992 Morphological, Behavioral and Ecological aspects of the feeding of anuran tadpoles Mississippi State Ph. D. Dissertation, Mississippi State University xii, 176 Journal Article Taylor M.A. e.a. 1990 Efficacy ofivermectin against benzimidazole resistant nematodes of sheep Vet rec 127 302-303 *mammalia/artiodactyla/*Haemonchus contortus/Ostertagia circumcincta/*oxfendazole 121090 WS DGB Schaap 19 Journal Article Teare, J.A./Wallace./R.S. 1991 Pharmacology of gentamycin in the leopard frog (Rana pipiens) Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians 128-131 amphibia anura ranidae/Rana * Journal Article Teather, Kevin 1991 The relative importance of visual and chemical cues for foraging in newborn blue-striped garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis similis) Behaviour 117 3-4 255-261 Journal Article Tejedo, M. 1991 Effects of predation by two species of sympatric tadpoles on embryo survival in natterjack toads (Bufo calamita) Herpetologica 47 322-327 Journal Article Tejedo, M. 1992 Absence of the trade-off between the size and number of offspring in the natterjack toad (Bufo calamita) Oecologia 90 294-296 Journal Article Tejedo, M.;Reques., R. 1992 Effects of egg size and density on metamorphic traits in tadpoles of the natterjack toad (Bufo calamita) Journal of Herpetology 26 146-152 Journal Article Telford, S. R.;Dyson, M. L. 1990 The effect of rainfall on interclutch interval in painted reed frogs (Hyperolius marmoratus) Copeia 3 644-648 precipitation, reproduction Journal Article Telford, Steven D.;Dyson, Miranda L. 1990 The effect of rainfall on interclutch interval in painted reed frogs (Hyperolius marmoratus) Copeia 1990 3 644-648 Hyperolius marmoratus, Amphibia, Anura, life history, reproductive success, Journal Article Tell, L.A.;Lasley, B.L. 1991 An automated assay for fecal estrogen conjugates in the determination of sex in avian species Zoo Biology 10 361-367 estradiol ,estrone ,testosterone ,reproduction * Journal Article Tell , L.A. , Lasley ,B.L. , 1991 An automated assay for fecal estrogen conjugates in the determination of sex in avian species Zoo Biology 10 361-367 estradiol ,estrone ,testosterone ,reproduction * Conference Proceedings Ten Eyck, Gary R. 1992 Cranial ontogeny and morphology of a direct-developing ranid frog, Ceratobatrachus guentheri Book Tennant, Alan 1990 A Field Guide to Texas Snakes Houston, TX Gulf Publishing 260 Book Tennant, Alan 1990 A Field Guide to Texas Snakes Houston, TX Gulf Publishing 260 p. Journal Article Teow, W. L.;Ho, L. C.;Ng, G. C.;Chan, Y. C.;Yap, E. H.;Chan, P. P.;Howe, J.;Zaman, V.;Singh, M. 1992 Virus-like particles in a Blastocystis species from the sea-snake, Lapemis hardwickii Int J Parasitol 22 7 1029-1032 Reptilia, serpentes, infection, blastocystis, A 5.0 kb band was consistently observed in purified nucleic acid samples from a sea-snake Blastocystis. This band was resistant to DNase I treatment, and eliminated by 0.2 N-NaOH treatment. That it was highly susceptible to pancreatic ribonuclease A, with sensitivity increasing with decreasing ionic strength, and was undigested by mung bean nuclease indicated that it was a dsRNA band. Transmission electron microscopy of cesium chloride fractions revealed icosahedral virus-like particles 30 nm in diameter. These icosahedral virus- like particles were not found in isolates of B. hominis. Journal Article Teow, W. L.;Ng, G. C.;Chan, P. P.;Chan, Y. C.;Yap, E. H.;Zaman, V.;Singh, M. 1992 A Survey of Blastocystis in Reptiles Parasitol Res 78 5 453-455 Reptilia, testudines, sauria, serpentes infection, blastocystis Blastocystis is an enigmatic parasite with a contentious taxonomic position and pathogenic role. A total of 28 species of reptiles from Singapore zoo were investigated. Blastocystis sp. were detected in 8(28.6%) (3 tortoises, 3 snakes, 1 crocodile and 1 lizard) The reptilian Blastocystis was morphologically similar to B. hominis. (However in other studies it was found that distinct differences existed in genomic DNA - TEOW et al., 1991) Journal Article Teow, W. L.;Ng, G. C.;Chan, P. P.;Chan, Y. C.;Yap, E. H.;Zaman, V.;Singh, M. 1992 A survey of Blastocystis in reptiles Parasitol Res 78 5 453-5 Alligators and Crocodiles/parasitology; Animal; Animals, Zoo/*parasitology; Blastocystis/*isolation & purification; Blastocystis Infections/epidemiology/*veterinary; Culture Media; Feces/parasitology; Iguanas/parasitology; Reptiles/*parasitology; Singapore/epidemiology; Snakes/parasitology; Turtles/parasitology A total of 28 species of reptiles were investigated for Blastocystis using light microscopy and in vitro culture in biphasic egg slant medium. Blastocystis species were detected in 8 (28.6%) of these 28 species in 3 tortoises (Geochelone elephantopus, G. elegans and G. carbonaria), 3 snakes (Boiga dendrophilla, Python reticulatus and Elaphe radiata), 1 crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) and 1 iguana lizard (Cyclura cornuta). The reptilian Blastocystis appeared to be morphologically similar to B. hominis. Journal Article Terrasson, François 1990 Crapauds, lézards, Herpétologistes. Même destin, mê,e image sociale Bulletin de la Société Herpétologique de France 56 73-74 Journal Article Terry, Sue 1992 An easy forced-feeding technique for iguanas Notes From NOAH 20 2 9-13 iguana Journal Article Tesik, I. 1992 Differences in the mode of secretion of goblet cells in the upper respiratory tract of various vertebrate classes Acta Vet Brno 61 1 11-15 Amphibia, Mammalia, aves, anatomy, histology, mucus, respiratory tract Although Goblet celle in various vertebrate classes appear as being morphologically identical, E.M. reveals considerable differences. The secretory granules in the apical part of Goblet cells in amphibians hydrate steadily, increase in volume and gradually merge to form a uniform mucous mass. In reptiles mucin granules hydrated only on the surface and left the cell without being entirely swollen. Hydration continued extracellularly to produce definitive mucus. In birds granules were mainly completely hydrated, but some were only partly hydrated. In mammals the situation is as in amphibia. Journal Article Testing, American Society for;Materials 1991 Standard guide for conducting the frog embryo teratogenesis assay - Xenopus (Fetax) ASTM Standards E 1439 - 91 1-11 Journal Article Thachil, R. T.;Tony, J. C.;Jude, E.;Ross, C.;Vincent, N. D.;Sridhar, C. B. 1992 Antisnakevenom: an over-used medication Trop Doct 22 3 113-5 Fifty-five cases of snakebite were retrospectively analysed for the indications for the use of anti-snakevenom (ASV). Sixty-seven per cent of patients received treatment with ASV. Of these, 47% had features of systemic envenoming, 30% had features of local envenoming and 22% had no features of envenoming, either systemic or local. When WHO guidelines were strictly applied, it was found that in 44% of cases, ASV was used without adequate indication. Journal Article Thalley, Bruce S.;Carroll, Sean B. 1990 Rattlesnake and scorpion antivenoms from the egg yolks of immunized hens bio/Technology 8 10 934-938 Journal Article Thatcher, Terry 1992 The care and maintenance of the Berber skink Reptilian 1 5 32-33 Eumeces schneideri Journal Article The Herptile 1990 15(3) Journal of the International Herpetological Society (Great Britain) Journal Article The Herptile 1990 15(1) Journal of the International Herpetological Society (Great Britain) Journal Article The Herptile 1991 16(1) Journal of the International Herpetological Society (Great Britain) Journal Article The Herptile 1991 16(2) Journal of the International Herpetological Society (Great Britain) Journal Article The Herptile 1991 16(3) Journal of the International Herpetological Society (Great Britain) Journal Article The Herptile 1991 16(4) Journal of the International Herpetological Society (Great Britain) Journal Article The Herptile 1992 17(3) Journal of the International Herpetological Society (Great Britain) Journal Article Thenen, S.W., Hwang, S.M.,Blocker, D.E.,Meadows, C.A., 1991 Folate Deficiency and an Abnormal Lymphocyte Deoxyuridine Suppression Test in Monkeys International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 61 4 310-318 SW Thenen, Univ Minnesota, Dept Food Sci & Nutr, St Paul, MN 55108 Journal Article Thenen, S.W.Hwang, S.M.Blocker, D.E.Meadows, C.A. 1991 Folate Deficiency and an Abnormal Lymphocyte Deoxyuridine Suppression Test in Monkeys International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 61 4 310-318 SW Thenen, Univ Minnesota, Dept Food Sci & Nutr, St Paul, MN 55108 Journal Article Theraux, Jack 1991 The 1991 national Breeders Expo Vivarium 3 3 36-37 Journal Article Theraux, Jack 1992 The meaning of the new AFH t-shirt design Vivarium 3 5 4;22-23 Journal Article Theron, J.;Hoffman, L. C.;Prinsloo, J. F. 1992 Aspects of the chemical control of Xenopus laevis tadpoles under laboratory conditions S Afr J Wildl Res 22 4 110-113 Amphibia, anura, Xenopus laevis, pathology, toxin, chlorine, chemical control The chemical control of Xenopus laevis tadpoles, under laboratory conditions, was tested using different concentrations of chlorine. Simultaneously, the toxicity of chlorine to Clarias gariepinus juveniles was investigated. X. laevis was more sensitive to chlorine concentrations, with 100% mortality occurring at 0,5 mg/l (tap water) and 12,0 mg/l (pond water and acidified pond water), whilst for C. gariepinus juveniles, this only occurred at 5,0 mg/l (tap water) and 12,0 mg/l (pond water and acidified pond water), respectively. The residual toxicity of chlorine sharply decreased after 72 h. Reprint Endnote 93/625 Journal Article Thiesmeier, Burkhard 1990 Freilandbeobachtungen über Abortivgebilde und larvale Extremitätenschäden beim Feuersalamander (Salamandra salamandra terrestris) Herpetofauna 12 68 6-10 Salamandra salamandra terrestris; anomalies Journal Article Thiesmeier, Burkhard 1991 Salamander in Osten der USA Herpetofauna 13 72 11-19 Book Thiesmeier, Burkhard 1992 Ökologie des Feuersalamanders Essen Westarp Wissenschaften 126 + 4 plates Journal Article Thireau, Michael 1991 Types and historically important pecimens of the rattlesnakes in the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris) Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 1991 87 1-10 index crotalus atricaudatus horridus durissus terrificus polystictus triseriatus adamanteus atrox viridis sistrurus catenatus miliarius Journal Article Thireau, M. 1991 Important specimens of rattlesnakes in the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 87 1-10 10, rattlesnake, Crotalus Journal Article Thissen, Rainer 1992 Breeding the spiny-tail monitor (Varanus acanthurus Boulenger) Vivarium 3 5 32-34 Varanus acanthurus Journal Article Thissen, R. 1992 Keeping and breeding the monitor (Varanus acanthurus). Haltung und Zucht des Stachelschwanzwarans (Varanus acanthurus) Vortragszusammenfassungen der Dght Jahrestagung 1992 14 Reptilia, sauria, monitor,Varanus acanthurus, propagation, keeping, breeding echsen,zucht,vit PF x Journal Article Thomas, W. Kelley;Pääbo, Svante;Villablanca, Francis X.;Wilson, Allan C. 1990 Spatial and temporal continuity of kangaroo rat populations shown by sequencing mitochondrial DNA from museum specimens Journal of Molecular Evolution 31 101-112 Journal Article Thomas, Richard;Powell, Robert 1992 Typhlops hectus Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 550 1-2 Journal Article Thomas, R.;Hedges, S. B. 1992 An unusual new Sphaerodactylus from Hispaniola (Squamata: Gekkonidae) Journal of Herpetology 26 3 289-292 reptiles, lizards, species description, morphology, systematics, Journal Article Thomas, R.;Hedges, S. B.;Garrido, O. H. 1992 Two new species of Sphaerodactylus from eastern Cuba (Squamata: Gekkonidae) Herpetologica 48 3 358-367 reptiles, lizards, species description, morphology, systematics, ecomorph Journal Article Thompson, Michael B. 1990 Incubation of eggs of tuatara, Spenodon punctatus Journal of Zoology, London 222 303-318 Journal Article Thompson, M.B.;Newman, D.G.;Watson, P. 1991 Use of Ocytocin in obtaining eggs from Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) J. Herpetol. 25 1 101-104 Reptilia, sauria, Sphenodon punctatus, physiology, pathology, eggs, oxytocin Gravity was checked by radiology. Oxytocin was administered at 10-15 IU/kg BW i.p.. (oxytocin is not normally present in reptiles. The equivalent reptilian hormone arginine vasotocin (AVT) cab be given at a dosage of 5 - 10 % of this of oxytocin. echsen,zucht,oeko,australien,vet,meth PF x, Reprint Vet Path. Spec. Anim. 91/138 Journal Article Thompson, G. 1992 Daily distance travelled and foraging areas of Varanus gouldii (Reptilia, Varanidae) in an urban environment Wildlife Res 19 6 743-753 Reptilia, sauria, varanidae,Varanus gouldii , behaviour, travelling, distance, foraging The foraging areas of Varanus gouldii were monitored by the spool-and-line technique over 51 consecutive days during October and November 1990 in Karrakatta Cemetery, Perth, Western Australia. The daily distance travelled by lizards varied markedly. The mean distance travelled was 111.6 m for days that varanids moved from their burrows. There was a weak positive correlation between the daily distance travelled and the maximum daily temperature and hours of daily sunshine. Some varanids moved their foraging areas from open unshaded sections of the cemetery into a more heavily treed area in November. The size of the daily foraging area for small varanids (<600 g) was extremely variable (estimated median 300 m2); areas were greater in November than October. Some varanids moved to different foraging areas every few days. Journal Article Thomson, Keith Stewart 1991 Where did tetrapods come from? American Scientist 79 488-490 Thesis Thorbjarnarson, J.B. 1990 Ecology and behavior of the Spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus) in the central Venezuelan llanos 269 Book Section Thorbjarnarson, J. 1990 The present status and distribution of Crocodylus acutus on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 195-202 Book Section Thorbjarnarson, J.;Blohm, T. 1990 Captive rearing of Orinoco crocodiles on Hato Masaguaral - Venezuela Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 120-123 Book Section Thorbjarnarson, J.B.;Hernandez, G. 1990 Recent investigations into the status of Orinoco crocodiles in Venezuela Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0009-4 iv + 380 pp. 308-328 Journal Article Thorbjarnarson, J.B. 1990 Notes on the feeding behavior of the gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) under semi-natural conditions J. Herpetol. 24 1 99-100 Journal Article Thorbjarnarson, J.B. 1991 Crocodylus acutus (American crocodile) Social behavior Herpetol. Rev. 22 4 130 CA, behavior, vocal, Edited Book Thorbjarnarson, John;Messel, Harry;King, F. Wayne;Ross, James Perran 1992 Crocodiles: An Action Plan for their Conservation Cambridge, UK IUCN 136 Crocodiles; Conservation; Action Plan Book Thorbjarnarson, J.B. 1992 Crocodiles An action plan for their conservation H Messel, FW King and P Ross (eds ) Gland, Switzerland Species Survival Commission, IUCN. CROC, conservation, utilization, 136 Pp. Journal Article Thorbjarnarson, J.B.;Hernandez, G. 1992 Recent investigations of the status and distribution of the Orinoco crocodile Crocodylus intermedius in Venezuela Biol. Cons. 62 179-188 CI, conservation, distribution, utilization, South America Journal Article Thouveny, Y. R.;Komorowski, T. E.;Arsanto, J. P.;Carlson, B. M. 1991 Early innervation of skeletal muscle during tail regeneration in urodele amphibians J Exp Zool 260 3 354-70 Animal; Basement Membrane/physiology; Muscles/*innervation/physiology/ultrastructure; *Regeneration; Salamandridae; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Tail The innervation pattern of skeletal muscles was studied in the normal and regenerating tail of Notophthalmus viridescens. Silver staining for nerve endings and histochemical localization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were used for light microscopy. In In normal musculature, AChE positive reactions were localized at the ends of the muscle fibers where they are anchored on connective tissue septa by myotendinous junctions. At this level, silver staining shows nerve terminals forming endplates. During regeneration, positive reactions for AChE appear de novo as dense plates localized at the ends of the newly formed myotubes. The mechanisms involved in the localization of AChE on this surface seem to operate before previous local contacts by nerve terminals. From the ultrastructural data and immunohistochemical results with anti-laminin antibody, these observations suggest that regenerating muscle fibers determine a region of post-synaptic specialization in close relation with the organization of myotendinous regions and basement membrane formation. Nerve-muscle contacts appear at these levels at stage IV (15-20 days after amputation) in the stump and in the rostral part of the regenerate (transition zone). These nerve terminals are provided by the disorganized peripheral nervous system of the injured segment. In the regenerate a similar pattern of AChE reaction can be seen in every myotube, differentiating according to a rostro-caudal gradient. Innervation at the ends of the muscle fibers is in spatiotemporal relation with the exists of the ventral roots from the regenerating nerve cord as the regenerate continues to grow in length. Journal Article Thurman, C. L.;Higgins, J. T., Jr. 1990 Norepinephrine stimulation of sodium transport in Necturus urinary bladder Biochim Biophys Acta 1022 1 79-86 Animal; Biological Transport/drug effects; Bladder/*drug effects/metabolism/physiology; Catecholamines/metabolism; In Vitro; Membrane Potentials; Necturus maculosus; Norepinephrine/*pharmacology; Sodium/*metabolism; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Norepinephrine alters the transepithelial electrical properties of an open-circuited urinary bladder from the mud puppy, Necturus maculosus. When 10(-5) M norepinephrine is superfused over the serosa of the epithelium, the transepithelial voltage (Vt) and short-circuit current (Isc) increase as the resistance (Rt) decreases. The norepinephrine- mediated changes are reversed by the addition of amiloride (5.10(-5) M) to the mucosal Ringer's solution. The serosal adrenoceptors mediating the Na+ transport are more sensitive to norepinephrine (EC50 = 1.2.10(- 6) M) than to epinephrine or isoproterenol. Since the Isc is blocked selectively by the antagonist, phenoxybenzamine, stimulation of active transepithelial Na(+)-flux by catecholamines is mediated by an alpha- adrenoceptor. The apical cell membrane voltage (Va) and fractional resistance (fRa) were recorded using conventional KCl-filled microelectrodes. Untreated tissues have Va close to 0 mV while the basolateral membrane voltage (Vb) is between -85 and -95 mV. About 90% of Rt is apical cell membrane resistance (fRa). When amiloride inhibits sodium transport, Va becomes negative, Vb hyperpolarizes slightly and fRa increases to 97%. On the other hand, if the bladders are treated with norepinephrine, fRa decreases to 79% as Va becomes positive and Vb depolarizes. When Rt changes, the resistance of the paracellular pathway (Rp) is unaltered. Changes in the electrical properties of the tissue appear to be mediated primarily by alterations in Ra. Since the Necturus bladder does not respond to antidiuretic hormone, this study implies that biogenic amines regulate Na+ transport in the epithelium. Journal Article Tiedemann, Franz 1991 First record of Acanthodactylus opheodurus Arnold, 1980, and Coluber ventromaculatus Gray, 1834 (Squamata: Lacertidae, Colubridae) from the United Arab Emirates Herpetazoa 4 3/4 167-175 Journal Article Tiedemann, Franz 1992 Wirklicher Hofrat Dr. Josef Eiselt zum 80. Geburtstag Herpetazoa 5 3/4 83-90 Journal Article TIERSCH, T.R.;FIGIEL, C.R. 1991 A Triploid Snake Copeia 3 838-841 Reptilia, serpentes, snake, propagation, triploidy TR Tiersch, Memphis State Univ, Ecol Res Ctr, Memphis, TN 38152 Journal Article Tiersch, Terrence R.;Wacthel, Stephen S. 1991 On the evolution of genome size of birds Journal of Heredity 82 363-368 Book Tikader, B. K.;Sharma, R. C. 1992 Handbook: Indian Lizards Calcutta Zoological Survey of India xv + 250 + 42 plates Journal Article Tilbury, Colin R. 1992 A new dwarf forest chameleon (Sauria: Rhampholeon Günther 1874) from Malawi, cental Africa Tropical Zoology 5 1-9 Reptilia; Chamaeleonidae; Rhampholeon chapmani n. sp.; new species; taxonomy; key; Malawi; Africa Journal Article Tilbury, Colin R. 1992 A new dwarf forest chameleon (Sauria: Rhampholeon Günther 1874) from Malawi, central Africa Tropical Zoology 5 1-9 Journal Article Tillery, Roland C. 1992 Treatment of an eye infection in an eastern box turtle Notes From NOAH 20 3 21 terrapene carolina Journal Article TILLEY, M.;UPTON, S.J.;FREED, P.S. 1990 A comparative study on the biology of Cryptosporidium serpentis and Cryptosporidium parvum (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) J. Zoo Anim. Med. 21 463-467 Reptilia, serpentes, Infection, apicomplexa, Cryptosporidium vet,paras,proto Fernl x Journal Article Tin Na, Swe;Myint, Lwin;Khin Ei, Han;Tin, Tun;Tun, Pe 1992 Heparin therapy in Russell's viper bite victims with disseminated intravascular coagulation: a controlled trial Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 23 2 282-7 A controlled clinical trial of low dose heparin was carried out in confirmed cases of Russell's viper bite. Twenty patients with systemic envenoming were included in the study. They were randomized to receive low dose heparin in an initial dose of 50 units/kg body weight intravenously immediately after antivenom followed by a continuous infusion of 10 unit 3 kg/hour in isotonic saline for 24 hours, or antivenom alone. Response to treatment was assessed clinically as well as by serial measurements of coagulation factors and biochemical values. No significant difference was observed in the outcome among two groups, the recovery rate from the clotting defect being similar in both. The mean serum creatinine values of the two groups were also not statistically different. The results indicated that there is no beneficial effect of adding heparin to the standard treatment by antivenom. Journal Article Titus, Tom A. 1990 Genetic variation in two subspecies of Ambystoma gracile (Caudata: Ambystomatidae) Journal of Herpetology 24 107-111 Amphibia, Caudata, gene flow, genetic diversity, neoteny, life history, genetic structure, Oregon, British Columbia, metomorphosis, genetic drift, electrophoresis, altitude Journal Article Titus, Tom A.;Gaines, Michael S. 1991 genetic variation in coastal and montane populations of Ambystoma gracile (Caudata: Ambystomatidae) Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 141 1-12 Ambystoma gracile Journal Article Titus, Tom A.;Gaines, Michael S. 1991 Genetic variation in coastal and montane populations of Ambystoma gracile (Caudata: Ambystomatidae) Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History the University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas 141 1-12 Amphibia, Caudata, gene flow, genetic diversity, neoteny, life history, genetic structure, Oregon, metomorphosis, genetic drift, electrophoresis, altitude Journal Article Titus, T. A. ;Gaines, M. S. 1991 Genetic variation in coastal and montane populations of Ambysotma gracile (Caudata: Ambystomatidae) Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 141 1-12 Caudata, Ambystomatidae, Ambystoma gracile, genetics, genetic variation, allozyme variation, populations, USA, Oregon, 126 Journal Article Titus, T. A. 1991 Use of road-killed amphibians in allozyme electrophoresis Herpetological Review 22 1 14-16 Book Tiwari, Shiv Kumar 1991 Zoogeography of Indian Amphibians: Distribution, Diversity and Spatial Relationships New Dehli Today & Tomorrow 187 + 3 foldout maps Journal Article Tiwari, M. 1991 A follow-up status survey of sea turtles in the southern Nicobar Islands Report to the Madras Crocodile Bank 1-15 leatherback; green Journal Article Tiwari, M. 1992 First record of the sunbeam snake Xenopeltis unicolor Reinwardt, 1827 (Serpentes: Xenopeltidae) from Great Nicobar Island Haemadryad 89 3 583 snake Journal Article Tiwaru, Manjula;Schiavina, Aurofilio 1990 Biology of the Indian garden lizard, Calotes versicolor (Daudin). Part I: Morphometrics Hamadryad 15 30-33 Calotes versicolor Journal Article Tokar, A. A. 1991 A revision of the subspecies structure of javelin sand boa, Eryx jaculus(Linnaeus, 1758) (Reptilia, Boidae) Herpetological Researches 1 18-41 Eryx jaculus Journal Article Toktosunov, A. T.;Mazik, E. Yu.;Kassymalieva, E. B.;Imanalieva, N. D. 1992 Specific charaters of karyotypes of some snake species (Colubridae, Viperidae, Crotalidae) from the northern Tien-Shan Zoologichesky Zhurnal 71 5 118-127 Journal Article Tokuyama, T.;Daly, J. W.;Garraffo, H. M.;Spande, T. F. 1992 Pyrrolizidine oximes: A novel new class of dendrobatid alkaloids Tetrahedron 48 21 4247-4258 toxins, Amphibia, Anura, Dendrobatidae, Dendrobates pumilio Journal Article Toloza, E. M.;Diamond., J. M. 1990 Ontogenetic development of transporter regulation in bullfrog intestine American Journal of Physiology 258G 770-773 Journal Article Toloza, E. M.;Diamond., J. M. 1990 Ontogenetic development of nutrient transporters in bullfrog intestine American Journal of Physiology 258G 760-769 Journal Article Tomlinson, Christopher R.;Hardenbrook, D. Bradford 1992 Incidence of upper respiratory tract disease (UTRD) in the Las Vagas Valley: Update of results from thr desert tortoise lawsuit settlement collection Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 57 Book Section Toriba, Michihisa 1990 Karyotypes of some species of Japanese colubrid snakes Olmo, E. Cytogenetics of Amphibians and Reptiles Basel Birkhäuser 255-259 Journal Article Toriba, Michihisa 1991 Karyotypes of two colubrine snakes, Entechinus semicarinatus and Dinodon orientalis Snake 23 1-5 Journal Article Toriba, Michihisa 1992 Karyotype of red-tailed pipe snake, Cylindrophis rufus (Uropeltidae: Cylindrophiinae) Snake 24 143-146 Journal Article Torr, Geordie A. 1991 Calling behaviour in the microhylid Cophixalus ornatus Herpetofauna 21 2 11-12 Journal Article Torr, Geordie A. 1991 Arboreality in the skink Sphenomorphus fuscicaudis? Herpetofauna 21 2 32 Journal Article Torr, Geordie A.;Brown, Kate S. 1991 Arboreality in the skink Spenomorphus fuscicaudis? Herpetofauna 21 2 32 Sphenomorphus fuscicaudis Book Toumayan, Rafi;Lacarriere, Jacques;Ineich, Ivan 1992 Le Serpent: Images et Rituel Editions du Perron 208 Journal Article Toyoshima, K.;Shimamura, A. 1992 Leydig cells in the lingual epithelium of the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, are Immunoreactive for serotonin J Anat 181 365-367 Amphibia, urodela, axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, anatomy, epithelium, tongue, Leydig cell, serotonin The Leydig cells in the lingual epithelium of the axolotl were investigated by immunohistochemistry using serotonin antiserum. Serotonin-immunoreactivity was found in their secretory granules. The physiological role of serotonin in the Leydig cell, a type of exocrine cell, is unknown. Journal Article Tracy, C. Richard 1992 The importance of food quality for desert tortoises: Perspectives on growth of individuals and populations Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 101 Journal Article TRACY, C.R.;TRACY, C. R.;SCOTT TURNER, J. 1992 Contrasting physiological abiltities for heating and cooling in an amphibian (Rana pipiens) and a reptile (Sauromalus obesus). Herpetologica 48 1 57-60 Amphibia, anura, Rana pipiens, reptile, sauria, Sauromalus obesus, physiology, heating, cooling Reprint Endnote 93/448 Journal Article Tracy, C.R.;Tracy, C. R.Scott Turner, J. 1992 Contrasting physiological abiltities for heating and cooling in an amphibian (Rana pipiens) and a reptile (Sauromalus obesus). Herpetologica 48 1 57-60 Amphibia, anura, Rana pipiens, reptile, sauria, Sauromalus obesus, physiology, heating, cooling Reprint Endnote 93/448 Journal Article Tracy, C. R.;Tracy, C. R.;Turner, J. S. 1992 Contrasting physiological abilities for heating and cooling in an amphibian (Rana pipiens)anda reptile (Sauromalus obesus) Herpetologica 48 1 57-60 temperature, heating, cooling, amphibians, reptiles, physiolog Journal Article Trainor, F. R.;Wallett, S.;Grochowski., J. 1991 A useful algal growth medium J. Phycol. 27 460-461 Journal Article Trauth, Stanley E.;Robinette, John W. 1990 Notes on distribution, mating activity, and reproduction in the bird-voiced treefrog, Hyla avivoca, in Arkansas Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 25 12 218-219 Journal Article Trauth, S. E.;Cox, R. L.;Butterfield, B. R.;Saugey, D. A;Meshaka, W. E. 1990 Reproductive phenophases and clutch characteristics of selected Arkansas amphibians Proceedings Arkansas Academy of Science 44 107-113 amphibians, eggs, cycle, season Journal Article Trauth, Stanley E.;Butterfield, Brian;Saugey, David A.;Cox, Robert L.;Meshaka, Walter E. 1990 Reproductive phenophases and clutch characteristics of selected Arkansas amphibians Proceedings of the Arkansas Academy of Science 44 107-113 Journal Article Trauth, S. E.;B. P. Butterfield, D. A. Saugey;Meshaka., W. E. 1990 Reproductive phenophases and clutch characteristics of selected Arkansas amphibians Proc. Arkansas Acad. Sci. 44 107-113 Journal Article Trauth, S. E. 1991 Posterior maxillary fangs of the flathead snake, Tantilla gracilis (Serpentes: Colubridae), using scanning electron microscopy Proceedings Arkansas Academy of Science 45 133-136 reptiles, snakes, morphology, teeth Journal Article Trauth, S. E. 1991 Distribution, scutellation, and reproduction in the queen snake, Regina septemvittata (Serpentes: Colubridae), from Arkansas Proceedings Arkansas Academy of Science 45 103-106 reptiles, snakes, population, reproduction, range, scales, Journal Article Trauth, S. E.;Cochran, B. G. 1992 In search of western diamondback rattlesnakes (Crotalus atrox) in Arkansas Bull. Chicago Herp. Soc. 27 4 89-94 reptiles, snakes, population, range, Journal Article Trauth, S. E. 1992 A new subspecies of six-lined racerunner, Cnemidophorus sexlineatus (Sauria: Teiidae), from southern Texas The Texas Journal of Science 44 4 437-443 reptiles, description, morphology, lizards Journal Article Trauth, S. E.;Wilde, J. D.;Daniel., P. 1992 Status of the Ozark hellbender, Cryptobranchus bishopi (Urodela: Cryptobranchidae), in the Spring River, Fulton County, Arkansas Proc. Arkansas Acad. Sci. 46 83-86 Journal Article Trautmann, Gerd 1992 Phelsuma guimbeaui Mertens Sauria (E) 1 1-4 suppl. 31-32 Journal Article Trân, Kiên;Le, Nguyên Ngat 1992 Dac Diem sinh Truong Cua Ran Ho Mang (Naja naja Linnaeus) non Nuoi Trong Long [The growth characteristics of juvenile cobras (Naja naja Linnaeus) breeding in cages] Journal of Biology, National Centre for Scientific Research of Vietnam 14 2 39-42 Journal Article Trefz, Michael;Hiller, Arwin 1992 Erfolgreiche Behandlung von Panzernekrosen bei der Rotbauch-Spitzkopfschildkröte, Emydura australis subglobosa Herpetofauna 14 81 33-34 Emydura australis subglobosa Journal Article Trefz, M.;und, A.;Hiller 1992 Effective treatment of necroses in the carapax in the red bellied sharp snouted turtle, Emydura australis subglobosa, Erfolgreiche Behandlung von Panzernekrosen bei der Rotbauch-Spitzkopfschildkröte, Emydura australis subglobosa Herpetofauna 14 81 33-34 Reptilia, testudines, Emydura australis subglobosa, infection, carapax, therapy testu,vet,bakt,fung,vit Journal Article Trueb, Linda;Gaines, Michael S. 1991 Genetic variation in coastal and montane populations of Ambystoma gracile (Caudata: Ambystomatidae) Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 141 1-12 Ambystoma gracile; Genetic variation; Oregon Book Section Trueb, Linda;Cloutier, Richard 1991 A phylogenetic investigation of the inter- and intrarelationships of the Lissamphibia (Amphibia: Temnospondyli) Schultze, Hans-Peter and Trueb, Linda Origins of the higher groups of tetrapods: controversy and consensus Ithaca, New York Cornell University Press 223-313 lissamphibia, amphibia, apoda, gymnophiona, salientia, anura, caudata, Phylogeny, cladistics, systematics, tetrapod, evolution, Coelacanth, lungfishes, tetrapoda, Diabolepis, Ichthyostega, Crassigyrinus, Eusthenopteron, Panderichthys, Chirodipterus, Osteolepis, Lozomma, Trimerorhachis, Edops, Paleoherpeton, Acanthostega, Lyrocephalus, Trematosaurus, Aphaneramma, Benthosaurus, Neldasaurus, Rhinesuchus, Batrachosaurus, Trimerorhachis, Eugyrinus, Mastodonsaurus, Peltostega, Lonchorhynchus, osteology, soft anatomy, fossil, cranium, skull, Neurocranium, Histology, Cheek, characters, dentition, Book Section Trueb, Linda;Cloutier, Richard 1991 Toward an understanding of the amphibians: two centuries of systematic history Schultze, Hans-Peter and Trueb, Linda Origins of the higher groups of tetrapods: controversy and consensus Ithaca, New York Cornell University Press 175-193 lissamphibia, amphibia, apoda, gymnophiona, salientia, anura, caudata, Phylogeny, cladistics, systematics, tetrapod, evolution, Coelacanth, lungfishes, tetrapoda, Diabolepis, Ichthyostega, Crassigyrinus, Eusthenopteron, Panderichthys, Chirodipterus, Osteolepis, Lozomma, Trimerorhachis, Edops, Paleoherpeton, Acanthostega, Lyrocephalus, Trematosaurus, Aphaneramma, Benthosaurus, Neldasaurus, Rhinesuchus, Batrachosaurus, Trimerorhachis, Eugyrinus, Mastodonsaurus, Peltostega, Lonchorhynchus, osteology, soft anatomy, fossil, cranium, skull, Neurocranium, Histology, Cheek, characters, dentition, Journal Article Trueb, L.;Hanken, J. 1992 Skeletal development in Xenopus laevis (Anura, Pipidae) J Morphol 214 1 1-41 amphibia, anura, Xenopus laevis, physiology, growth, skeleton Postembryonic skeletal development of the pipid frog Xenopus laevis is described from cleared-and-stained whole-mount specimens and sectioned material representing Nieuwkoop and Faber developmental Stages 46- 65, plus postmetamorphic individuals up to 6 months old. An assessment of variation of skeletogenesis within a single population of larvae and comparison with earlier studies revealed that the timing, but not the sequence, of skeletal development in X. laevis is more variable than previously reported and poorly correlated with the development of external morphology. Examination of chondrocranial development indicates that the rostral cartilages of X. laevis are homologous with the suprarostral cartilages of non-pipoid anurans, and suggests that the peculiar chondrocranium of this taxon is derived from a more generalized pattern typical of non-pipoid frogs. Derived features of skeletal development not previously reported for X. laevis include 1) bipartite formation of the palatoquadrate; 2) precocious formation of the adult mandible; 3) origin of the angulosplenial from two centers of ossification; 4) complete erosion of the orbital cartilage during the later stages of metamorphosis; 5) development of the sphenethmoid as a membrane, rather than an endochondral bone; and 6) a pattern of timing of ossification that more closely coincides with that of the pelobatid frog Spea than that recorded for neobatrachian species. Book Section Trueb, Linda 1992 Patterns in cranial diversity among the Lissamphibia Hanken, J. and Hall, B. K. The Vertebrate Skull: Patterns of Structural and Systematic Diversity Chicago University of Chicago Press 2: Structural and Systematic Diversity Amphibia, Anura, Urodela, Apoda, Lissamphibia, morphology, osteology, development, chondrocranium, skeleton, skull Journal Article Trueb, Linda;Hanken, James 1992 Skeletal development in Xenopus laevis (Anura: Pipidae) Journal of Morphology 21 1-41 Amphibia, anura, osteology, development, ontogeny, pipids, bombina orientalis, bufo boreas, rana pipiens Journal Article Trutnau, Ludwig 1990 Zur Kenntnis des Krokodilkaimans Caiman crocodilus (Linnaeus, 1758) Herpetofauna 12 64 25-34 Caiman crocodilus Journal Article Trutnau, Ludwig 1990 Buchbesprechnung: Die Schlangen Europas und rund ums Mittlmeer Herpetofauna 12 67 21 Book Review Journal Article Trutnau, Ludwig 1990 Bemerkungen zur »Positivliste« Herpetofauna 12 69 29-34 Conservation Journal Article Trutnau, Ludwig 1992 Buchbesprechung: Advances in Monitor Research Herpetofauna 14 80 34 Book review Journal Article Tsellarius, A. Y.;Cherlin, V. A.;Menshikov, Y. A. 1991 Preliminary report on the study of biology of Varanus griseus (Reptilia, Varanidae) in Middle Asia Herpetological Researches 1 61-103 Varanus griseus Journal Article Tsellarius, A. Y.;Cherlin, V. A. 1991 Individual identification and new method of marking of Varanus griseus (Reptilia, Varanidae) in field conditions Herpetological Researches 1 104-118 Varanus griseus; marking techniques Journal Article Tsilfidis, Catherine;Liversage, Richard Albert 1991 In vitro effects of implanted spinal ganglia on cartilage cells in Xenopus laevis forelimb regenerates Canadian Journal of Zoology 69 1546-1549 Journal Article Tsonis, P. A.;Mescher, A. L.;Del Rio-Tsonis, K. 1992 Protein synthesis in the newt regenerating limb. Comparative two- dimensional PAGE, computer analysis and protein sequencing Biochem J 281 Pt 3 665-8 Amino Acid Sequence; Animal; Comparative Study; Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Extremities/*physiology; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Keratin/biosynthesis/chemistry; Molecular Sequence Data; Molecular Weight; Notophthalmus viridescens; Proteins/*biosynthesis/chemistry; Regeneration/*physiology; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Xenopus Protein synthesis has been studied by two-dimensional PAGE during the early limb regeneration in the adult newt. Quantitative and statistical analyses have provided unique information on overall patterns of protein synthesis as well as on specific protein synthesis during formation of the blastema. Furthermore, from the patterns in the two- dimensional gels and their quantification, a particular protein has been selected and sequenced. Partial sequencing revealed sequence similarities to Xenopus type I keratin B2. Expression of this keratin is 10-fold greater in the blastema than in the intact limb. The implications of keratin expression by the blastema cells are discussed. Journal Article Tsvetkov, A.;Jantsch, M.;Wu, Z.;Murphy, C.;Gall, J. G. 1992 Transcription on lampbrush chromosome loops in the absence of U2 snRNA Mol Biol Cell 3 3 249-61 Animal; Base Sequence; Chromosomes/drug effects/*ultrastructure; Female; Molecular Sequence Data; Notophthalmus viridescens; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology; Oocytes/drug effects/ultrastructure; RNA, Small Nuclear/drug effects/*physiology; Sodium Chloride; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Transcription, Genetic/*physiology; Xenopus laevis The five small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) involved in splicing occur on the loops of amphibian lampbrush chromosomes and in hundreds to thousands of extrachromosomal granules called B snurposomes. To assess the role of these snRNAs during transcription and to explore possible relationships between the loops and B snurposomes, we injected single- stranded antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (oligos) against U1 and U2 snRNA into toad and newt oocytes. As shown before, antisense U1 and U2 oligos caused truncation of U1 and complete destruction of U2 snRNAs, respectively. However, injection of any oligo, regardless of sequence, brought on dramatic cytological changes, including shortening of the chromosomes and retraction of the lateral loops, with concomitant shutdown of polymerase II transcription, as well as disappearance of some or all of the B snurposomes. When injected oocytes were incubated for 12 h or longer in physiological saline, these changes were reversible; that is, the chromosomes lengthened, transcription (detected by 3H-UTP incorporation) resumed on newly extended lateral loops, and B snurposomes reappeared. In situ hybridization showed that loops and B snurposomes had negligible amounts of U2 snRNA after recovery from injection of the anti-U2 oligo, whereas these structures had normal levels of U2 snRNA after recovery from a control oligo. Thus, the morphological integrity of B snurposomes and lampbrush chromosome loops is not dependent on the presence of U2 snRNA. Because transcription occurs in the absence of U2 snRNA, we conclude that splicing is not required for transcription on lampbrush chromosome loops. Journal Article Tu, M. C.;Fong, S. C.;Lue, K. Y. 1990 Reproductive biology of the sea snake, Laticauda semifasciata, in Taiwan Journal of Herpetology 24 2 119-126 Laticauda semifasciata; Reproductive biology; Taiwan; Sea snake Journal Article Tu, Ming-Chung;Su, Yen 1991 The aggressiveness of the sea snake, Laticauda semifasciata in Taiwan Bulletin of the Institue of Zoology, Academia Sinica 30 1 55-58 Journal Article Tuato'o-Bartley, N.;Morrell, T. E.;Craig, P. 1992 The status of sea turtles in American Samoa in 1991 DWMR Biological Report Series 26 1-17 hawksbill; green; American Samoa Journal Article Tucker, A. D.;Frazer, N. B. 1991 Reproductive variation in leatherback turtles, Dermochelys coriacea, at Culebra National Wildlife refuge, Puerto Rico Herpetologica 47 1 115-124 58, leatherback, turtle, sea turtle, reproduction, Puerto Rico Journal Article Tucker, Anton D.;Frazer, Nat B. 1991 Reproductive variation in leatherback turtles, Dermochelys coriacea, at Culebra National Wildlife Refuge, Puerto Rico Herpetologica 47 115-124 Journal Article Tucker, A. D.;Frazer, N.B. 1991 Reproductive variation in leatherback turtles, Dermochely coriacea, at Culebra National Wildlife Refuge, Puerto Rico Herpetologica 47 1 115-124 leatherback; Puerto Rico Journal Article Tumlison, R.;Cline, G. R.;Zwank., P. 1990 Morphological discrimination between the Oklahoma salamander (Eurycea tynerensis) and the graybelly salamander (Eurcyea multiplicata griseogaster) Copeia 1990 242-246 Journal Article Tumlison, R.;Cline, G. R.;Zwank., P. 1990 Prey selection in the Oklahoma salamander (Eurycea tynerensis) Journal of Herpetology 24 222-225 Journal Article Tuniyev, Boris S. 1990 On the independence of the Colchis center of amphibian and reptile speciation Asiatic Herpetological Research 3 67-84 USSR Caucasus biogeography triturus mertensiella bufo pelodytes lacerta natrix elaphe vipera Journal Article Turner, Grant 1992 Courtship behaviour and male combat in the little whip snake Rhinoplocephalus flagellum (Elapidae) Herpetofauna 22 1 14-21 Rhinoplocephalus flagellum; Male combat; Courtship Journal Article Twigg, Laurie E.;Fox, barry J. 1991 Recolonization of regenerating open forest by terrestrial lizards following sand mining Australian Journal of Ecology 16 137-148 ctenotus robustus taeniolatus amphibolurus muricatus nobbi lampropholis guichenoti delicata Journal Article Tyler, Michael J. 1991 Declining amphibian populations - a global phenomenon? An Australian perspective Alytes 9 2 43-50 amphibian decline Journal Article Tyler, M.J.;Stone, D.J.M.;Bowie, J.H. 1992 A Novel Method for the Release and Collection of Dermal, Glandular Secretions from the Skin of Frogs J Pharmacol Toxicol Method 28 4 199-200 Frogs; Skin Secretions; Polypeptides; Electrical Stimulation; XENOPUS-LAEVIS; PEPTIDES Book Tyler, Michael J. 1992 Encyclopedia of Australian Animals: Frogs Sydney Angus & Robertson xvi + 109 Journal Article Typaldos, M. 1992 Care sheet for Eastern Box Turtle (Terrapene carolina) Nchs Caresheet testu,zucht,vit PF x Journal Article Tytle, Tim 1990 Day geckos: Phelsuma. The captive maintenance and propagation of day geckos Vivarium 2 5 15-19;29 Phelsuma Journal Article Tytle, Tim 1992 The natural history and captive husbandry of the New Caledonian lizard genus Rhacodactylus Vivarium 3 6 32-36 Rhacodactylus Book U.S. Department of Defense Intelligence 1991 Venomous Snakes of the Middle East Washington, DC Dept. of Defense Intelligence viii + 160 Journal Article Uberti, E.C.D.;Salvadori, S.;Trasforini, G.;Margutti, A.;Ambrosio, M.R.;Rossi, R.;Portaluppi, F.;Vergnani, L.;Pansini, R. 1992 delta-Opioid Receptors and the Secretion of Growth Hormone in Man - Effect of Opioid delta-Receptor Agonist Deltorphin on GH Responses to GH-Releasing Hormone and Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia Neuroendocrinology 56 6 907-912 Deltorphin; Opioids; Growth Hormone; Opioid Receptors; Hypoglycemia; Stress; Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor; BETA-ENDORPHIN; PROLACTIN PRL; CHOLINERGIC NEUROTRANSMISSION; AMPHIBIAN SKIN; K-RECEPTORS; RAT; MORPHINE; PEPTIDES; DERMORPHIN; POTENT Journal Article Uchiyama, Minoru;Yoshizawa, Hideki;Wakasugi, Chikashi;Oguro, Chitaru 1990 Structure of the internal gills in tadpoles of the crab-eating frog, Rana cancrivora Zoological Science 7 623-630 Amphibia, Anura, Rana cancrivora, morphology, histology, TEM, Thailand Journal Article Uchiyama, M.;Murakami, T.;Yoshizawa., H. 1990 Notes on the development of the crab-eating frog, Rana cancrivora Zool. Sci. 7 73-78 Journal Article Uchiyama, M.;Iwasaki, S.-T.;Murakami., T. 1991 Surface and subsurface structures of neuromasts in tadpoles of the crab-eating frog, Rana cancrivora Journal of Morphology 207 157-164 Journal Article Uchiyama, M.;Yoshizawa., H. 1992 Salinity tolerance and structure of external and internal gills in tadpoles of the crab-eating frog, Rana cancrivora Cell and Tissue Reserach 267 35-44 Journal Article Udin, S. B.;Fisher, M. D.;Norden., J. J. 1992 Isthmotectal axons make ectopic synapses in the monocular regions of the tectum in developing Xenopus laevis frogs Journal of Comparative Neurology 322 461-470 Journal Article Uiblein, Franz 1992 Prey choice behaviour in light and darkness in a facultative cave dweller, the Pyrenean salamander Euproctus asper Alytes 10 4 131-136 Journal Article Ulber, Thomas;Grossmann, Wolfgang 1991 Ein weiterer neuer Gecko aus Zentral-Thailand: Cyrtodactylus papilionoides sp. nov. (Reptilia: Sauria: Gekkonidae) Sauria 13 1 13-22 Journal Article Ulshen, M.H., Lecce, J.G.,Stiles, A.D.,Lyncook, L.E., 1991 Effects of Nursing on Growth and Development of Small Bowel Mucosa in Newborn Piglets Pediatric Research 30 4 337-341 Experimental Biology & Medicine MH Ulshen, Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Core Ctr Gastrointestinal Biol & Dis, Dept Pediat, CB 7220, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 Journal Article Ulshen, M.H.Lecce, J.G.Stiles, A.D.Lyncook, L.E. 1991 Effects of Nursing on Growth and Development of Small Bowel Mucosa in Newborn Piglets Pediatric Research 30 4 337-341 Experimental Biology & Medicine MH Ulshen, Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Core Ctr Gastrointestinal Biol & Dis, Dept Pediat, CB 7220, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 Journal Article Ultsch, G. R.;Duke., J. T. 1990 Gas exchange and habitat selection in the aquatic salamanders Necturus maculosus and Cryptobranchus alleganiensis Oecologia 83 250-258 Journal Article Underwood, Garth 1990 A classification of pythons (Serpentes, Pythoninae) Journal of Zoology, London 221 565-603 taxonomy morelia python Book Unk. 1990s [Frog and Toad Calls of Taiwan] taipei Cassette tape Journal Article Upton, C.T.;McAllister, C.T. 1990 The Eimeria (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) of serpentes, with description of three new species from colubrid snakes Can. J. Zool. 68 855-864 Reptilia, serpentes, Salvadora grahamiae, Thamnophis proximus, Virginia striatulae, infection, protozoa, apicomplexa, Eimeriidae E. papillosum from Salvadora grahamiae, E. serpenticola fromThamnophis proximus, and E. striatula fromVirginia striatulae, Journal Article Upton, S.J.;Freed, P.S. 1990 Isospora albogularis sp. nov. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the yellow-headed gecko, Gonatodes albogularis (Reptilia; Gekkonidae) Can. J. Zool. 68 1266-1267 Reptilia, gekkonidae, yellow-headed gecko, Gonatodes albogularis, infection, protozoa, apicomplexa, eimeriidae,Isospora albogularis sp. nov. Reprint Endnote 93/683 Journal Article Upton, S.J. 1990 Cryptosporidium-spp in Lower Vertebrates Cryptosporidiosis of Man and Animals 149-156 Reptilia, serpentes, sauria, testudinae, amphibia, urodela, anura, infection, apicomplexa, cryptosporidium SJ Upton,Kansas State Univ Agr & Appl Sci,Div Biol,Manhattan, KS 66506 Journal Article Upton, S. J.;Freed, P. S.;Burdick, D. A.;McAllister, C. T. 1990 Seven new species of Coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriorina) from reptiles in Madagascar Canadian Journal of Zoology 68 2368-2375 parasites, sporocysts, oocysts, descriptions Journal Article Upton, S. J.;Freed, P. S. 1990 Isospora albogularis sp. nov. (Apicomplexa; Eimeriidae) from the yellow-headed gecko, Gonatodes albogularis (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) Canadian Journal of Zoology 68 1266-1267 parasites, Costa Rica, sporulated oocysts, reptiles Journal Article Upton, Steve J.;Freed, Paul S. 1990 Description of the oöcysts of Eimeria beccari n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from Varanus prasinus beccari (Reptilia: Varanidae) Systematic Parasitology 16 181-184 Journal Article Upton, S.J.;McAllister, C.T.;Trauth, S.E. 1991 New species of coccidia (Apicomplexa, Eimeriidae) from Eumeces fasciatus (Sauria, Scincidae) in Arkansas Canadian Journal of Zoology - Journal Canadien de Zoologie 69 8 2028-2030 Reptilia, sauria, scincidae, Eumeces fasciatus , infection, protozoa, apicomplexa, eimeriidae, coccidia SJ Upton, Kansas State Univ Agr & Appl Sci,Div Biol,Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 Journal Article Upton, S.J.;McAllister, C.T.;Trauth, S.E. 1991 Two new species of coccidia (Apicomlexa: Eimeriidae) from Eumeces fasciatus (Sauria: scincidae) in Arkansas Can. J. Zool. 69 2028-2030 Reptilia, sauria, scincidae, Eumeces fasciatus, infection, protozoa, Apicomlexa: Eimeriidae, E. faciatus, Isospora scinci Reprint Endnote 93/682 Journal Article Upton, S.J.;Freed, P;Burdick, Deborah A. 1991 Description of a new species of Eimeria (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from Palmatogecko rangei (Sauria: gekkonidae) in Namibia Texas J. Science 43 4 411-414 Reptilia, sauria, gekkonidae, Palmatogecko rangei, infection, protozoa, Apicomplexa, Eimeriidae,Eimeria rangei Reprint Endnote 93/695 Journal Article Upton, S.J.;Hanley, Kathy.;Case, T.J.;McAllister, C.T. 1991 Description of Isosopra schlegeli sp. nov. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from gekkonid lizards in the South Pacific. Can J. Zool. 69 3108-3110 Reptilia, sauria, gekko, Hemidactylus frenatus, Lepidodactylus lugubris, Protozoa, Apicomlexa, Eimeriidae, I. schlegeli sp. nov. From the feces of H. frenatus and L. lugubris, a new coccidium I. schlegeli is described. Measurements are 17.8x15.8 (13.6-20.0 x 12.8-18.0) Micropyle and oocyst residuum absent. Reprint Endnote 92/117 Journal Article Upton, S. J.;Freed, P. S.;Burdick, D. A. 1992 Description of the Oocysts of 3 New Species of Coccidia (Apicomplexa, Eimeriidae) from Lizards in Namibia Syst Parasitol 22 1 33-37 Reptilia, squamata, sauria, lizard, infection, protozoa, Coccidia, Apicomplexa, Eimeriidae 1) From Rhopteropus barnardi (Gekkonidae) Eimeria barnardi is described (24.3 x 19.9 range : 21-26.5 x 16-22 µm - no micropyle and no residual body - is descibed. 2) From Pachydactylus bibroni (Gekkonidae), E. pachybibroni n.sp. is described (26.2 x 18.2; range: 21.5-28 x 16-19 µm without micropyle or residual body) 3) From Mabuya spilogaster (Scincidae) Isospora spilogaster is described (27.4 x 26.0 range: 21.5-35 x 21-35 without micropyle or residual body). SJ Upton, Kansas State Univ Agr & Appl Sci, Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506. Reprint Endnote 92/103 Journal Article Upton, S.J.;McAllister, C.T.;Trauth, S.E. 1992 Description of a new species of Eimeria (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the Alligator snapping turtle, Macroclemys temminckii (Testudines: Chelydridae) J. Helminthol. soc. 59 2 167-169 Reptilia, chelonidae, Macroclemys, infection, apicomplexa, eimeriidae. E. harlani From the feces of an alligator snapping turtle (M. temminckii ) eoocysts were recovered. E. harlani n.sp. measures 13.0 x 12.6 (range: 10.4-14.4x 10.4-13.8 µm). No mycropyle, oocyst residuum and polar granule are present. Journal Article UPTON, S.J.;FREED, P.S.;FREED, Deborah. A.;McALLISTER, C.T.;GOLDBERG, S.R. 1992 Testicular myxosporidiosis in the flat-backed toad, Bufo maculatus (Amphibia: Bufonidae), from Cameroon, Africa. J Wildl Dis 28 2 326-329 Amphibia, anura, bufonidae,B.maculatus, infection, protozoa, myxobolidae, M.bufonis In the testis of B.maculatus, macroscopic cysts measuring ¾ 860 x 500 µm were found. The cysts contained numerous spores of Myxobolus sp. Pathology was limited to a slight constriction of adjacent seminiferous tubules by the cyst. No host inflammatory reaction was noted. Based on measurements of the spores this myxozoan is distinct from all other members of the genus and is assigned the name Mxyxobolus bufonis sp.n. Reprint Endnote 92/116 Journal Article Upton, S. J.;Freed, P. S.;Burdick, D. A. 1992 Description of the oocysts of three new species of Coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from lizards in Namibia Systematic Parasitology 22 33-37 reptiles, parasites, Eimeria barnardi n. sp., pachybibroni n. sp., Isospora spilogaster, Scincidae, Gekkonidae Journal Article Upton, S. J.;McAllister, C. T.;Trauth, S. E.;Bibb, D. K. 1992 Description of two new species of coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriorina) from flat-headed snakes, Tantilla gracilis (Serpentes: Colubridae) and reclassification of misnomer species within the genera Isospora and Sarcocystis from snakes Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 111 1 50-60 reptiles, snakes, parasites, description, Journal Article Uribe, María del Carmen;Gómez R., Gerardo;Arriga S., Carlos López 1991 Cambios morfologicos del testiculo de Ambystoma dumerilii Durante un ciclo anual Boletín de la Sociedad Herpetológica Mexicana 3 1 13-18 Testicular cycle; Ambystoma dumerilii Book Uricheck, Michael J. 1990 13th International Herpetological Symposium on Captive Propagation & Husbandry Danbury, CT International Herpetological Symposium 214 Book Uricheck, Michael J. 1990 13th International Herpetological Symposium on Captive Propagation & Husbandry Danbury, CT International Herpetological Symposium vi, 214 p. Book Uricheck, Michael J. 1992 15th International Herpetological Symposium on Captive Propagation & Husbandry. IHS vi + 184 Book Uricheck, Michael J. 1992 15th International Herpetological Symposium on Captive Propagation & Husbandry Danbury, CT International Herpetological Symposium vi, 184 p. Book Section Vac, M.H.;Verdade, L.M.;Meirelles, C.F.;Larsen, R.E.;Michelotti, F.;Rangel, M.C.;Salem, C.Z.;Lavorenti, A. 1992 Ultrasound evaluation of the follicle development in the adult female broad-nosed caiman (Caiman latirostris) Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0133-3. 176-183 Journal Article Valakos, Efstratios D.;Polymeni, Rosa-Maria 1990 The food of Cyrtodactylus kotschyi (Steindachner, 1870) (Sauria-Gekkonidae) during the wet season in the Mediterranean insular ecosystems of the Aegean Herpetological Journal 1 474-477 Journal Article Valakos, Efstratios D. 1991 The ecology of the lizard Podarcis erhardii (Bedriaga, 1882) (Sauria: Lacertidae) in a typical insular ecosystem on Naxos Island (Greece) Revista Española de Herpetología 5 151-153 Journal Article Valakos, Efstratios D. 1991 Ecology of the lizard Podarcis erhardii (Bedriaga, 1882) (Sauria: Lacertidae) in a typical insular ecosystem on Naxos Island Biologia Gallo-Hellenica 16 205-209 Journal Article Valakos, Efstratios D.;Mylonas, Moysis 1992 Distribution and ecological aspects of the herpetofauna of Strofadhes Islands (Ionian Archipelago, Greece) Herpetozoa 5 1/2 33-39 Journal Article Valishin, E. S.;Eremeeva, O. N. 1990 [Reaction of the duodenum, renal parenchyma and their blood microvessels to external bile discharge in turtles] Arkh Anat Gistol Embriol 98 5 66-72 Reptilia, chelonia, turtle, physiology, circulation, microvessels, acholia Morphological characteristics in rearrangement of the structural components of the duodenum, renal parenchyma and their hemomicrocirculatory beds are presented at a chronic experimental external bile discharge in the tortoise. Common reactions of microvessels in response to this experimental action, manifesting as their constriction and dilatation, depend, possibly, on general changes in the organism specific for the acholia state. Specific rearrangements, such as reduction of blood capillaries of the duodenal mucous membrane and appearance of polypous outgrowths in this place with successive ulceration should be considered as a reaction to a decreased level of the functional loading to these parts of the duodenum. Journal Article Valleley, E. M.;Muller, U.;Ferguson, M. W.;Sharpe, P. T. 1992 Cloning and expression analysis of two ZFY-related zinc finger genes from Alligator mississippiensis, a species with temperature-dependent sex determination Gene 119 2 221-228 AM, genetics, reproduction, TSD, In order to investigate the molecular mechanism of temperature-dependent sex determination, a human zinc finger gene (ZFY), known to be highly conserved amongst other species, was used to isolate homologues from the genome of the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis. ZFY was originally a candidate for the primary testis-determining gene in man, but is now thought to function further down the sex-determining cascade. Two alligator genes are described, Zfc and Znc6. Both code for zinc finger proteins and exhibit amino acid (aa) homologies to ZFY of 91% and 73%, respectively. Znc6 shows aa homology of 88% to the protein encoded by the zinc finger exon of the human ZFY-related gene, ZNF6, recently found on the X chromosome. Analysis of Zfc and Znc6 expression during embryonic development identified two major transcripts of 5.9 kb and 2.7 kb coding for Zfc, whilst only one transcript of 4.8 kb was detected for Znc6. Both genes are transcribed at all stages tested, from day 3 (post egg laying) throughout gestation. The expression level of all transcripts appears to decline towards the time of hatching (65-72 days). No sex-specific differences in the expression were observed. The extensive sequence conservation of the genes between reptiles and humans suggests major functional constraints. The expression patterns indicate that these genes do not play a primary role in temperature-dependent sex determination. Journal Article Valverde, M. A.;Sheppard, D. N.;Giraldez, F.;Sepulveda, F. V. 1991 Two types of potassium currents seen in isolated Necturus enterocytes with the single-electrode voltage-clamp technique J Physiol (Lond) 433 645-61 Animal; Chlorides/metabolism; Electric Conductivity; Electrophysiology; Epithelium/metabolism; Female; In Vitro; Intestine, Small/drug effects/*metabolism; Male; Membrane Potentials; Necturus maculosus; Potassium/*metabolism; Potassium Channels/drug effects/metabolism; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Tetraethylammonium Compounds/pharmacology 1. The ionic permeability of Necturus maculosus small intestine epithelial cells was investigated using intracellular microelectrodes to measure membrane potential in intact tissue or by the single- electrode voltage-clamp technique in isolated cells. 2. The basolateral membrane of enterocytes appears to be K+ selective as demonstrated by the dependence of membrane potential and fractional serosal resistance measured in the intact epithelium on serosal K+ concentration. 3. Isolated cells had membrane potentials similar to those measured in the intact tissue. Voltage-clamp experiments in a physiological Ringer solution showed the presence of both large outward and inward currents. 4. Removal of Cl- from the bathing medium, linear subtraction or the use of a Cl- channel blocker revealed outwardly rectifying currents. The quasi-linear component was also revealed following K+ channel inhibition; it reversed near ECl, suggesting that the charge carrier was Cl-. 5. Outwardly rectifying currents could be kinetically resolved into two components. A fast component (tau for activation 25 ms. 6. The slow outward current showed strong voltage dependence of both activation and relaxation, which were faster at more depolarized potentials. 7. Both fast and slow outward currents seem to be carried by K+ as they were blocked by Ba2+ and tetraethylammonium (TEA). Tail current analysis of the slow component indicated a reversal potential very similar to EK. 8. Fast outward currents were half-activated at about -40 mV whereas slow outward currents were only apparent at more positive potentials. It is proposed that the fast outward K+ current plays a role, together with Cl- currents, in determining the resting membrane potential of Necturus enterocytes. Journal Article Van Aswegen, G.;Kotze, S. H.;van der Merwe, N. J.;Smith, G. A. 1992 Bioactive peptides and serotonin in the gut endocrine cells of the crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus (Laurenti 1768): an immunocytochemical study Onderstepoort J Vet Res 59 2 123-7 Little is known about peptide-storing endocrine cells in the gut of the Nile crocodile. As in the case of other reptiles, particularly the alligator, a limited range of peptide-storing cells was found in the gut of the crocodile. They were somatostatin, glucagon, gastrin, neurotensin and pancreatic polypeptide. The topographical distribution of cells immunoreactive to somatostatin and gastrin in the gut of the crocodile is comparable to the situation in the alligator. Glucagon and neurotensin immunoreactive cells have a much wider distribution in the gastro-intestinal tract of the crocodile compared to the alligator. Cholecystokinin and bombesin cells previously reported in the small intestine of the alligator were not detected in this study. This is the first report to demonstrate pancreatic polypeptide and serotonin immunoreactivity in the gut of a crocodilian specie. Journal Article Van Buskirk, J.;Smith., D. C. 1991 Density-dependent population regulation in a salamander Ecology 72 1747-1793 Journal Article van Buskirk, J.;Smith, D. C. 1992 Density-dependent population regulation in a salamander Ecology 72 5 1747-1756 Journal Article Van Damme, R.;Bauwens, D.;Verheyen, R. F. 1990 Evolutionary rigidity of thermal physiology: the case of the cool temperate lizard Lacerta vivipara Oikos 57 61-67 reptiles, lizards, temperature, evolution, sprint speed, altitude, Journal Article Van Damme, R.;Bauwens, D.;Vanderstighelen, D.;Verheyen, R. F. 1990 Responses of the lizard Lacerta vivipara to predator chemical cues: the effects of temperature Animal Behaviour 40 298-305 reptiles, lizards, temperature, behavior, predation, chemoreception, Journal Article Van Damme, R.;Bauwens, D.;Castilla, A. M.;Verheyen, R. F. 1990 Comparative thermal ecology of the sympatric lizards Podarcis tiliguerta and Podarcis sicula Acta Ecologica 11 4 503-512 reptiles, lizards, temperature, microhabitat, behavior, Journal Article Van Damme, R.;Bauwens, D.;Verheyen, R. F. 1991 The thermal dependence of feeding behaviour, food consumption and gut-passage in the lizard Lacerta vivipara Jacquin Functional Ecology 5 507-517 reptiles, lizards, temperature, microhabitat, behavior, diet, performance, sprint speed, thermal sensitivity, Journal Article Van Damme, R.;Bauwens, D.;Brana, F.;Verheyen, R. F. 1992 Incubation temperature differentially affects hatching time, egg survival, and hatchling performance in the lizard Podarcis muralis Herpetologica 48 2 220-228 reptiles, lizards, temperature, reproduction, growth, sprint speed, Journal Article Van Der Horst, G.;Visser, J.;Van Der Merwe, L. 1991 The ultrastructure of the spermatozoon of Typhlonectes natans (Gymnophiona: Typhlonectidae) Journal of Herpetology 25 4 441-447 Urodela; Anura; Midpiece; Mitochondria; Tail; Acrosome; Taxonomic Character The spermatozoon of Typhlonectes natans consists of a long slender head approximately 18 mu-m long and a distinct acrosome attached to the anterior margin of the head. A well-demarcated midpiece contains 35-40 spherical mitochondria that consist of many delicate cristae mitochondriales. The tail has a wavy 9 + 2 axoneme than runs helically along the axial rod. An undulating membrane connects the axoneme and axial rod. On the basis of acrosome structure the Gymnophiona appear to be more closely related to the Urodela than to the Anura. Journal Article Van Devender, Thomas R.;Rea, Amadeo M.;Hall, W. Eugene 1991 Faunal analysis of Late Quaternary vertebrates from Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, southwestern Arizona Southwestern Naturalist 36 1 94-106 Journal Article Van Devender, T. R.;Lowe, C. H.;McCrystal, H.K.;Lawler, H.E. 1992 Viewpoint: Reconsider suggested systematic arranements for some North American amphibians and reptiles Herpetological Review 23 1 10-14 species concept lampropeltis pyromelana infralabialis Journal Article van Dijk, peter paul 1991 Book Review: Colour Guide to the Turtles and Tortoises of the Indian Subcontinent Hamadryad 16 30-32 Book Review Thesis van Dijk, P.-P. 1992 Variation in the southeast Asian soft-shelled turtle, Amyda cartilaginea 71 Book Section Van Jaarsveldt, K. 1990 Status of African Crocodylus niloticus populations (Botswana, Malawi, and Mozambique) Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 372-375 Book Van Meter, V. B. 1992 Florida's Sea Turtles Miami Florida Power and Light Journal Article Vankudre, Sunita B.;Shanbhag, Bhagyashri A. 1992 Effect of ovariectomy and ovariectomy followed by estradiol-17ß treatment on the adrenal gland of the garden lizard, Calotes versicolor Journal of Herpetology 26 1 116-120 Journal Article VanSooy, Kent 1992 Effortless and inexpensive photoperiod regulation Vivarium 4 2 25-26 Journal Article Vanzolini, P. E. 1991 Two new small species of Amphisbaena from the Fossil Dune Field of the Middle Rio São Francisco, State of Bahia, Brazil (Reptilia, Amphisbaenia) Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 37 17 259-276 Journal Article Vanzolini, P. E. 1991 Two futher new species of Amphisbaenia from the semi-arid northeast of Brasil (Reptilia, Amphisbaenia) Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 37 23 347-361 Journal Article Vanzolini, P. E. 1991 Biometry and geographical differentiation of Amphisbaenia roberti Gans, 1964 (Reptilia, Amphisbaenia) Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 37 24 363-377 Journal Article Vanzolini, P. E. 1991 A third species of Bronia Gray, 1865 (Reptilia, Amphisbaenia) Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 37 25 379-388 Journal Article Vanzolini, P. E.;Morato de Carvalho, Celso 1991 Two sibling and sympatric species of Gymnophthalmus in Roraima, Brasil (Sauria, Teiidae) Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 37 12 173-226 Journal Article Vanzolini, P. E. 1991 A biometrical note on Bothrops moojeni Hoge, 1966 (Serpentes, Viperidae) An. Acad. bras. Ci. 63 4 389-401 Journal Article Vanzolini, P. E. 1991 Two sibling and sympatric species of Gymnophthalmus in Roraima, Brasil (Sauria, Teiidae) Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo 37 12 173-226 reptiles, morphology, lizards Journal Article Vanzolini, P. E.;Carvalho, C. Morato de 1991 Two sibling and sympatric species of Gymnophthalmus in Roraima, Brasil (Sauria, Teiidae) Papéis Avulsos Zoology (São Paulo) 37 12 173-226 reptiles, lizards, distribution, habitat, climate, locality, taxonomy, sex, color, morphology, species description Journal Article Vanzolini, P. E. 1992 Cercolophia, a new genus for the species of Amphisbaena with a terminal vertical keel on the tail (Reptilia, Amphisbaenia) Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 37 27 401-412 Journal Article Vasek, Frank C. 1991 Current directions in desert botany [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 210 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Vasic, V.;Dzukic, G.;Jankovic, D.;Simonov, N.;Petrov, B.;Savic, I. 1991 Preliminarni spisak vrsta za crvenu listu kicmenjaka Srbije. (The preliminary list of vertebrate species for the red book of Serbian fauna) Zastita prirode 43-44 121-132 Journal Article Vasquez, Pedro G. 1991 Melanosuchus, M. niger Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 530 1-4 Journal Article Vasse, Yannick 1990 Rapport d'activité du Club Junior (1989-1990) Bulletin de la Société Herpétologique de France 56 81-82 Journal Article Vega, L.;Bellagamba, P. 1990 Lista comentada de la herpetofauna de la Sierras de Balcarce y Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina Cuadernos de Herpetología 5 2 10-14 Journal Article Vega, L. E.;Bellagamba, P. 1992 Nuevas localidades para Liolaemus multimaculatus (Duméril y Bibron, 1837), Liolaemus gracilis (Bell, 1843) y Liolaemus wiegmanni (Duméril y Bibron, 1837) (Sauria: Tropiduridae) en la provincia de Buenos Aires Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 8 1 4 Liolaemus multimaculatus; Liolaemus gracilis; Liolaemus wiegmanni Book Section Velazco, A.;Ayarzaguena, J. 1992 Population status of the spectacled caiman (Caiman Crocodilus) in the Venezuelan plain (Status de las poblaciones de baba (Caiman Crocodilus) sometidas a aprovechamiento) Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0133-3. 184-199 Journal Article Vences, Miguel;Schmitt, Ralf 1991 Herpetologische Beobachtungen in Nicaragua: Die Amphibien Herpetofauna 13 75 21-26 Nicaragua Journal Article Vences, Miguel;Schmitt, Ralf 1992 Herpetologische Beobachtungen in Nicaragua: Die Amphibien (Forsetzung) Herpetofauna 14 76 7-10 Nicaragua Book Vengerov, L. D.;et al. 1992 [Vertebrata of the Voronezh Nature Reserve (Central European Russia)] Moscow 42 Book Section Verdade, L.M.;Lavorenti, A. 1990 Preliminary notes on the status and conservation of Caiman latirostris in the State of Sao Paula, Brazil; Directions of captive breeding, reintroduction and management program Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8327-0023-X vi + 345 pp. 231-237 Book Section Verdade, L.M.;Lavorenti, A.;Michelotti, F.;Rangel, M.C.;Cullen, L.;Ernandes, M.M. 1992 Preliminary notes on nesting biology of the broad-nosed caiman (Caiman latirostris) in São Paulo, Brazil Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0133-3. 226-232 Book Section Verdade, L.M.;Santiago, M.E.B. 1992 Status of captive population of broad-nosed caiman (Caiman latirostris) in Brazil Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0133-3. 218-225 Book Section Verdade, L.M. 1992 Agonistic social behaviour of broad-nosed caiman (Caiman latirostris) in captivity: implications to reproductive management Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0133-3. 200-217 Journal Article Vergner, Ivan 1990 Beobachtungen bei der Vermehrung von Phelsumen im Terrarium Herpetofauna 12 65 25-34 Phelsuma; Breeding Journal Article Vergner, Ivan;Polak, Pavel 1990 Beobachtungen am Kuba-Rotkehlanolis, Anolis porcatus Gray, 1840 und Bemerkungen zu Anolis allisoni Barbour, 1928 Herpetofauna 12 69 6-10 Anolis porcatus; Anolis allisoni; Anolis carolinensis Journal Article Vergner, Ivan 1992 Bemerkungen über das Sexualverhalten der Abgottschlange Boa constrictor Linnaeus, 1758 Herpetofauna 14 81 23-26 Boa constrictor; Breeding Book Vermersch, Thomas G. 1992 Lizards and Turtles of South-Central Texas Austin, TX Eakin Press xiv + 170 + 8 plates Journal Article Verseput, M. P. 1990 Chromoblastomycosis in a Madagascan radiated tortoise, Geochelone radiata J. Herp. Assoc. Afr. 38 14-15 Reptilia, testudines, Geochelone radiata, infection, fungus, chromoblasomycosis Reprint Endnote 94/54, vet,fung PF x Journal Article Vethamany-Globus, S.;Michener, G. 1992 Localization of beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity in the nervous system of the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens J Exp Zool 262 2 172-9 beta-Endorphin/*analysis; Animal; Central Nervous System/*chemistry; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Ganglia, Spinal/chemistry; Hypothalamus/chemistry; Neurons/chemistry; Salamandridae; Spinal Cord/chemistry; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Using indirect immunofluorescence methods, we have localized for the first time in the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, beta-endorphin (beta- ep)-like immunoreactivity in the neurons of spinal ganglia (SPG), spinal cord (SPC), as well as in the hypothalamic region of the brain. An examination of serially sectioned SPG showed that the beta-ep- positive neurons, cell bodies, and nerve fibers were distributed at all levels of SPG. Peripheral regions of the perikarya of beta-ep-positive SPG neurons exhibited intense staining for beta-ep, the central nuclear region remaining nonreactive. In SPC, brightly staining fibers were seen entering the afferent nociceptive input areas, namely the Lissauer's tracts, substantia gelatinosa, and the dorsal ascending columns. Dot-fiber immunofluorescence pattern was observed throughout the gray matter of SPC representing beta-ep-positive, secondary sensory neurons as well as interneurons. Also, discrete cluster of neurons located deep in the gray matter of SPC stained positively to beta-ep antisera. This study not only demonstrates for the first time the presence of beta-ep like material in the newt, more specifically in SPG and SPC, but also raises the question of a possible link between beta- ep and newt limb regeneration as previous work has shown that SPG support limb regeneration in a denervated-amputated newt forelimb. Book Section Vial, James L. 1992 IUCN/SSC Declining Amphibian Populations Task Force Bishop, Christine A. and Pettit, Karen E. Declines in Canadian Amphibian Populations: Designing a National Monitoring Strategy Ottawa, Ontario Canadian Wildlife Service 78-79 Journal Article Viertel, B. 1990 Suspension feeding of anuran larvae at low concentrations of Chlorella algae (Amphibia, Anura) Oecologia 85 167-177 Journal Article Viertel, B. 1991 The ontogeny of the filter apparatus of anuran larvae (Amphibia, Anura) Zoomorphology 110 239-266 Journal Article Viertel, B. 1992 Functional response of suspension feeding anuran larvae to different particle sizes at low concentrations (Amphibia) Hydrobiologia 234 151-173 Journal Article Viertel, B. 1992 Functional response of suspension feeding anuran larvae to different particle sizes at low concentrations Hydrobiologia 234 151-173 Journal Article Vignali, R.;Rijli, F. M.;Batistoni, R.;Fratta, D.;Cremisi, F.;Barsacchi, G. 1991 Two dispersed highly repeated DNA families of Triturus vulgaris meridionalis (Amphibia, Urodela) are widely conserved among Salamandridae Chromosoma 100 2 87-96 Animal; Base Sequence; Blotting, Southern; Cloning, Molecular; Deoxyribonuclease BamHI; *DNA/isolation & purification; Escherichia coli/genetics; Genomic Library; Molecular Sequence Data; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; *Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; Species Specificity; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Triturus/*genetics Two BamHI families of repeated sequences were characterized from the genome of the Italian smooth newt, Triturus vulgaris meridionalis (Amphibia, Urodela). The first family, which is divided into subfamilies, consists of tandemly arranged arrays whose basic repeat is around 398 bp long; these arrays are dispersed throughout the entire chromosome sets of the various species of Triturus tested. Moreover the family is widely conserved among Salamandridae, being detected by genomic DNA blotting of Notophthalmus viridescens, Taricha granulosa, Salamandrina terdigitata and Euproctus platycephalus. The second BamHI family is represented by a cloned sequence of 419 bp, which is dispersed in the chromosome set of several species of Triturus. The sequence is also conserved in S. terdigitata and in E. platycephalus but is not detectable in N. viridescens or T. granulosa. The cloned sequence is most probably only part of a longer unit interspersed within the Triturus genome. Journal Article Villa, Jaime D. 1990 Rana warszewitschii Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 459 1-2 Journal Article Villa, Jaime D. 1990 Hydromorphus, H. concolor, H. dunni Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 472 1-2 Journal Article Villa, Jaime D. 1990 Leptotyphlops nasalis Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 473 1 Journal Article Villa, Jaime D.;Wilson, Larry David 1990 Ungaliophis, U. contentalis, U. panamensis Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 480 1-4 Journal Article Villafuerte, Leticia Pelcastre 1991 Anfibios y reptiles de Veracruz: uso del sistema de informacion climatico-cartografica INIREB-IBM Boletín de la Sociedad Herpetológica Mexicana 3 2 26-33 Mexico; Climate; Veracruz Journal Article Villela, O. F.;Brandon, R. A. 1992 Siren lacertina (Amphibia: Caudata) in northeastern Mexico and southern Texas Annals of the Carnegie Museum 61 4 289-291 Amphibians, salamanders, distribution, morphology, reproduction, intermedia, lacertina, description Journal Article Vinogradov, Alexander E.;Borkin, Leo J.;Günther, Ranier;Rosanov, J. M. 1990 Genome climination in diploid and triploid Rana esculentia males: cytological evidence from DNA flow cytometry Canadian Journal of Zoology 33 619-627 Journal Article Viñas, M.;Daneri, G. 1991 Pantodactylus schreibersi parkeri Ruibal 1952 (Sauria, Teiidae), para el noroeste argentino Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina 6 1 10-11 Pantodactylus schreibersi parkeri Journal Article Visser, Gerard 1992 Monitors and the Rotterdam Zoo Vivarium 4 3 19-22 Varanus Journal Article Vitalis, T. Z. 1990 Pulmonary and cutaneous oxygen uptake and oxygen consumption of isolated skin in the frog, Rana pipiens Respiratory physiology 81 391-400 Journal Article Vitt, Laurie J.;Caldwell, Janalee P.;Wilbur, Henry M.;Smith, David C. 1990 Amphibians as harbingers of decay Bioscience 40 6 418 Journal Article Vitt, Laurie J. 1990 The influence of foraging mode and phylogeny on seasonality of tropical lizard reproduction Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 37 6 107-123 Journal Article Vitt, L. J.;J. P. Caldwell, H. M. Wilbur;Smith., D. C. 1990 Amphibians as harbingers of decay BioScience 40 418 Journal Article Vitt, Laurie J. 1991 Ecology and life history of the wide-foraging lizard Kentropyx calcarata (Teiidae) in Amazonian Brazil Canadian Journal of Zoology 69 2791-2799 Book Section Vitt, Laurie J. 1991 Desert reptile communities Polis, Gary A. The Ecology of Desert Communities Tucson The University of Arizona Press 249-277 Journal Article Vitt, L. J.;Blackburn, D. G. 1991 Ecology and life history of the viviparous lizard Mabuya bistriata (Scincidae) in the Brazilian Amazon Copeia 1991 4 916-927 Reptiles, lizards, Mabuya bistriata, skink, Brazil, Amazonia, life history, reproduction, ecology, viviparous, Journal Article Vitt, L. J. 1991 Ecology and life history of the scansorial arboreal lizard Plica plica (Iguanidae) in Amazonian Brazil Canadian Journal of Zoology 69 504-511 Reptiles, lizards, Plica plica, life history, ecology, arboreal, Amazonia, Brazil, tropical, Tropiduridae, Tropidurus Journal Article Vitt, L. J. 1991 An introduction to the ecology of cerrado lizards J. Herpetol. 25 79-90 reptiles, Brazil, habitat, behavior, food, diet, morphology, reproduction Journal Article Vitt, Laurie J. 1992 Vitt rejoins National Geographic Research and Exploration 8 3 378-379 Book Section Vitt, Laurie J. 1992 Diversity of reproductive strategies among Brazilian lizards and snakes: the significance of lineage and adaptations Hamlett, William C. Reproductive Biology of South American Vertebrates New York Springer-Verlag 135-149 Journal Article Vitt, Laurie J.;Carvalho, Celso Morato de 1992 Life in the trees: the ecology and life history of Kentropyx striatus (Teiidae) in the lavrado area of Roraima, Brazil, with comments on the life histories of tropical teiid lizards Canadian Journal of Zoology 70 1995-2006 Journal Article Vitt, Laurie J. 1992 Lizard mimics millipede National Geographic Research and Exploration 8 1 76-95 Journal Article Vitt, L. J. 1992 Mimicry of millipedes and centipedes by elongate terrestrial vertebrates National Geographic Research and Exploration 8 1 76-95 reptiles, mimicry, color, snakes, behavior, evolution, millipede, centipede, snake, lizard, tropics, Brazil, South America, caatinga, Diploglossus, Pernambuco Book Section Vitt, L. J. 1992 Diversity of reproduction strategies among Brazilian lizards and snakes: The significance of lineage and adaptation Hamlett, W. C. Reproductive Biology of South American Vertebrates New York Springer-Verlag 135-149 Reptiles, lizards, snakes, reproductive biology, reproduction, Brazil, Amazonia, adaptation Journal Article Vladimirova, I. G.;Serbinova, I. A. 1992 [The dependence of respiratory intensity on body mass in representative Caudata and Salientia] Zh Obshch Biol 53 5 744-9 Experimental data indicate dependence of the respiration rate on the body mass in both caudate and ecaudate amphibians. The regression line slopes are similar in the both groups, while the a factor value is 3 times lower in the caudates than it is in ecaudates. There certain sex differences in the respiration rate which have no clear biological interpretation. Book Section Vliet, K.A. 1990 Social behavior of the American alligator Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 203-211 Journal Article Vogel, Gernot 1990 Die Bronzenattern Thailands Herpetofauna 12 65 10-16 Dendrelaphis; taxonomic key; Thailand Journal Article Vogel, Charles M. 1991 Captive maintenance and reproduction of the temple viper (Tropidolaemus wagleri) Vivarium 3 3 19-22 tropidolaemus wagleri Journal Article Vogt, R. C.;Villela, O. Flores 1992 Effects of incubation temperature on sex determination in a community of neotropical freshwater turtles in southern Mexico Herpetologica 48 3 265-270 Reptiles, turtles, temperature dependent sexual selection, incubation, eggs, Cryptodires, Neotropics, ecology, thermal determination Journal Article Vogt, R. C.;Flores-Villela, O. 1992 Effects of incubation temperature on sex determination in a community of neotropical freshwater turtles in southern Mexico Herpetologica 48 265-270 environmental sex determination, turtles, Mexico Journal Article Vogt, Richard C.;Flores Villela, Oscar 1992 Effects of incubation temperature on sex determination in a community of neotropical freshwater turtles in southern Mexico Herpetologica 48 3 265-270 Journal Article Voigt, Merinda 1991 On the effects of crowding and pollution in tadpoles of the brown-striped marsh frog (Limnodynastes peroni) Herpetofauna 21 1 25-34 Limnodynastes peroni; Crowding; Pollution Journal Article Vojtkova, L 1990 Research into the parasitofauna in amphibians in Europe: Part I. Parasitofauna of frogs in the individual countries. Scripta (BRNO) 20 477-493 Acanthocephala; Protozoa, Cestoda; Trematoda; Nematoda; Hirudinea; Crustacea, Diptera; Salientia, Acanthocephalus anthuris, Acanthocephalus balcanicus, Acanthocephalus falcatus, Acanthocephalus ranae, Pseudoacanthocephalus bufonis, Centrorhynchus aluconis, Rana esculenta; Rana ridibunda; Rana arvalis; Rana dalmatina; Rana lessonae; Bombina bombina; Hyla arborea; Pelobates; Poland; USSR; Hungary; Bulgaria; Czechoslovakia; France; Germany, Albania, Bulgaria, Denmark, UK, England, Switzerland, Yugoslavia Journal Article Vorobyeva, E., Chugunova, T., 1991 Some Pecularities of Lizard Dental Systems Belgian Journal of Zoology 121 1 111-124 Animal Sciences E Vorobyeva,Acad Sci USSR,Inst Evolutionary Morphol & Ecol Anim,Evolutionary Morphol Problems Lab,Moscow 117071, USSR Journal Article Vorobyeva, E.Chugunova, T. 1991 Some Pecularities of Lizard Dental Systems Belgian Journal of Zoology 121 1 111-124 Animal Sciences E Vorobyeva,Acad Sci USSR,Inst Evolutionary Morphol & Ecol Anim,Evolutionary Morphol Problems Lab,Moscow 117071, USSR Journal Article Vosjoli, P. de 1991 The general care and maintenance of box turtles Journal Article Vosjoli, P. de 1991 The box turtle manual Journal Article Vree, T.B.;Vree, J.B.;Beneken-Kolmer, E.W.J.;Hekster, Y.A. 1991 Novel oxydative pathways of sulphapyridine and sulphadiazine by the turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans. Vet. Quart. 13 4 218-224 reptilia, testudines, chelonia cryptodira emydidae emydinae, Pseudemys, Trachemys s elegans, pharmacology, sulphapyridine, sulphadiazine Reprint Endnote 94/187 Journal Article Vree, T.B.;Vree, J.B.;Beneken-Kolmer, E.W.J.;Hekster, Y.A.;Shimoda, M 1991 N2-Glucuronidation and N4-acetylation of sulphaphenazole by the turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans. Vet. Quart. 13 1 60-64 reptilia, testudines, chelonia cryptodira emydidae emydinae, Pseudemys, Trachemys s elegans, pharmacology, sulphaphenazole Reprint Endnote 94/188 Journal Article Vree, T.B.;Vree, M.L.;Beneken Kolmer, E.W.J.;Hekster, Y.A. ;Shimoda, M. ;Ono, M.;Miura, T. 1991 O-dealkylation and N4-acetylation of sulpha-2-monomethodine by the turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans. Veterinary Quarterly 13 3 176-180 Reptilia, testudines, chrysemys, pharmacokinetics, sulpha, metabolism Sulpha-2-monomethodine is N4acetylated to an extend of 12 % of the dose by Ps. s. elegans; 48 % is excreted in the unchanges form. No O-dealkylation of the 2-methoxy group takes place Journal Article Vree , T.B. , e.a. , 1991 Novel oxydative pathways of sulphapyridine and sulphadiazine by the turtle Pseudemy scripta elegans. Veterinary quarterly 13 4 218-224 reptilia chelonia cryptodira emydidae emydinae ,Pseudemys ,pharmacology * Journal Article Vujosevic, M.;Dzukic, G. 1990 Chromosomes of the snake-eyed skink, Ablepharus kitaibelii (Sauria, Scincidae) Arh.biol.nauka, Beograd 42 1-2 Journal Article Vyas, Raju 1990 Notes on capture of the Spiny-tailed lizard (Uromastyx hardwickii) in Gujarat Hamadryad 15 28 Uromastyx hardwickii Journal Article Vyas, D. K.;Moritz, C.;Peccinini-Seale, D.;Wright, J. W.;Brown, W. M. 1990 The evolutionary history of parthenogenetic Cnemidophorus lemniscatus (sauria: Teiidae). II. maternal origin and age inferred from mitochondrial DNA analysis Evolution 44 4 922-932 13, Cnemidophorus, lemniscatus, whiptail, South America, Teiidae Journal Article Vyas, Raju;Patel, B. H. 1992 Studies on the reproduction of the Indian softshell turtle, Aspideretes gangeticus Hamadryad 17 32-34 Reproduction; Aspideretes gangeticus Journal Article Wagner, Ernie 1990 Ask The Expert Vivarium 2 4 29 Journal Article Wagner, E.;Ogielska., M. 1990 Oogenesis and development of the ovary in European green frog, Rana ridibunda (Pallas)., II. Juvenile stages until adults. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Anat. Ontog. Tiere 120 223-231 Journal Article Wagner, W. E. Jr.;Sullivan, B. K. 1992 Chorus organization in the gulf coast toad (Bufo valliceps): male and female behaviour and the opportunity for sexual selection Copeia 1992 3 647-658 Anfíbios, Anuros, Bufonidae, life history, comunicación acústica, selección sexual, sex ratio, Bufo valliceps Journal Article Wainwright, P.C.;Kraklau, D.M.;Bennett, A.F. 1991 Kinematics of tongue projection in Chamaeleo oustaleti J. Exp. Biol. 159 109-133 Reptilia, sauria, Chamaeleo oustaleti, anatomy, physiology, tongue projection Reprint Endnote 93/693 Book Section Waitkuwait, W.-E. 1990 The establishment of the first major crocodile breeding center in West Africa Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8327-0023-X vi + 345 pp. 238-239 Journal Article Waitzmann, Michael;Sandmaier, Peter 1990 Zur Verbreitung, Morphologie und Habitatwahl der Reptilien im Donautal zwischen Passau und Linz (Niederbayern, Oberösterreich). On the distribution, morphology and habitat selection of the reptiles in the Danube Valley between Passau and Linz (southeastern Bavaria, Upper Austria) Herpetazoa 3 1/2 25-53 Journal Article Waitzmann, Michael;Sandmaier, Peter 1990 Zur Verbreitung, Morphologie und Habitatwahl der Reptilien im Donautal zwischen Passau und Linz (Niederbayern, Oberösterreich) [On the distribution, morphology and habitat selection of the reptiles in the Danube valley between Passau and Linz (south-eastern Bavaria, Upper Austria)] Herpetozoa 3 1/2 25-53 Journal Article Wake, M. H. 1990 The evolution of integration of biological systems: an evolutionary perspective through studies on cells, tissues, and organs American Zoologist 30 897-906 morphology, development, physiology, relationships, phylogeny Journal Article Wake, David B. 1991 Declining amphibian populations Science 253 860 Journal Article Wake, David B. 1991 Homoplasy: the result of natural selection, or ecidence of design limitations? American Naturalist 138 8 543-567 Journal Article Wake, David B.;Morowitz, harold 1991 Declinig amphibian populations - a global phenomenon? Findings and recommendations Alytes 9 2 33-41 Journal Article Wake, D. B. 1991 Homoplasy: the result of natural selection, or evidence of design limitations? American Naturalist 138 3 543-567 amphibians, evolution, tail loss, caudal autotomy, salamanders Journal Article Wake, David B.;Papenfuss, Theodore J.;Lynch, James F. 1992 Distribution of salamanders along elevational transects in Mexico and Guatemala Tulane Studies in Zoology and Botany Suppl. 1 303-319 Journal Article Wake, M. H. 1992 Patterns of peripheral innervation of the tongue and hyobranchial apparatus in caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) J Morphol 212 1 37-53 The innervation of the musculature of the tongue and the hyobranchial apparatus of caecilians has long been assumed to be simple and to exhibit little interspecific variation. A study of 14 genera representing all six families of caecilians demonstrates that general patterns of innervation by the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves are similar across taxa but that the composition of the "hypoglossal" nerve is highly variable. Probably in all caecilians, spinal nerves 1 and 2 contribute to the hypoglossal. In addition, in certain taxa, an "occipital," the vagus, and/or spinal 3 appear to contribute fibers to the composition of the hypoglossal nerve. These patterns, the lengths of fusion of the contributing elements, and the branching patterns of the hypoglossal are assessed according to the currently accepted hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships of caecilians, and of amphibians. An hypothesis is proposed that limblessness and a simple tongue, with concomitant reduced complexity of innervation of muscles associated with limbs and the tongue, has released a constraint on pattern of innervation. As a consequence, a greater diversity and, in several taxa, greater complexity of neuroanatomical associations of nerve roots to form the hypoglossal are expressed. Book Section Wake, David B. 1992 An intrgrated approach to evolutionary studies of salamanders Adler, K. Herpetology: Current research on the biology of amphibians and reptiles. Proceedings of the First World Congress of Herpetology Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles 163-177 Journal Article Wake, Marvalee H. 1992 Biogeography of Mesoamerican caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) Tulane Studies in Zoology and Botany Supplementary Publication number 1 321-325 Book Section Wake, Marvalee H. 1992 Morphology, the sytudy of form and function, in modern evolutionary biology Futuyma, Douglas and Antonovics, J. Surveys in Evolutionary Biology New York Oxford University Press 289-346 Journal Article Waldman, B.;Rice, J. E.;Honeycutt, R. L. 1992 Kin recognition and incest avoidance in toads American Zoologist 32 18-30 acoustic communication, Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae, genetics, Bufo americanus Journal Article Walker, J. M.;Cordes, J. E.;Abuhteba, R. M. 1990 Hybridization between all-female Cnemidophorus neomexicanus and gonochoristic C. sexlineatus (Sauria: Teiidae) American Midland Naturalist 123 2 404-408 reptiles, lizards, reproduction, morphology Journal Article Walker, J.M.;Cordes, J.E.;Abuhteba, R.M.;Paulissen, M.A. 1990 Additions to the distributional ecology of two parthenogenetic clonal complexes in the Cnemidophorus laredoensis subgroup (Sauria: Teiidae) in Texas and Mexico) Texas Journal of Science 42 129-135 Journal Article Walkowiak, W. 1992 Acoustic communication in the fire-bellied toad: an integrative neurobiological approach. Ethology Ecology & Evolution 4 63-74 acoustic communication, Amphibia, Anura, calls-timing, Discoglossidae, neuroethology, bombina, playback, Journal Article Wallace, R. L.;Diller, L. V. 1990 Feeding ecology of the rattlesnake, Crotalus viridis oreganus, in northern Idaho Journal of Herpetology 24 3 246-253 feeding, viper, Northern Pacific Rattlesnake Journal Article Wallach, Van;Smith, Hobart M. 1992 Boella tenella is Epicrates inornatus (Reptilia: Serpentes) Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 28 4 162-170 Journal Article Wallikewitz, Erich;Wallikewitz, Anni 1992 Einige beobachtungen zur Haltung, Nachzucht und zum Verhalten von Chamaeleo montium Buchholz, 1874 Herpetofauna 14 81 6-10 Chamaeleo montium Journal Article Walls, S. C.;Semlitsch., R. D. 1991 Visual and movement displays function as agonistic behavior in larval salamanders Copeia 1991 936-942 Journal Article Walls, S. C.;Roudebush., R. E. 1991 Reduced aggression toward siblings as evidence of kin recognition in cannibalistic salamanders American Naturalist 138 1027-1038 Journal Article Walls, S. C. 1991 Ontogenetic shifts in the recognition of siblings and neighbors by juvenile salamanders Animal Behaviour 42 423-434 Journal Article Walls, S. C.;Blaustein, A. R.;Beatty., J. J. 1992 Amphibian biodiversity of the Pacific Northwest with special reference to old-growth stands Northw. Environ. J. 8 53-69 Journal Article Walt, M.P.K. van der 1992 Cardiotoxicity of the skin of the red-banded rubber frog, Phrynomerus bifasciatus (SMITH 1847) Onderstepoort J.vet.Res. 59 107-109 Amphibia,red-banded rubber frog, Phrynomerus bifasciatus , physiology, toxicology, skin Journal Article Waltner, Robert C. 1991 Altitudinal ecology of Agama tuberculata Gray in the Western Himalayas The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Miscellaneous Publications 83 1-74 Altitudinal ecology; Agama tuberculata; Himalayas Journal Article Walton, Michael;Jayne, Bruce C.;Bennett, Albert F. 1990 The energetic cost of limbless locomotion Science 249 524-527 snakes, movement, mechanics, Coluber constrictor Book Section Wang, Y.;Autumn, K. 1990 Home range size and spatial distribution of Phrynocephalus przewalskii, P. axillaris and Eremias velox Zhao, E. From water onto land-a volume to commemorate the ninetieth birthday of the late prefessor Liu Cheng-Zhao Chengdu, Sichuan, China CSSAR 125-132 reptiles, territory, Journal Article Wang, Y.;O'Harte, F.;Conlon, J. M. 1992 Structural characterization of tachykinins (neuropeptide gamma, neurokinin A, and substance P) from a reptile, Alligator mississipiensis Gen Comp Endocrinol 88 2 277-86 Alligators and Crocodiles/*physiology; Amino Acid Sequence; Animal; Brain/metabolism; Chromatography, Gel; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Molecular Sequence Data; Neurokinin A/biosynthesis/chemistry/isolation & purification; Peptide Fragments/chemistry/isolation & purification/metabolism; Radioimmunoassay; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; Substance P/chemistry/isolation & purification/metabolism; Tachykinins/biosynthesis/*chemistry/isolation & purification/metabolism An extract of the whole brain of the alligator (Alligator mississipiensis) contained very high concentrations of substance P-like immunoreactivity (405 pmol/g wet tissue) and neurokinin A-like immunoreactivity (514 pmol/g), as measured with antisera raised against the mammalian peptides. The primary structure of alligator substance P was established as: Arg-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2. This sequence is the same as that of chicken substance P and shows one substitution (Arg for Lys3) as compared with mammalian substance P. The neurokinin A-like immunoreactivity was separated into two components. Neuropeptide gamma was the most abundant peptide and its primary structure was established as Asp-Ala-Gly-Tyr-Gly-Gln-Ile-Ser-His-Lys- Arg-His-Lys-Thr-Asp-Ser- Phe-Val-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2. This sequence shows one substitution (Tyr for His4) compared with mammalian neuropeptide gamma. The second component was identical to mammalian neurokinin A. A peptide with the chromatographic properties of mammalian neuropeptide K was not identified in the extract. Journal Article Wang, D.;Chen, P.;Halpern, M. 1992 Immunological analysis of chemoattractive proteins from earthworm to garter snakes Comp Biochem Physiol [B] 101 4 601-10 Animal; Antibodies/physiology; Antibody Specificity/physiology; Antigens/immunology/*isolation & purification/metabolism; Chemotactic Factors/immunology/*isolation & purification/secretion; Electric Stimulation; Immunoblotting; Immunodiffusion; Oligochaeta/*immunology/physiology; Protein Denaturation; Snakes/*immunology/physiology; Sulfhydryl Compounds/isolation & purification; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 1. Two sets of polyclonal antibodies to two highly purified prey- derived snake-attractive proteins, a low molecular weight (3000) protein and a 20,000 mol. wt protein, were generated in rabbits. 2. They are immunospecific for their respective purified immunogens and do not cross-react with each other. 3. Eight prey-derived proteins that elicit attack by garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) from earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) were analyzed with these antibodies, and can be assigned to three distinct groups on the basis of their antigenic properties. 4. Unfolding or denaturation of the low molecular weight protein did not alter its antigenic activity to its polyclonal antibodies, suggesting the antigenic epitopes contain contiguous amino acid sequences. 5. In contrast, unfolding of the 20,000 mol. wt protein resulted in a loss of its binding with antibodies, suggesting that the epitope of this protein contains noncontiguous amino acid sequences. 6. The snake-attractivity of the 20,000 mol. wt protein could not be neutralized by reacting it with its antiserum, suggesting that the antigenic determinant (the epitope) of the antigen is not an integral part of the attractive domain of the ES20 protein. 7. In contrast, the attractivity of the purified low molecular weight protein could be neutralized by the polyclonal antibodies. Journal Article Warder, Ashley 1992 The Indonesian connection Reptilian 1 5 14-15 Journal Article Waringer-Löschenkohl, Andrea 1991 Breeding ecology of Rana dalmatina in Lower Austria: a 7-year study Alytes 9 4 121-134 egg production mortality locality Journal Article Warkentin, K. M. 1992 Effects of temperature and illumination on feeding rates of green frog tadpoles (Rana clamitans) Copeia 1992 725-730 temperature, light, feeding, tadpoles, larvae Journal Article Warkentin, K. M. 1992 Microhabitat use and feeding rate variation in green frog tadpoles (Rana clamitans) Copeia 1992 731-740 Journal Article Warner, S. C.;Dunson, W. A.;Travis, J. 1991 Interaction of pH, density, and priority effects on the survivorship and growth of two species of hylid tadpoles Oecologia 88 331-339 Amphibia, larvae, Anura, Hyla gratiosa, femoralis, metamorphosis, growth, survivorship, community Journal Article Warner, S. C.;Dunson, W. A.;Travis., J. 1991 Interaction of pH, density, and priority effects on the survivorship and growth of two species of hylid tadpoles. Oecologia 88 331-339 Journal Article Warner, S. C.;Dunson, W. A.;Travis., J. 1991 Interaction of pH, density, and priority effects on the survivorship and growth of two species of hylid tadpoles Oecologia 88 331-339 Journal Article Warren, L. M.;Antonopoulou, E. 1990 The conservation of loggerhead turtles in Zakynthos, Greece Oryx 24 1 15-22 loggerhead; conservation Journal Article Warwick, C. 1990 Important ethological and other considerations of the study and maintenance of reptiles in captivity Appl. Anim. behav. Sci. 27 363-366 Reptilia, testudines, serpentes, sauria, management, behaviour Reprint Endnote 94/49 Journal Article Warwick, C. 1990 Crocodilian slaughter methods, with special reference to spinal cord severance Texas J. Sci. 42 2 191-198 AM, utilization, farming, techniques, Book Warwick, Clifford 1990 Reptiles: Misunderstood, Mistreated & Mass-marketed Worcester, England Trust for the Protection of Reptiles 48 Journal Article Warwick, Clifford 1991 Observations on disease-associated preferred body temperatures in reptiles Applied Animal Behaviour Science 28 375-380 disease, preferred temperature, selected temperature Book Wasserman, Françoise 1990 La Grenouille dans tous ses états Gallimard 112 Journal Article Wassersug, R. J.;Souza., K. A. 1990 The bronchial diverticula of Xenopus larvae: are they essential for hydrostatic assessment? Naturwissenschaften 77 443-445 Book Section Wassersug, Richard 1992 On assessing environmental factors affecting survivorship of premetamorphic amphibians Bishop, Christine A. and Pettit, Karen E. Declines in Canadian Amphibian Populations: Designing a National Monitoring Strategy Ottawa, Ontario Canadian Wildlife Service 53-59 Journal Article Wassersug, R. J. 1992 The basic mechanisms of ascent and descent by anuran larvae (Xenopus laevis) Copeia 1992 890-894 Journal Article Wassersug, R. 1992 The basic mechanisms of ascent and descent by anuran larvae (Xenopus laevis) Copeia 1992 890-894 Journal Article Watermolen, D. J. 1992 Elaphe vulpina (fox snake). Predation Herpetological Review 23 4 120 Journal Article Watermolen, D. J. 1992 A Biolography of children's literature and educational resources on amphibians and reptiles Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 93 1-11 children, literature, biliography, amphibians, reptiles, education Book Section Watson, P.A.I. 1990 Effects of blasting on Nile crocodiles, Crocodylus niloticus Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8327-0023-X vi + 345 pp. 240-252 Journal Article Weatherhead, Patrick J.;Bennett, Gordon F.;Shutler, Dave 1991 Sexual selection and parasites in wood-warblers Auk 108 1 147-152 Journal Article Weatherhead, P. J.;Robertson, I. C. 1992 Thermal constraints on swimming performance and escape response of northern watersnakes (Nerodia sipedon) Canadian Journal of Zoology 70 94-98 temperature, performance, swim, escape, performance breadth Journal Article Webb, Robert G. 1990 Trionyx Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 487 1-7 Book Section Webb, G.J.W.;Dillon, M.L.;McLean, G.E.;Manolis, S.C.;Ottley, B. 1990 Monitoring the recovery of the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) population in the Northern Territory of Australia Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0009-4 iv + 380 pp. 329-380 Book Section Webb, G.J.W.;Manolis, S.C.;Cooper-Preston, H. 1990 Crocodile management and research in the Northern Territory: 1988--90 Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8327-0023-X vi + 345 pp. 253-273 Journal Article Webb, Robert G. 1990 Description of a new subspecies of Bogertophis subocularis (Brown) from northern Mexico (Serpentes: Colubridae) The Texas Journal of Science 42 3 227-243 Book Section Webb, G.J.W. 1991 The influence of season on Australian crocodiles Haynes, C.D.;Ridpath, M.G. and Williams, M.A.J. Monsoonal Australia: Landscape, Ecology and Man in the Northern Lowlands. Rotterdam A.A. Balkema 125-131 CPR, CJ, ecology, habitat, Australia Journal Article Webb, G.J.W.;Hollis, G.J.;Manolis, S.C. 1991 Feeding, growth, and food conversion rates of wild juvenile Saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) J. Herpetol. 25 4 462-373 CPR, food, growth, physiology, Journal Article Webb, Jonathan K.;Shine, Richard 1992 To find an ant: trail-following in Australian blindsnakes (Typhlopidae) Animal Behaviour 43 941-948 Book Section Webb, G.J.W.;Manolis, S.C.;Otley, B.;Heyward, A. 1992 Crocodile management and research in the Northern Territory: 1990-1992 Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0133-3. 233-275 Book Section Webb, G.J.W.;Vernon, B. 1992 Crocodilian management in the Peoples Republic of China - A review with recommendations Crocodile Conservation Action. A Special Publication of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union. Gland, Switzerland. 1-27 Book Section Webb, G.J.W. 1992 Managing crocodiles for commercial purposes compiled by P. Meek, edited by P. O'Brien Wildlife Use and Management: Report of a workshop for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Canberra Bureau of Rural Resources Report No. R/2/92, Australian Government Publishing Service, 61-68 CPR, farming, utilization, Australia Journal Article Weckenmann, B. 1992 Deficiencies in the green iguana (Germ. ) Mangelerscheinungen beim grünen Leguan Iguana Rundschreiben 1 18-20 Reptilia, sauria, Iguana, deficiency, food, feeding echsen,vit PF x Book Section Wei, Gang;Xu, Ning;LI, Dejun 1990 The karyotype, C-bands and Ag-NORs of Rana schmackeri Olmo, E. Cytogenetics of Amphibians and Reptiles Basel Birkhäuser 147-152 Journal Article Wei, Gang;Xu, Ning;Li, Dejun;Wu, Min 1992 Karyotypes of two Rana from Xinjiang, China Asiatic Herpetological Research 4 141-145 ridibunda altaica c-band ag-NORs polymorphism evolution Book Weidensaul, Scott 1990 Reptiles & Amphibians New York Gallery Books 64 Book Weidensaul, Scott 1990 Venomous Animals New York Gallery Books 64 Book Weidensaul, Scott 1991 Snakes of the World Secaucus, NJ Chartwell 128 Book Weigel, John 1990 Australian Reptile Park's Guide to Snakes of South-East Australia Gosford, NSW Weigel Photoscript 103 Journal Article Weigel, John 1990 Notes on the captive maintenance and breeding of the superb dragon Diporiphora superba (Agamidae) Herpetofauna 20 2 1-4 Diporiphora superba Book Weigel, John 1990 The Australian Reptile Park Story Gosford, NSW Weigel Postscript 48 Journal Article Weinstein, Michael 1991 Differential growth rates and shape differences between age classes and sexes in the desert tortoise [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 211 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Weinstein, Michael 1991 Relocation of desert tortoises as a mitigation tool: A study to test its feasibility [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 276 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Weinstein, Michael 1991 Relocation of desert tortoises into the Desert Tortoise Natural Area: The first year [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 390 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Weinstein, Michael 1992 Health Profile results from the Honda desert tortoise relocation project Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 58 Journal Article Weir, Jack 1992 The Sweetwater rattlesnake round-up: A case study in environmental ethics Conservation Biology 6 1 116-127 crotalus atrox texas Journal Article Weis, John R.;Whatley, Ralph E.;Glenn, James L.;Rodgers, George M. 1991 Prolonged hypofibrinogenemia and protein C activation after envenoming by Echis carinatus sochureki American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 44 4 452-460 Journal Article Weiss, R. 1991? Histroic priapism pegged to frog legs Science News 139 6 cantharidin Book Welch, Kenneth R. G. 1990 Lizards of the Orient: A Checklist Malabar, FL Krieger 168 Journal Article Welch, Richard F. 1991 Book Review: The Alligator Snapping Turtle: Biology and Conservation Vivarium 3 2 14;37 Book Review Journal Article Welch, K. R. G. 1992 Book Review: Studies in Uropeltid Snakes Hamadryad 17 54 Book Review Journal Article Weldon, P.J.;Scott, T.P.;Tanner, M.J. 1990 Analysis of gular and paracloacal gland secretions of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) by thin-layer chromatography J. Chem. Ecol. 16 1 3-12 AM, olfactory, biochemistry, behavior, Journal Article Weldon, P.J. ;Ford, N. F.;Perry-Richardson, J. J. 1990 Responses by corn snakes (Elaphe guttata) to chemicals from heterospecific snakes J. Chem. Ecol. 16 1 37-44 Journal Article Weldon, P. J.;Ford, N. B.;Perry-Richardson, J. J. 1990 Responses by corn snakes (Elaphe guttata) to chemicals from heterospecific snakes Journal of Chemical Ecology 16 1 37-44 corn snake, Elaphe guttata, behavior, response, skin chemicals, predation Journal Article Weldon, P.J.;McNease, L. 1991 Does the American alligator discriminate between venomous and nonvenomous snake prey? Herpetologica 47 4 403-406 AM, behavior, food Journal Article Weldon, P. J.;Sampson, H. W.;Wong, L.;Lloyd, H. A. 1991 Histology and biochemistry of the scent glands of the yellow-bellied sea snake (Pelamis platurus: Hydrophiidae) >J. Herpetology 25 3 367-370 Book Section Weldon, Paul J.;Ortiz, Rudy;Sharp, Thomas R. 1992 The chemical ecology of crotaline snakes Campbell, J. A. and Brodie, E. D., Jr. Biology of the Pit vipers Tyler Texas Selva 309-319 behavior pheromones predators defense agkistrodon bothrops crotalus ophryacus porthidium sistrurus scent glands Journal Article WELLE, M.;RÖDIGER, K. S. 1992 Cholangioma in a Green Iguana (Iguana iguana) (German) Cholangiom bei einem Grünen Leguan (Iguana iguana) Kleintierprax 37 6 415-417 Reptilia, sauria, Iguana iguana, pathology, tumor, cholangioma It was reported about a cholangioma in a 6 years old Iguana (Iguana iguana). Furthermore the problems of reaching a diagnosis as well as potential pathohistological differential diagnoses are being discussed. Reprint Endnote 93/204 Journal Article Welsh, hartwell H.;Lind, Amy J.;Waters, Dana L. 1991 Monitoring frogs and toads on region 5 National forests R-5 Fish habitat Relationship Technical Bulletin 1991 4 1-12 Journal Article Welsh, Hartwell H.;Lind, Amy J.;Waters, Dana L. 1991 Monitoring frogs and toads on region 5 National forests R-5 Fish habitat Relationship Technical Bulletin 1991 4 1-12 Journal Article Welton, J.;Taylor, R.;Porter, A. J.;Roper, S. D. 1992 Immunocytochemical survey of putative neurotransmitters in taste buds from Necturus maculosus J Comp Neurol 324 4 509-21 Animal; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/metabolism; Cholecystokinin/immunology/physiology; Choline O-Acetyltransferase/immunology/metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Necturus maculosus/*physiology; Neurotransmitters/*metabolism; Peptides/immunology/metabolism; Perfusion; Serotonin/immunology/physiology; Substance P/metabolism; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Taste Buds/*metabolism/physiology; Tissue Fixation; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/metabolism; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/metabolism To investigate synaptic mechanisms in taste buds and collect information about synaptic transmission in these sensory organs, we have examined taste buds of the mudpuppy, Necturus maculosus for the presence of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. Immunocytochemical staining at the light microscopic level revealed the presence of serotonin-like and cholecystokinin-like (CCK) immunoreactivity in basal cells in the taste bud. Nerve fibers innervating taste buds were immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal peptide-like (VIP), substance P-like, and calcitonin gene-related peptide-like (CGRP) or compounds closely related to these substances. Immunoreactivity for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the taste cells and nerve fibers was absent. These data suggest that serotonin, CCK, VIP, substance P, and CGRP are involved in synaptic transmission or neuromodulation in the peripheral organs of taste. No evidence was found for cholinergic or adrenergic mechanisms on the basis of the absence of immunocytochemical staining for key enzymes involved in these two transmitter systems. Journal Article Wen, Yetang 1992 A new species of the genus Tropidophorus(Reptilia: Lacertilia) from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China Asiatic Herpetological Research 4 18-22 scincidae taxonomy sp. nov. guangxiensis Journal Article Wendt, G.;E;and, I.;S.;Davidson 1990 Some diseases affecting Loggerhead turtle hatchlings in captivity J. Herp. Assoc. Afr. testu,virus,zucht,vet,bakt,fung PF x Book Section Werman, Steven D. 1992 Phylogenetic relationships of Central and South American pitvipers of the genus Bothrops (sensu lato): cladistic analysis of biochemical and anatomical characters Campbell, J. A. and Brodie, E. D., Jr. Biology of the Pit vipers Tyler Texas Selva 21-40 bothrops evolution systematics lachesis crotalus bothriechis bothriopsis porthidium ophryacus atropoides Journal Article Werneburg, Ralf 1990 Metoposaurier (Amphibia) aus dem Unteren Keuper (Obertrias) Thüringens Veröffentlichungen Naturhistorisches Museum Schloß Bertholdsburg Schleusingen 5 31-38 Journal Article Werneburg, Ralf 1991 Metoposaurier (Amphibia) aus dem Unteren Keuper (Obertrias) Thüringens Veröffentlichungen Naturhistorisches Museum Schloß Bertholdsburg Schleusingen 6 100-101 Journal Article Werneburg, Ralf 1991 Die Branchiosaurier aus dem Unterrotliegend des Döhlener Beckens bei Dresden Veröffentlichungen Naturhistorisches Museum Schloß Bertholdsburg Schleusingen 6 75-99 Journal Article Werner, Yehuda L. 1990 Ecological biogeography of the reptiles in the Saud Deserts of Israel Hardun 5 33-55;81 Biogeography; Saud Desert; Israel Journal Article Werner, Yehudah L. 1990 Habitat-dependent thermal regimes of two Hawaiian geckos (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) Journal of Thermal Biology 15 3/4 281-290 Journal Article Werner, W.;Werner, Y. L. 1990 Book review: fauna of Saudi Arabia, vol 9 Israel Journal of Zoology 37 55-62 Journal Article Werner, Y. L. 1990 Do gravid females of oviparous gekkonid lizards maintain elevated body temperatures? Hemidactylus frenatus and Lepidodactylus lugubris on Oahu Amphibia-Reptilia 11 200-204 reptiles, reproduction, thermal, incubation Journal Article Werner, Yehudah L.;Sivan, Naomi 1991 Addition of Coluber sinai to the herpetofaunal list of Israel with comments on C. elegantissimus British Herpetological Society Bulletin 36 27-35 Journal Article Werner, Yehudah L.;Le Verdier, A.;Roseman, D.;Sivan, Naomi 1991 Systematics and zoogeography of Cerastes (Ophidia: Voperidae) in the Levant: 1, Distinguishing Arabian from African "Cerastes cerastes" The Snake 23 90-100 Journal Article Werner, Y. L.;Verdier, A. Le;Rosenman, D.;Sivan, N. 1991 Systematics and zoogeography of Cerastes (Ophidia: Viperidae) in the Levant: 1. Distinguishing Arabian from African "Cerastes cerastes" The snake 23 90-100 reptiles, relationships, description, Journal Article Werner, Y. L.;Rothenstein, D.;Sivan, N. 1991 Directional asymmetry in reptiles (Sauria: Gekkonidae: Ptyodactylus) and its possible evolutionary role, with implications for biometrical methodology Journal of Zoology, London 225 647-658 reptiles, morphology, Journal Article Werner, J. K. 1991 A radiotelemetry implant technique for use with Bufo americanus Herpetological Review 22 3 94-95 surgery, toads, transmitter implantation Journal Article Werner, E. E. 1991 Nonlethal effects of a predator on competitive interactions between two anuran larvae Ecology 72 1709-1720 Journal Article Werner, Yehudah L. 1992 Identity and distribution of Agama stellio picea Parker (Sauria: Agamidae), endemic to the volcanic desert of Jordan Zology in the Middle East 6 41-44 Journal Article Werner, Yehudah L.;Sivan, Naomi 1992 Systematics and zoogeography of Cerastes (Ophidia: Voperidae) in the Levant: 2. Taxonomy, ecology, and zoogeography The Snake 24 34-49 Journal Article Werner, Y. L.;Sivan, N. 1992 Systematics and zoogeography of Cerastes (Ophidia: Viperidae) in the Levant: 2. Taxonomy, ecology, and zoogeography The snake 24 34-49 reptiles, relationships, description, Book Section Werner, Y. L.;Lamp, I. 1992 A contribution to the reproductive ecology of scincid lizards Gasith, A.;Adin, A.;Steinberger, Y. and Garty, J. Environmental Quality and Ecosystem Stability ISEEQS 5 732-739 reptiles, Israel, sexual dimorphism, reproduction, Journal Article Werner, Y. 1992 Identity and distribution of Agama stellia picea Parker (Sauria: Agamidae), endemic to the volcanic desert of Jordan Zoology in the Middle East 6 41-44 Reptiles, lizards, Agama stellio, distribution, Jordan, volcanic desert Journal Article Werner, E. E. 1992 Competitive interactions between wood frog and northern leopard frog larvae: the influence of size and activity Copeia 1992 26-35 Journal Article West, John 1990 The biology of captive sea snakes Herpetofauna 20 2 28-31 Laticauda laticauda; Laticauda colubrina; Laticauda schistorhynchus; Aipysurus laevis; Aipysurus duboisii; Acalyptophis peronii; Hydrophis elegans; Pelamis platurus Journal Article Westergaard, B.;Ferguson, M. W. 1990 Development of the dentition in Alligator mississippiensis: upper jaw dental and craniofacial development in embryos, hatchlings, and young juveniles, with a comparison to lower jaw development Am. J. Anat. 187 4 393-421 AM, embryology, teeth, growth, anatomy, Development of the upper dentition in Alligator mississippiensis was investigated using a close series of accurately staged and aged embryos, hatchlings, and young juveniles up to 11 days posthatching, as well as some young and old adult specimens. Studies from scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy, acetate and computer reconstructions, radiography and macroscopy were combined to elucidate the details of embryonic dental development, tooth initiation pattern, dentitional growth, and erupted functional dentition. The results were compared with those from the lower jaw and related to the development of other craniofacial structures. Approximately 17 early teeth in each jaw half develop as surface teeth, of which 13 project for 1 to 12 days before sinking into the mesenchyme. The first three teeth initiate directly from the oral epithelium at Ferguson stages 14-15 (days 15-19 after egg laying), before there is any local trace of dental lamina formation. All other teeth develop from a dental prolamina or lamina; and with progressive lamina development, submerged teeth initiate from the aboral end leading to the formation of replacement teeth. All teeth form dentin matrix, but 12 early teeth do not form enamel. Approximately 20 embryonic teeth are resorbed, 6 are transitional, and 42 function for longer periods after hatching. The embryonic tooth initiation pattern (illustrated by defining a tooth position formula) does not support the previous models of Odontostichi, Zahnreihen, and Tooth Families, each of which postulates perfect regularity. Up to three interstitial tooth positions develop between sites of primary tooth initiation, and families with up to five generations at hatching are at first arbitrarily defined. Journal Article Westerhof, I. 1992 Vitamin-A Deficiency in Turtles Tijdschr Diergeneesk 117 11 Reptilia, chelonidae, turtle, terrapin, nutrition, deficiency, vitamin-A, therapy, prophylaxis Journal Article Weygoldt, P.;Silva., S. P. De Carvalho e 1991 Observations on mating, oviposition, egg sac formation and development in the egGosner brooding frog, Fritziana goeldi Amphibia-Reptilia 12 67-80 Journal Article Weygoldt, P.;Potsch, S.;Silva, C. 1992 Mating and ovoposition in the hylodine frog Crossodactylus gaudichaudii (Anura: Leptodactylidae) Amphibia-Reptilia 13 35-45 advertisement call, Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae, reproductive success, sexual selection, Journal Article Wheeler, Connie 1991 Museum exhibits: Educating the public on desert tortoise paleontology, natural history, and conservation [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 212 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Whipple, Jeffery F.;Collins, Joseph T. 1990 A unique pattern variant of the Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 93 3-4 Amphibia, Anura, Rana catesbieana, color pattern, Kansas Journal Article Whipple, Jeffrey F.;Collins, Joseph T. 1990 First Kansas record of reproduction in the Broadhead Skink (Eumeces laticeps) Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 93 3-4 138-139 Journal Article Whitaker, Romulus 1990 Book Review: Seven crocodile books Hamadryad 15 25-27 Book Review Journal Article Whitaker, Romulus;das, Indraneil 1990 Scrubland Calotes nemoricola? Hamadryad 15 29-30 Calotes nemoricola Book Section Whitaker, R. 1990 The International Crocodile Bank Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 443-444 Book Section Whitaker, R. 1990 Status of Asian crocodilians: an update Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 376-378 Book Section Whitaker, R. 1990 Multiple clutching: conservation and commercial implications Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. ISBN 2-88032-306-1 xxviii + 446 pp. 445-446 Journal Article Whitaker, Romulus 1991 Book Review: Snakes of Medical Importance (Asia-Pacific Region) Hamadryad 16 34 Book Review Journal Article Whitaker, Romulus 1991 Book Review: Colour guide to the Snakes of Sri Lanka Hamadryad 16 36 Book Review Journal Article Whitaker, Romulus 1991 Suspected case of death by pit viper bite Hamadryad 16 37 Trimeresurus cantori; Snakebite Journal Article Whitaker, Romulus 1991 Mugger in a factory lake in Goa Hamadryad 16 38 Crocodylus palustris Journal Article Whitaker, Romulus;Andrews, Harry V. 1992 The Madras Crocodile Bank Contributions in Herpetology 77-83 Journal Article White, R. R. th;Weber, R. A. 1991 Poisonous snakebite in central Texas. Possible indicators for antivenin treatment Ann Surg 213 5 466-71 Sixty-seven patients hospitalized for poisonous snakebite between 1975 and 1990 were managed by elevation, tetanus prophylaxis, intravenous fluids and antibiotics, and often by a limited excision of the bite site in the Emergency Department, with sequential laboratory studies as needed. Antivenin was used for systemic envenomation, and 23 of the 67 patients (34%) received 133 vials. Thirteen of the twenty-three patients (56%) had adverse reactions to the antivenin. Two significant observations arose. First age was an indicator. Eleven of eighteen patients 12 years or younger (61%) received antivenin, whereas 12 of 49 patients older than 12 years (24%) received antivenin (p = 0.0085, Fisher's exact test). Second species of snake was an indicator. Sixty-two snakes were identified (93%). Of 39 rattlesnake (Crotalus and Sistrurus) bites, 20 patients received antivenin (53%), but of 23 copperhead and water moccasin (Agkistrodon) bites, only three patients (12.5%) received antivenin (p = 0.0025). Antivenin may be indicated for use in systemic rattlesnake envenomation, especially in younger patients. Journal Article White, Lisa R.;Parmerlee, John S., Jr;Powell, Robert 1992 Typhlops syntherus Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 551 1-2 Journal Article White, R.B.;Thomas, P. 1992 Stimulation in vitro steroidogenesis by pituitary hormones in a turtle ((Trachemys scripta ) within the temperature sensitive period for sex determination Biol. reprod. 47 952-959 Reptilia, testudines, Trachemys scripta, steroid, pituitary gland sex determination Journal Article White, R. B.;Thomas, P. 1992 Whole-body and plasma concentrations of steroids in the turtle, Trachemys scripta, before, during, and after the temperature-sensitive period for sex determination J. Exp. Zool. 264 2 159.166 Reptilia, testudines, turtle, Trachemys scripta, steroids, sex determination To examine endogenous steroid levels during early sexual differentiation in a reptile, we measured whole-body and plasma steroid concentrations in a turtle (Trachemys scripta) throughout embryogenesis using radioimmunoassays. Whole embryos contained testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, and corticosterone before the temperature-sensitive period for sex determination (TSP) (stage 14). The concentration of each of these steroids increased significantly between stage 14 and the initiation of the TSP (stage 16), but no increases were evident between stage 16 and the middle of the TSP (stage 18). No sex differences in steroid content were observed prior to the TSP (stage 14). However, presumptive male embryos (26-degrees-C incubation temperature) contained significantly more testosterone and estradiol than presumptive females (31-degrees-C incubation temperature) during the TSP (stages 16 and 18), and males contained more progesterone than females at stage 18. Plasma samples collected during the TSP (beginning at stage 17+) contained testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, androstenedione, and corticosterone. Progesterone and corticosterone were present in the highest concentrations, followed by androstenedione. Testosterone and estradiol were found in plasma at lower, similar concentrations except at stage 17+, when estradiol levels were approximately 3- fold higher than testosterone levels in both sexes. The only significant sex difference found in plasma steroid levels was for estradiol at stage 19, with males having higher levels than females. Our results demonstrate the presence of a rich steroid milieu throughout early development and support our previous findings that embryonic tissues can synthesize each of these steroids in vitro. Furthermore, a role for sex steroids in the process of sexual differentiation is strongly suggested. Journal Article White, Thomas D.;Schmitz, Barbara;Narins, Peter M. 1992 Directional dependence of auditory sensitivity and frequency selectivity in the leopard frog J. Acoust. Soc. Am 92 4 1953-1961 Journal Article White, Don, Jr.;Moll, Don 1992 Restricted diet of the common map turtle Graptemys geographica in a Missouri stream Southwestern Naturalist 37 3 317-318 Journal Article White, L. R.;Powell, R.;Parmerlee, J. S.;Lathrop, A.;Smith, D. D. 1992 Food habits of three syntopic reptiles from the Barahona Peninsula, Hispaniola Joural of Herpetology 26 518-520 food habits, syntopic reptiles, Hispaniola Journal Article Whitehead, P.J.;Seymour, R.S. 1990 Patterns of metabolic rate in embryonic crocodilians Crocodylus johnstoni and Crocodylus porosus Physiol. Zool. 63 2 334-352 CPR, CJ, physiology, metabolism, gas, embryology, Journal Article Whitehead, P.J. 1990 Yolk depletion and metabolic rate of hatchling Crocodylus johnstoni Copeia 1990 3 871-875 CJ, reproduction, physiology, Journal Article Whitehead, P.J.;Webb, G.J.W.;Seymour, R.S. 1990 Effect of incubation temperature on development of Crocodylus johnstoni embryos Physiol. Zool. 63 949-964 CJ, temperature, metabolism, embryology, growth, Journal Article Whitehead, P. J.;Webb, G. J. W.;Seymour, R. S. 1990 Effect of incubation temperature on developement of Crocodylus johnstoni embryos Physiological Zoology 63 5 949-964 temperature, eggs, embryology, crocodiles, incubation Journal Article Whitehead, P.J.;Seymour, R.S.;Webb, G.J.W. 1992 Energetics of development of embryos of the Australian freshwater crocodile, Crocodylus johnstoni: relation to duration of incubation Physiol. Zool. 65 2 360-378 Reptilia, sauria, crocodylia, Crocodylus johnstoni, physiology, development, energy, incubation Reprint Endnote 94/173 Journal Article Whitehead, P.J.;Seymour, R.S.;Webb, G.J.W. 1992 Energetics of development of embryos of the Australian freshwater crocodile, Crocodylus johnstoni: Relation to duration of incubation Phys. Zool. 65 2 360-378 CJ, physiology, embryology, egg, Aust,temperature, Journal Article Whiteleather, Kristian 1992 The Eastern glass lizard Notes From NOAH 20 3 18-20 ophisaurus ventralis Journal Article Whiteman, Howard H.;Wissinger, Scott A. 1991 Differences in the antipredator behavior of three Plethodontid salamanderes to snake attack Journal of Herpetology 25 3 352-355 anitpredator behaviors, salamanders, Desmognathus, Eurycea Journal Article Whiting, M. J.;Greene, B. D.;Dixon, J. R.;Mercer, A. L.;Eckerman, C. C. 1992 Observations on the foraging ecology of the western coachwhip snake, Masticophis flagellum testaceus The Snake 24 157-160 reptiles, snakes, food, diet, Journal Article Whiting, Martin J.;Greene, Brian D.;Dixon, James R.;Mercer, Amy L.;Eckerman, Curtis 1992 Observations on the foraging ecology of the western coachwhip snake, Masticophis flagellum testaceus Snake 24 157-160 Journal Article Whitney Marlyn S. 1990 Advances in the laboratory diagnosis of disease in exotic animals AAZV 172 *elisa/rid and fa tests/monoclonal antibody to Brucella abortus 100191 WS DW Journal Article Whittier, J. M.;Crews, D. 1990 Body mass and reproduction in female red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) Herpetologica 46 2 215-222 retptiles, Canada, morphology Journal Article Whittier, J. M.;West, N. B.;Brenner, R. M. 1991 Immunorecognition of estrogen receptors by monoclonal antibody H222 in reproductive tissues of the red-sided garter snake Gen Comp Endocrinol 81 1 1-6 Animal; Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology; Endometrium/metabolism; Female; Oviducts/metabolism; Receptors, Estrogen/*analysis; Snakes/*physiology; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Uterus/metabolism A study was conducted to determine if a monoclonal antibody (MAB), H222, prepared against human breast cancer estrogen receptors (ER) would recognize ER in the oviduct and liver of garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis). Using sucrose gradient analysis of antibody-ER complexes bound to [3H]estradiol we have determined that the MAB H222 binds to an ER in the cytosolic and nuclear extracts of snake tissues. The snake ER is not bound by nonspecific MABs in the sucrose gradient analysis. Further, the snake ER does not bind to other steroids, including a synthetic progestin, R5020, or the androgens 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone and R1881. The quantity of ER in the snake oviduct (200-700 fmol/mg DNA) is within an order of magnitude of that found in the oviduct of the nonhuman primate. These results suggest that the MAB H222 and 17 beta-estradiol bind to an ER in the snake that shares common properties with mammalian ER. Journal Article Whittier, J. M.;O'Connor, C. S. 1991 Prostaglandin F2 alpha, sexual behavior and ovarian estrogen synthesis in garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) Comp Biochem Physiol A 100 4 881-5 Animal; Dinoprost/*metabolism; Estrogens/*biosynthesis; Female; FSH/pharmacology; LH/pharmacology; Male; Ovary/*metabolism; Prostaglandin Antagonists/pharmacology; Semen/metabolism; Sex Behavior, Animal/drug effects/*physiology; Snakes/*physiology; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 1. High levels of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha; 10-18 ng) were detected in copulatory material removed from the cloacae of female Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis immediately after mating. 2. In vitro, ovarian fragments treated with PGF2 alpha secreted significantly more estrogen than control fragments. 3. Together these results suggest that a post-mating surge in estrogen secretion that occurs in this species may be influenced by a substantial rise in PGF2 alpha that occurs after mating. 4. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that post- mating elevations in plasma levels of PGF2 alpha in females are derived from male copulatory material. Journal Article Wibbels, T.;F.C., Killebrew.;Crews, D. 1991 Sex determination in Cagle's map turtle: implications for evolution, development, and conservation Can. J. Zool. 69 2693-2696 Reptilia, testudines, Cagl's map turtle, Graptemys caglei, anatomy, sex, evolution, conservation Reprint Endnote 94/184 Journal Article Wibbels, T.;F.C.;Killebrew.;Crews, D. 1991 Sex determination in Cagle's map turtle: implications for evolution, development, and conservation Can. J. Zool. 69 2693-2696 Reptilia, testudines, Cagl's map turtle, Graptemys caglei, anatomy, sex, evolution, conservation Reprint Endnote 94/184 Journal Article Wibbels, Thane;Martin, R. Erik;Owens, David W.;Amoss, Max S., Jr. 1991 Female-biased sex ratio of immature loggerhead sea turtles inhabiting the Atlantic coastal waters of Florida Canadian Journal of Zoology 69 2973-2977 Journal Article Wibbels, T.;Bull, J.J.;Crews, D. 1991 Chronology and morphology of temperature-dependent sex determination Journal of Experimental Zoology 260 371-381 sex ratio Journal Article Wibbels, T.;Bull, J.J.;Crews, D. 1991 Synergism between temperature and estradiol: a common pathway in turtle sex determination? Journal of Experimental Zoology 260 130-134 sex ratio Journal Article Wibbels, T.;Killebrew, F.C.;Crews, D. 1991 Sex determination in Cagle's map turtle: implication for evolution, development, and conservation Canadian Journal of Zoology 69 2693-2696 pivotal; tsd; sex ratio Journal Article Wibbels, T.;Martin, R.E.;Owens, D. W.;Amoss, M.S. 1991 Female-biased sex ratio of immature loggerhead sea turtles inhabiting the Atlantic coastal water of Florida Canadian Journal of Zoology 69 2973-2977 loggerhead; sex ratio; Florida Journal Article Wibbels, T.;Bull, J.J.;Crews, D. 1992 Steriod hormone-induced male sex determination in an amniotic vertebrate Journal of Experimental Zoology 262 454-457 sex ratio Journal Article Wibbels, T.;Bull, J.J.;Crews, D. 1992 Steroid hormone-induced male sex determination in an amniotic vertebrate Journal of Experimental Zoology 262 454-457 sex ratio Journal Article Wibbels, T.;Owens, D. W.;Licht, P.;Limpus, C. J.;Reed, P.C.;Amoss, M. S. 1992 Serum gonadotropins and gonadal steroids associated with ovulation and egg production in sea turtles General and Comparative Endocrinology 87 71-78 endocrinology; tsd Journal Article Widmer, E. A.;Specht, H. D. 1992 Isolation of asexually proliferative Terathyridia (Mesocestoides sp.) from the southern pacific rattlesnake (Vrotalus viridis helleri) with additional data from two previous isolates from the great basin fence lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis longipes) Journal Parasitology 78 5 921-923 Reptilia, serpentes, rattle snake, sauria, lizard, infection, cestode Journal Article Widmer, E. A.;Specht, H. D. 1992 Isolation of asexually proliferative Terathyridia (Mesocestoides sp.) from the southern pacific rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis helleri) with additional data from two previous isolates from the great basin fence lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis longipes) Journal Parasitology 78 5 921-923 Reptilia, serpentes, rattle snake, sauria, lizard, infection, cestode Reprint Endnote 93/277 Journal Article Wiedl, Hansjörg;Böhme, Wolfgang 1992 Wiederentdeckung der Ringelnatter (Natrix natrix ssp.?) auf Zypern - vorläufiger Bericht Herpetofauna 14 80 6-10 Natrix natrix; Cyprus; Conservation Conference Proceedings WIEMERT, S.;GÖBEL, Th;SCHILDGER, B.-J.;WEIß, R. 1991 Investigations on the distribution of serovar of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from reptiles. 56-61 Of 123 P. aeruginosa isolates 76.4% could be typed by agglutination. The serovars O:6 (18.5%) and O:16 (14.8%) were most frequent but, O:11, O:1, O:4 and O:8 were also recognized. Journal Article Wiens, John J.;Titus, Tom A. 1991 A phylogenetic analysis of Spea (Anura: Pelobatidae) Herpetologica 47 1 21-28 spadefoot, toad, systematics, electrophoresis, PAUP Journal Article Wijngaarden, Rene van;Bolanos, Federico 1992 Parental care in Dendrobates granuliferus (Anura: Dendrobatidae), with a description of the tadpole Journal of Herpetology 26 102-105 parental care, Dendrobates granuliferus, Anura, dendrobatidae, tadpoles Journal Article Wilbur, H. M. 1990 Coping with chaos: Toads in ephemeral ponds Tree 5 2 Amphibia, Anura, Scaphiopus couchi, spadefoot, ecology, reproduction, breeding, temporary ponds, larvae, tadpoles Journal Article Wilbur, H. M.;Semlitsch., R. D. 1990 Ecological consequences of tail injury in Rana tadpoles Copeia 1990 18-24 Journal Article Wilbur, H. M.;Fauth., J. E. 1990 Experimental aquatic food webs: interactions between two predators and two prey American Naturalist 135 176-204 Journal Article Wilbur, Henry M.;Semlitsch, Raymond D. 1990 Ecological consequences of tail injury in Rana tadpoles Copeia 1990 1 18-24 Journal Article Wilcove, David;Murphy, Dennis 1991 The spotted owl controversy and conservation biology Conservation Biology 5 3 261-262 Journal Article Wild, Rupert 1990 Die fossilen Reptilien. Teil 1: Vin den »Stammreptilien« zu den Säugetieren Herpetofauna 12 67 11-20 fossils Journal Article Wild, Rupert 1990 Die fossilen Reptilien. Teil 2: Die Entfaltung der Reptilien im Erdmittelalter Herpetofauna 12 68 21-30 fossils Journal Article Wild, Rupert 1990 Die fossilen Reptilien. Teil 3: Ursprung, Blüte und Untergang der Dinosaurier Herpetofauna 12 69 11-21 fossils Journal Article Wild, Erik Russell 1992 The tadpoles of Hyla fasciata and H. allenorum, with a key to the tadpoles of the Hyla parviceps group (Anura: Hylidae) Herpetologica 48 4 439-447 Journal Article Wild, Erik Russell 1992 The tadpoles aof Hyla fasciata and H. allenorum, with a key to the tadpoles of the Hyla parviceps group (Anura: Hylidae) Herpetologica 48 439-447 Amphibia, Anura, Hyla parviceps, Hyla fasciata, Hyla allenorum, key, Peru Book Section Wiley, E.N.;Jennings, M. 1990 An overview of alligator management in Florida Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8327-0023-X vi + 345 pp. 274-285 Journal Article Wiley, E. O.;Siegel-Causey, D.;Brooks, D. R.;Funk, V. A. 1991 The Complete Cladist: A primer of Phylogenetic Procedures University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Special Publications 19 x, 1-158 Book Section Wilken, D.W.;Staton, M.A.;Vernon, B.P.;Bon, B. 1992 Artificial incubation of saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) eggs Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0133-3. 276 Journal Article Wilkinson, Jeffery A.;Glenn, James L.;Straight, Richard C.;Sites, Jack W., Jr. 1991 Distribution and genetic variation in venom A and B populations of the Mojave rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus) in Arizona Herpetologica 47 1 54-68 geographic variation ouchterlony protease activity starch gel electrophoresis allozymes Journal Article Wilkinson, M. 1991 Adult tooth crown morphology in the typhlonectidae (Amphibia: Gymnophiona): A reinterpretation of variation and its significance Zeitschrift Fuer Zoologische Systematik Und Evolutionsforschung 29 4 304-311 Typhlonectes Compressicaudus; Potomotyphlus Kaupii; Ontogenetic Variation; Phylogeny; Taxonomy; Behavior Adult tooth crown morphology is surveyed in the caecilian family Typhlonectidae. All adult typhlonectids have recurved monocusped teeth that may bare blade like lateral flanges. Teeth vary in sizes, curvature and the development of lateral flanges within individuals, both within and between dental series. Most species have a pointed tooth crown, but the teeth of Typhlonectes compressicaudus have broadly dilated crowns, which show some ontogenetic variation in their elaboration. The teeth of Potomotyphlus kaupii are distinctly narrow, relatively more numerous and more closely placed within series than in other typhlonectids. The functional, taxonomic and phylogenetic significance of the observed interspecific variation is discussed. Considerations of the behavior of captive specimens and of morphology indicate that dilated tooth crowns are probably not adaptation for scraping as had been suggested. The teeth of P. kaupii may be adapted for handling small prey. Previous contradictory reports of typhlonectid tooth crown morphology are interpreted as the result of misidentification of specimens. Journal Article Wilkinson, M. 1991 The use of primitive character state distributions in the assessment of holophyly Acta Biotheoretica 39 1 37-46 Amphibian; Evolutionary Transformation Cladistic analyses are based on the distinction between primitive and derived character states (hypotheses of the polarity of evolutionary transformations) and a complete reliance on only derived character state distributions as bona fide evidence of holophyletic assemblages of taxa. The cladistic premise that only derived character state distributions provide evidence of holophyly is reconsidered and shown to be both unjustified and inconsistent with the desire or methodological prescription of using all the available evidence. Cladistic techniques are here viewed primarily as methods for the ordering of character states so that they may be differentially weighted. The problem of assigning realistic differential weight to primitive and derived character state distributions is briefly discussed. One possible use of primitive character state distributions as evidence of holophyly that is largely free of the problem of weight is proposed. This application is illustrated with an example from the caecilian amphibians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona). Journal Article Wilkinson, Mark;Nussbaum, Ronald A. 1992 Taxonomic status of Pseudosiphonops ptychodermis Taylor and Mimosiphonpops vermiculatus Taylor (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Caeciliaidae) with the description of a new species Journal of Natural History 26 675-688 Journal Article Wilkinson, M.;Nussbaum, R. A. 1992 Taxonomic status of Pseudosiphonops ptychodermis Taylor and Mimosiphonops vermiculatus Taylor (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Caeciliaidae) with description of a new species Journal of Natural History 26 3 675-688 MIMOSIPHONOPS REINHARDTI new species; SIPHONOPS; LUTKENOTYPHLUS; SYNONYMY Pseudosiphonops ptychodermis Taylor is designated a junior synonym of Mimisiphonops vermiculatus Taylor, and Pseudosiphonops Taylor is designated a junior synonym of Mimosiphonops Taylor. A new species of Mimosiphonops is described and taxonomy of the genus reviewed. Relationships between Mimosiphonops and the closely related caecilian genera Siphonops and Lutkenotyphlus are discussed. The new species is M. reinhardti. Journal Article Wilkinson, M. 1992 Novel modification of the tetrapod cardiovascular system in the West African caecilian Herpele squalostoma (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Caeciliaidae) Journal of Zoology 228 2 277-286 Description; Evolution; Aortic Arch Aspects of the cardiovascular system of Herpele squalostoma are described and compared to other caecilians. Novel modifications of the systemic arches, anterior vertebral arteries and vertebral structures associated with the systemic arches are identified. The evolution of aortic arch diversity in caecilians is considered from the perspective of efficiency of the cardiovascular system. A speculative hypothesis is advanced concerning the evolutionary history of the systemic arches in H. squalostoma. It is argued that modification of vertebral structures is the result of epigenetic interaction between the vertebral column and the evolving systemic arch. Journal Article Wille, Chris 1991 Race to save a green giant national Wildlife 29 6 24-28 Journal Article Willemsen, R.E. 1991 Differences in thermoregulation between Testudo hermanni and Testudo marginata and their ecological significance Herpetol. J. 1 559-567 Reptilia, testudines,Testudo hermanni, Testudo marginata, thermoregulation, ecology Reprint Endnote 94/183 Journal Article Williams, P.A.;Mitchell, W.;Wilson, G.R.;Weldon, P.J. 1990 Bacteria in the gular and paracloacal glands of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis; Reptilia, Crocodilia) Let. Appl. MicroBiol. 10 73-76 AM, biochemistry, beh. Journal Article Williams, Catherine 1991 Quality graphics: Opportunities for dynamic presentations [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 213 Journal Article Williams, Ernest E.;Mittermeier, Russell A. 1991 A peruvian phenacosaur (Squamata: Iguania) Breviora 492 1-16 Phenacosaurus orcesi Book Williams, Winston;Carmichael, Pete 1991 Florida's Fabulous Reptiles and Amphibians Tampa, FL World Publications 120 Journal Article Williams, E. E. ;Mittermeier, R. A. 1991 A Peruvian Phenacosaur (Squamata: Iguania) Breviora 492 1-16 Peruvian, Phenacosaur. squamata, Iguania Journal Article Williams, S. P.;Langmore, J. P. 1991 Small angle x-ray scattering of chromatin. Radius and mass per unit length depend on linker length Biophys J 59 3 606-18 Animal; Biophysics; Chickens; Chromatin/*chemistry/ultrastructure; Histones/chemistry; Molecular Weight; Necturus; Nucleosomes/chemistry/ultrastructure; Scattering, Radiation; Sea Cucumbers; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; X-Rays Analyses of low angle x-ray scattering from chromatin, isolated by identical procedures but from different species, indicate that fiber diameter and number of nucleosomes per unit length increase with the amount of nucleosome linker DNA. Experiments were conducted at physiological ionic strength to obtain parameters reflecting the structure most likely present in living cells. Guinier analyses were performed on scattering from solutions of soluble chromatin from Necturus maculosus erythrocytes (linker length 48 bp), chicken erythrocytes (linker length 64 bp), and Thyone briareus sperm (linker length 87 bp). The results were extrapolated to infinite dilution to eliminate interparticle contributions to the scattering. Cross- sectional radii of gyration were found to be 10.9 +/- 0.5, 12.1 +/- 0.4, and 15.9 +/- 0.5 nm for Necturus, chicken, and Thyone chromatin, respectively, which are consistent with fiber diameters of 30.8, 34.2, and 45.0 nm. Mass per unit lengths were found to be 6.9 +/- 0.5, 8.3 +/- 0.6, and 11.8 +/- 1.4 nucleosomes per 10 nm for Necturus, chicken, and Thyone chromatin, respectively. The geometrical consequences of the experimental mass per unit lengths and radii of gyration are consistent with a conserved interaction among nucleosomes. Cross-linking agents were found to have little effect on fiber external geometry, but significant effect on internal structure. The absolute values of fiber diameter and mass per unit length, and their dependencies upon linker length agree with the predictions of the double-helical crossed-linker model. A compilation of all published x-ray scattering data from the last decade indicates that the relationship between chromatin structure and linker length is consistent with data obtained by other investigators. Journal Article Williams, Ernest E. 1992 New or problematic Anolis from Colombia. VII. Anolis lamari, a new anole from the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia, with a discussion of tigrinus and Punctatus species group boundries Breviora 495 1-24 Journal Article Willis, Paul;Murray, Peter;Megirian, Dirk 1990 Baru darrowi gen. et sp. nov., a large, broad-snouted crocodyline (Eusuchia: Crocodylidae) from Mid-Tertiary freshwater limestones in Northern Australia Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29 2 521-540 Journal Article Wilson, Larry David 1990 Tantilla capistrata Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 475 1 Journal Article Wilson, Larry David 1990 Tantilla lempira Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 476 1 Journal Article Wilson, Larry David 1990 Tantilla miyatai Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 477 1 Journal Article Wilson, Larry David 1990 Tantilla semicincta Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 478 1 Journal Article Wilson, Larry David 1990 Tantilla tayrae Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 479 1 Journal Article Wilson, Larry David 1990 Tantilla coronadoi Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 501 1 Journal Article Wilson, Larry David 1990 Tantilla insulamontana Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 502 1 Journal Article Wilson, Larry David 1990 Tantilla oaxacae Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 503 1 Journal Article Wilson, Larry David 1990 Tantilla striata Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 504 1 Journal Article Wilson, M. A.;R. E. Gatten, Jr.;Greenberg, N. 1990 Glycolysis in Anolis carolinensis during agonistic encounters Physiology and Behavior 48 139-142 lizards, reptiles, aggression, terrioriality, anaerobic metabolism, lactate, energetics Journal Article Wilson, Mark A.;Gatten, Robert E., Jr.;Greenberg, Neil 1990 Glycolysis in Anolis carolinensis during agonistic encounters Physiology & Behavior 48 139-142 Journal Article Wilson, Randall 1991 The relationship between soil types and population densities of the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 214 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Wilson, Robert V.;Zug, George R. 1991 Lepidochelys kempii Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 509 1-8 Journal Article Wilson, Larry David 1991 Tantilla petersi Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 527 1 Journal Article Wilson, Larry David 1991 Tantilla shawi Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 528 1 Journal Article Wilson, R. V.;Zug, G. R. 1991 Lepidochelys kempii (Garman) Kemp's Ridley Sea Turtle, Tortuga Lora Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 509 1-8 reptiles, account, distribution, description Journal Article Wilson, Mark D. 1992 Snake breeding: some basic approaches Captive Breeding 1 1 30 Journal Article Wilson, Randal W.;Stager, Robert D. 1992 Desert tortoise population densities and distribution, Piute Valley, Nevada Rangelands 14 4 239-242 gopherus agassizii Journal Article Wilson, Larry David;McCranie, James R. 1992 Bothriechis marchi Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 544 1-2 Journal Article Wilson, Larry David;McCranie, James R.;Slowinski, Joseph B. 1992 Micrurus ruatanus Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 545 1-2 Journal Article Wilson, Larry David 1992 Tantilla nigra Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 547 1 Journal Article Wilson, Larry David 1992 Tantilla melanocephala Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 547 1-3 Journal Article Wimberger, P. H. 1992 Plasticity of fish body shape. The effects of diet, development, family and age in two species of Geophagus (Pisces: Cichlidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 45 197-218 Journal Article Wine, Robert N.;Gatten, Robert E., Jr. 1992 Glycolytic support for locomotion in Anolis carolinensis and Rana pipiens: simultaneous effects of temperature and duration of exercise Physiological Zoology 65 4 724-741 Journal Article Wine, R. N.;R. E. Gatten, Jr. 1992 Glycolytic support for locomotion in Anolis carolinensis and Rana pipiens: Simultaneous effects of temperature and duration of exercise Physiological Zoology 65 4 724-741 Amphibia, Anura, frog, reptiles, lizard, lacatate Journal Article Winemiller, K. O.;Pianka, E. R. 1990 Organization in natural assemblages of desert lizards and tropical fishes Ecological Monographs 60 1 27-55 bootstrap, community, resources, lizards, guilds, niche, Journal Article Wingfield, J. C.;Vleck, C. M.;Moore, M. C. 1992 Seasonal changes of the adrenocortical response to stress in birds of the Sonoran desert J Exp Zool 264 4 419-428 Aves, passeriformes, sparrow, Amphispiza curvirostris, pathology, stress, Many avian species of the North American Sonoran desert, e.g., the black-throated sparrow, Amphispiza bilineata, cactus wren, Campylorkynchus brunneicapillus, and curve- billed thrasher, Toxostoma curvirostre, can potentially breed from March/April to August. It is possible that, at least in summer, intense heat and aridity may have inhibitory effects on breeding by precipitating a stress response. Stress typically results in a rise in secretion of adrenocorticosteroid hormones that then inhibit reproduction by suppressing release of gonadal hormones. However, we found that plasma levels of corticosterone were not higher during summer, compared with winter, even in 1989 when summer temperatures were higher than normal. In June 1990, temperatures were also above normal and soared to the highest level recorded in Arizona (50-degrees-C). Plasma levels of corticosterone during June were high in black-throated sparrows, but less so in two other species (Abert's towhee, Pipilo aberti, and Inca dove, Scardafella inca) found in more shady riparian and suburban habitat with constant access to water. The adrenocortical response to stress (as measured by the rate of corticosterone increase following capture) was reduced in the hottest summer months in black-throated sparrows, cactus wrens, and curve-billed thrashers, but less so in Abert's towhee an Inca dove. These data suggest that at least some birds breeding in the open desert with restricted access to water are able to suppress the classical adrenocortical response to stress. The response is then reactivated in winter after breeding has ceased. It is possible that this stress modulation may allow breeding to continue despite severe heat. Analysis of plasma from these species indicated that the apparent modulation of the adrenocortical response to stress was not an artifact of reduced affinity or capacity of corticosterone binding proteins. Journal Article Wink, C.S.;Elsey, R.M.;Bouvier, M. 1990 The relationship of pores and mammillae on the inner surface of the eggshell of the alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) Exp. Biol. Med. 204 2 227-233 AM, egg, embryology Journal Article Wink, C.S.;Elsey, R.M.;Bouvier, M. 1990 Porosity of eggshells from wild and captive, pen-reared alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) J. Morph. 203 35-39 AM, reproduction, farming, embryology, Personal Communication Winsor, Mary Polly 1992 The English debate on taxonomy and phylogeny, 1937-1940 Journal Article Winstel, Al 1991 Captive Husbandry of the eastern milk snake (Lampropeltis t. triangulum) Vivarium 2 6 16-17;28 Lampropeltis t. triangulum Journal Article Winston, G. W.;Kirchin, M. A.;Ronis, M. J. 1991 Microsomal activation of benzo[a]pyrene by Alligator mississippiensis: mechanisms, mutagenicity and induction Biochem Soc Trans 19 3 746-50 Alligators and Crocodiles/*metabolism; Animal; Benzo(a)pyrene/*metabolism/toxicity; Biotransformation; Cytochrome P-450/*metabolism; Hydroxylases/*metabolism; Kinetics; Male; Microsomes, Liver/*enzymology; Mutagens/*metabolism/toxicity; NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase/*metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Journal Article Wise, S. E.;Buchanan, B. W. 1992 An efficient method for measuring salamanders Herpetological Review 23 2 56-57 Amphibia, color, methods, salamandridae Journal Article Wissinger, S. A.;Whiteman., H. H. 1992 Fluctuations in a Rocky Mountain population of salamanders: anthropogenic acidification or natural variation? Journal of Herpetology 26 377-391 Journal Article Witham, R. 1991 On the ecology of young sea turtles Florida Scientist 54 3/4 179-190 green; hatchling; migration Journal Article Witherington, Blair E. 1991 Orientation of hatchling loggerhead turtles at sea off artificially lighted and dark beaches Journal of experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 149 1-11 caretta caretta migration photopollution tracking Journal Article Witherington, B.E.;Bjorndal, K. A. 1991 Influences of wavelength and intensity on hatchling sea turtle phototaxis: implications for sea-finding behavior Copeia 1991 4 1060-1069 seafinding; green; loggerhead Journal Article Witherington, B.E.;Bjorndal, K.A. 1991 Influences of artificial lighting on the seaward orientation of hatchling loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta Biological Conservation 55 139-149 orientation; loggerhead Journal Article Witherington, B.E. 1992 Behavioral responses of nesting sea turtles to artificial lighting Herpetologica 48 1 31-39 loggerhead; orientation; conservation Journal Article Witherington, B.E.;Salmon, M. 1992 Predation on loggerhead turtle hatchlings after entering the sea Journal of Herpetology 26 2 226-228 loggerhead; conservation; predation Journal Article Witz, B. W.;Palmer, M. D. 1991 Distribution of Gopherus polyphemus and its vertebrate symbionts in three burrow categories American Midland Naturalist 126 152-158 distribution, population, burrow, tortoise, habitat Book Section Wood, F. 1991 Turtle culture C.E., Nash Production of Aquatic Animals, World Animal Science Amsterdam Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. Chapter 14 (225-234) green ; conservation Journal Article Wood, Mike 1992 The West African Gaboon viper (Bitis gabonica rhinoceros) Notes From NOAH 20 3 13-14 Journal Article Woodcock, C. L.;McEwen, B. F.;Frank, J. 1991 Ultrastructure of chromatin. II. Three-dimensional reconstruction of isolated fibers J Cell Sci 99 Pt 1 107-14 Animal; Chromatin/*ultrastructure; Erythrocytes/metabolism/*ultrastructure; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Microscopy, Electron; Models, Molecular; Necturus maculosus/*metabolism; Negative Staining; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Tomography/methods Electron-microscope tomography has been used to reconstruct isolated, negatively stained chromatin fibers from Necturus maculosus erythrocytes. Tilt series micrographs from +70 degrees to -70 degrees at 5 degrees intervals were obtained, allowing a reconstruction resolution of 3.3 nm for fibers lying parallel to the tilt axis. The fibers were found to be flattened in the plane of the carbon support, and also stained differentially according to the distance from the carbon. A number of methods of presenting the three-dimensional information were explored. Especially useful was an automatic peak search method for locating putative nucleosome positions coupled with the production of a computer-generated model. Other valuable techniques included the generation of projection stereograms and construction of solid models. A peripheral location of nucleosomes in the chromatin fiber was indicated, and helical arrangements of nucleosomes were observed over short regions. However, no long-range ordering of nucleosomes was apparent. The extent to which this lack of order may be the result of events occurring during the preparation of chromatin for electron microscopy is discussed. Journal Article Woodcock, C. L.;Woodcock, H.;Horowitz, R. A. 1991 Ultrastructure of chromatin. I. Negative staining of isolated fibers J Cell Sci 99 Pt 1 99-106 Animal; Chromatin/*ultrastructure; Deoxyribonucleases; Erythrocytes/metabolism/*ultrastructure; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Microscopy, Electron; Necturus maculosus/*metabolism; Negative Staining; Osmolar Concentration; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. The ultrastructure of chromatin fibers isolated from erythrocyte nuclei of Necturus maculosus and contrasted with a number of negative stains is described. Long (greater than 1000 nm) fibers are prepared under ionic conditions that promote fiber integrity, fixed with glutaraldehyde and negatively stained with aurothioglucose, ammonium molybdate, methylamine tungstate, sodium phosphotungstate, uranyl acetate and a uranyl acetate-sodium phosphotungstate sequence. All stains yield images of '30 nm' chromatin fibers, but aurothioglucose gives the most consistent diameter measurements (33 nm, S.D. 3.5 nm), and provides the clearest images of individual nucleosomes. Regions of fiber showing structural order are seen with all stains. The most commonly observed is a regular pattern of oblique cross-striations consistent with the visualization of the 'top' or 'bottom' of a helical structure. There is a significant relationship between fiber diameter and the cross-striation angle, consistent with an extensible chromatin fiber. Examination of power spectra prepared from selected ordered regions confirms the visual impressions, and indicates a striation spacing ranging from 11 nm to 18 nm, and dependent on the stain type. Fibers allowed to unfold slightly in a buffer containing 50 mM monovalent ions show evidence of a two-stranded helix-like organization. These results are discussed in terms of current models for the structure of the chromatin fiber. Journal Article Woodman, A. Peter;Juarez, Stephen M.;Humphreys, Eugene D.;Kirtland, Karen;LaPre, Lawrence F. 1991 Estimated density and distribution of the desert tortoise at Fort Irwin, National Training Center and Goldstone Space Communications Complex [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 277 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Woodward, B. D.;Travis., J. 1991 Paternal effects on juvenile growth and survival in spring peepers (Hyla crucifer) Evolutionary Ecology 5 40-51 Book Section Woodward, A.R.;Moore, T.C.;Delany, M.;Hines, T. 1992 The effects of cropping on American alligator populations in Florida, USA Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8317-0133-3. 277-278 Journal Article Wozniak, E. J.;Telford, S. R., Jr. 1991 The fate of Hepatozoon species naturally infecting Florida black racers and watersnakes in potential mosquito and soft tick vectors, and histological evidence of pathogenicity in unnatural host species Int J Parasitol 21 5 511-6 Animal; Apicomplexa/*physiology; Arthropod Vectors/*parasitology; Culicidae/*parasitology; Lizards/parasitology; Snakes/*parasitology; Ticks/*parasitology Haemogregarine parasites, derived from the Florida snakes Coluber constrictor and Nerodia fasciata and ingested by Aedes aegypti, completed sporogony within the hemocoeles of nearly all fed mosquitoes in 14-18 days, and produced oocysts typical of Hepatozoon. However, mortalities and morbidity were high in the Culex which had fed on the Coluber. Oocysts were not found in any Ornithodoros turicata (Argasidae) which fed upon either snake host, but many sections of fed ticks had gametocyte-like cells within the gut lumen. Most lizards, Anolis carolinensis and Anolis sagrei, infected per os with oocysts derived from both snake species developed infections. Infections in the lizards were largely confined to hepatic schizonts with few parasites found in erythrocytes. Unlike naturally infected snake hosts, Hepatozoon schizonts in livers of lizards were often either surrounded by an unidentified dark pigment or heavily infiltrated with mononuclear inflammatory cells. Journal Article Wöhrmann, T. 1990 Effective therapy of suspected goitre in a Cordylus warreni depressus (BOULENGER, 1908) Erfolgreiche Therapie eines Cordylus warreni depressus (BOULENGER, 1908) mit Struma aufgrund einer Verdachtsdiagnose Salamandra 26 4 321-322 Reptilia, sauria, Cordylus warreni depressus, pathology, adenoid, goitre, therapy echsen,vet,vit PF x Journal Article Wöss, Werner 1990 Herpetologische Impressionen eines Sommerurlaubes Herpetofauna 12 68 31-34 Journal Article Wright, J.;Weldon, P. J. 1990 Responses by domestic cats (Felis catus) to snake scent Journal of Chemical Ecology 16 10 2947-2953 diseases-; Skin-diseases; Digestive-system-diseases; Journal Article Wright, M. L.;L. S. Blanchard, S. T. Jorey, C. A. Basso, Y. M. Myers;Paquette., C. M. 1990 Metamorphic rate as a function of the light/dark cycle in Rana pipiens larvae Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 96A 215-220 Journal Article Wright, K. 1991 Husbandry: An essential component of diagnosing disease in reptiles and amphibians The Vivarium 3 3 23-27 Reptilia, amphibia, management, disease, pathology vet PF x Journal Article Wright, Marlene 1992 A simple heating device for large lizards and snakes Vivarium 3 5 11-12 Journal Article Wright, Kevin 1992 The use of anthelmintics (dewormers) in captive herbivorous reptiles Vivarium 3 6 23;25 Journal Article Wright, K. 1992 The use of antihelminthics (dewormers) in captive herbivorous reptiles The Vivarium 3 6 Reptilia, testudines, sauria, infection, helminth, therapy Reprint Endnote 94/79 vet, paras PF x Journal Article WRIGHT, K. M.;SKEBA, S. 1992 Hematology and plasma chemistries of captive prehensile-tailed skinks (Corucia zebrata) J. Zoo & Wildl. Med. 23 4 429-432 Reptilia, sauria, skink, Corucia zebrata, hematology, blood values Hematologic and selected plasma chemistry values were determined for the prehensile-tailed skink (Corucia zebrata). The heterophil has an unlobed nucleus in contrast to other skink species that reportedly have heterophils with segmented nuclei. Glucose, calcium, sodium, and chloride levels were higher than values reported for other reptiles with similar dietary habits. Other parameter values were consistent with those reported for other reptilian species. Reprint Endnote 93/213 Journal Article Wright, K. 1992 Use of oral Alloperinol and saline dialysis in management of hyperuricemia in a Chilean tortoise Bulletin of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians 2 1 7 reptilia, testudines, cryptodira, Geochelone, kidney, disease * Journal Article Wright, J. C.;Grigg, G. C.;Franklin, C. E. 1992 Redistribution of air within the lungs may potentiate "fright" bradycardia in submerged crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 102 1 33-6 CPR, respiration, heart, physiology, 1. Voluntary undisturbed dives by Crocodylus porosus were short in duration (3.08 +/- 1.87 min, mean +/- SD) and accompanied by a small but significant bradycardia (14.3 +/- 5.9% drop). 2. When crocodiles were disturbed underwater there was a rapid onset of "fright" bradycardia, to 65 +/- 6.0% of surface heart rates and dive durations were prolonged to 19.6 +/- 1.8 min. 3. The development of "fright" bradycardia was not accompanied by any increase in intratracheal pressure or expulsion of lung gas. However, sustained contraction of the abdomen and expansion of the thorax revealed a redistribution of air anteriorly within the lungs. 4. We propose that the redistribution of air within the lungs may generate an afferent signal which potentiates the initiation of a severe, dive-prolonging bradycardia. Journal Article Wronski, T. J.;Yen, C. F.;Jacobson, E. R. 1992 Histomorphometric studies of dermal bone in the desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizii J Wildlife Dis 28 4 603-609 Reptilia, testudines, desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizii, anatomy, carapax, bone, dermal, histomorphometry Dermal bone biopsies were collected from the periphery of the carapaces of adult desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) from grazed and ungrazed habitats near the Arizona/Utah border (USA). Quantitative bone histomorphometry was performed on these biopsies as well as on dermal bone biopsies collected from captive juvenile desert tortoises. Except for mild osteomalacia, carapaces of adult desert tortoises from the grazed habitat were relatively normal. No signs of osteopenia were observed. Based on the low numbers of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in dermal bone of both populations of adult desert tortoises, it appears that the peripheral carapace is relatively inert with very low levels of dermal bone turnover. Bone cells and osteoid were more common in dermal bone biopsies from the carapace and plastron of captive juvenile desert tortoises than in adult desert tortoises. However, the great variability in the incidence of bone cells among individuals and the difficulty in collecting juvenile desert tortoises in the field limit the usefulness of dermal bone biopsies from animals of this age group. Based on these results, we propose that dermal bone of the peripheral carapace is a poor sample site for evaluating the effects of dietary or environmental conditions on calcified tissues in desert tortoises. Journal Article Wu, Ruimin;Huang, Jie 1990 Relationships between serum T4, T3, Cortisol and the metabolism of chemical energy sources in the cobra during pre-hibernation, hibernation and post-hibernation Asiatic Herpetological Research 3 46-51 naja thyroxine triiodothyronine, cortisol energy metabolites Journal Article Wu, Z. A.;Murphy, C.;Callan, H. G.;Gall, J. G. 1991 Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins in the amphibian germinal vesicle: loops, spheres, and snurposomes J Cell Biol 113 3 465-83 Animal; Cell Nucleus/*chemistry/ultrastructure; Chromosomes/chemistry/ultrastructure; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Notophthalmus viridescens; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Oocytes/chemistry/ultrastructure; Ribonucleoproteins/*analysis/immunology; RNA Precursors/metabolism; RNA Splicing; RNA, Heterogeneous Nuclear/*analysis/immunology; RNA, Small Nuclear/*analysis/immunology; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Transcription, Genetic; Xenopus laevis We have examined the distribution of snRNPs in the germinal vesicle (GV) of frogs and salamanders by immunofluorescent staining and in situ nucleic acid hybridization. The major snRNAs involved in pre-mRNA splicing (U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6) occur together in nearly all loops of the lampbrush chromosomes, and in hundreds to thousands of small granules (1-4 microns diameter) suspended in the nucleoplasm. The loops and granules also contain several antigens that are regularly associated with snRNAs or spliceosomes (the Sm antigen, U1- and U2- specific antigens, and the splicing factor SC35). A second type of granule, often distinguishable by morphology, contains only U1 snRNA and associated antigens. We propose the term "snurposome" to describe the granules that contain snRNPs ("snurps"). Those that contain only U1 snRNA are A snurposomes, whereas those that contain all the splicing snRNAs are B snurposomes. GVs contain a third type of snRNP granule, which we call the C snurposome. C snurposomes range in size from less than 1 micron to giant structures greater than 20 microns in diameter. Usually, although not invariably, they have B snurposomes on their surface. They may also contain from one to hundreds of inclusions. Because of their remarkably spherical shape, C snurposomes with their associated B snurposomes have long been referred to as spheres or sphere organelles. Most spheres are free in the nucleoplasm, but a few are attached to chromosomes at specific chromosome loci, the sphere organizers (SOs). The relationship of sphere organelles to other snRNP- containing structures in the GV is obscure. We show by immunofluorescent staining that the lampbrush loops and B snurposomes also react with antibodies against heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs). Transcription units on the loops are uniformly stained by anti-hnRNP and anti-snRNP antibodies, suggesting that nascent transcripts are associated with hnRNPs and snRNPs along their entire length, perhaps in the form of a unitary hnRNP/snRNP particle. That B snurposomes contain so many components involved in pre- mRNA packaging and processing suggests that they may serve as sites for assembly and storage of hnRNP/snRNP complexes destined for transport to the nascent transcripts on the lampbrush chromosome loops. Journal Article Wuster, W.;Thorpe, R. S. 1991 Asiatic cobras: systematics and snakebite Experientia 47 2 205-9 The population affinities of the Asiatic cobras of the genus Naja are investigated, using multivariate analysis of a range of morphological characters. This complex, which was formerly thought to be monospecific, consists of at least eight full species. In some cases, species whose bites require different antivenoms occur sympatrically. The new understanding of the systematics of the Asiatic cobra complex calls for a reappraisal of cobra antivenom use in Asia, and for more research into venom composition. Journal Article Wüster, Wolfgang;Otsuka, Satoko;Malhotra, Anita;Thorpe, Roger S. 1992 Population systematics of Russell's viper: a multivariate study Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 47 97-113 vipera russelli geographic variation snake bite venom asia biogeography subspecies Journal Article Wüster, Wolfgang;Cox, Merel J. 1992 Defensive hemipenis display in the Kukri Snake Oligodon cyclurus Journal of Herpetology 26 2 238-241 Journal Article Wygoda, Mark L.;Williams, Avery A. 1991 Body temperature in free-ranging green tree frogs (Hyla cinerea): A comparison with"typical frogs" Herpetologica 47 3 338-335 tree-frog, body temperature, thermoregulation, evaporation Journal Article Wyman, R. L. 1990 What's happening to the amphibians? Conservation Biology 4 350-352 Journal Article Wyman, R. L.;Jancola, J. 1992 Degree and scale of terrestrial acidification and amphibian community structure J Herpetol 26 4 392-401 Amphibia, urodeles, ecology, acidification Censuses of forest floor amphibian assemblages at 17 sites in New York revealed that amphibian density and species richness were lower in more acidic habitats. At least three species of salamanders have field distributions that suggest an avoidance of acidic conditions. A gradient of humus and mineral soil pH exists with relatively high [H+]s in the forest interior and lower [H+]s near streams and seepage areas. Small scale maps of humus and mineral soil [H+] reveal much spatial heterogeneity in a beech forest and little in, coniferous forests. The dominant modes of soil pH for New York and for sites around the globe are in the aluminum and iron buffering ranges, where these elements dominate soil chemistry. We hypothesize that high concentrations of aluminum and/or iron, in soil solutions at low pHs, reduce sodium available for uptake by amphibians, and together with increased sodium efflux on low pH substrates result in a toxic disruption of sodium balance. Future experiments must determine if artificially reduced humus and/or mineral soil pH reduce amphibian density and species richness. Journal Article Wyneken, J.;Salmon, M.;Lohmann, K. J. 1990 Orientation by hatchling loggerhead sea turtles Caretta caretta L. in a wave tank Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 139 43-50 loggerhead; orientation Journal Article Wyneken, J.;Salmon, M. 1992 Frenzy and postfrenzy swimming activity in loggerhead, green, and leatherback hatchling sea turtles Copeia 1992 478-484 loggerhead; green; leatherback; hatchling Journal Article Yager, David D. 1992 Underwater acoustic communication in the African pipid frog Xenopus borealis Bioacoustics 4 1-24 Amphibia, Anura, Xenopus borealis, morphology, underwater call, Journal Article Yager, David D. 1992 A unique sound production mechanism in the pipid anuran Xenopus borealis Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 104 351-375 Amphibia, Anura, Xenopus borealis, morphology, underwater call, Journal Article Yamada, J.;Rodrigues, M. A.;Kitamura, N.;Pai, V. D.;Yamashita, T.;Motizuki, T.;Yanaihara, N. 1991 Motilin-immunoreactive cells in the duodenum, pyloric stomach and pancreas of caimans (Caiman latirostris and Caiman crocodilus, alligatorinae): a further comparison using region-specific motilin antisera Arch Histol Cytol 54 3 359-64 Alligators and Crocodiles/*anatomy & histology/metabolism; Animal; Antibody Specificity; Comparative Study; Duodenum/*cytology/*immunology/metabolism; Female; Immune Sera; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Motilin/*immunology/metabolism; Pancreas/*cytology/*immunology/metabolism; Stomach/*cytology/*immunology/metabolism; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Motilin-immunoreactive cells in the duodenum, pyloric stomach and pancreas of Caiman latirostris and Caiman crocodilus were investigated using region specific antisera for porcine and canine motilin molecules. Motilin-immunoreactive cells were found in the duodenum, pyloric stomach and pancreas of both caiman species. These cells were primarily open-type endocrine ones in the epithelium of the duodenum and pyloric stomach. Motilin-immunoreactive cells were observed in both the exocrine and endocrine portions of the pancreas, and frequently exhibited one or more cytoplasmic processes of variable length. Since motilin-immunoreactive cells do not cross-react with serotonin or any of the other pancreatic and gut hormones, they are considered to be cell type independent from any of the other known pancreatic or gut endocrine cells. The molecular similarity between caiman motilin and porcine and canine motilins and the heterogeneity of the motilin molecule in the caiman digestive system is discussed. Journal Article Yamasaki, K. 1991 Early Bone Lesions in the Hyperparathyroidism of Hyperlipidemic Rats Experimental Animals 40 3 297-303 Animal Sciences , Mammalia , Lab.anim K Yamasaki, Chem Inspect & Testing Inst, 3-822 Ishii, Hita, Oita 877, Japan Edited Book Yang, Da-Tong 1991 Amphibian-Fauna of Yunnan Beijing China Forestry Publishing House 259 China; Yunnan; Amphibia Book Yang, Datong 1991 The amphibia-fauna of Yunnan Amphibia, anura, Ranidae, Rhacophoridae, Megophryidae, Bufonidae, Journal Article Yang, D. 1991 Phylogenetic systematics of the Amolops group of ranid frogs of southeastern Asia and the Greater Sunda Islands Fieldiana 63 1423 1-42 phylogenetics, systematics, cladistics, Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae, phylogeny Journal Article Yang, D.-T. 1991 Phylogenetic systematics of the Amolops groups of ranid frogs of southeastern Asia and the Greater Sunda Islands Fieldiana - Zoology 1423 1-42 Edited Book Yang, Da-Tong 1991 [The Amphibian-Fauna of Yunnan] Beijing China Forestry Publishing House (8), iv, 260 Book Yang, Yi-Ku 1991 [Frogs, The Amphibians of Yangmingshan National Park Headquarters of the Yangmingshan National Park, Ministry of the Interior 96 Journal Article Yang, Yuhua 1992 Karyotypic studies of nine species of Chinese salamanders Asiatic Herpetological Research 4 146-157 hynobiidae salamandridae china batrachuperus karlschmidti yenyuanensis luia shihi pachyhynobius shangchengensis tylototriton kweichowensis verrucosus pachytriton labiatum paramesotriton chinensis cynops cyanurus yunnanensis Journal Article Yang, E. V.;Shima, D. T.;Tassava, R. A. 1992 Monoclonal antibody ST1 identifies an antigen that is abundant in the axolotl and newt limb stump but is absent from the undifferentiated regenerate J Exp Zool 264 3 337-50 Ambystoma mexicanum; Animal; Antibodies, Monoclonal/*immunology; Antigens/immunology/metabolism; Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/immunology; Comparative Study; Denervation; Epithelium/immunology; Extracellular Matrix/immunology/*metabolism; Extracellular Matrix Proteins/immunology; Immunohistochemistry; Neurons/immunology; Notophthalmus viridescens; *Regeneration; Skin Transplantation/immunology; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) utilized in regeneration studies to date identify antigens that are up-regulated in the blastema. We obtained a monoclonal antibody, designated ST1 (Stump 1), that is reactive to an extracellular matrix (ECM) antigen exhibiting the opposite distribution; ST1 is an abundant antigen of the limb stump soft tissues but is absent from within the blastema. The border between abundance and absence of mAb ST1 reactivity was sharp and extended as a concavity into the stump. This distinct dichotomy led to further studies relevant to understanding how this extracellular matrix antigen is modulated during regeneration. mAb ST1 reactivity decreased in the internal tissues at the distal end of the limb prior to blastema formation and remained absent until the onset of differentiation. The initial decrease in mAb ST1 reactivity was dependent on the combined effects of injury and the wound epithelium but was nerve independent. At blastema stages of regeneration, the distribution of tenascin, ascertained by mAb MT1 reactivity, closely matched the area without reactivity to mAb ST1. The spatial and temporal distribution of the ST1 antigen in unamputated limbs and during regeneration did not correspond to any previously described ECM component. Journal Article Yanosky, A.;Mercolli, C. 1991 Preliminary observations on the reproductive cycle of female Tegu lizards (Tupinambis teguixin) Cuadernos de Herpetología 6 5 27-30 Tupinambis teguixin Journal Article Yanosky, A.;Mercolli, C. 1991 Temperaturas internas y frecuencias de muda en crías de Tupinambis teguixin (Reptilia: Teiidae) bajo condiciones controladas Cuadernos de Herpetología 6 4 23-26 Tupinambis teguixin Journal Article Yanosky, A. A.;Mercolli, C. 1991 Preliminary observations on the reproductive cycle of female tegu lizards (Tupinambis teguixin) Cuadernos de Herpetologia 6 5 27-30 reptiles, season, eggs, Journal Article Yanosky, A. A.;Dixon, J. R.;Mercolli, C. 1992 First specific locality record for Liophis dilepis (Cope, 1862) in Argentina Rev. Esp. Herp. 7 33-35 reptiles, distribution Journal Article Yates, Rebecca A.;Morafka, David J. 1992 Blood cell and serum chemistry values for free ranging and captive neonatal California desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 102 Journal Article Yaziciyan, O. 1992 Dear Editor (receiving freshly imported Chamaeleons from Madagascar) The Vivarium 3 6 Reptilia, sauria, chameleonidae, import, infection, debilitation? Journal Article Yekta, N.;Blackburn, D. G. 1991 Sexual dimorphism in mass and protein content of the forelimb muscles of the northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens Canadian Journal of Zoology amphibians, frogs, reproduction, Canada, muscle Magazine Article Yoffe, Emily 1992 Silence of the frogs December 13 36-38;64-66;76 Journal Article Yokota, S. D.;Dantzler, W. H. 1990 Measurements of blood flow to individual glomeruli in the ophidian kidney Am J Physiol 258 6 Pt 2 R1313-9 Animal; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Kidney Glomerulus/anatomy & histology/*blood supply; Models, Biological; Nephrons/blood supply; Perfusion; Regional Blood Flow/drug effects; Snakes/*physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Vasotocin/pharmacology Continuous measurements of the instantaneous rate of blood flow to individual glomeruli in a normal vertebrate kidney were made in the garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis. Epifluorescence video microscopy was used to visualize and record blood flow in the afferent arterioles of superficial nephrons. The dual-slit method was used for the determination of red blood cell (RBC) velocity from the video replay. Simultaneous measurements of the vessel diameter allowed the continuous determination of the instantaneous rate of blood flow. A total of 100 glomeruli was surveyed in 12 animals. These glomeruli displayed both constant and highly variable rates of blood flow, with 21% of all nephrons displaying intermittent glomerular perfusion. The mean single- nephron blood flow rate (SNBFR) for all individuals was 23.9 +/- 10.3 (SD) nl/min (n = 12). The percentage of nephrons with intermittent flow for an individual animal increased significantly with increasing plasma osmolality. Intermittency was associated with low SNBFR values; SNBFR averaged 13.5 +/- 10.2 (SD) nl/min (n = 21) in intermittent nephrons and 29.2 +/- 19.0 (SD) nl/min (n = 79) in continuous flow nephrons, the difference being significant (P less than 0.001). Nephrons with continuous perfusion displayed a much greater range of SNBFR values than intermittent nephrons. This suggests that, although changes in whole kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in reptiles need not involve glomerular intermittency, intermittency may lower GFR. Journal Article Yokota, S. D. 1990 Ophidian kidney preparation for the measurement of glomerular dynamics in real-time Pflugers Arch 415 4 501-3 Animal; Glomerular Filtration Rate/physiology; Kidney/blood supply/*physiology; Renal Circulation/*physiology; Snakes/*physiology; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. A new ophidian kidney preparation is described which allows the measurement of glomerular arteriolar diameters, glomerular blood flow, and glomerular capillary pressure in real time. Intravital epifluorescence video microscopy is utilized to observe and record blood flow in the renal microcirculation in the garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis. Carotid, renal artery and glomerular capillary pressures are recorded digitally on the video recording simultaneously with the images with an eight-channel video data recorder, maintaining synchrony of all data. On the video replay, glomerular arteriolar diameters are measured with a video micrometer and RBC velocity determined with the video dual-slit method. Blood flow is continuously calculated from the diameter and RBC velocity measurements. The continuous and simultaneous measurements of the pressure gradient across the afferent limb of the glomerular circulation, the renal artery to glomerular capillary pressure drop, and the rate of glomerular blood flow allow the continuous calculation of afferent glomerular arteriolar resistance in real time. This is the first demonstration of these capabilities in a vertebrate kidney. Journal Article Yoshizaki, N.;Yamasaki., H. 1991 Morphological and biochemical changes in the fertilization coat of Xenopus laevis during the hatching process Zool. Sci. 8 303-308 Journal Article Yoshizaki, N. 1991 Changes in surface ultrastructure and proteolytic activity of hatching gland cells during development of Xenopus embryo Zool. Sci. 8 295-302 Journal Article Yoshizato, K. 1992 Death and transformation of larval cells during metamorphosis of Anura Develop. Growth Differ. 34 607-611 Journal Article Yotsu, M.;Iorizzi, M.;Yasumoto, T. 1990 Distribution of tetrodotoxin, 6-epitetrodotoxin, and 11- deoxytetrodotoxin in newts Toxicon 28 2 238-41 Animal; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Comparative Study; Larva; Salamandridae/*metabolism; Species Specificity; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Tetrodotoxin/*metabolism Tetrodotoxin was detected in all nine species of newts tested, 6- epitetrodotoxin in six species, and 11-deoxytetrodotoxin in five species. Only one species lacked the analogues, thus suggesting that the analogues were common metabolites among newts. Toxin levels were high in Taricha granulosa and Notophthalmus viridescens followed by Cynops spp. Distinct differences in toxin contents and profiles existed among species and tissues. Journal Article Young, Leonard S.;Enge, Kathleen A.;Steenhof, Karen;Kochert, Michael N.;Roppe, Jerry A. 1991 Interactions between ravens and transmission lines [abstract only] Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1987-1991 215 Gopherus agassizii Journal Article Young, Glen R.;Babcock, Rosemary A. 1991 The albino queretaro kingsnake (Lampropeltis ruthveni) Vivarium 3 1 16-17; 26 lampropeltis ruthveni Journal Article Young, Bruce A. 1991 Morphological basis of "growling" in the King Cobra, Ophiophagus hannah Journal of Experimental Zoology 260 275-287 Journal Article Young, Bruce A. 1992 Tracheal diverticula in snakes: possible functions and evolution Journal of Zoology, London 227 567-583 morphology Journal Article YOUNG, B. A. 1992 Tracheal diverticula in snakes - Possible functions and evolution J Zool 227 567-583 Reptilia, serpentes, anatomy, lung, trachea, tracheal lung, evolution The structural features of tracheal diverticula are reviewed, and their taxonomic distribution summerized. Possible functions are:A1) an air reservoir, A2) an eccessory site for gas exchange, A3) to enhance buoyancy, A4) to inflate the neck, A5) to modify the hiss acoustically. Senarios for the evolutionary origin of tracheal diverticula are B1) simplification of the tracheal lungs B2) subdivision of expanded tracheal membranes, B3) as de novo structures. in the autors' opinion A5 + B3 are the most likely possibilities. Journal Article Yu, Q.C., White, J.F., 1991 Link Between Cell Apical Morphology and H+ Secretion in Salamander Small Intestine American Journal of Physiology 261 1 G50-G56 Physiology JF White,Emory Univ,Dept Physiol,Atlanta, GA 30322 Journal Article Yu, Q.C.White, J.F. 1991 Link Between Cell Apical Morphology and H+ Secretion in Salamander Small Intestine American Journal of Physiology 261 1 G50-G56 Physiology JF White,Emory Univ,Dept Physiol,Atlanta, GA 30322 Book Yuxia, Zhang 1991 The Chinese Crocodilian Lizard China Forestry Publishing House 98 + 3 plates Shinisaurus crocodilurus; Crocodile Lizard; China; Chinese Book Zablotzkaja, M. M.et al. 1991 [Vertebrata of the Prioksko-Terrasny Nature Reserve (Moscow Region)] Moscow 49 Conference Proceedings Zangger, N.;Müller, M.;Pagan, O. 1991 Viral dermatitis in the Maurian (Testudo graeca) and the Greek (Testudo hermanni) tortoise in Switzerland. 25-29 Animals imported recently from Turkey showed apathy, anorexia and extensive desquamative to purulent dermatitis. There was hyper- and parakeratosis, acanthosis, spongiosis and ballooning degeneration Intracytoplasmatic iclusions revealed virusparticles resembling paramyxovirus Journal Article Zappalorti, R.T. 1990 The musk turtle Reptile & Amphibian Magazine 3 March / April 44-48 Journal Article Zaworski, James P. 1990 Ophiophagy in Pituophis melanoleucus deserticola Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 25 6 100 utah Journal Article Zefirov, A.L.;Shakiryanova, D.M.;Khalilov, I.A.;Nikolskii, E.E. 1992 Effect of Exogenous Acetylcholine on Ionic Currents of the Frog and Mouse Motor Nerve Ending Bull Exp Biol Med-Engl Tr 114 8 1074-1076 Acetylcholine; Motor Nerve Ending; Potassium Currents Journal Article Zerba, K. E.;Collins., J. P. 1992 Spatial heterogeneity and individual variation in diet of an aquatic top predator Ecology 73 268-279 Journal Article Zeuthen, T. 1991 Water permeability of ventricular cell membrane in choroid plexus epithelium from Necturus maculosus J Physiol (Lond) 444 133-51 Animal; Body Water/*metabolism; Cell Membrane Permeability/*physiology; Chlorides/metabolism; Choline/metabolism; Choroid Plexus/*metabolism; Epithelium/metabolism; In Vitro; Methods; Models, Biological; Necturus maculosus; Osmolar Concentration; Osmosis/physiology; Potassium/metabolism; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 1. The osmotic water permeability Lp and the relations between the flows of H2O, K+ and Cl- were studied in the ventricular membrane of the epithelium from the choroid plexus of Necturus maculosus. 2. The flows were induced by abrupt changes in external osmolarity of the ventricular solution. Solution changes were convective and no effects of unstirred layers could be detected on measured parameters. 3. The initial rate of change in intracellular concentrations of K+ and Cl- was monitored by double-barrelled ion-selective microelectrodes. 4. The initial rate of flux of H2O could be monitored as the changes in the concentration of intracellular choline ions (Ch+i). When 0.5 mmol l-1 of choline chloride was added to the external solutions, Ch+i attained values of 1-5 mmol l-1. The dilution or concentration of Ch+i could be recorded by K+ electrodes since the sensitivity of these to Ch+ is more than 50 times greater than to K+. 5. The Lp of the ventricular membrane of the epithelium was 1.4-2.1 x 10(-4) cm s-1 (osmol l-1)-1 and independent of the direction of the induced water flux. Lp was unchanged in tissues adapted to osmolarities of half the physiological value. 6. The efflux of H2O induced by mannitol was associated with an instantaneous efflux of K+ which was inhibited by furosemide. The fluxes had a ratio of 40 mmol l-1. The influx of H2O induced by the removal of NaCl from the ventricular solution was associated with an instantaneous influx of K+. The H2O influx had a ratio to the flux of K+ of 70 mmol l-1. 7. The efflux of H2O induced by mannitol was associated with an efflux of Cl- which was inhibited by furosemide. The ratio of the two fluxes was in the range 15-44 mmol l-1. 8. The conclusion is that the Ch+ method gives a reliable measure of the movement of H2O across the ventricular membrane. The magnitude of the Lp and its relevance to transepithelial transport are discussed. The osmotically induced H2O movement is accompanied by furosemide-sensitive fluxes of K+ and Cl- of the same magnitude. This suggests that co- transport between H2O and KCl can take place in the membrane. Journal Article Zeuthen, T. 1991 Secondary active transport of water across ventricular cell membrane of choroid plexus epithelium of Necturus maculosus J Physiol (Lond) 444 153-73 Animal; Biological Transport, Active; Body Water/*metabolism; Cell Membrane/*metabolism; Chlorides/metabolism; Choroid Plexus/*metabolism/ultrastructure; Epithelium/metabolism; In Vitro; Microelectrodes; Models, Biological; Necturus maculosus; Osmolar Concentration; Potassium/metabolism 1. The interaction between Cl-, K+ and H2O fluxes were studied in the ventricular membrane of the choroid plexus epithelium from Necturus maculosus by means of ion-selective microelectrodes. The flux of H2O was measured by means of K+ electrodes as the dilution or concentration of intracellular choline ions, Ch+i. 2. In one series of experiments Cl- was readministered to the ventricular solution of tissues incubated in media with low Cl- concentrations. The resulting influx of Cl- was associated with an instantaneous influx of K+ and H2O. 3. Both the Cl- and the K+ influxes were reduced by the diuretic furosemide but were unaffected by inhibitors of Na+, K(+)-ATPase or changes in membrane potentials induced by Ba2+. Since the influx of K+ proceeds against its electrochemical gradient and is unaffected by changes in membrane potentials, the membrane exhibits secondary active, electroneutral transport of K+. 4. The influx of water, initiated simultaneously with the influx of K+ and Cl-, commenced before these ions had changed the osmolarity of the intracellular solution significantly. The influx of H2O could proceed against an osmotic gradient. The influx stopped when 100 mmol l-1 of mannitol was added to the ventricular solution at the same time as the Cl- ions. The influx of H2O was inhibited by K+ removal, furosemide or high external Ba2+ (10 mmol l-1), but not by strophanthidin, ouabain or low concentrations of Ba2+ (0.5 mmol l-1). The influx could not continue with other permeable anions, NO3-, acetate- or SCN-, replacing Cl-. 5. In another series of experiments Cl- was removed from the ventricular solution of tissues bathed in saline solutions with normal concentrations of Cl-. The resulting efflux of Cl- was associated with an instantaneous efflux of K+ and H2O. This efflux of H2O could proceed against an osmotic gradient of up to 70 mosmol l- 1. This effect was inhibited by furosemide, in which case the water fluxes were entirely dependent on the osmotic gradients and the osmotic water permeability Lp of the ventricular membrane. 6. The data suggest that there is a coupling between the flux of KCl and of water in the ventricular membrane, which implies that the reflection coefficient sigma for KCl under the given circumstances is less than one. I suggest that the ability of leaky epithelia to transport against osmotic gradients depends on such a coupling, which derives from the properties of the proteins through which K+, Cl- and H2O leave the cell. Book Zhang, Yuxia 1991 The Chinese Crocodilian Lizard. China Forestry Publishing House 98 + 3 plates Shinisaurus crocodilurus; Crocodile Lizard; China; Chinese Journal Article Zhao, Ermi 1990 The validity of Elaphe periacea, a rare endemic snake from Sichuan Province, China Asiatic Herpetological Research 3 101-103 taxonomic validity taxonomy Edited Book Zhao, Er-mi 1990 From Water Onto Land Chengdu, China Chinese Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles (16), x, 454, (32) Book Section Zhengdong, Zhang;Zhujian, Huang 1990 The relations between the growth of weight and length with the exuviations of the young alligators before hibernation Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8327-0023-X vi + 345 pp. 292-299 Journal Article Zhou, G.;Zhang, X.;Fang, Z. 1991 Bulletin of a new species Trionyx Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Norm. Hunan, Changsha 14 4 379-382 Book Zhou, J.;Zhou, T. 1992 Chinese Chelonians Illustrated Nanjing, China Jiangsu Science and Technology Publishing House 89 China; Chinese; Chelonians Journal Article Ziekman, P. 1990 Anaesthesia of amphibians Vakgroep Pathologie, Afd. bijz. dieren 2-23 anaesthesia,techniques,amphibians/ 160390.WS.DGB.Ane72 Journal Article Ziekman P. 1990 Anaesthesia of amphibians Vakgroep Pathologie, Afd. bijz. dieren 2-23 anaesthesia,techniques,amphibians/ 160390.WS.DGB.Ane72 Journal Article Zilakos, N. P.;Tsonis, P. A.;Del Rio-Tsonis, K.;Parchment, R. E. 1992 Newt squamous carcinoma proves phylogenetic conservation of tumors as caricatures of tissue renewal Cancer Res 52 18 4858-65 Animal; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/chemically induced/*pathology; Comparative Study; Keratinocytes/cytology; Methylcholanthrene; Phylogeny; Regeneration; Salamandridae/*physiology; Skin Neoplasms/chemically induced/*pathology; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Tumor Stem Cells/*pathology Although regeneration-competent newts like Notophthalmus viridescens have been reported to be resistant to carcinogenesis, we have been able to induce transplantable epidermal squamous cell carcinomas with 10-20% incidence by implanting 20-methylcholanthrene s.c. into the scapular region, a tissue that cannot regenerate. As soon as 1 week after exposure to this carcinogen, malignant cells were present in the treated skin, and after 4 weeks, macroscopic tumors of infiltrating squamous carcinoma cells positive for Type IV collagenase and/or rasHa p21 had dissolved areas of the epidermal basement membrane and colonized the dermis. Analysis of Ki-67 expression revealed that these tumors grow via a high growth fraction rather than a short cell cycle time. Morphological and immunohistochemical analyses showed that these tumors caricature the biology of the renewing epidermis: the presence of basal-like cells; differentiating cells; apoptotic cells; and keratinized horn pearls with an exaggerated or overabundant stem cell compartment as compared to the differentiated cell compartment. Immunochemical analyses indicated that the squamous carcinomas arose from the epidermis rather than the mucous glands. Thus, the principle that malignant tumors caricature the process of tissue renewal originally established in rodent tumors appears to be valid down the phylogenetic tree at least to regeneration-competent amphibia. Such a broad conservation indicates that the caricature principle also holds in human tumors. Book Section Zilber, A.;Yom-Tov, Y.;Popper, D.M. 1990 The effect of light regime and temperature on the growth rate, survival, and body condition of young captive Nile Crocodile, Crocodilus niloticus Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8327-0023-X vi + 345 pp. 290-291 Book Section Zilber, A.;Yom-Tov, Y.;Popper, D.M. 1990 The effect of high temperature and increased day length on growth and survival of captive Nile crocodile, Crocodilus niloticus, during the cold season in Kenya Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8327-0023-X vi + 345 pp. 286-287 Book Section Zilber, A.;Popper, D.M.;Yom-Tov, Y. 1990 The effect of stocking density on the survival, growth and body condition of captive Nile Crocodile, Crocodilus niloticus Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Volume 2. ISBN 2-8327-0023-X vi + 345 pp. 288-289 Book Section Zimmerman, B. L.;Rodrigues, M. T. 1990 Frogs, snakes, and lizards of the INPA-WWF reserves near Manaus, Brazil Gentry, A. H. Four neotropical rainforests New Haven, CT Yale University Press 426-454 reptiles, amphibians, species list, distribution Journal Article Zimmerman, Linda C.;O'Connor, Michael P.;Kemp, Stanley J.;Spotila, James R. 1992 Thermoregulation by desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) at the Desert Tortoise Conservation Center, Las Vegas, Nevada: Preliminary results Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council Symposium 1992 103-108 Journal Article Zimmerman, S. E.;Heatwole, H. H.;Andreopoulos, P. C.;Yong, Lcj 1992 Proliferative glomerulonephritis in mice Induced by sea snake (Aipysurus laevis) venom Exp Toxicol Pathol 44 5 294-300 Mammalia, rodentia, mouse, Mus musculus, intoxication, snake, venom, sea snake, Aipysurus laevis Aipysurus laevis venom has been shown to have a direct nephrotoxic effect in mice. A single subcutaneous injection (0.075 mg/kg body wt.) of the whole venom caused acute renal tubular degeneration and proliferative glomerulonephritis. The tubular changes appeared within 1 hour and remained for at least 14 days. Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis developed within 3-10 days, and is characterised by mild mesangial proliferation, mesangial and glomerular basement membrane deposits. This is followed by a partial resolution and subsequent mesangial sclerosis. The exact pathogenesis of venom-induced glomerulonephritis is not clear although it may have an immunological basis similar to that seen in human poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. It was not possible to clarify the nature of the deposits by conventional immunohistochemical stains. Journal Article Zimmermann, Helmut;Zimmermann, Elke;Zimmermann, Peter 1990 Feldstudien im Biotop vom Goldfröschchen, Mantella aurantiaca, im tropischen Regenwald Ost-Madagaskars Herpetofauna 12 64 21-24 Mantella aurantiaca; Madagascar Journal Article Zimmermann, Helmut;Hetz, Stefan 1992 Vorläufige Bestandsaufnahme und kartierung des gefährdeten Goldfröschen, Mantella aurantiaca, im tropischen Regenwald Ost-Madagaskars Herpetofauna 14 77 33-34 Conservation; madagascar; Mantella aurantiaca Journal Article Zomborszky, Z.;Sugar, L.;Feher, T. 1992 Serum Progesterone, Oestrone and Oestradiol in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Red Deer Hinds Acta Vet Hung 40 3 161-164 Changes in serum progesterone (P), oestrone (E1) and oestradiol (E2) concentrations were monitored in 34 female red deer (Cervus elaphus) shortly after the end of the breeding season and at mid-gestation. Pregnancy could be detected on the basis of serum P, but there were no significant differences between the pregnant and non-pregnant animals farmed animals in E1 and E2 concentrations. Twenty-five pregnant hinds captured in winter showed serum P levels similar to those found in farmed deer during the gestation period. Journal Article Zug, G. R. 1990 Age determination of long-lived reptiles Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, Paris, 13e Série 11 219-222 4, age, reptiles, techniques, seaturtles Book Zug, George R. 1991 Age determination in turtles Oxford, OH SSAR 32 Age determination; Turtles Journal Article Zug, George R. 1991 The Lizards of Fiji: Natural History and Systematics Bishop Museum Bulletins in Zoology 2 xii + 136 Conference Proceedings Zug, G. R. 1991 Estimates of age and growth in Lepidochelys kempii from skeletochronological data 285-286 Journal Article Zuiderwijk, Annie 1990 Les stratégies sexuelles chez Triturus cristatus et T. marmoratus Bulletin de la Société Herpétologique de France 56 76 Book Zulich, Alan W. 1991 14th International Herpetological Symposium on Captive Propagation & Husbandry IHS ii + 105 Book Zulich, Alan W. 1991 14th International Herpetological Symposium on Captive Propagation & Husbandry IHS ii, 105 p. Book Section Zurita-G., Julio César;César-Dachary, Alfredo;Suárez, Eduardo 1992 Aspectos historicos de la pesqueria de las tortugas marinas en las costas del mar caribe Mexicano Benabib, Miriam and Sarti, Laura Memorias del VI Encuentro Interuniversitario Sobre Tortugas Marinas Mexico City Sociedad Herpetologica Mexicana 1 75-81 Sea turtles; Mexico; Eretmochelys imbricata; Caretta caretta; Chelonia mydas; Dermochelys coriacea Journal Article Zuwala, K. 1992 Developmental Changes in the Structure of Mucous Membrane in the Oral Cavity and Taste Organs in Tadpoles of the Frog, Rana temporaria (SEM) Acta Biol Cracov Ser Zool 33 59 Journal Article Zwart, P. 1990 Euthanasia of Rana catesbiana T. v. Diergeneesk. 115 847 Amphibia, anura, frog, Rana catesbiana, anesthesia, euthaniasia 280990 WS DGB Amf 11 Journal Article ZWART, P.;COOPER, J. E.;IPPEN, R. 1990 Pathology of the ovaries in squamata with special emphasis on interstitial vitelline-protein induced ovariitis. (Engl) Zur Pathologie der Ovarien von Echsen mit speziellen Hinweisen auf eine durch Vitellin-Protein verursachte Ovariitis Verh.ber. Erkrg. Zootiere 32 375-378 Reptilia, serpentes, pathology, ovary, ovariitis, aseptic Journal Article Zwart, P. 1991 Lizards and snakes in veterinary praxis Eidechsen und Schlangen in der tierärztlichen Praxis B. S. A. V. A. Ann. Proc. 16-19 Reptilia, sauria, serpentes, infection, pathology, review Reprint Endnote 94/185 Journal Article Zwart, P. 1991 Lizards and snakes in veterinary praxis (Eidechsen und Schlangen in der tierärztlichen Praxis) B. S. A. V. A. Ann. Proc. 16-19 Reptilia, sauria, serpentes, infection, pathology, review x Conference Proceedings ZWART, P. ;HARSHBARGER, J. C. 1991 A contribution to tumors in reptiles. Description of new cases 219-224 Journal Article Zwart, P. 1992 Pathomorphology of calciummetabolism in chelonia. First Int. Congress of chelonian Pathology 1 37-41 Reptilia, testudines, pathology, metabolism, calcium Disturbance of calcium metabolism in chelonians is of great clinical importance. It may lead to calcifications in major organs and to a dysfunctioning of affected organs. Clinical signs may be related to the organ most severely affected. From the point of prognosis knowledge of possible alterations and their effects are of importance. Main causes of disturbance in calcium metabolism are A) nutritional secundary hyperparathyreoidism as is generally the case in terrapins fed on meat, because of the low calcium contents of these food items, B) renal hyperparathyreoidism, as is especially the case in chelonians suffering from severe subchronic to chronic nephritis (hexamitiasis!), C) hypervitaminosis D3 as may be seen when larger amounts of this vitamin have been given over a longer period. Book Section ZWART, P. 1992 Urogenital system Beynon, P.H., Lawton, M.P.C., Cooper, J.E. Manual of Reptiles Shurdington Brit. Small. Anim. Vet. Assn. 1 117-127 Reptilia, serpentes, testudines, sauria, pathology, genital organs Journal Article Zwart, P. 1992 Lizards and snakes in veterinary praxis Litteratura Serpentium 12 5 86-93 Reptilia, sauria, serpentes, pathology, survey echsen,serp,vet,paras,bakt,fung,proto,vit PF,WI x Journal Article Zwart, P.;Dijk, J.E. van.;Jansen, Eveline.F. 1992 Pathomorphology of calcium metabolism in reptiles Erkrankungen der Zoo- und Wildtiere 34 267-271 Reptilia, testudines, sauria, pathology, calcium Conference Proceedings Zwart, P. 1992 Diseases of amphibians. 1 725-729. Journal Article Zwart, P. 1992 Nutrition of tortoises and terrapins. First Int. Congress of chelonian Pathology 1 156-163. Reptilia, testudines, nutrition, deficiency, hypervitaminosis A. A survey is presented of types of food prehension in testudines, the fysiology of digestion of chitin and cellulose, seasonal shifts in food preferences, imprinting on food, recommendations on protein content. Hypervitaminosis A is discussed. Journal Article Zwart, P.;LANGERWERF, B.W.A.;CLAESSEN, H.;LEUNISSE, J.J.C.;MENNES, J.;RIEL, C. van;LAMBRECHTS, L.;KIK, M.J.L. 1992 Health aspects in breeding and rearing insectivorous lizards from moderate climatic zones. Zool. Garten 62 1 46-52 reptilia, sauria, food, feding nutrition, light, temperature, calcium, vitamin D Book Section Zwart, P. 1992 Urogenital system Beynon, P.H., Lawton, M.P.C., Cooper, J.E. Manual of Reptiles Shurdington Brit. Small. Anim. Vet. Assn. 1 117-127 Reptilia, serpentes, testudines, sauria, pathology, genital organs Journal Article Zylberger, L.;Wake, M. H. 1990 Structure of the scales of Dermophis and Microcaecilia (Amphibia: Gymnophiona), and a comparison to dermal ossifications of other vertebrates Journal of Morphology 206 1 25-44 Mineralized Squamulae; Collagen Fibers; Mineral Deposition; Evolution; Histochemistry; Light Microscopy; Scanning Electron Microscopy; Transmission Electron Microscopy The structures of the dermal scales and the cells surrounding the scales in two species of gymnophione amphibians were studied using histochemistry and light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Scales are composed of a basal plate of several layers of unmineralized collagenous fibers topped with mineralized squamulae. Squamulae are composed of numerous mineralized globules and mineralized, thick collagen fibers. Mineralization is therefore both spheritic and inotropic. Isolated flattened cells lie on the outer surface of the squamulae and seem to be involved in mineral deposition. Cells that line the basal plate synthesize the collagenous stroma of the plate. Each scale lies in a thin connective tissue pocket, and a large connective tissue pouch includes several scales in each annulus. The similarities of gymnophione scales to elasmoid scales of osteichthyans are largely superficial. Aspects of mineralization and of pocket development differ considerably. There are also similarities, as well as differences, in the gymnophione scales and osteoderms of amphibians and of reptiles. We consider that such dermal structures have arisen many times in diverse lineages of vertebrates, and that these are expressions of properties of dermal collagen to support mineralization by specialized dermal cells. However, we recommend that the term "dermal scale" be used for the mineralized dermal units of osteichtyans and gymnophiones, and "osteoderm" for the dermal structures of frogs and squamates, with the understanding that the terminology recognizes certain convergent attributes of shape and structure, but not of process.